Wikipedia tlwiki https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unang_Pahina MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Midya Natatangi Usapan Tagagamit Usapang tagagamit Wikipedia Usapang Wikipedia Talaksan Usapang talaksan MediaWiki Usapang MediaWiki Padron Usapang padron Tulong Usapang tulong Kategorya Usapang kategorya Portada Usapang Portada TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2035 2237796 2229282 2026-10-28T22:59:49Z Aubreyjanev 159817 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 2237796 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang sumusunod ay '''talaan ng mga unibersidad at kolehiyo sa [[Pilipinas]]''' ayon sa [[Rehiyon ng Pilipinas|rehiyon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission on Higher Education |url=https://ched.gov.ph/list-higher-education-institutions/ |access-date=2021-09-04 |archive-date=2021-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081448/https://ched.gov.ph/list-higher-education-institutions/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://unifast.gov.ph/uf_heis.php |title=UniFAST |access-date=2021-09-04 |archive-date=2021-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904201949/https://unifast.gov.ph/uf_heis.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.rappler.com/nation/list-state-colleges-universities-free-tuition "LIST: State colleges and universities covered by free tuition law".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705222557/https://www.rappler.com/nation/177684-list-state-colleges-universities-free-tuition |date=2019-07-05 }} mula sa [[Rappler]]</ref> == Kalakhang Maynila == * ABE International Business College, [[Caloocan]] City * ABE International Business College, Commonwealth * ABE International Business College, Makati [http://www.abe.edu.ph/makati/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224953/http://abe.edu.ph/makati/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * ABE International Business College-Manila * ABE International College of Business and Accountancy, Cubao [http://www.abe.edu.ph/cubao/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224131/http://abe.edu.ph/cubao/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * ABE International College of Business and Accountancy, [[Las Piñas]] [http://www.abe.edu.ph/laspinas/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225229/http://abe.edu.ph/laspinas/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Access Computer and Technical College, Camarin [https://access.edu.ph/] * Access Computer and Technical Colleges, Cubao * Access Computer and Technical College, Lagro [https://access.edu.ph/] * Access Computer and Technical Colleges-Manila * Access Computer and Technical College, Quezon City [https://access.edu.ph/] * ACLC College, Taguig [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * Adamson University [https://www.adamson.edu.ph/] * Air Link International Aviation College * Alliance Graduate School * AMA Computer College-Caloocan * AMA Computer College, Fairview [http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ncr.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080324/http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ncr.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * AMA Computer College-Las Piñas * AMA Computer College-Parañaque * AMA Computer College-Pasig City * AMA Computer College, Makati City [http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ncr.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080324/http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ncr.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * AMA Computer College, Mandaluyong [http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ncr.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080324/http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ncr.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * AMA School of Medicine [http://amaschoolofmedicine.amaes.edu.ph/] * AMA Computer College-Sta. Mesa * AMA University [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * Angelicum College [http://www.angelicum.edu.ph/Angelicum/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702084827/http://www.angelicum.edu.ph/Angelicum/ |date=2019-07-02 }} * Arellano University, Malabon [https://www.arellano.edu.ph/elisa-esguerra-campus/welcome-elisa-esguerra-campus-arellano-university-malabon-city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080401/https://www.arellano.edu.ph/elisa-esguerra-campus/welcome-elisa-esguerra-campus-arellano-university-malabon-city |date=2021-09-04 }} * Arellano University, Mandaluyong [https://www.arellano.edu.ph/plaridel-campus/welcome-plaridel-campus-arellano-university-mandaluyong-city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080344/https://www.arellano.edu.ph/plaridel-campus/welcome-plaridel-campus-arellano-university-mandaluyong-city |date=2021-09-04 }} * Arellano University, Manila [https://www.arellano.edu.ph/] * Arellano University, Pasay [https://www.arellano.edu.ph/jose-abad-santos-campus/welcome-jose-abad-santos-campus-arellano-university-pasay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080334/https://www.arellano.edu.ph/jose-abad-santos-campus/welcome-jose-abad-santos-campus-arellano-university-pasay |date=2021-09-04 }} * Arellano University, Pasig [https://www.arellano.edu.ph/andres-bonifacio-campus/welcome-andres-bonifacio-campus-arellano-university-pasig-city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080334/https://www.arellano.edu.ph/andres-bonifacio-campus/welcome-andres-bonifacio-campus-arellano-university-pasig-city |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asia Graduate School of Theology * Asia Harvesters College and Seminary Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/asia-harvesters-college-seminary-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://ched.gov.ph/asia-harvesters-college-seminary-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asia Pacific College [https://www.apc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925122834/https://apc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-25 }} * Asia School of Arts and Sciences [https://ched.gov.ph/asia-school-arts-sciences-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080329/https://ched.gov.ph/asia-school-arts-sciences-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asian Institute for Distance Education * Asian College of Science and Technology, Cubao [http://www.asiancollege.edu.ph/] * Asian Institute of Computer Studies, Bicutan [http://aics.edu.ph/branches/south-branches/] * Asian Institute of Computer Studies, Caloocan [http://aics.edu.ph/branches/central-branches/] * Asian Institute of Computer Studies, Commonwealth [http://aics.edu.ph/branches/central-branches/] * Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication [http://aijc.com.ph/] * Asian Institute of Management * Asian Institute of Maritime Studies [https://ched.gov.ph/asian-institute-maritime-studies-profile/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Asian Institute of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/asian-institute-science-technology-profile-2/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Asian Seminary of Christian Ministries * Asian Social Institute [https://www.asinet-online.org/] * Asian School of Aviation Professional [https://ched.gov.ph/asian-school-aviation-professional-profile/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Asian Theological Seminary [https://www.apts.edu] * Assumption College [http://www.assumption.edu.ph/] * [[Pamantasang Ateneo de Manila|Ateneo de Manila University]], Quezon City [http://www.ateneo.edu/] * Ateneo de Manila University Graduate School of Business [http://gsb.ateneo.edu/] * Ateneo De Manila University School of Medicine and Public Health * Bernardo College * Bestlink College of the Philippines * Bethel Bible College of the Assemblies of God [http://bethelbiblecollege-ph.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611195009/http://bethelbiblecollege-ph.com/ |date=2019-06-11 }} * Biblical Seminary of the Philippines * CAP College Foundation * Capitol Medical Center Colleges [http://capitolmedical.org/CMCcolleges/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609120009/http://www.capitolmedical.org/CMCcolleges/index.html |date=2021-06-09 }} * Central College of the Philippines [https://www.ccp.edu.ph/students/CCPjw/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731105306/http://www.ccp.edu.ph/students/CCPjw/index.php |date=2019-07-31 }} * Center for Culinary Arts * Centro Escolar University-Makati * Centro Escolar University, Manila [https://www.ceu.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Hunyo 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Chiang Kai Shek College [http://www.cksc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629082228/http://www.cksc.edu.ph/ |date=2015-06-29 }} * Chinese General Hospital Colleges, Inc. [http://www.cghc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080324/http://www.cghc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Children of Mary Immaculate College [https://ched.gov.ph/children-mary-immaculate-college-profile/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Christ the King College of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/christ-king-college-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080924/https://ched.gov.ph/christ-king-college-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * CIIT College of Arts and Technology [http://www.ciit.edu.ph/] * Colegio de San Gabriel Archangel of Caloocan * Colegio de San Juan de Letran, Manila [http://www.letran.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507034432/https://letran.edu.ph/ |date=2021-05-07 }} * Colegio de San Lorenzo [http://sanlo.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904083152/https://sanlo.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio de Sta. Teresa de Avila Foundation, Inc. [http://csta.ph/] * College of Arts and Sciences of Asia and the Pacific [http://www.casap.edu.ph/] * College of Divine Wisdom [http://www.cdweduph.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195128/https://www.cdweduph.com/ |date=2019-01-12 }} * College of St. Catherine [https://ched.gov.ph/college-st-catherine-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080454/https://ched.gov.ph/college-st-catherine-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of the Holy Spirit of Manila [http://www.holyspirit.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520001247/http://holyspirit.edu.ph/ |date=2022-05-20 }} * Concordia College [http://www.laconcordia.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920201031/https://laconcordia.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-20 }} * Criminal Justice College * Datamex College of Saint Adeline, Fairview [https://ched.gov.ph/datamex-college-saint-adeline-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080328/https://ched.gov.ph/datamex-college-saint-adeline-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Datamex-College of Saint Adeline, Parañaque [https://ched.gov.ph/datamex-college-saint-adeline-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080328/https://ched.gov.ph/datamex-college-saint-adeline-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Datamex-College of Saint Adeline, Valenzuela [https://ched.gov.ph/datamex-college-saint-adeline-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080328/https://ched.gov.ph/datamex-college-saint-adeline-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * De La Salle College of Saint Benilde [https://www.benilde.edu.ph/] * De La Salle-Araneta University [https://www.dlsau.edu.ph/] * De La Salle University [http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/] * De Ocampo Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/de-ocampo-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080417/https://ched.gov.ph/de-ocampo-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Diliman College [http://www.thedilimancollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://www.thedilimancollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Divine Mercy College Foundation, Inc. [https://dmcfi.jimdo.com/about-1/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Divine Word Mission Seminary * Dominican College * Don Bosco Technical College [https://dbmanda.one-bosco.org/] * Don Carlo Cavina School, Inc [http://www.doncarlocavinaschool.com/] * Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College [http://lantingcollege.edu.ph/] * Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Hospital School of Midwifery * Eclaro Academy * Electron College of Technical Education * Emilio Aguinaldo College [http://www.eac.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213070244/http://www.eac.edu.ph/ |date=2011-12-13 }} * Enderun College [https://www.enderuncolleges.com/] * Entrepreneurs School of Asia [http://www.entrepreneur.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912185342/http://www.entrepreneur.edu.ph/ |date=2018-09-12 }} * Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology * Far East Institute of Arts & Sciences Foundation * Far Eastern University [https://www.feu.edu.ph/] * Far Eastern University, Makati [http://www.feu.edu.ph/manila/index.php/academics/feu-makati/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330011624/https://www.feu.edu.ph/manila/index.php/academics/feu-makati/ |date=2019-03-30 }} * FEATI University * Febias College of Bible [http://www.febias.edu.ph/] * FEU Alabang [https://feualabang.edu.ph/] * FEU Diliman [http://feudiliman.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904150759/https://feudiliman.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * FEU Institute of Technology [https://www.feutech.edu.ph/] * FEU-Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation [http://www.feu-nrmf.ph/] * Flight School International * Gardner College Diliman Inc. [http://gardner.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080509/https://gardner.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Global City Innovative College [http://www.global.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224738/https://global.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Global Reciprocal Colleges * Golden Link College Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/golden-link-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080410/https://ched.gov.ph/golden-link-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Governor Andres Pascual College * Grace Christian College [http://www.gcc.edu.ph/] * Greenville College * Guang Ming College [https://guangmingcollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/https://guangmingcollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Guzman College of Science and Technology * Holy Rosary College Foundation * ICI Global University * IETI College of Science and Technology-Marikina * Immaculada Concepcion College * Immaculate Heart of Mary College, Parañaque [https://ched.gov.ph/immaculate-heart-mary-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080525/https://ched.gov.ph/immaculate-heart-mary-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Informatics College Eastwood, Inc. [http://www.informatics.edu.ph/branches/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808151802/https://www.informatics.edu.ph/branches/ |date=2020-08-08 }} * Informatics College Caloocan, Inc. [http://www.informatics.edu.ph/branches/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808151802/https://www.informatics.edu.ph/branches/ |date=2020-08-08 }} * Informatics College-Manila * Informatics College Northgate, Inc. [http://www.informatics.edu.ph/branches/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808151802/https://www.informatics.edu.ph/branches/ |date=2020-08-08 }} * Information and Communications Technology Academy [http://www.iacademy.edu.ph/] * Infotech College of Arts and Sciences Philippines, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/infotech-institute-arts-sciences-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080726/https://ched.gov.ph/infotech-institute-arts-sciences-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Institute of Community and Family Health * Institute of Formation and Religious Studies * Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/integrated-innovation-hospitality-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080347/https://ched.gov.ph/integrated-innovation-hospitality-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Interface Computer College-Caloocan * Interface Computer College-Manila * International Baptist College * International Graduate School of Leadership * International School of Asia and the Pacific * Jesus Reigns Christian College Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/jesus-reigns-christian-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080935/https://ched.gov.ph/jesus-reigns-christian-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Jose Rizal University [http://jru.edu/] * Kalayaan College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/kalayaan-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080741/https://ched.gov.ph/kalayaan-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolacion College Manila [http://www.lccm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094106/http://www.lccm.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolacion College, Caloocan [http://www.lccm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094106/http://www.lccm.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolacion College, Novaliches * La Consolacion College, Pasig [http://www.lccm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094106/http://www.lccm.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolacion College, Valenzuela [http://www.lccm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094106/http://www.lccm.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Verdad Christian College [https://ched.gov.ph/la-verdad-christian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080440/https://ched.gov.ph/la-verdad-christian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lady of Lourdes Hospital & Colleges of Caybiga, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/lady-lourdes-hospital-colleges-caybiga-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081259/https://ched.gov.ph/lady-lourdes-hospital-colleges-caybiga-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Loral Douglas Woosley Bethany Colleges * Lyceum of Alabang [https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-alabang-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080601/https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-alabang-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum of the Philippines University [http://www.lpu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421015016/http://www.cavite.lpu.edu.ph/ |date=2012-04-21 }} * Makati Medical Center College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/makati-medical-center-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081302/https://ched.gov.ph/makati-medical-center-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Makati Science Technological Institute of the Philippines [http://mstip.edu.ph/] * Manila Adventist College [http://mac.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://mac.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Manila Business College Foundation [http://www.mbc.edu.ph/] * Manila Central University [http://www.mcu.edu.ph/stag/]{{Dead link|date=Nobiyembre 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Manila Theological College [http://www.mtcslshs.edu.ph/main/main.php] * Manila Tytana Colleges [http://www.mtc.edu.ph/] * Marianum College [https://ched.gov.ph/marianum-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080604/https://ched.gov.ph/marianum-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Marie-Bernarde College * Mary Chiles College [http://marychilescollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904110731/https://marychilescollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mapua Institute of Technology, Makati [https://www.mapua.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921210608/https://www.mapua.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-21 }} * Mapua Institute of Technology, Manila [https://www.mapua.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921210608/https://www.mapua.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-21 }} * Martinez Memorial Colleges [https://martinezmc.weebly.com/] * Mary the Queen College of Quezon City Inc. [http://mqc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://mqc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Meridian International College of Business and Arts [http://www.mintcollege.com/] * Messiah College Foundation * Metropolitan Institute of Arts and Sciences * Metropolitan Medical Center College of Arts, Science and Technology, Inc. [http://www.metro.edu.ph/] * MFI Foundation [https://www.mfi.org.ph/] * Miriam College [http://www.mc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921143323/https://www.mc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-21 }} * NAMEI Polytechnic Institute [http://namei.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225519/http://namei.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * National Christian Life College * National College of Business and Arts, Cubao [https://ncba.edu.ph/] * National College of Business and Arts, Fairview [https://ncba.edu.ph/] * National Polytechnic College of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/national-polytechnic-college-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080341/https://ched.gov.ph/national-polytechnic-college-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * National University [http://www.national-u.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201015124/http://www.national-u.edu.ph/ |date=2009-12-01 }} * NBS College * New England College [http://nec.edu.ph/] * New Era University [http://www.neu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080335/http://www.neu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Nova College * Olivarez College [http://www.olivarezcollege.edu.ph/home/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710163256/http://olivarezcollege.edu.ph/home/ |date=2018-07-10 }} * Our Lady of Fatima University, Quezon City [http://www.fatima.edu.ph/] * Our Lady of Guadalupe Colleges, Inc. [http://www.olgc.edu.ph/] * Our Lady of Lourdes Technological College * Our Lady of Perpetual Succor College [http://www.olopsc.edu.ph/] * Pacific Inter Continental College * Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela [https://valenzuela.plv.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Agosto 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Pasig Catholic College [http://www.pasigcatholic.edu.ph/] * PATTS College of Aeronautics [https://www.patts.edu.ph/] * Perpetual Help College of Manila [http://manila.uphsl.edu.ph/] * Philippine Christian University [http://pcu.edu.ph/] * Philippine College of Criminology [http://www.pccr.edu.ph/pccr/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126140301/http://www.pccr.edu.ph/pccr/ |date=2021-01-26 }} * Philippine Cultural College [http://www.philippineculturalcollege.edu.ph/] * Philippine College of Health Sciences [http://pchsmanila.edu.ph/] * Philippine Hoteliers International Center for Hospitality Education, Inc. * Philippine Merchant Marine School, Las Piñas [http://pmms-online.com/v2/?page_id=256] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127203947/http://pmms-online.com/v2/?page_id=256 |date=2020-01-27 }} * Philippine Normal University Main [https://www.pnu.edu.ph/] * Philippine Rehabilitation Institute Foundation, Inc. [http://prifnet.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727170859/http://www.prifnet.com/ |date=2020-07-27 }} * Philippine School of Interior Design-Ahlen Institute, Inc. [http://www.psid.edu.ph/2013/04/19/psid-ahlen-institute-inc-announcement/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313150339/http://www.psid.edu.ph/2013/04/19/psid-ahlen-institute-inc-announcement/ |date=2018-03-13 }} * PNTC Colleges – Manila [http://www.pntc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://www.pntc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Polytechnic University of the Philippines [https://www.pup.edu.ph/] * Polytechnic University of the Philippines-Open University [https://www.pup.edu.ph/] * Polytechnic University of the Philippines-Parañaque Campus [https://www.pup.edu.ph/] * Polytechnic University of the Philippines-Quezon City Campus [https://www.pup.edu.ph/] * Polytechnic University of the Philippines-San Juan Campus [https://www.pup.edu.ph/] * Polytechnic University of the Philippines-Taguig [https://www.pup.edu.ph/] * Rizal Technological University-Pasig * Recoletos School of Theology * Rogationist Seminary College of Philosophy * Romarinda International College * Saint Anthony Mary Claret College * Saint Bernadette College of Alabang * Saint Francis of Assisi College System [http://www.stfrancis.edu.ph/] * Saint Pedro Poveda College [http://www.poveda.edu.ph/] * Samson College of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/samson-college-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080927/https://ched.gov.ph/samson-college-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Beda College [http://www.sanbeda.edu.ph/] * San Beda College Alabang [http://www.sanbeda-alabang.edu.ph/bede/]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120035619/https://www.sanbeda-alabang.edu.ph/bede/ |date=2021-11-20 }} * San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation, Inc. [http://sjdefi.edu.ph/] * San Sebastian College-Recoletos [http://sscrmnl.edu.ph/] * Santa Isabel College [http://www.santaisabel.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Agosto 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Sapphire International Aviation Academy * School of Fashion and the Arts [https://sofa.edu.ph/] * Siena College [http://www.scqc.edu.ph/] * Southeast Asia Christian College [https://sacccaloocan.weebly.com/] * South Mansfield College [http://www.smc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080328/https://www.smc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * South SEED LPDH College [http://sslc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904090528/https://sslc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southville International School and Colleges [https://www.southville.edu.ph/] * Sta. Cecilia College * St. Bernadette of Lourdes College [http://sblc-edu.com/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/http://sblc-edu.com/index.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Clare College of Caloocan * St. Dominic Institute [http://www.sdi.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115170959/http://www.sdi.edu.ph/ |date=2018-01-15 }} * St. John of Beverly School * St. Joseph's College, Quezon City [http://www.sjcqc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080512/https://sjcqc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Jude College [http://www.stjude.edu.ph/homepage/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214130210/http://www.stjude.edu.ph/homepage/ |date=2018-02-14 }} * St. Luke's College of Medicine William H. Quasha Memorial [http://stlukesmedcollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202161738/https://stlukesmedcollege.edu.ph/ |date=2020-12-02 }} * St. Mary’s College [http://smcqc.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316141213/https://www.smcqc.net/ |date=2020-03-16 }} * St. Paul University, Manila [http://spumanila.edu.ph/] * St. Paul University, Quezon City [https://spuqc.edu.ph/] * St. Scholastica’s College [http://ssc.edu.ph/] * St. Therese of the Child Jesus Institute of Arts and Sciences [https://ched.gov.ph/st-therese-child-jesus-institute-arts-sciences-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080331/https://ched.gov.ph/st-therese-child-jesus-institute-arts-sciences-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Vincent de Ferrer College of Camarin * STI College – Novaliches [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Parañaque [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Alabang [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Quezon Avenue [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Fairview [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Taft [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Caloocan [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Cubao [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Global City [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Las Piñas [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Makati [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College-Marikina * STI College – Muñoz-EDSA [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College-Recto * STI College – Shaw [http://sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * System Plus Computer College-Caloocan * Technological Institute of the Philippines, Manila [http://www.tip.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904132012/https://tip.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Technological Institute of the Philippines, Quezon City [http://www.tip.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904132012/https://tip.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * The Family Clinic, Inc [https://ched.gov.ph/family-clinic-profile-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080446/https://ched.gov.ph/family-clinic-profile-2/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * The Fisher Valley College * The Manila Times College * The One Nation Entrepreneur School * The Philippine Women's University, Manila [https://www.pwu.edu.ph/] * The Philippine Women's University, Quezon City [https://www.pwu.edu.ph/] * The National Teacher’s College [http://www.ntc.edu.ph/] * The University of Manila [http://www.umnla.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014040041/http://www.umnla.ph/ |date=2017-10-14 }} * Trinity University of Asia [http://www.tua.edu.ph/] * Treston International College [http://www.treston.edu.ph/] * UBIX Institute of Technology, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/ubix-institute-technologies-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080513/https://ched.gov.ph/ubix-institute-technologies-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Perpetual Help System Dalta [http://perpetualdalta.edu.ph/] * University of Santo Tomas [http://www.ust.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110154921/http://www.ust.edu.ph/?option=com_content&task=view&id=102&Itemid=58 |date=2014-11-10 }} * University of the East, Caloocan [https://www.ue.edu.ph/caloocan/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224036/https://www.ue.edu.ph/caloocan/index.html |date=2021-06-27 }} * University of the East, Manila [https://www.ue.edu.ph/manila/index.html]{{Dead link|date=Hunyo 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * University of the Philippines Diliman [https://upd.edu.ph/] * University of the Philippines Manila [https://www.upm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904024445/https://www1.upm.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Universal College of Parañaque [http://www.ucp.edu.ph/home/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630023854/http://www.ucp.edu.ph/home/ |date=2018-06-30 }} * University of Asia and the Pacific [http://www.uap.asia/] * University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center [https://uerm.edu.ph/] * Villagers Montessori [http://vmc.edu.ph/] * Wesleyan College of Manila * West Bay College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/west-bay-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080402/https://ched.gov.ph/west-bay-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * WCC Aeronautical and Technological College – North Manila, Inc. * World Citi Colleges-Quezon City [http://www.worldciti.edu.ph/]</p> == Rehiyon I == * ABE International College of Business and Accountancy [http://www.abe.edu.ph] * AIE College, Inc. * AMA Computer College – La Union [http://www.amaes.edu.ph] * AMA Computer College – Dagupan City [http://www.amaes.edu.ph] * AMA Computer College-Laoag City [http://www.amaes.edu.ph] * Asbury College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/asbury-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080418/https://ched.gov.ph/asbury-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asiacareer College Foundation, Inc [https://ched.gov.ph/asiacareer-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080427/https://ched.gov.ph/asiacareer-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Baccarra Medical Center School of Midwifery [https://ched.gov.ph/baccarra-medical-center-school-midwifery-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080524/https://ched.gov.ph/baccarra-medical-center-school-midwifery-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * CICOSAT Colleges [http://cicosatcolleges.edu.ph/index.php/about-cicosat-colleges/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Colegio de Dagupan [http://www.cdd.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225023/http://www.cdd.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Colegio de San Juan de Letran – Manaoag (formerly Our Lady of Manaoag College) [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-juan-de-letran-manaoag-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080358/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-juan-de-letran-manaoag-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio San Jose De Alaminos [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-san-jose-de-alaminos-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080608/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-san-jose-de-alaminos-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Dagupan Colleges Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/dagupan-colleges-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080347/https://ched.gov.ph/dagupan-colleges-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Data Center College of the Philippines of Laoag City, Inc. [http://dccp.edu.ph] * Data Center College of the Philippines-Vigan City [https://ched.gov.ph/data-center-college-philippines-vigan-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081114/https://ched.gov.ph/data-center-college-philippines-vigan-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Divine Word College of Laoag [http://www.dwcl.edu.ph] * Divine Word College of Urdaneta [http://dwcu.wordpress.com] * Divine Word College of Vigan [https://ched.gov.ph/divine-word-college-vigan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080400/https://ched.gov.ph/divine-word-college-vigan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – Mid La Union [http://www.dmmmsu-mluc.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409164838/http://www.dmmmsu-mluc.edu.ph/ |date=2018-04-09 }} * Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – North La Union – Main Campus [http://www.dmmmsu.edu.ph/] * Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – Open University [http://www.dmmmsu-ous.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724083450/http://dmmmsu-ous.org/ |date=2019-07-24 }} * Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – South La Union [http://www.dmmmsu-sluc.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924020812/http://dmmmsu-sluc.com/ |date=2021-09-24 }} * Golden West Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/golden-west-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080729/https://ched.gov.ph/golden-west-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College [http://www.ispsc.edu.ph] * Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College-Candon [http://www.ispsc.edu.ph] * Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College-Cervantes [https://ched.gov.ph/ilocos-sur-polytechnic-state-college-cervantes-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081125/https://ched.gov.ph/ilocos-sur-polytechnic-state-college-cervantes-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College-College of Arts and Sciences-Tagudin [http://www.ispsc.edu.ph] * Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College-College of Fisheries and Marine Sciences – Narvacan [https://ched.gov.ph/ilocos-sur-polytechnic-state-college-college-fisheries-marine-sciences-narvacan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080355/https://ched.gov.ph/ilocos-sur-polytechnic-state-college-college-fisheries-marine-sciences-narvacan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College-Santiago [http://www.ispsc.edu.ph] * International Colleges for Excellence [http://www.ice.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080332/http://ice.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Kingfisher School of Business and Finance [https://ched.gov.ph/kingfisher-school-business-finance-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080510/https://ched.gov.ph/kingfisher-school-business-finance-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Finn’s Scholastica [https://ched.gov.ph/la-finns-scholastica-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080427/https://ched.gov.ph/la-finns-scholastica-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Union Christian Comprehensive College [https://ched.gov.ph/la-union-christian-comprehensive-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080330/https://ched.gov.ph/la-union-christian-comprehensive-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Union College of Science and Technology [http://www.lucst.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080808/https://lucst.net/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lorma Colleges [http://www.lorma.edu] * Luna Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/luna-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080516/https://ched.gov.ph/luna-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Luzon College of Science and Technology (Urdaneta) [https://ched.gov.ph/luzon-college-science-technology-urdaneta-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080432/https://ched.gov.ph/luzon-college-science-technology-urdaneta-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum Northern Luzon [https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-northern-luzon-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080612/https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-northern-luzon-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum Northwestern University [http://lyceum.edu.ph/] * Lyceum Northwestern University-Urdaneta Campus [http://lyceum.edu.ph/] * Macro Colleges Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/macro-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080516/https://ched.gov.ph/macro-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Malasiqui Agno Valley College [https://ched.gov.ph/malasiqui-agno-valley-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080454/https://ched.gov.ph/malasiqui-agno-valley-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mariano Marcos State University [http://www.mmsu.edu.ph] * Mariano Marcos State University – Currimao Ilocos Norte [http://www.mmsu.edu.ph] * Mariano Marcos State University-College of Agriculture and Forestry-Dingras [http://www.mmsu.edu.ph] * Mariano Marcos State University-College of Industrial Technology-Laoag City [http://www.mmsu.edu.ph] * Mariano Marcos State University-College of Teacher Education-Laoag City [http://www.mmsu.edu.ph] * Mary Help of Christians College Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/mary-help-christians-theology-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080511/https://ched.gov.ph/mary-help-christians-theology-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Metro-Dagupan Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/metro-dagupan-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080508/https://ched.gov.ph/metro-dagupan-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mystical Rose College of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/mystical-rose-college-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080359/https://ched.gov.ph/mystical-rose-college-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * NICOSAT Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/nicosat-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080440/https://ched.gov.ph/nicosat-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * NJ Valdez Colleges Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/nj-valdez-colleges-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080443/https://ched.gov.ph/nj-valdez-colleges-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * North Luzon Philippines State College [http://www.nlpsc.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://www.nlpsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Christian College [http://www.ncc.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094114/https://www.ncc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Luzon Adventist College [http://www.nlac.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080328/http://nlac.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Philippines College for Maritime, Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-philippines-college-maritime-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080344/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-philippines-college-maritime-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northwestern University [https://www.nwu.edu.ph/] * Osias Educational Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/osias-educational-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080522/https://ched.gov.ph/osias-educational-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Palaris College [https://palariscollegesweb.weebly.com/] * Pangasinan Merchant Marine Academy [https://pammaonline.weebly.com/] * Pangasinan State University [http://www.psu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427043714/http://www.psu.edu.ph/ |date=2009-04-27 }} * Pangasinan State University-Alaminos City [http://www.psu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427043714/http://www.psu.edu.ph/ |date=2009-04-27 }} * Pangasinan State University-Asingan [http://www.psu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427043714/http://www.psu.edu.ph/ |date=2009-04-27 }} * Pangasinan State University-Bayambang [http://www.psu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427043714/http://www.psu.edu.ph/ |date=2009-04-27 }} * Pangasinan State University-Binmaley [http://www.psu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427043714/http://www.psu.edu.ph/ |date=2009-04-27 }} * Pangasinan State University-Infanta [http://www.psu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427043714/http://www.psu.edu.ph/ |date=2009-04-27 }} * Pangasinan State University-San Carlos City [http://www.psu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427043714/http://www.psu.edu.ph/ |date=2009-04-27 }} * Pangasinan State University-Sta. Maria [http://www.psu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427043714/http://www.psu.edu.ph/ |date=2009-04-27 }} * Pangasinan State University-Urdaneta City [http://www.psu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427043714/http://www.psu.edu.ph/ |date=2009-04-27 }} * Panpacific University North Philippines-Tayug [https://ched.gov.ph/panpacific-university-north-philippines-tayug-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080344/https://ched.gov.ph/panpacific-university-north-philippines-tayug-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Panpacific University North Philippines-Urdaneta City [https://ched.gov.ph/panpacific-university-north-philippines-tayug-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080344/https://ched.gov.ph/panpacific-university-north-philippines-tayug-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pass College [https://ched.gov.ph/pass-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080731/https://ched.gov.ph/pass-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan [http://www.uphsl.edu.ph] * Philippine College of Northwestern Luzon * Philippine College of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-college-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080448/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-college-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * PHINMA-UPang College Urdaneta, Inc. [http://www.up.phinma.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520003904/https://up.phinma.edu.ph/ |date=2022-05-20 }} * Philippine Darakbang Theological College [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-darakbang-theological-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080557/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-darakbang-theological-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * PIMSAT Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/pimsat-colleges-san-carlos-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080533/https://ched.gov.ph/pimsat-colleges-san-carlos-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * PIMSAT Colleges-San Carlos [https://ched.gov.ph/pimsat-colleges-san-carlos-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080533/https://ched.gov.ph/pimsat-colleges-san-carlos-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Polytechnic College of La Union [https://ched.gov.ph/polytechnic-college-la-union-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080541/https://ched.gov.ph/polytechnic-college-la-union-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Polytechnic College of Region I [https://ched.gov.ph/pimsat-colleges-san-carlos-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080533/https://ched.gov.ph/pimsat-colleges-san-carlos-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Rosales Wesleyan Bible College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/rosales-wesleyan-bible-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080449/https://ched.gov.ph/rosales-wesleyan-bible-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Columban’s College [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-columbans-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080546/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-columbans-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Louis College-City of San Fernando [http://www.slc-sflu.edu.ph] * Saint Mary’s College Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-marys-college/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Saint Therese College Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-therese-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080619/https://ched.gov.ph/st-therese-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Carlos College [http://www.sancarloscollege.edu.ph] * Sea and Sky College [https://ched.gov.ph/sea-sky-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080423/https://ched.gov.ph/sea-sky-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Señor Tesoro College Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/senor-tesoro-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080408/https://ched.gov.ph/senor-tesoro-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * South Ilocandia College of Arts and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/south-ilocandia-college-arts-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080948/https://ched.gov.ph/south-ilocandia-college-arts-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Camillus College of Manaoag Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-camillus-college-manaoag-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080406/https://ched.gov.ph/st-camillus-college-manaoag-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. John Bosco College of Northern Luzon [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-john-bosco-college-northern-luzon-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080457/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-john-bosco-college-northern-luzon-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Paul College of Ilocos Sur [http://www.spcis.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904112357/https://spcis.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sta. Veronica College [https://ched.gov.ph/sta-veronica-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080403/https://ched.gov.ph/sta-veronica-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College – Dagupan [http://www.sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – La Union [http://www.sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI College – Vigan [http://www.sti.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094111/http://www.sti.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-31 }} * STI Education Services Group * The Adelphi College [https://ched.gov.ph/adelphi-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/https://ched.gov.ph/adelphi-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * The Great Plebeian College [https://ched.gov.ph/great-plebeian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080610/https://ched.gov.ph/great-plebeian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Union Christian College [https://ched.gov.ph/union-christian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080946/https://ched.gov.ph/union-christian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Luzon [http://www.ul.edu.ph] * University of Northern Philippines [http://www.unp.edu.ph] * University of Pangasinan [http://www.up.phinma.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520003904/https://up.phinma.edu.ph/ |date=2022-05-20 }} * Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation [http://www.vmuf.edu.ph] * WCC Aeronautical and Technological College [http://www.wccaviation.com]</p> == Rehiyon II == * Aldersgate College [http://aldersgate-college.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731181531/http://www.aldersgate-college.com/ |date=2021-07-31 }} * AMA Computer College Tuguegarao City [http://www.amaes.edu.ph] * AMA Computer College-Santiago City [http://www.amaes.edu.ph] * Batanes State College, Basco, Batanes [http://www.bscbatanes.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313142521/http://bscbatanes.edu.ph/ |date=2016-03-13 }} * Cagayan State University-Andrews Campus, Tuguegarao City [http://www.csu.edu.ph/] * Cagayan State University-Aparri [http://www.csu.edu.ph/campus-aparri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718005055/https://csu.edu.ph/campus-aparri |date=2021-07-18 }} * Cagayan State University-Gonzaga Campus [http://www.csu.edu.ph/campus-gonzaga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715173356/https://csu.edu.ph/campus-gonzaga |date=2021-07-15 }} * Cagayan State University-Lal-lo Campus [http://www.csu.edu.ph/campus-lallo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717123832/https://csu.edu.ph/campus-lallo |date=2021-07-17 }} * Cagayan State University-Lasam Campus [http://www.csu.edu.ph/campus-lasam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718003802/https://csu.edu.ph/campus-lasam |date=2021-07-18 }} * Cagayan State University-Piat Campus [http://www.csu.edu.ph/campus-piat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718003654/https://csu.edu.ph/campus-piat |date=2021-07-18 }} * Cagayan State University-Sanchez Mira Campus [http://www.csu.edu.ph/campus-sanchezmira] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717123845/https://csu.edu.ph/campus-sanchezmira |date=2021-07-17 }} * Cagayan State University – Tuguegarao [http://www.csu.edu.ph] * Cagayan Valley Computer and Information Technology College [http://cvcitc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080511/https://cvcitc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Eveland Christian College [https://ched.gov.ph/eveland-christian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080429/https://ched.gov.ph/eveland-christian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * F. L. Vargas College – Abulug Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/f-l-vargas-college-abulug-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080937/https://ched.gov.ph/f-l-vargas-college-abulug-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * FL Vargas College – Tuguegarao Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/fl-vargas-college-tuguegarao-campus/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080549/https://ched.gov.ph/fl-vargas-college-tuguegarao-campus/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Fuzeko Polytechnic College [https://ched.gov.ph/fuzeko-polytechnic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081128/https://ched.gov.ph/fuzeko-polytechnic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Global Academy of Technology and Entrepreneurship [https://ched.gov.ph/global-academy-technology-entrepreneurship-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080338/https://ched.gov.ph/global-academy-technology-entrepreneurship-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * HG Baquiran College Tumauini, Isabela [https://ched.gov.ph/hgbaquiran-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081232/https://ched.gov.ph/hgbaquiran-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Infant Jesus Montessori School (College Dept) [https://ched.gov.ph/infant-jesus-montessori-school-college-department-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080333/https://ched.gov.ph/infant-jesus-montessori-school-college-department-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * International School of Asia and the Pacific [https://ched.gov.ph/international-school-asia-pacific-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080503/https://ched.gov.ph/international-school-asia-pacific-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Isabela College of Arts and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/isabela-college-arts-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080358/https://ched.gov.ph/isabela-college-arts-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Isabela Colleges [http://isabela.colleges.tripod.com/#] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://isabela.colleges.tripod.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Isabela State University, Angadanan Campus [http://www.isu.edu.ph/index.php/campuses/angadanan-campus] * Isabela State University, Cabagan Campus [http://www.isu.edu.ph] * Isabela State University, Cauayan Campus [http://www.isu.edu.ph/index.php/campuses/cauayan-city-campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204143217/http://www.isu.edu.ph/index.php/campuses/cauayan-city-campus |date=2018-02-04 }} * Isabela State University-Ilagan Campus [http://www.isu.edu.ph] * Isabela State University-Jones Campus [http://www.isu.edu.ph/] * Isabela State University-Main Campus, Echague, Isabela [http://www.isu.edu.ph/] * Isabela State University-Palanan Campus [http://www.isu.edu.ph/] * Isabela State University-Roxas Campus [http://www.isu.edu.ph/] * Isabela State University-San Mariano Campus [http://isu.edu.ph] * Isabela State University-San Mateo Campus [http://www.isu.edu.ph/] * John Wesley College [https://ched.gov.ph/john-wesley-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080432/https://ched.gov.ph/john-wesley-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * King's College of the Philippines – Bambang [https://ched.gov.ph/kings-college-philippines-bambang-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080421/https://ched.gov.ph/kings-college-philippines-bambang-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Salette of Roxas College Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/la-salette-roxas-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080546/https://ched.gov.ph/la-salette-roxas-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum of Aparri [https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-of-aparri-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080452/https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-of-aparri-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum of Tuao [https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-tuao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080435/https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-tuao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Maila Rosario Colleges, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan [https://ched.gov.ph/maila-rosario-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080543/https://ched.gov.ph/maila-rosario-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mallig Plains Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/mallig-plains-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904130643/https://ched.gov.ph/mallig-plains-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Medical Colleges of Northern Philippines [https://ched.gov.ph/medical-colleges-of-northern-philippines-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080614/https://ched.gov.ph/medical-colleges-of-northern-philippines-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Metropolitan College of Science and Technology Santiago City, Isabela [https://ched.gov.ph/metropolitan-school-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080437/https://ched.gov.ph/metropolitan-school-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northeast Luzon Adventist College [https://ched.gov.ph/northeast-luzon-adventist-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080929/https://ched.gov.ph/northeast-luzon-adventist-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northeastern College [http://www.northeasterncollege.edu.ph/] * Northern Cagayan Colleges Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-cagayan-colleges-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080336/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-cagayan-colleges-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Nueva Vizcaya State University-Bambang [http://www.nvsu.edu.ph] * Nueva Vizcaya State University-Main Campus, Bayombong [http://www.nvsu.edu.ph] * Our Lady of the Pillar College-Cauayan [http://www.olpcc.edu.ph] * Our Lady of the Pillar College-Cauayan San Manuel Branch [http://olpcc.edu.ph/main/] * Patria Sable Corpus College [http://www.pscc.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831193146/https://www.pscc.edu.ph/ |date=2018-08-31 }} * Philippine Law Enforcement College [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-law-enforcement-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080409/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-law-enforcement-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Normal University – North Luzon Campus [https://www.pnu.edu.ph/pnu-north-luzon/] * PLT College [http://www.pltcollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080839/https://pltcollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Quezon Colleges of the North [https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-colleges-north-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080558/https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-colleges-north-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Quirino State University-Cabarroguis Campus [http://qsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804210436/https://qsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-04 }} * Quirino State University-Diffun, Quirino [http://qsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804210436/https://qsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-04 }} * Quirino State University-Maddela, Quirino [http://qsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804210436/https://qsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-04 }} * Saint Anthony’s College [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-anthonys-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080513/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-anthonys-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Dominic College of Batanes [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-dominic-college-batanes-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080413/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-dominic-college-batanes-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Ferdinand College – Cabagan [http://www.sfc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080538/https://sfc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Ferdinand College – Ilagan [http://www.sfc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080538/https://sfc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Joseph’s College of Baggao [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-josephs-college-baggao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080538/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-josephs-college-baggao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Mary's University of Bayombong [http://www.smu.edu.ph/] * Saint Paul University Philippines, Tuguegarao City [http://www.spup.edu.ph/] * Santiago City Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/santiago-city-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080609/https://ched.gov.ph/santiago-city-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sierra College [https://ched.gov.ph/sierra-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080553/https://ched.gov.ph/sierra-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * SISTECH College of Santiago City [https://ched.gov.ph/sistech-college-santiago-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081229/https://ched.gov.ph/sistech-college-santiago-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College-Cauayan [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College-Tuguegarao [http://www.sti.edu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602233009/http://www.sti.edu/ |date=2008-06-02 }} * University of Cagayan Valley [http://www.ucv.edu.ph] * University of La Salette [https://ched.gov.ph/university-of-la-salette-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080415/https://ched.gov.ph/university-of-la-salette-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Perpetual Help System Cauayan City [https://www.uphsl.edu.ph/] * University of Saint Louis-Tuguegarao [http://www.usl.edu.ph/]</p> == Rehiyon III == * ABE International College of Business & Economics-Cabanatuan City, Inc. [http://www.abe.edu.ph/cabanatuan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225725/http://abe.edu.ph/cabanatuan/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * ABE International College of Business & Accountancy, Inc.-Malolos City [http://www.abe.edu.ph/malolos/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225703/http://abe.edu.ph/malolos/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Academia De San Lorenzo Dema-Ala, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/academia-de-san-lorenzo-dema-ala-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080519/https://ched.gov.ph/academia-de-san-lorenzo-dema-ala-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * ACLC College of Apalit, Inc. [http://amaclc.net/apalit/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224726/http://amaclc.net/apalit/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * ACLC College of Balanga, Inc. [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Gapan, Inc. [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Mabalacat, Inc. [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Malolos, Inc. [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Meycauayan, Inc. [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Poblacion, Baliuag, Inc. [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Sta. Maria, Inc. [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * AMA Computer College-Angeles City [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College-Cabanatuan City [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College-Malolos City [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College-Olongapo City [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College-San Fernando City [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College-Tarlac City [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * Angeles University Foundation [http://www.auf.edu.ph/#sthash.IGXodOQS.dpbs] * Asia Pacific College of Advanced Studies [http://apcas.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://apcas.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asian Institute of Computer Studies-Central Inc. [http://www.aics.edu.ph/home/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822183056/http://www.aics.edu.ph/home |date=2018-08-22 }} * Aurora Polytechnic College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/aurora-polytechnic-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080336/https://ched.gov.ph/aurora-polytechnic-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Aurora State College of Technology-Casiguran Campus [http://ascot.edu.ph/] * Aurora State College of Technology-Main Campus [http://ascot.edu.ph/] * Aurora State College of Technology-Maria Aurora Campus [http://ascot.edu.ph/] * Baliuag University [http://baliuagu.edu.ph/] * Baliwag Maritime Academy * Bataan Heroes Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/bataan-heroes-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080508/https://ched.gov.ph/bataan-heroes-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bataan Peninsula State University-Abucay Campus [http://www.bpsu.edu.ph/index.php/abucaymenu] * Bataan Peninsula State University-Balanga Campus [http://www.bpsu.edu.ph/index.php/aboutfaf/476-balanga-campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917034726/http://www.bpsu.edu.ph/index.php/aboutfaf/476-balanga-campus |date=2019-09-17 }} * Bataan Peninsula State University-Dinalupihan Campus [http://www.bpsu.edu.ph/index.php/aboutfaf/478-dinalupihan-campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915080048/http://www.bpsu.edu.ph/index.php/aboutfaf/478-dinalupihan-campus |date=2019-09-15 }} * Bataan Peninsula State University-Main Campus [http://www.bpsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208104905/http://www.bpsu.edu.ph/ |date=2011-12-08 }} * Bataan Peninsula State University-Orani Campus [http://www.bpsu.edu.ph/index.php/aboutfaf/477-orani-campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905123102/http://www.bpsu.edu.ph/index.php/aboutfaf/477-orani-campus |date=2019-09-05 }} * Bestlink College of the Philippines, Inc. [http://bcp.edu.ph/] * Bulacan Agricultural State College [http://www.basc.edu.ph/] * Bulacan State University – Bulacan (Meneses) Campus [http://www.bulsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225070343/http://bulsu.edu.ph/ |date=2016-12-25 }} * Bulacan State University – Bustos Campus [http://www.bulsu.edu.ph/academics/campuses.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225215/https://www.bulsu.edu.ph/academics/campuses.php |date=2021-06-27 }} * Bulacan State University – Hagonoy Campus [https://bsuhagonoy.weebly.com/] * Bulacan State University – Main Campus [http://www.bulsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225070343/http://bulsu.edu.ph/ |date=2016-12-25 }} * Bulacan State University – Sarmiento Campus [http://www.bulsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225070343/http://bulsu.edu.ph/ |date=2016-12-25 }} * Camiling Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/camiling-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080532/https://ched.gov.ph/camiling-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Carthel Science Educational Foundation (CSEF), Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/carthel-science-educational-foundation-csef-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080941/https://ched.gov.ph/carthel-science-educational-foundation-csef-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Central Luzon College of Science And Technology Olongapo City, Inc. [http://www.clcst.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826231144/http://www.clcst.edu.ph/ |date=2016-08-26 }} * Central Luzon College of Science And Technology, Inc.-San Fernando City [http://www.clcst.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826231144/http://www.clcst.edu.ph/ |date=2016-08-26 }} * Central Luzon Doctors’ Hospital Educational Institution, Inc. [http://www.cldhei.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080502/https://www.cldhei.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Central Luzon State University [https://clsu.edu.ph/] * Centro Colegio De Tarlac, Inc. [http://centrocolegio.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707222237/http://centrocolegio.edu.ph/ |date=2018-07-07 }} * Centro Escolar University At Malolos [https://malolos.ceu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904083129/https://malolos.ceu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * CIT Colleges of Paniqui Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/cit-colleges-paniqui-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080424/https://ched.gov.ph/cit-colleges-paniqui-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Clark College of Science And Technology, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/clark-college-science-technology-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080350/https://ched.gov.ph/clark-college-science-technology-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De Calumpit, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-calumpit-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081256/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-calumpit-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De San Gabriel Arcangel, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-gabriel-arcangel-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080555/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-gabriel-arcangel-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De San Juan De Letran [http://www.letran.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507034432/https://letran.edu.ph/ |date=2021-05-07 }} * Colegio De San Pascual Baylon [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-pascual-baylon-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080616/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-pascual-baylon-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De Sebastian-Pampanga, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sebastian-pampanga-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080734/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sebastian-pampanga-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College For Research & Technology of Cabanatuan, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/college-research-technology-cabanatuan-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080406/https://ched.gov.ph/college-research-technology-cabanatuan-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of Mary Immaculate of Pandi, Bulacan, Inc. [http://collegeofmaryimmaculate.yolasite.com/] * College of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel (Pampanga), Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/college-lady-mt-carmel-pampanga-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081246/https://ched.gov.ph/college-lady-mt-carmel-pampanga-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of Saint Lawrence, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/college-saint-lawrence-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080416/https://ched.gov.ph/college-saint-lawrence-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of Subic Montessori Subic Bay, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/college-subic-montessori-subic-bay-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080333/https://ched.gov.ph/college-subic-montessori-subic-bay-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of Subic Montessori, Inc. * College of the Holy Spirit of Tarlac [https://collegoftheholyspiritotarlac.weebly.com/] * College of the Immaculate Conception [http://www.cic.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904092925/https://www.cic.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of the Most Holy Trinity Catholic Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/college-holy-trinity-catholic-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080621/https://ched.gov.ph/college-holy-trinity-catholic-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of the Our Lady of Mercy of Pulilan Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/college-lady-mercy-pulilan-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080404/https://ched.gov.ph/college-lady-mercy-pulilan-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colleges of Advance Technology And Management of the Phils. (CATMAN), Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/colleges-advance-technology-management-phils-catman-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080341/https://ched.gov.ph/colleges-advance-technology-management-phils-catman-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Columban College, Inc.-Olongapo City [http://www.columban.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904095141/https://www.columban.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Columban College-Sta. Cruz [https://ched.gov.ph/columban-college-sta-cruz-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080535/https://ched.gov.ph/columban-college-sta-cruz-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Comteq Computer & Business College [http://www.comteq.edu.ph] * Concepcion Holy Cross College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/concepcion-holy-cross-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081122/https://ched.gov.ph/concepcion-holy-cross-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Core Gateway College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/core-gateway-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/https://ched.gov.ph/core-gateway-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Divina Pastora College [https://ched.gov.ph/divina-pastora-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080451/https://ched.gov.ph/divina-pastora-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Dominican College of Tarlac, Inc. [https://dct.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/https://dct.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University – Main [http://www.dhvtsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315162819/http://dhvtsu.edu.ph/ |date=2012-03-15 }} * Dr. Gloria D. Lacson Foundation Colleges of Cabanatuan City, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/dr-gloria-d-lacson-foundation-colleges-cabanatuan-city-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080530/https://ched.gov.ph/dr-gloria-d-lacson-foundation-colleges-cabanatuan-city-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Dr. Gloria D. Lacson Foundation Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/dr-gloria-d-lacson-foundation-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081241/https://ched.gov.ph/dr-gloria-d-lacson-foundation-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. [http://www.dyci.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093507/https://www.dyci.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Eastwoods Professional College of Science And Technology, Inc. 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[http://www.hau.edu.ph/] * Holy Cross College-Nueva Ecija [http://hcc.netne.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619025325/http://hcc.netne.net/ |date=2018-06-19 }} * Holy Cross College-Pampanga [http://www.holycrosscollegepampanga.edu.ph/] * Holy Rosary Colleges Foundation of Calaba [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-rosary-colleges-foundation-calaba-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080544/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-rosary-colleges-foundation-calaba-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Immaculate Conception I-College of Arts And Technology, Inc. [https://www.icinstitutions.edu.ph/ici/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Immaculate Conception Major Seminary [https://www.icmasbulacan.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824143459/https://www.icmasbulacan.com/ |date=2018-08-24 }} * Interworld College of Science And Technology – Tarlac City [https://ched.gov.ph/interworld-college-science-technology-tarlac-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081249/https://ched.gov.ph/interworld-college-science-technology-tarlac-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Interworld Colleges Foundation, Inc. – Paniqui Tarlac [https://icfpaniqui.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://icfpaniqui.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Jesus Is Lord College Foundation, Inc. [http://www.jilcf.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310191009/http://www.jilcf.edu.ph/ |date=2016-03-10 }} * Jocson College, Inc. [http://www.jocsoncollegeinc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619032641/http://jocsoncollegeinc.edu.ph/ |date=2018-06-19 }} * Jose C. Feliciano College Foundation, Inc. [http://www.josecfelicianocollege.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518075444/https://josecfelicianocollege.com/ |date=2021-05-18 }} * La Concepcion College [https://laconcepcioncollege.com/] * La Consolacion University Philippines (Formerly University of Regina Carmeli) [https://www.lcup.edu.ph/] * La Fortuna College [http://lfcweb.lafortunacollege.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622043205/http://lfcweb.lafortunacollege.net/ |date=2018-06-22 }} * La Verdad Christian College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/la-verdad-christian-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080943/https://ched.gov.ph/la-verdad-christian-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Liceo De Pulilan Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/liceo-de-pulilan-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080607/https://ched.gov.ph/liceo-de-pulilan-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lourdes College of Bulacan, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/lourdes-college-bulacan-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080529/https://ched.gov.ph/lourdes-college-bulacan-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lourdes College Of Pampanga, Inc. [http://ollc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617195925/http://ollc.edu.ph/ |date=2019-06-17 }} * Lyceum of Subic Bay, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-subic-bay-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080500/https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-subic-bay-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum of the East-Aurora, Inc. [http://www.kaibiganusaptayo.com/kingalvin/lyceumoftheeast/index.php#] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119061445/http://www.kaibiganusaptayo.com/kingalvin/lyceumoftheeast/index.php |date=2018-11-19 }} * M. V. Gallego Foundation Colleges [http://mvgallego.edu.ph/] * Magsaysay Memorial College of Zambales, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/magsaysay-memorial-college-zambales-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080502/https://ched.gov.ph/magsaysay-memorial-college-zambales-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Maria Assumpta Seminary [http://assumptaseminary.blogspot.com/] * Marian College of Baliuag, Inc. [http://www.mariancollegebaliuag.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027202950/http://mariancollegebaliuag.com/ |date=2021-10-27 }} * Maritime Academy of Asia And the Pacific [http://maap.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://maap.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mary the Queen College (Pampanga), Inc. [http://mqc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://mqc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mater Redemptoris College of San Jose City, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/mater-redemptoris-college-san-jose-city-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080555/https://ched.gov.ph/mater-redemptoris-college-san-jose-city-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Megabyte College, Inc.-Florida Blanca [https://ched.gov.ph/megabyte-college-inc-florida-blanca-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080412/https://ched.gov.ph/megabyte-college-inc-florida-blanca-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Metro Subic Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/metro-subic-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081244/https://ched.gov.ph/metro-subic-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Meycauayan College [http://meyc-college.edu.ph/] * Micro Asia College of Science & Technology, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/micro-asia-college-science-technology-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080443/https://ched.gov.ph/micro-asia-college-science-technology-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Microcity Computer of Business And Technology( Formerly: Microcity Computer College Foundation, Inc.) [https://ched.gov.ph/microcity-computer-business-technology-formerly-microcity-computer-college-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080605/https://ched.gov.ph/microcity-computer-business-technology-formerly-microcity-computer-college-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Midway Maritime Foundation, Inc. [http://midwaymaritime.com.ph/#/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/http://midwaymaritime.com.ph/#/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mondriaan Aura College [https://www.aura.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://www.aura.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mother of Good Counsel Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/mother-good-counsel-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080618/https://ched.gov.ph/mother-good-counsel-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mount Carmel College of Baler, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/mount-carmel-college-baler-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080519/https://ched.gov.ph/mount-carmel-college-baler-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mount Carmel College of Casiguran, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/mount-carmel-college-casiguran-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080435/https://ched.gov.ph/mount-carmel-college-casiguran-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mt. Carmel College of Bocaue Bulacan, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/mt-carmel-college-bocaue-bulacan-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080349/https://ched.gov.ph/mt-carmel-college-bocaue-bulacan-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Nazarenus College And Hospital Foundation, Inc. [http://www.nazarenuscollege.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502191341/http://www.nazarenuscollege.com/ |date=2019-05-02 }} * New Era University [http://www.neu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080335/http://www.neu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Zambales College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-zambales-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080739/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-zambales-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Nueva Ecija Doctors Colleges, Inc. * Nueva Ecija University of Science And Technology – Gabaldon Campus [http://neust.edu.ph/] * Nueva Ecija University of Science And Technology-Atate Campus [http://neust.edu.ph/] * Nueva Ecija University of Science And Technology-Carranglan Campus [http://neust.edu.ph/] * Nueva Ecija University of Science And Technology-Fort Magsaysay Campus [http://neust.edu.ph/] * Nueva Ecija University of Science And Technology-Gen. Tinio Campus [http://neust.edu.ph/] * Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology-San Isidro Campus [http://neust.edu.ph/] * Nueva Ecija University of Science And Technology-Sumacab Campus [http://neust.edu.ph/] * Osias Colleges, Inc. [http://osiascolleges.edu.ph/] * Our Lady of Fatima University – Pampanga, Inc. [http://www.fatima.edu.ph/campus.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093639/https://www.fatima.edu.ph/campus.php |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of Fatima University, Inc (Formerly East Central Colleges) [http://www.fatima.edu.ph/campus.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093639/https://www.fatima.edu.ph/campus.php |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of Manaoag Montessori College, Inc. [http://www.olmamc.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://www.olmamc.net/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of Peace College Seminary * Our Lady of the Sacred Heart College of Guimba, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/lady-sacred-heart-college-guimba-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080505/https://ched.gov.ph/lady-sacred-heart-college-guimba-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pamantasan Ng Araullo (Araullo University), Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/pamantasan-ng-araullo-araullo-university-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080527/https://ched.gov.ph/pamantasan-ng-araullo-araullo-university-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pampanga Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/pampanga-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080437/https://ched.gov.ph/pampanga-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pampanga State Agricultural University ( Formerly: Pampanga Agricultural College) [http://www.psau.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815123827/https://psau.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-15 }} * Philippine Merchant Marine Academy [http://www.pmma.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013022617/http://www.pmma.edu.ph/ |date=2007-10-13 }} * Philippine Rehabilitation Institute Foundation, Inc. [http://prifnet.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727170859/http://www.prifnet.com/ |date=2020-07-27 }} * Philippine Women’s University Career Development And Continuing Education Center Bataan, Inc. [https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Women’s University Career Development And Continuing Education Center Tarlac, Inc. [https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ramon Magsaysay Technological University (Botolan Campus) [http://rmtu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126231829/http://rmtu.edu.ph/ |date=2019-01-26 }} * Ramon Magsaysay Technological University (Main Campus) [http://rmtu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126231829/http://rmtu.edu.ph/ |date=2019-01-26 }} * Ramon Magsaysay Technological University (San Marcelino Campus) [http://rmtu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126231829/http://rmtu.edu.ph/ |date=2019-01-26 }} * Richwell Colleges, Inc. [https://richwell.com.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829065957/http://www.richwell.com.ph/ |date=2023-08-29 }} * RCC Colegio De San Rafael, Inc. [http://rcc.edu.ph/cdsr/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408152255/http://rcc.edu.ph/cdsr/ |date=2017-04-08 }} * Republic Central Colleges [http://www.rcc.edu.ph/] {{Dead link|date=Septiyembre 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Sact St. Mutien College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/sact-st-mutien-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080412/https://ched.gov.ph/sact-st-mutien-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Mary’s Angels College of Pampanga, Inc. [http://gocloudasia.net/saintmary/content.php?content_id=5] * San Jose Christian Colleges [http://www.sjccolleges.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203062900/http://www.sjccolleges.org/ |date=2020-02-03 }} * Santa Rita College of Pampanga, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/santa-rita-college-pampanga-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080418/https://ched.gov.ph/santa-rita-college-pampanga-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Siena College of San Jose, Inc. * SJDM Cornerstone College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/sjdm-cornerstone-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080527/https://ched.gov.ph/sjdm-cornerstone-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Somascan Fathers Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/somascan-fathers-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080446/https://ched.gov.ph/somascan-fathers-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Anthony College of Technology [https://www.sact.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * St. Augustine Colleges Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-augustine-colleges-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080538/https://ched.gov.ph/st-augustine-colleges-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Benilde Center For Global Competence, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-benilde-center-global-competence-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080541/https://ched.gov.ph/st-benilde-center-global-competence-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Elizabeth Global Skills Institute, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-elizabeth-global-skills-institute-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080355/https://ched.gov.ph/st-elizabeth-global-skills-institute-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Joseph College of Bulacan, Inc. [http://www.sjcb.info/] * St. Joseph College-Olongapo Inc. [http://www.sjc-o.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224921/http://www.sjc-o.com/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * St. Joseph’s College of Balanga City, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-josephs-college-balanga-city-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080356/https://ched.gov.ph/st-josephs-college-balanga-city-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Mary’s College of Baliuag [http://www.smcbaliwag.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904232953/https://www.smcbaliwag.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Mary’s College of Meycauayan [http://smcm.edu.ph/home/] * St. Nicolas College of Business And Technology, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-nicolas-college-business-technology-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080457/https://ched.gov.ph/st-nicolas-college-business-technology-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Paul College of Arts And Sciences, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-paul-college-arts-sciences-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080613/https://ched.gov.ph/st-paul-college-arts-sciences-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Paul College of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/st-paul-college-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080553/https://ched.gov.ph/st-paul-college-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Paul University at San Miguel [http://paulinians02.synthasite.com/] * St. Rose College Educational Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-rose-college-educational-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080505/https://ched.gov.ph/st-rose-college-educational-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Thomas More College [http://www.stmc-clark.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616041011/http://www.stmc-clark.com/ |date=2019-06-16 }} * STI College – Angeles [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=20] * STI College – Balagtas [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=22] * STI College – Baliuag [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=18] * STI College – Malolos [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=27] * STI College – Meycauayan [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=28] * STI College – San Fernando [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=30] * STI College – Sta. Maria [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=32] * STI College – San Jose [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=39] * STI College – Tarlac [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=33] * Sto. Rosario Sapang Palay College [https://ched.gov.ph/sto-rosario-sapang-palay-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081251/https://ched.gov.ph/sto-rosario-sapang-palay-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Subic Bay College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/subic-bay-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080736/https://ched.gov.ph/subic-bay-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Systems Plus College Foundation, Inc. [http://www.spcf.edu.ph/] * Tarlac Agricultural University (Formerly: Tarlac College of Agriculture) [http://www.tca.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://www.tca.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Tarlac Christian Colleges, Inc. [https://www.tarlacchristiancollege.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/https://www.tarlacchristiancollege.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Tarlac State University – Main Campus [http://www.tsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203224619/http://www.tsu.edu.ph/ |date=2015-12-03 }} * Tarlac State University – San Isidro Campus [http://www.tsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203224619/http://www.tsu.edu.ph/ |date=2015-12-03 }} * The Good Samaritan Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/good-samaritan-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080338/https://ched.gov.ph/good-samaritan-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * The Manila Times College of Subic, Inc. [http://subic.tmtc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814185210/http://subic.tmtc.edu.ph/ |date=2016-08-14 }} * Tomas Del Rosario College [http://trc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093125/https://trc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * United School of Science And Technology Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/united-school-science-technology-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080415/https://ched.gov.ph/united-school-science-technology-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Assumption [http://ua.edu.ph/] * University of the Philippines – Diliman (Olongapo City) [http://www.updepo.com/] * University of the Philippines – Diliman (Pampanga) [http://www.upepp.upd.edu.ph/] * Virgen Milagrosa Del Rosario College Seminary * Wesleyan University-Philippines-Aurora [http://www.wesleyan.edu.ph/] * Wesleyan University-Philippines-Cabanatuan City [http://www.wesleyan.edu.ph/] * Westfields International College, Inc. [http://westfields.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116054749/https://westfields.edu.ph/ |date=2019-01-16 }} * World Citi Colleges-Guimba, Inc. [http://www.worldciti.edu.ph/guimba-campus/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413050512/http://www.worldciti.edu.ph/guimba-campus/ |date=2019-04-13 }}</p> == Rehiyon IV-A == * ABE International Business College Quezon Province [http://www.abe.edu.ph/lucena/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225257/http://abe.edu.ph/lucena/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * ABE International College of Business and Economics-Cainta [http://www.abe.edu.ph/] * ACLC College Of San Pablo [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Taytay [https://ched.gov.ph/aclc-college-taytay-2/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * ACTS Computer College [http://actscc.edu.ph/] * ACTS Computer College Infanta [http://actscc.edu.ph/index.php] * Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies [https://www.aiias.edu/en/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101015205/https://www.aiias.edu/en/ |date=2020-11-01 }} * Adventist University of the Philippines [http://web1.aup.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://web1.aup.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Agoncillo College [https://ched.gov.ph/agoncillo-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081254/https://ched.gov.ph/agoncillo-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Alitagtag College [https://ched.gov.ph/alitagtag-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080535/https://ched.gov.ph/alitagtag-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * All Nations College [https://ched.gov.ph/nations-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081117/https://ched.gov.ph/nations-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Alpha Centauri Educational System [http://aces.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225320/http://aces.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * AMA Computer College Lipa [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College Batangas City [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College Binan [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College Calamba [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College Dasmarinas [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College East Rizal [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College Lucena [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College Sta.Cruz [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA School of Medicine [http://www.amaschoolofmedicine.com/] * Asia Pacific Christian College And Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/asia-pacific-christian-college-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080521/https://ched.gov.ph/asia-pacific-christian-college-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asia Tech. School of Sci. and Arts [http://asiatech.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904083233/https://www.asiatech.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asian Institute of Technology and Education Tiaong Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/asian-institute-technology-education-tiaong-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080552/https://ched.gov.ph/asian-institute-technology-education-tiaong-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asian School of Hospitality Arts [http://asha.edu.ph/] * Asia-Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary [http://www.apnts.edu.ph/] * Baptist Bible Seminary and Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/baptist-bible-seminary-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080409/https://ched.gov.ph/baptist-bible-seminary-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Baptist Voice Bible College [http://www.baptistvoicecollege.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801203733/http://baptistvoicecollege.com/ |date=2019-08-01 }} * Batangas College of Arts and Sciences [http://www.bcas.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125204510/http://bcas.edu.ph/ |date=2021-11-25 }} * Batangas Eastern College [https://ched.gov.ph/batangas-eastern-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081237/https://ched.gov.ph/batangas-eastern-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Batangas State University Apolinario R. Apacible School of Fisheries Nasugbu [http://batstate-u.edu.ph/nasugbu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922003621/https://batstate-u.edu.ph/nasugbu/ |date=2020-09-22 }} * Batangas State University Balayan [http://batstate-u.edu.ph/balayan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922015529/https://batstate-u.edu.ph/balayan/ |date=2020-09-22 }} * Batangas State University Jose P. Laurel Polytechnic College Malvar [http://batstate-u.edu.ph/malvar/] * Batangas State University Lemery [http://batstate-u.edu.ph/lemery/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922015714/https://batstate-u.edu.ph/lemery/ |date=2020-09-22 }} * Batangas State University Lipa City [http://batstate-u.edu.ph/lipa/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926205319/https://batstate-u.edu.ph/lipa/ |date=2020-09-26 }} * Batangas State University Lobo [http://batstate-u.edu.ph/lobo/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926203350/http://batstate-u.edu.ph/lobo/ |date=2020-09-26 }} * Batangas State University Main [http://batstate-u.edu.ph/] * Batangas State University Rosario [http://batstate-u.edu.ph/san-juan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926213919/http://batstate-u.edu.ph/san-juan/ |date=2020-09-26 }} * Batangas State University San Juan [http://www.bcc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111212341/http://www.bcc.edu.ph/ |date=2019-01-11 }} * Binangonan Catholic College [http://www.bcc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111212341/http://www.bcc.edu.ph/ |date=2019-01-11 }} * Brookfield College [https://ched.gov.ph/brookfield-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080932/https://ched.gov.ph/brookfield-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * BWEST College [https://ched.gov.ph/bwest-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080429/https://ched.gov.ph/bwest-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cainta Catholic College [http://www.caintacatholiccollege.com/] * Calamba Doctors’ College [http://calambadoctorscollege.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080324/http://calambadoctorscollege.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }}&lt; * Calauag Central College [https://ched.gov.ph/calauag-central-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080800/https://ched.gov.ph/calauag-central-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Calayan Educational Foundation [http://www.cefi.edu.ph/] * Canossa College [http://canossacollegespc.com.ph/] * CARD-MRI Development Institute [http://casans.edu.ph/] * Casa Del Nino College [http://casans.edu.ph/] * Cavite State University General Trias Campus [http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/general-trias] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106072810/http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/general-trias |date=2018-01-06 }} * Cavite State University Main [http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009210942/http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-10-09 }} * Cavite State University Bacoor [http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/bacoor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109013751/http://cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/bacoor |date=2018-01-09 }} * Cavite State University Carmona [http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/carmona] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117031240/http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/carmona |date=2018-01-17 }} * Cavite State University Cavite City [http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/cavite-city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104072622/http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/cavite-city |date=2018-01-04 }} * Cavite State University Imus [http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/imus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109013309/http://cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/imus |date=2018-01-09 }} * Cavite State University Naic [http://www.cvsu-naic.edu.ph/] * Cavite State University Rosario [https://www.cvsu-rosario.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094559/https://cvsu-rosario.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cavite State University Silang Campus [http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/tanza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105231239/http://cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/tanza |date=2018-01-05 }} * Cavite State University Tanza Campus [http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/tanza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105231239/http://cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/tanza |date=2018-01-05 }} * Cavite State University Trece Martires City [http://www.cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/trece-martires-city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110230404/http://cvsu.edu.ph/index.php/trece-martires-city |date=2018-01-10 }} * Cavite West Point College Cavite City [https://ched.gov.ph/cavite-west-point-college-cavite-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080903/https://ched.gov.ph/cavite-west-point-college-cavite-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cavite West Point College Ternate [http://cavitewestpointcollege2000.blogspot.com] * Center for Biblical Studies Institute and Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/center-biblical-studies-institute-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081133/https://ched.gov.ph/center-biblical-studies-institute-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Christian College of Tanauan [https://christiancollegeoftanauan.wordpress.com/] * CITI Global College Inc. Biñan [http://www.citiglobalcollege.edu.ph/tag/binan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080354/http://www.citiglobalcollege.edu.ph/tag/binan/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * CITI Global College Inc. Cabuyao [http://www.citiglobalcollege.edu.ph/] * Colegio de Amore [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-amore-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080459/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-amore-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio de Los Banos [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-los-banos-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080802/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-los-banos-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio de Porta Vaga [http://www.colegiodeportavaga.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080335/http://www.colegiodeportavaga.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De San Juan De Letran Calamba [https://www.letran-calamba.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://www.letran-calamba.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De San Pedro [http://www.cdsp.edu.ph/] * Colegio de Sto. Cristo de Burgos [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sto-cristo-de-burgos-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080504/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sto-cristo-de-burgos-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De Sto. Domingo De Silos [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sto-domingo-de-silos-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080957/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sto-domingo-de-silos-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio San Agustin Binan [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-san-agustin-binan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080626/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-san-agustin-binan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of Arts and Sciences of Asia and the Pacific [http://www.casap.edu.ph/] * College of San Benildo Rizal [http://www.sanbenildo.edu.ph/] * College of Saint John Paul II Arts and Sciences [https://ched.gov.ph/college-saints-john-paul-ii-arts-sciences-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081059/https://ched.gov.ph/college-saints-john-paul-ii-arts-sciences-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * CSTC College of Science, Technology and Communication, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/cstc-college-science-technology-communication-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080930/https://ched.gov.ph/cstc-college-science-technology-communication-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * CVE Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/cve-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080838/https://ched.gov.ph/cve-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Daehan College Of Business And Technology, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/daehan-college-business-technology-inc-provile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080959/https://ched.gov.ph/daehan-college-business-technology-inc-provile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * De La Salle Health Sciences Institute [http://www.dlshsi.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123010729/http://www.dlshsi.edu.ph/ |date=2013-11-23 }} * De La Salle Lipa [http://www.dlsl.edu.ph/] * De La Salle University Dasmarinas [http://www.dlsud.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717213109/http://www.dlsud.edu.ph/ |date=2018-07-17 }} * Deaf Evangelistic Alliance Foundation [http://www.mccidonline.net/deafinc/lagunaschool.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://www.mccidonline.net/deafinc/lagunaschool.htm |date=2021-09-04 }} * D’Illumina College [https://ched.gov.ph/dillumina-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080927/https://ched.gov.ph/dillumina-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Divine Word Seminary [http://divinewordseminary.blogspot.com/] * DMMC Institute of Health Sciences [http://dmmcihs.edu.ph/7/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106101258/http://dmmcihs.edu.ph/7/ |date=2018-11-06 }} * Dominican College Sta. Rosa [https://ched.gov.ph/dominican-college-sta-rosa-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080733/https://ched.gov.ph/dominican-college-sta-rosa-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Don Bosco College Canlubang [http://donboscocanlubang.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Nobiyembre 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Dr. Francisco L. Calingasan Memorial Colleges Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/dr-francisco-l-calingasan-memorial-colleges-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080906/https://ched.gov.ph/dr-francisco-l-calingasan-memorial-colleges-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * East Systems College [https://ched.gov.ph/east-systems-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080834/https://ched.gov.ph/east-systems-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Eastern Quezon College [http://eqcgumaca.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003145452/http://eqcgumaca.edu.ph/ |date=2018-10-03 }} * Eastern Tayabas College [https://ched.gov.ph/eastern-tayabas-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081310/https://ched.gov.ph/eastern-tayabas-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ebenezer International Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/ebenezer-international-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080832/https://ched.gov.ph/ebenezer-international-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Elijah International World Mission Institute [http://eiwmi.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Emilio Aguinaldo College (Yaman ng Lahi Foundation) [http://www.eac.edu.ph/about-eac/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923185145/https://eac.edu.ph/about-eac/ |date=2021-09-23 }} * Evangelical Theological College of the Philippines Luzon [https://ched.gov.ph/evangelical-theological-college-philippines-luzon-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081005/https://ched.gov.ph/evangelical-theological-college-philippines-luzon-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Far East Asia Pacific Institute of Tourism Science [https://ched.gov.ph/far-east-asia-pacific-institute-tourism-science-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080624/https://ched.gov.ph/far-east-asia-pacific-institute-tourism-science-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Far Eastern College Silang [http://www.feucavite.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510120240/http://www.feucavite.edu.ph/ |date=2015-05-10 }} * Far Eastern Polytechnic College [https://ched.gov.ph/far-eastern-polytechnic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081015/https://ched.gov.ph/far-eastern-polytechnic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * FEU Roosevelt [https://feuroosevelt.edu.ph/] * First Asia Institute of Technology and Humanities [http://www.firstasia.edu.ph/] * Golden Gate Colleges [https://goldengatecolleges.wordpress.com/] * Granby College of Science & Technology [http://www.granby.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027230343/http://www.granby.edu.ph/ |date=2019-10-27 }} * Guardian Bona Fide for Hope Foundation [http://www.gbhfischool.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001110217/http://www.gbhfischool.com/ |date=2019-10-01 }} * Guinayangan College Fdtn. [https://ched.gov.ph/guinayangan-college-fdtn-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080749/https://ched.gov.ph/guinayangan-college-fdtn-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Harris Memorial College [http://www.harris.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080334/http://www.harris.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Child Jesus College [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-child-jesus-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080816/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-child-jesus-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * ICCT Colleges [http://icct.edu.ph/] * ICCT Colleges Fdtn. Binangonan [http://icct.edu.ph/] * ICCT Colleges Fdtn. Taytay [http://icct.edu.ph/] * ICCT Colleges Fdtn. Antipolo [http://icct.edu.ph/] * ICCT Colleges Fdtn. San Mateo [http://icct.edu.ph/] * ICT-ED Institute of Science and Technology [https://www.ictedu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://www.ictedu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * IETI College of Science and Technology [http://www.ieti.edu.ph/] * IKON College Calamba [https://ched.gov.ph/ikon-college-calamba-private/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080440/https://ched.gov.ph/ikon-college-calamba-private/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Immaculate Conception College Balayan [http://iccbalayan.edu.ph/] * Immanuel Theological Seminary [http://www.immanuelseminary.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080531/https://www.immanuelseminary.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Imus Institute of Science and Technology Inc [http://iist.edu.ph/home/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321115126/http://iist.edu.ph/home/ |date=2018-03-21 }} * Informatics International College Rizal [https://ched.gov.ph/informatics-international-college-rizal-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080824/https://ched.gov.ph/informatics-international-college-rizal-2/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Inter-Global College Foundation [http://igcfi.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204081855/http://igcfi.edu.ph/ |date=2018-02-04 }} * International Christian College of Manila [https://ched.gov.ph/international-christian-college-manila-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080726/https://ched.gov.ph/international-christian-college-manila-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * International Peace Leadership College [https://ched.gov.ph/international-peace-leadership-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080609/https://ched.gov.ph/international-peace-leadership-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * ISHRM School System Bacoor [http://www.ishrm.edu.ph/] * ISHRM School System Dasmarinas [http://www.ishrm.edu.ph/] * Jesus Reigns Christian College [https://ched.gov.ph/jesus-reigns-christian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080707/https://ched.gov.ph/jesus-reigns-christian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Kurios Christian College Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/kurios-christian-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080754/https://ched.gov.ph/kurios-christian-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolacion College Tanauan [http://www.lcctanauan.edu.ph/main.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528213612/http://www.lcctanauan.edu.ph/main.php |date=2018-05-28 }} * La Consolacion College Binan [http://www.lcctanauan.edu.ph/main.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528213612/http://www.lcctanauan.edu.ph/main.php |date=2018-05-28 }} * La Salle College Antipolo [https://www.lsca.edu.ph/] * Laguna College [http://www.lcba.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904092931/https://www.lcba.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Laguna College of Business and Arts [http://lcba.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125222052/https://lcba.edu.ph/ |date=2025-01-25 }} * Laguna Maritime, Arts & Business College [http://lmabc.weebly.com/] * Laguna Northwestern College [https://ched.gov.ph/laguna-northwestern-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080746/https://ched.gov.ph/laguna-northwestern-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Laguna Northwestern College SLRMC [https://ched.gov.ph/laguna-northwestern-college-slrmc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081158/https://ched.gov.ph/laguna-northwestern-college-slrmc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Laguna Science and Technology College [https://ched.gov.ph/laguna-science-technology-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080515/https://ched.gov.ph/laguna-science-technology-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Laguna State Polytechnic University Los Banos College of Fisheries [http://lspusc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329174528/http://lspusc.edu.ph/ |date=2018-03-29 }} * Laguna State Polytechnic University Siniloan [http://lspusc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329174528/http://lspusc.edu.ph/ |date=2018-03-29 }} * Laguna State Polytechnic University Laguna College of Arts and Trades Sta. Cruz [http://lspu.edu.ph/] * Laguna State Polytechnic University San Pablo City [http://lspu.edu.ph/] * Lemery Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/lemery-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080601/https://ched.gov.ph/lemery-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Leon Guinto Memorial College [https://web.ched.gov.ph/leon-guinto-memorial-college-profile/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Lipa City Colleges [http://www.lipacitycolleges.edu.ph/newsite/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227102832/http://www.lipacitycolleges.edu.ph/newsite/ |date=2021-02-27 }} * LNC Corinthian Center [https://ched.gov.ph/lnc-corinthian-center-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080841/https://ched.gov.ph/lnc-corinthian-center-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum of the Philippines St. Cabrini College of Allied Medicine [http://lpulaguna.edu.ph/academics/college-of-allied-medicine-cam/] * Lyceum of the Philippines University Batangas [http://lpubatangas.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520001652/https://lpubatangas.edu.ph/ |date=2022-05-20 }} * Lyceum of the Philippines Cavite [https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-philippines-cavite-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080822/https://ched.gov.ph/lyceum-philippines-cavite-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum of the Philippines Laguna [http://lpulaguna.edu.ph/] * Mabini College of Batangas [http://www.mabinicolleges.edu.ph/] * Malayan Colleges of Laguna [https://mcl.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904083232/https://www.mcl.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Manuel S. Enverga Institute Foundation San Antonio [http://mseuf.edu.ph/] * Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation Candelaria [http://mseuf.edu.ph/] * Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation Catanauan [http://mseuf.edu.ph/] * Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation Lucena [http://mseuf.edu.ph/] * Marasigan Institute of Science and Technology [http://www.mist.edu.ph/] * Marcelino Fule Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/marcelino-fule-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080754/https://ched.gov.ph/marcelino-fule-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mary Help of Christian College, Salesian Sisters [https://ched.gov.ph/mary-help-christian-college-salesian-sisters-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080701/https://ched.gov.ph/mary-help-christian-college-salesian-sisters-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Maryhill College [https://ched.gov.ph/maryhill-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080806/https://ched.gov.ph/maryhill-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mater Redemptoris Collegium [https://ched.gov.ph/mater-redemptoris-collegium-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080737/https://ched.gov.ph/mater-redemptoris-collegium-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * MFI Polytechnic Institute, Inc [http://maicollege.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://maicollege.net/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mind and Integrity College [http://maicollege.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://maicollege.net/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Montessori Professional College Imus [https://ched.gov.ph/montessori-professional-college-imus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080635/https://ched.gov.ph/montessori-professional-college-imus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mt. St. Aloysius Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/mt-st-aloysius-seminary-2/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * National College of Business and Arts Taytay [https://ched.gov.ph/national-college-business-arts-taytay-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080837/https://ched.gov.ph/national-college-business-arts-taytay-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * National College of Science and Technology [http://ncst.edu.ph/] * Nazareth Institute Of Alfonso</span> [https://ched.gov.ph/nazareth-institute-alfonso-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081026/https://ched.gov.ph/nazareth-institute-alfonso-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * New Era University Lipa Campus [http://www.neu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080335/http://www.neu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * New Sanai School and Colleges [http://www.ntma.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822130626/http://www.ntma.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-22 }} * Northern Quezon College [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-quezon-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081155/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-quezon-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * NTC Education Batangas [https://ched.gov.ph/ntc-education-batangas-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080740/https://ched.gov.ph/ntc-education-batangas-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * NYK-TDG Maritime Academy [http://www.ntma.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822130626/http://www.ntma.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-22 }} * Oblates of Saint Joseph College of Philosophy [http://osjphil.org/fhosjcs.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904083231/http://osjphil.org/fhosjcs.php |date=2021-09-04 }} * Olivarez College-Tagaytay [http://www.olivarezcollegetagaytay.edu.ph/home/]{{Dead link|date=Pebrero 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Our Lady of Assumption College of Laguna Inc. – San Pedro [https://ched.gov.ph/lady-assumption-college-laguna-inc-san-pedro-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080743/https://ched.gov.ph/lady-assumption-college-laguna-inc-san-pedro-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of Assumption College Batangas [https://ched.gov.ph/lady-assumption-college-batangas-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080437/https://ched.gov.ph/lady-assumption-college-batangas-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of Assumption College Cabuyao [https://ched.gov.ph/lady-assumption-college-cabuyao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081015/https://ched.gov.ph/lady-assumption-college-cabuyao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of Fatima University Antipolo [http://www.fatima.edu.ph/] * Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/lady-holy-rosary-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080649/https://ched.gov.ph/lady-holy-rosary-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Oxfordian Colleges [http://oxfordiancollege.byethost18.com/?i=1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://oxfordiancollege.byethost18.com/?i=1 |date=2021-09-04 }} * Paete Science & Business College [https://ched.gov.ph/paete-science-business-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081326/https://ched.gov.ph/paete-science-business-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Paul College of Leadership [https://ched.gov.ph/paul-college-leadership-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080617/https://ched.gov.ph/paul-college-leadership-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Best Training System College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-best-training-system-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081002/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-best-training-system-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine International College [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-international-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081208/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-international-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Missionary Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-missionary-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080710/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-missionary-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine National Police Academy [https://www.pnpa.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224040/https://pnpa.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Philippine Normal University Lopez [https://www.pnu.edu.ph/pnu-south-luzon/] * Philippine State College of Aeronautics Fernando Air Base [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-state-college-aeronautics-fernando-air-base-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080938/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-state-college-aeronautics-fernando-air-base-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Women’s University CDCEC Sta. Cruz [https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Women’s University Career Development and Continuing Education Center Calamba City [https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * PIMSAT College – Bacoor [https://ched.gov.ph/pimsat-college-bacoor-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081206/https://ched.gov.ph/pimsat-college-bacoor-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * PNTC Colleges [http://www.pntc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://www.pntc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Polytechnic University of the Philippines Lopez [https://www.pup.edu.ph/lopez/] * Polytechnic University of the Philippines Mulanay [https://www.pup.edu.ph/mulanay/] * Polytechnic University of the Philippines Sto. Tomas [https://www.pup.edu.ph/stotomas/] * Polytechnic University of the Philippines Unisan [https://www.pup.edu.ph/unisan/] * Power School of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/power-school-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081025/https://ched.gov.ph/power-school-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Professional Montessori College [https://ched.gov.ph/professional-montessori-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080842/https://ched.gov.ph/professional-montessori-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * PTS College and Advanced Studies [https://www.ptscollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917031748/http://www.ptscollege.edu.ph/ |date=2019-09-17 }} * Quezon Center for Research and Studies [https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-center-research-studies-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080655/https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-center-research-studies-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Quezonian Educational College [https://ched.gov.ph/quezonian-educational-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080858/https://ched.gov.ph/quezonian-educational-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Rizal College of Laguna [https://ched.gov.ph/rizal-college-laguna-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080638/https://ched.gov.ph/rizal-college-laguna-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Rizal College of Taal [http://www.rctaal.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028051609/http://www.rctaal.edu.ph/ |date=2021-10-28 }} * Rogationist College [http://www.rog.edu.ph/] * Sacred Heart College [http://www.shc.edu.ph/] * St. Anne College Lucena, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-anne-college-lucena-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080744/https://ched.gov.ph/st-anne-college-lucena-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Bridget College [https://sbcbatangas.edu.ph/] * Saint Francis Institute of Computer Studies [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-institute-computer-studies-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080653/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-institute-computer-studies-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Francis of Assisi College Cavite [http://www.stfrancis.edu.ph/] * St. John Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080501/https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Louis Anne Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-louis-anne-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080749/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-louis-anne-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Michael’s College of Laguna [http://www.smcl.edu.ph/] * Saint Peter’s College Seminary [http://spcs.edu.ph/about.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110173813/http://spcs.edu.ph/about.php |date=2016-11-10 }} * Saints John and Paul Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/saints-john-paul-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080512/https://ched.gov.ph/saints-john-paul-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Antonio De Padua College [http://sapc.edu.ph/] * San Ildefonso College [https://ched.gov.ph/san-ildefonso-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080432/https://ched.gov.ph/san-ildefonso-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Pablo Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/san-pablo-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080743/https://ched.gov.ph/san-pablo-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Pedro College of Business Administration [http://www.spcba.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904083235/https://www.spcba.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Sebastian College Recoletos Canlubang [https://ched.gov.ph/san-sebastian-college-recoletos-canlubang-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080706/https://ched.gov.ph/san-sebastian-college-recoletos-canlubang-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Sebastian Colleg Recoletos de Cavite [http://www.sscr.edu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705033910/http://www.sscr.edu/ |date=2008-07-05 }} * Siena College of Taytay [http://www.sct.edu.ph/] * Skill Power Institute [http://www.spi.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080354/http://www.spi.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * South Forbes City College [http://www.sfcitycollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://www.sfcitycollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southdale International School of Science, Arts and Techology [https://ched.gov.ph/southdale-international-school-science-arts-techology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081002/https://ched.gov.ph/southdale-international-school-science-arts-techology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon State University [http://slsu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904140745/https://slsu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon State University Judge Guillermo Eleazar Polytechnic College -Tagkawayan [http://slsu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904140745/https://slsu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon State University Tiaong [http://slsu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904140745/https://slsu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon State University Alabat [http://slsu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904140745/https://slsu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon State University Infanta [http://slsu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904140745/https://slsu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon State University- Lucena [http://slsu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904140745/https://slsu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon State University Polilio [http://slsu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904140745/https://slsu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon State University Sampaloc [http://slsu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904140745/https://slsu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Philippines Institute of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-philippines-institute-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080604/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-philippines-institute-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Augustine School of Nursing Lucena [http://www.sasn.edu.ph/] * St. Augustine School of Nursing Lipa [http://www.sasn.edu.ph/] * St. Constantine Institute of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/st-constantine-institute-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080813/https://ched.gov.ph/st-constantine-institute-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Dominic College of Asia [http://sfstheo.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916124117/http://sfstheo.edu.ph/ |date=2019-09-16 }} * St. Francis de Sales Theological Seminary [http://sfstheo.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916124117/http://sfstheo.edu.ph/ |date=2019-09-16 }} * St. Joseph College Rosario, Batangas [https://ched.gov.ph/st-joseph-college-rosario-batangas-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080935/https://ched.gov.ph/st-joseph-college-rosario-batangas-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Joseph College Cavite City [http://www.sjccavite.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126004240/http://www.sjccavite.org/ |date=2019-01-26 }} * St. Joseph’s College of Rodriguez [http://www.sjcqc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080512/https://sjcqc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Jude College [http://www.stjude.edu.ph/homepage/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214130210/http://www.stjude.edu.ph/homepage/ |date=2018-02-14 }} * St. Mary Magdalene College of Laguna [https://ched.gov.ph/st-mary-magdalene-college-laguna-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080909/https://ched.gov.ph/st-mary-magdalene-college-laguna-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Matthew College [http://stmatthewcollege.ph/wp/] * Sta. Teresa College [https://ched.gov.ph/sta-teresa-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080624/https://ched.gov.ph/sta-teresa-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College Bacoor [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Balayan [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Batangas [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Calamba [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Dasmarinas [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Lucena [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Ortigas Cainta [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College San Pablo [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Sta. Cruz [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Sta. Rosa [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Tanauan [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Lipa [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Rosario [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Tagaytay [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College Tanay [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI eCollege Southwoods [https://www.sti.edu/] * Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences [https://ched.gov.ph/sumulong-college-arts-sciences-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080757/https://ched.gov.ph/sumulong-college-arts-sciences-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Tanauan City College [https://ched.gov.ph/tanauan-city-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081007/https://ched.gov.ph/tanauan-city-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Tanauan Institute [http://www.tanauaninstitute.edu.ph/] * Tayabas Western Academy [https://ched.gov.ph/tayabas-western-academy-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080819/https://ched.gov.ph/tayabas-western-academy-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Technological University of the Philippines Cavite [http://www.tup.edu.ph/cavite/home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621152045/http://www.tup.edu.ph/cavite/home |date=2018-06-21 }} * Teodoro M. Luansing College of Rosario [https://ched.gov.ph/teodoro-m-luansing-college-rosario-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080849/https://ched.gov.ph/teodoro-m-luansing-college-rosario-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * The Bearer Of Light & Wisdom Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/bearer-light-wisdom-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081040/https://ched.gov.ph/bearer-light-wisdom-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Tomas Claudio Colleges [http://tcc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217091633/http://tcc.edu.ph/ |date=2020-02-17 }} * Trace College [http://trimexcolleges.edu.ph/] * Trimex College [http://trimexcolleges.edu.ph/] * Unciano Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/unciano-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080853/https://ched.gov.ph/unciano-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Unida Christian College [https://ched.gov.ph/unida-christian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080901/https://ched.gov.ph/unida-christian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Union College of Laguna [https://ched.gov.ph/union-college-laguna-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080749/https://ched.gov.ph/union-college-laguna-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Batangas [http://www.ub.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018041942/http://www.ub.edu.ph/ |date=2007-10-18 }} * University of Batangas Lipa [http://www.ub.edu.ph/UBLC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080347/http://www.ub.edu.ph/UBLC |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Perpetual Help Dr. Jose G. Tamayo Medical University [https://uphdjgtmedicaluniversity.edu.ph/] * University of Perpetual Help Rizal Molino Campus [http://perpetualdalta.edu.ph/molino-campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123184513/http://perpetualdalta.edu.ph/molino-campus |date=2018-01-23 }} * University of Perpetual Help System Dalta Calamba [http://perpetualdalta.edu.ph/academics/calamba]{{Dead link|date=Hulyo 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * University of Perpetual Help System GMA Campus [http://gma.uphsl.edu.ph/] * University of Perpetual Help System Laguna [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System-Angono [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System Antipolo [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System Binangonan [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System Cainta [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System Cardona [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System Morong [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System Pililia [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System Rodriguez [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System Tanay [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of Rizal System Taytay [http://www.urs.edu.ph] * University of the Philippines Los Banos [https://uplb.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211041257/https://uplb.edu.ph/ |date=2022-12-11 }} * Western Colleges [http://www.wci.edu.ph/contact/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127070146/http://www.wci.edu.ph/contact/ |date=2019-11-27 }} * Westmead International School [http://www.westmead-is.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093514/https://www.westmead-is.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * West Point College – Magallanes [http://cavitewestpointcollege2000.blogspot.com/] * World Citi Colleges [http://www.worldciti.edu.ph/] * Young Ji College [http://www.upou.edu.ph/] * University of the Philippines Open University [http://www.upou.edu.ph/] == Rehiyon IV-B == * Abada College [https://ched.gov.ph/abada-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080641/https://ched.gov.ph/abada-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * ACLC College of Calapan [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/p/aclc-campuses-mimaropa.html] * Ark of the Covenant Montessori Chamber of Learning College [https://ched.gov.ph/ark-of-the-covenant-montessori-chamber-of-learning-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081005/https://ched.gov.ph/ark-of-the-covenant-montessori-chamber-of-learning-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Clarendon College [https://ched.gov.ph/clarendon-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081037/https://ched.gov.ph/clarendon-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * CLCC Institute of Computer Arts & Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/clcc-institute-of-computer-arts-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080805/https://ched.gov.ph/clcc-institute-of-computer-arts-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De San Sebastian [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-sebastian-sablayan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080738/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-sebastian-sablayan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Divine Word College of Calapan [https://ched.gov.ph/divine-word-college-calapan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080632/https://ched.gov.ph/divine-word-college-calapan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Divine Word College of San Jose [http://www.dwcsj.edu.ph/] * Eastern Mindoro College [https://ched.gov.ph/eastern-mindoro-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081135/https://ched.gov.ph/eastern-mindoro-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Erhard Science and Technological Institute – Oriental Mindoro, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/erhard-science-and-technological-institute-oriental-mindoro-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080442/https://ched.gov.ph/erhard-science-and-technological-institute-oriental-mindoro-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Educational Systems Technological Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/educational-systems-technological-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080858/https://ched.gov.ph/educational-systems-technological-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * EMA EMITS College Philippines [https://ched.gov.ph/ema-emits-college-philippines-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080448/https://ched.gov.ph/ema-emits-college-philippines-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Erhard Systems Technological Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/erhard-systems-technological-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080831/https://ched.gov.ph/erhard-systems-technological-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Fullbright College [https://ched.gov.ph/fullbright-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080822/https://ched.gov.ph/fullbright-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Grace Mission College [https://ched.gov.ph/grace-mission-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080736/https://ched.gov.ph/grace-mission-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Trinity University [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-trinity-university-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080620/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-trinity-university-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Innovative College of Science and Technology [http://home.icst.edu.ph/] * Institute of Business Science & Medical Arts [https://ibsmainc.weebly.com/] * John Paul College [https://ched.gov.ph/john-paul-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080647/https://ched.gov.ph/john-paul-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Luna Goco Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/luna-goco-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080954/https://ched.gov.ph/luna-goco-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Malindig Institute Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/malindig-institute-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080818/https://ched.gov.ph/malindig-institute-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Marinduque Midwest College [https://ched.gov.ph/marinduque-midwest-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081007/https://ched.gov.ph/marinduque-midwest-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Marinduque State College – Gasan [https://www.mscmarinduque.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716053548/https://www.mscmarinduque.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-16 }} * Marinduque State College – Main Campus [https://www.mscmarinduque.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716053548/https://www.mscmarinduque.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-16 }} * Marinduque State College – Sta. Cruz [https://www.mscmarinduque.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716053548/https://www.mscmarinduque.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-16 }} * Marinduque State College – Torrijos [https://www.mscmarinduque.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716053548/https://www.mscmarinduque.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-16 }} * Mina De Oro Institute of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/mina-de-oro-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081336/https://ched.gov.ph/mina-de-oro-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mindoro State College of Agriculture & Technology – Bongabong [https://www.minscat.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730031647/https://www.minscat.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-30 }} * Mindoro State College of Agriculture & Technology – Calapan [https://www.minscat.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730031647/https://www.minscat.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-30 }} * Mindoro State College of Agriculture & Technology – Main [https://www.minscat.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730031647/https://www.minscat.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-30 }} * Occidental Mindoro State College – Labangan [http://www.omsc.edu.ph/] * Occidental Mindoro State College – Main [http://www.omsc.edu.ph/] * Occidental Mindoro State College – Mamburao [http://www.omsc.edu.ph/] * Occidental Mindoro State College – Murtha [http://www.omsc.edu.ph/] * Occidental Mindoro State College – Sablayan [http://www.omsc.edu.ph/] * Palawan Polytechnic College [https://ched.gov.ph/palawan-polytechnic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080830/https://ched.gov.ph/palawan-polytechnic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Palawan State University – Araceli [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Balabac [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Bataraza [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Brooke’s Point [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Coron [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Cuyo [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Dumaran [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – El Nido [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Linapacan [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Main [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Mayo 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Palawan State University – Narra [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Quezon [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Rizal [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Roxas [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – San Rafael, Puerto Princesa [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – San Vicente [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Sofronio Española [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan State University – Taytay [http://www.psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918012026/http://psu.palawan.edu.ph/index.php/about-psu/campuses |date=2021-09-18 }} * Palawan Technological College [https://ched.gov.ph/palawan-technological-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080814/https://ched.gov.ph/palawan-technological-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Paradigm College of Science & Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/paradigm-college-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081203/https://ched.gov.ph/paradigm-college-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Central Islands College [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-central-islands-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080930/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-central-islands-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pinamalayan Maritime Foundation Technological College [https://pmftci.edufrog.online/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224317/https://pmftci.edufrog.online/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Polytechnic University of the Philippines-Bansud Campus [https://www.pup.edu.ph/] * Polytechnic University of the Philippines-Sablayan Campus [https://www.pup.edu.ph/] * Prince of Peace College [https://ched.gov.ph/prince-peace-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080424/https://ched.gov.ph/prince-peace-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Romblon State University – Cajidiocan [http://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/]{{Dead link|date=Marso 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Romblon State University – Calatrava [http://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093507/https://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Romblon State University – Main [http://rsu.edu.ph/] * Romblon State University – Romblon [http://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093507/https://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Romblon State University – San Agustin [http://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093507/https://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Romblon State University – San Andres [http://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093507/https://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Romblon State University – San Fernando [http://rsu.edu.ph/] * Romblon State University – San Jose [http://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093507/https://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Romblon State University – Sawang [http://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093507/https://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Romblon State University – Sta. Fe [http://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093507/https://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Romblon State University – Sta. Maria [http://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093507/https://rsu.edu.ph/campuses/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Augustine Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-augustine-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081307/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-augustine-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Francisco Javier College [https://ched.gov.ph/san-francisco-javier-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080949/https://ched.gov.ph/san-francisco-javier-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Lorenzo Ruiz Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/san-lorenzo-ruiz-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080914/https://ched.gov.ph/san-lorenzo-ruiz-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Santa Cruz Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/santa-cruz-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080747/https://ched.gov.ph/santa-cruz-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Seminario De San Jose [https://ched.gov.ph/seminario-de-san-jose-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080725/https://ched.gov.ph/seminario-de-san-jose-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southwestern College of Maritime, Business and Technology [https://scmbt.edu.ph/] * Southwestern Institute of Business and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/southwestern-institute-business-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081052/https://ched.gov.ph/southwestern-institute-business-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Anthony College [http://sacci-online.com/]{{Dead link|date=Marso 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * St. Mary’s College of Marinduque [https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-marinduque-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080730/https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-marinduque-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College – Puerto Princesa [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=56] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218072608/http://sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=56 |date=2017-12-18 }} * Western Philippines University – Busuanga [http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112 |date=2021-09-04 }} * Western Philippines University – Culion [http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112 |date=2021-09-04 }} * Western Philippines University – El Nido [http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112 |date=2021-09-04 }} * Western Philippines University – Main [http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Western Philippines University – Puerto Princesa [http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112 |date=2021-09-04 }} * Western Philippines University – Quezon [http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112 |date=2021-09-04 }} * Western Philippines University – Rio Tuba [http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://www.wpu.edu.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=112 |date=2021-09-04 }} == Rehiyon V == * ACLC College of Daet [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Iriga City, Inc. [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Sorsogon, Inc. [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * Aemilianum College [http://aemilianum.edu.ph/aci/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730105835/http://aemilianum.edu.ph/aci/index.php |date=2021-07-30 }} * Aeronautical Academy of the Philippines [https://ched.gov.ph/aeronautical-academy-philippines-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730112012/https://ched.gov.ph/aeronautical-academy-philippines-profile/ |date=2021-07-30 }} * Ago Medical and Educational Center [http://amecbccm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225611/http://amecbccm.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Alfelor Sr. Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/alfelor-sr-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904131901/https://ched.gov.ph/alfelor-sr-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * AMA Computer College – Legazpi City [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College – Naga [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * Amando Cope College [https://ched.gov.ph/amando-cope-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904090740/https://ched.gov.ph/amando-cope-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Annunciation College of Bacon Sorsogon Unit, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/annunciation-college-bacon-sorsogon-unit-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730113634/https://ched.gov.ph/annunciation-college-bacon-sorsogon-unit-inc-profile/ |date=2021-07-30 }} * Ateneo De Naga University [https://www.adnu.edu.ph/] * Belen B. Francisco Foundation-Albay [https://ched.gov.ph/belen-b-francisco-foundation-daraga-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730112856/https://ched.gov.ph/belen-b-francisco-foundation-daraga-profile/ |date=2021-07-30 }} * Belen B. Francisco Foundation-Sorsogon [https://ched.gov.ph/belen-b-francisco-foundation-sorsogon-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080957/https://ched.gov.ph/belen-b-francisco-foundation-sorsogon-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bicol Christian College of Medicine [http://amecbccm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225611/http://amecbccm.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Bicol College [http://bicolcollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/http://bicolcollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bicol Merchant Marine College [https://ched.gov.ph/bicol-merchant-marine-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080821/https://ched.gov.ph/bicol-merchant-marine-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bicol State College of Applied Sciences and Technology [https://www.biscast.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919174637/https://www.biscast.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-19 }} * Bicol Training and Technological College [https://ched.gov.ph/bicol-training-and-technological-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080837/https://ched.gov.ph/bicol-training-and-technological-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bicol University – College of Agriculture and Forestry [http://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224322/http://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Bicol University – Daraga Campus [http://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224322/http://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Bicol University – Gubat Campus [http://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/gubat+campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080401/https://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/gubat+campus |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bicol University – Main [http://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224322/http://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Bicol University – Polangui Campus [http://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/polangui+campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093146/https://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/polangui+campus |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bicol University – Tabaco Campus [http://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/tabaco+campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094716/https://bicol-u.edu.ph/bu/tabaco+campus |date=2021-09-04 }} * Brentwood College of Asia International School [https://ched.gov.ph/brentwood-college-asia-international-school-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080735/https://ched.gov.ph/brentwood-college-asia-international-school-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * BST Grace College [https://ched.gov.ph/bst-grace-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080914/https://ched.gov.ph/bst-grace-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Camarines Norte College [https://ched.gov.ph/camarines-norte-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080445/https://ched.gov.ph/camarines-norte-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Camarines Norte College of Arts and Business [https://ched.gov.ph/camarines-norte-college-arts-business-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080626/https://ched.gov.ph/camarines-norte-college-arts-business-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Camarines Norte School of Laws, Arts and Sciences [https://ched.gov.ph/camarines-norte-school-laws-arts-sciences-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080825/https://ched.gov.ph/camarines-norte-school-laws-arts-sciences-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Camarines Norte State College-Abaño Campus [http://cnsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207011426/http://www.cnsc.edu.ph/ |date=2008-02-07 }} * Camarines Norte State College-Entienza Campus [http://cnsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207011426/http://www.cnsc.edu.ph/ |date=2008-02-07 }} * Camarines Norte State College-Labo Campus [http://cnsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207011426/http://www.cnsc.edu.ph/ |date=2008-02-07 }} * Camarines Norte State College-Main [http://cnsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207011426/http://www.cnsc.edu.ph/ |date=2008-02-07 }} * Camarines Norte State College-Mercedes Campus [http://cnsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207011426/http://www.cnsc.edu.ph/ |date=2008-02-07 }} * Camarines Norte State College-Panganiban Campus [http://cnsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207011426/http://www.cnsc.edu.ph/ |date=2008-02-07 }} * Camarines Sur Polytechnic College-Main [https://cspc.edu.ph/] * Capalonga College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/capalonga-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904135023/https://ched.gov.ph/capalonga-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cataingan Polytechnic Institute * Catanduanes Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/catanduanes-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080959/https://ched.gov.ph/catanduanes-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Catanduanes Institute of Technology Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/catanduanes-institute-technology-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080720/https://ched.gov.ph/catanduanes-institute-technology-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Catanduanes State University – Main [http://www.catanduanesstateu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www.catanduanesstateu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Catanduanes State University – Panganiban [http://www.catanduanesstateu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www.catanduanesstateu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ceguera Technological College [https://ched.gov.ph/ceguera-technological-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080426/https://ched.gov.ph/ceguera-technological-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Central Bicol State University of Agriculture – Calabanga [http://www.cbsua.edu.ph/] * Central Bicol State University of Agriculture – Main [http://www.cbsua.edu.ph/] * Central Bicol State University of Agriculture – Pasacao [http://www.cbsua.edu.ph/] * Central Bicol State University of Agriculture – Sipocot [http://www.cbsua.edu.ph/] * Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes [https://ched.gov.ph/christian-polytechnic-institute-catanduanes-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080657/https://ched.gov.ph/christian-polytechnic-institute-catanduanes-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio de Sta. Monica of Polangui, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sta-monica-polangui-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080952/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sta-monica-polangui-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Computer Arts and Technological College [https://ched.gov.ph/computer-arts-technological-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080701/https://ched.gov.ph/computer-arts-technological-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Computer Arts and Technological College-Ligao City * Computer Arts and Technological College-Polangui Campus * Computer Communication Development Institute-Legazpi City * Computer Communication Development Institute-Naga * Computer Communication Development Institute-Sorsogon * Computer Systems Institute * Daniel B. Peña Memorial College Foundation [https://dbpmcf.edu.ph/HOME.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225622/https://dbpmcf.edu.ph/HOME.html |date=2021-06-27 }} * De Vera Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/de-vera-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080833/https://ched.gov.ph/de-vera-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Divine Word College of Legazpi [https://www.dwc-legazpi.edu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928194938/https://www.dwc-legazpi.edu/ |date=2021-09-28 }} * Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College-Dr. Ruby Lanting Casaul Educational Foundation, Inc. * Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa, Sr. Memorial State College of Agriculture and Technology [http://www.debesmscat.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://www.debesmscat.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Estenias Science Foundation School [https://ched.gov.ph/estenias-science-foundation-school-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081002/https://ched.gov.ph/estenias-science-foundation-school-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Fatima School of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/fatima-school-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081152/https://ched.gov.ph/fatima-school-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Felix O. Alfelor Sr. Foundation College * Forbes Colleges [http://forbes.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://forbes.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Rosary Major Seminary * Holy Rosary Minor Seminary * Holy Trinity College of Camarines Sur * Holy Trinity College Seminary * Immaculate Conception College-Albay [https://ched.gov.ph/immaculate-conception-college-albay-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081053/https://ched.gov.ph/immaculate-conception-college-albay-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Infotech Development Systems Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/infotech-development-systems-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080835/https://ched.gov.ph/infotech-development-systems-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolacion College-Daet [https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-daet-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080818/https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-daet-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolacion College-Iriga City [http://lcc-i.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://lcc-i.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Liceo De Masbate [https://ched.gov.ph/liceo-de-masbate-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080940/https://ched.gov.ph/liceo-de-masbate-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Liceo de San Jacinto Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/liceo-de-san-jacinto-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081144/https://ched.gov.ph/liceo-de-san-jacinto-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lower Isarog Foundation Exponent [https://ched.gov.ph/lower-isarog-foundation-exponent-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080919/https://ched.gov.ph/lower-isarog-foundation-exponent-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Luis H. Dilanco Sr. Foundation College [https://ched.gov.ph/luis-h-dilanco-sr-foundation-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080746/https://ched.gov.ph/luis-h-dilanco-sr-foundation-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mabini Colleges [http://www.mabinicolleges.edu.ph/] * Mariners’ Polytechnic Colleges-Naga City [http://marinersnaga.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://marinersnaga.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mariners&#8217; Polytechnic Colleges Foundation of Canaman, Inc. [http://marinerscanaman.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://marinerscanaman.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mariners&#8217; Polytechnic Colleges Foundation of Legazpi City, Inc. [http://marinerslegazpi.edu.ph/] * Masbate Central Technical Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/masbate-central-technical-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080845/https://ched.gov.ph/masbate-central-technical-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Masbate Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/masbate-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080949/https://ched.gov.ph/masbate-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Masbate Polytechnic and Development College [https://ched.gov.ph/masbate-polytechnic-and-development-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080846/https://ched.gov.ph/masbate-polytechnic-and-development-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mater Salutis College Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/mater-salutis-college-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081056/https://ched.gov.ph/mater-salutis-college-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mountview College [https://ched.gov.ph/mountview-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080811/https://ched.gov.ph/mountview-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Naga College Foundation [https://www.ncf.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711175419/https://www.ncf.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-11 }} * Naga View Adventist College [https://nvac.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819174053/https://nvac.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-19 }} * Osmeña Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/osmena-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080558/https://ched.gov.ph/osmena-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation [https://ollcfd.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224153/https://ollcfd.org/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Our Lady of Peñafrancia Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/our-lady-of-penafrancia-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081020/https://ched.gov.ph/our-lady-of-penafrancia-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of Salvation College [https://ched.gov.ph/lady-salvation-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080903/https://ched.gov.ph/lady-salvation-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of the Most Holy Trinity College Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/our-lady-of-the-most-holy-trinity-college-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081304/https://ched.gov.ph/our-lady-of-the-most-holy-trinity-college-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Partido College [https://ched.gov.ph/partido-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080717/https://ched.gov.ph/partido-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Partido State University-Main [http://www.parsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322022538/http://www.parsu.edu.ph/ |date=2016-03-22 }} * Partido State University-Caramoan Campus [https://www.parsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924005624/https://www.parsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-24 }} * Partido State University-Lagonoy Campus [https://www.parsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924005624/https://www.parsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-24 }} * Partido State University-Sagñay Campus [http://www.parsu.edu.ph/index.php/sagnay-campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803000343/https://www.parsu.edu.ph/index.php/sagnay-campus |date=2021-08-03 }} * Partido State University-Salogon Campus [http://parsu.edu.ph/index.php/salogon-campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080538/https://www.parsu.edu.ph/index.php/salogon-campus |date=2021-09-04 }} * Partido State University – San Jose [http://www.parsu.edu.ph/index.php/san-jose-campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081501/https://www.parsu.edu.ph/index.php/san-jose-campus |date=2021-09-04 }} * Partido State University-Tinambac Campus [http://www.parsu.edu.ph/index.php/tinambac-campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803004119/https://www.parsu.edu.ph/index.php/tinambac-campus |date=2021-08-03 }} * Perpetual Help Paramedical School [https://ched.gov.ph/perpetual-help-paramedical-school-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080709/https://ched.gov.ph/perpetual-help-paramedical-school-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Computer Foundation College – Naga City [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-computer-foundation-college-naga-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080800/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-computer-foundation-college-naga-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Computer Foundation College – Pili [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-computer-foundation-college-pili-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080704/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-computer-foundation-college-pili-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pili Capital College [https://ched.gov.ph/pili-capital-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080612/https://ched.gov.ph/pili-capital-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * PLT College of Guinobatan [https://pltcollegeguinobatan.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://pltcollegeguinobatan.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Polytechnic Institute of Tabaco [https://ched.gov.ph/polytechnic-institute-tabaco-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081028/https://ched.gov.ph/polytechnic-institute-tabaco-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Polytechnic University of the Philippines – Ragay Campus [https://www.pup.edu.ph/ragay/] * R.G. de Castro Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/r-g-de-castro-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081031/https://ched.gov.ph/r-g-de-castro-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Regina Mondi College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/regina-mondi-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081028/https://ched.gov.ph/regina-mondi-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Republic Colleges of Guinobatan, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/republic-colleges-guinobatan-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080810/https://ched.gov.ph/republic-colleges-guinobatan-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Louise De Marillac College of Sorsogon [https://ched.gov.ph/st-louise-de-marillac-college-of-sorsogon-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081147/https://ched.gov.ph/st-louise-de-marillac-college-of-sorsogon-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Shepherdville College [https://ched.gov.ph/shepherdville-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080453/https://ched.gov.ph/shepherdville-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Siena College Tigaon, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/siena-college-tigaon-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080928/https://ched.gov.ph/siena-college-tigaon-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Solis Institute of Technology [https://sit-bulan.wixsite.com/sit-bulan/welcome] * Sorsogon College of Criminology [https://ched.gov.ph/sorsogon-college-criminology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081018/https://ched.gov.ph/sorsogon-college-criminology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sorsogon State College – Bulan Campus [https://sorsogonstatecollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225239/https://sorsogonstatecollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Sorsogon State College – Castilla Campus [https://sorsogonstatecollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225239/https://sorsogonstatecollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Sorsogon State College – Magallanes Campus [https://sorsogonstatecollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225239/https://sorsogonstatecollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Sorsogon State College-Main [https://sorsogonstatecollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225239/https://sorsogonstatecollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Southern Bicol Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-bicol-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080714/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-bicol-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-luzon-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080635/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-luzon-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon Technological College Foundation-Legazpi [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-luzon-technological-college-foundation-legazpi-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080434/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-luzon-technological-college-foundation-legazpi-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon Technological College Foundation Pilar, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-luzon-technological-college-foundation-pilar-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081315/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-luzon-technological-college-foundation-pilar-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Luzon Technological College Foundation-Pioduran [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-luzon-technological-college-foundation-pioduran-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080732/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-luzon-technological-college-foundation-pioduran-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Masbate Roosevelt College [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-masbate-roosevelt-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080606/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-masbate-roosevelt-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Speed Computer College [https://ched.gov.ph/speed-computer-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080855/https://ched.gov.ph/speed-computer-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * SPJ International Technology Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/spj-international-technology-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080751/https://ched.gov.ph/spj-international-technology-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Francis Carraciolo Culinary Academy [https://ched.gov.ph/st-francis-carraciolo-culinary-academy-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081323/https://ched.gov.ph/st-francis-carraciolo-culinary-academy-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Peter Baptist College Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/st-peter-baptist-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080943/https://ched.gov.ph/st-peter-baptist-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sta. Elena (Camarines Norte) College [https://ched.gov.ph/sta-elena-camarines-norte-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080843/https://ched.gov.ph/sta-elena-camarines-norte-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sta. Elena Institute of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/sta-elena-institute-of-science-and-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080933/https://ched.gov.ph/sta-elena-institute-of-science-and-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College-Legazpi [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=46#.WhZhhkqWbIU] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218072532/http://sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=46#.WhZhhkqWbIU |date=2017-12-18 }} * STI College – Naga [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=55#.WhZh00qWbIU] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218072602/http://sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=55#.WhZh00qWbIU |date=2017-12-18 }} * Tabaco College [https://ched.gov.ph/tabaco-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080641/https://ched.gov.ph/tabaco-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Tanchuling College [http://www.tanchuling.edu.ph/] * The Lewis College [https://thelewiscollege.edu.ph/] * Universidad de Sta. Isabel [http://www.usi.edu.ph/] * University of Northeastern Philippines [http://inet.unep.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225826/http://inet.unep.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * University of Nueva Caceres [http://www.unc.edu.ph/] * University of Saint Anthony [https://usant.edu.ph/] * University of Santo Tomas-Legazpi [https://www.ust-legazpi.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/https://www.ust-legazpi.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Veritas College of Irosin [https://ched.gov.ph/veritas-college-irosin-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080713/https://ched.gov.ph/veritas-college-irosin-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * West Coast College [https://ched.gov.ph/west-coast-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080629/https://ched.gov.ph/west-coast-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Worldtech Resources Foundation-Iriga City [https://wricolleges.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/https://wricolleges.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Worldtech Resources Foundation-Naga City [https://wricolleges.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/https://wricolleges.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Zamora Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/zamora-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081038/https://ched.gov.ph/zamora-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }}</p> == Rehiyon VI == * ABE International College of Business and Economics, Iloilo City [http://www.abe.edu.ph/iloilo/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225110/http://abe.edu.ph/iloilo/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * ACLC College of Iloilo [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/p/aclc-college-iloilo.html] * ACSI College of Iloilo, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/acsi-college-iloilo-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080901/https://ched.gov.ph/acsi-college-iloilo-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Advance Central College [http://advancecentralcollege.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Hunyo 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Aklan Catholic College [http://acc.edu.ph/accnew/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226195202/http://acc.edu.ph/accnew/ |date=2019-02-26 }} * Aklan Polytechnic College [https://ched.gov.ph/aklan-polytechnic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080621/https://ched.gov.ph/aklan-polytechnic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Aklan State University, Ibajay Campus [http://ibajay.asu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704131112/http://ibajay.asu.edu.ph/ |date=2020-07-04 }} * Aklan State University, Kalibo Campus [http://kalibo.asu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703093643/http://kalibo.asu.edu.ph/ |date=2020-07-03 }} * Aklan State University, Main Campus [http://www.asu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728142357/https://asu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-28 }} * Aklan State University, Makato Campus [http://www.asu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728142357/https://asu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-28 }} * Aklan State University, New Washington Campus [http://newwashington.asu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704131117/http://newwashington.asu.edu.ph/ |date=2020-07-04 }} * AMA Computer College – Iloilo [http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ama-campuses-western-visayas.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ama-campuses-western-visayas.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cabalum Western College [http://cwciloilo.yolasite.com/] * Capiz State University, Burias Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Capiz State University, Dayao Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Capiz State University, Dumarao Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Capiz State University, Main Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Capiz State University, Mambusao Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Capiz State University, Pilar Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Capiz State University, Pontevedra Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Capiz State University, Sapian Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Capiz State University, Sigma Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Capiz State University, Tapaz Campus [http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www1.capsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Central Philippine University [http://www.cpu.edu.ph/cpucmsv2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212011012/http://www.cpu.edu.ph/cpucmsv2/ |date=2021-02-12 }} * Colegio de San Jose [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-jose-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081007/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-jose-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio del Sagrado Corazon de Jesus [http://cscj.edu.ph/] * Colegio dela Purisima Concepcion [http://edge.purisima.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904091705/http://edge.purisima.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of St. John-Roxas [http://www.collegeofstjohnroxas.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://www.collegeofstjohnroxas.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Dominican College of Iloilo [https://ched.gov.ph/dominican-college-iloilo-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080721/https://ched.gov.ph/dominican-college-iloilo-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Filamer Christian University [http://www.filamer.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126194837/http://filamer.edu.ph/ |date=2021-01-26 }} * Garcia College of Technology [https://gcteduph.wordpress.com/] * GSEF College [https://ched.gov.ph/gsef-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080935/https://ched.gov.ph/gsef-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Guimaras State College, Baterna Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/guimaras-state-college-baterna-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080716/https://ched.gov.ph/guimaras-state-college-baterna-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Guimaras State College, Main Campus [https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080554/https://www.gsc.edu.ph/] * Guimaras State College, Mosqueda Campus [https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080554/https://www.gsc.edu.ph/] * HERCOR College [http://www.hercorcollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831011050/http://www.hercorcollege.edu.ph/ |date=2013-08-31 }} * Hua Siong College of Iloilo [https://ched.gov.ph/hua-siong-college-iloilo-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081023/https://ched.gov.ph/hua-siong-college-iloilo-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Iloilo Doctor’s College [http://idc.edu.ph/] * Iloilo Doctor’s College of Medicine, Inc. [http://idc.edu.ph/academics/programs/college-of-medicine/] * Iloilo Science And Technology University – Barotac Nuevo Campus [http://wvcstbnc.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Iloilo Science And Technology University – Dumangas Campus [http://www.isatu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927183626/https://www.isatu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-27 }} * Iloilo Science And Technology University – Leon Campus [http://www.isatu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927183626/https://www.isatu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-27 }} * Iloilo Science And Technology University – Main Campus [http://www.isatu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927183626/https://www.isatu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-27 }} * Iloilo Science And Technology University – Miagao Campus [http://www.sipc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904104735/https://www.sipc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Iloilo State College of Fisheries, Barotac Nuevo Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-barotac-nuevo-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080757/https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-barotac-nuevo-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Iloilo State College of Fisheries, Dingle Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-dingle-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081012/https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-dingle-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Iloilo State College of Fisheries, Dumangas Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-dumangas-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080945/https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-dumangas-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Iloilo State College of Fisheries, Main Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-main-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080811/https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-main-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Iloilo State College of Fisheries, San Enrique Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-san-enrique-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080816/https://ched.gov.ph/iloilo-state-college-fisheries-san-enrique-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Integrated Midwives Association of the Philippines Foundation School of Midwifery, Inc. [http://imapinc.org/public/imapinc/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://imapinc.org/public/imapinc/index.php |date=2021-09-04 }} * Interface Computer College [http://home.interfacecollege.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126020311/http://home.interfacecollege.org/ |date=2021-01-26 }} * John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University-Arevalo, Inc. [http://www.jblfmu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802025025/https://www.jblfmu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-02 }} * John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University-Molo, Inc. [http://www.jblfmu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802025025/https://www.jblfmu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-02 }} * New Lucena Polytechnic College [https://ched.gov.ph/new-lucena-polytechnic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080847/https://ched.gov.ph/new-lucena-polytechnic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College, Ajuy Campus [http://nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-ajuy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302231646/https://www.nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-ajuy |date=2021-03-02 }} * Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College, Barotac Viejo Campus [http://nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-barotac-viejo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302225735/https://www.nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-barotac-viejo |date=2021-03-02 }} * Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College, Batad Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-iloilo-polytechnic-state-college-batad-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081328/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-iloilo-polytechnic-state-college-batad-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College, Concepcion Campus [http://nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-concepcion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302230429/https://www.nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-concepcion |date=2021-03-02 }} * Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College, Lemery Campus [http://nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-lemery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302223819/https://www.nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-lemery |date=2021-03-02 }} * Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College, Main Campus [http://nipsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730031647/https://www.nipsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-07-30 }} * Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College, Sara Campus [http://nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-sara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302234841/https://www.nipsc.edu.ph/index.php/external/nipsc-sara |date=2021-03-02 }} * Northwestern Visayan Colleges [http://www.nvc.edu.ph/] * Panay Technological College [https://ched.gov.ph/panay-technological-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080912/https://ched.gov.ph/panay-technological-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pandan Bay Institute, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/pandan-bay-institute-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081023/https://ched.gov.ph/pandan-bay-institute-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine College of Business and Accountancy [http://www.pcba.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/http://www.pcba.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Gabriel College [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-gabriel-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080704/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-gabriel-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sancta Maria et Regina Seminarium [https://ched.gov.ph/sancta-maria-et-regina-seminarium-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080848/https://ched.gov.ph/sancta-maria-et-regina-seminarium-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Santa Isabel College of Iloilo City [https://ched.gov.ph/santa-isabel-college-iloilo-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080507/https://ched.gov.ph/santa-isabel-college-iloilo-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Anne College of Iloilo [https://ched.gov.ph/st-anne-college-iloilo-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080751/https://ched.gov.ph/st-anne-college-iloilo-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Anthony’s College of Antique [http://sac.edu.ph/] * St. Anthony’s College of Roxas City [http://www.sachri.edu.ph/] * St. Paul University Iloilo [http://spuiloilo.edu.ph/] * St. Therese-MTC College-La Fiesta [http://sttheresemtcc.com/LaFiesta/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/http://sttheresemtcc.com/LaFiesta/index.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Therese-MTC College-Magdalo [http://sttheresemtcc.com/Magdalo/index.html]{{Dead link|date=Abril 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * St. Therese-MTC College-Tigbauan [http://sttheresemtcc.com/Tigbauan/index.html]{{Dead link|date=Abril 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * St. Vincenct Ferrer Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/st-vincenct-ferrer-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081010/https://ched.gov.ph/st-vincenct-ferrer-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St.Vincent College of Business and Accountancy [https://ched.gov.ph/st-vincent-college-business-accountancy-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081057/https://ched.gov.ph/st-vincent-college-business-accountancy-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Vincent College of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/st-vincent-college-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080917/https://ched.gov.ph/st-vincent-college-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College – Kalibo [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=69] * STI College – Iloilo [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=68] * Sto. Niño Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/sto-nio-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080757/https://ched.gov.ph/sto-nio-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Antique, Hamtic Campus [https://antiquespride.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094129/https://antiquespride.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Antique, Main Campus [https://antiquespride.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Marso 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * University of Antique, Tibiao Campus [https://antiquespride.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Marso 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * University of Iloilo [http://ui.phinma.edu.ph/] * University of San Agustin [http://www.usa.edu.ph/] * University of the Philippines – Visayas [https://www.upv.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904024420/https://www.upv.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * West Visayas State University, Calinog Campus [http://wvsu.edu.ph/] * West Visayas State University, Janiuay Campus [http://janiuay.wvsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081835/https://janiuay.wvsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * West Visayas State University, Lambunao Campus [https://wvsu.edu.ph/external-campus/lambunao-campus/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081829/https://wvsu.edu.ph/external-campus/lambunao-campus/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * West Visayas State University, Main Campus [https://wvsu.edu.ph/] * West Visayas State University, Pototan Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/west-visayas-state-university-pototan-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080429/https://ched.gov.ph/west-visayas-state-university-pototan-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Western Institute of Technology [http://wit.vic.edu.au/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://wit.vic.edu.au/ |date=2021-09-04 }} == Rehiyon VII == * ACLC College – Tagbilaran [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACLC College of Mandaue [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College – Cebu [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College-Dumaguete [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * Asian College of Science and Technology-Dumaguete [https://ched.gov.ph/asian-college-science-technology-dumaguete-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080712/https://ched.gov.ph/asian-college-science-technology-dumaguete-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asian College of Technology International Education Foundation [https://www.act.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822073732/https://www.act.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-22 }} * Bantayan Southern Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/bantayan-southern-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080917/https://ched.gov.ph/bantayan-southern-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Baptist Theological College [http://btccgst.org/] * Batuan Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/batuan-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081149/https://ched.gov.ph/batuan-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Benedicto College [http://benedictocollege.edu.ph/] * Benthel Asia School of Technology Inc. [http://benthelasia.edu.ph/] * BIT International College – Carmen [https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-carmen-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080615/https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-carmen-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * BIT International College – Tagbilaran [https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-tagbilaran-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080643/https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-tagbilaran-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * BIT International College- Siquijor [https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-siquijor-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080656/https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-siquijor-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * BIT International College- Talibon [https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-talibon-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080912/https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-talibon-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * BIT International College-Jagna [https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-jagna-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080759/https://ched.gov.ph/bit-international-college-jagna-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Blessed Trinity College [https://ched.gov.ph/blessed-trinity-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080722/https://ched.gov.ph/blessed-trinity-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bohol International Learning College [https://ched.gov.ph/bohol-international-learning-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080943/https://ched.gov.ph/bohol-international-learning-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bohol Island State University – Balilihan [http://balilihan.bisu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002074411/http://balilihan.bisu.edu.ph/ |date=2019-10-02 }} * Bohol Island State University – Bilar [http://bilar.bisu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904083230/http://bilar.bisu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bohol Island State University – Calape [http://calape.bisu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602170252/http://calape.bisu.edu.ph/ |date=2019-06-02 }} * Bohol Island State University – Candijay [http://www.bisu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927045042/http://www.bisu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-27 }} * Bohol Island State University – Clarin [http://www.bisuclarin.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225900/https://www.bisuclarin.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Bohol Island State University – Tagbilaran [http://www.bisu.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927045042/http://www.bisu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-27 }} * Bohol Northern Star College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/bohol-northern-star-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080627/https://ched.gov.ph/bohol-northern-star-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bohol Northwestern Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/bohol-northwestern-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080652/https://ched.gov.ph/bohol-northwestern-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bohol Wisdom School [https://ched.gov.ph/bohol-wisdom-school-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080946/https://ched.gov.ph/bohol-wisdom-school-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Carmelite College of Siquijor [https://ched.gov.ph/carmelite-college-siquijor-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080754/https://ched.gov.ph/carmelite-college-siquijor-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * CBD College [https://ched.gov.ph/cbd-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080638/https://ched.gov.ph/cbd-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cebu Aeronautical Technical School [http://www.cats.edu.ph/] * Cebu Doctors’ University [http://www.cebudoctorsuniversity.edu/] * Cebu Doctors’ University College of Medicine [http://www.cebudoctorsuniversity.edu/2013/colleges/medicine/admission.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111080659/http://cebudoctorsuniversity.edu/2013/colleges/medicine/admission.html/ |date=2019-11-11 }} * Cebu Eastern College [https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-eastern-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081016/https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-eastern-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cebu Institute of Medicine [http://cim.edu.ph/] * Cebu Institute of Technology – University [http://www.cit.edu/v6/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311114428/https://www.cit.edu/v6/ |date=2020-03-11 }} * Cebu Mary Immaculate College [https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-mary-immaculate-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080951/https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-mary-immaculate-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cebu Normal University [http://www.cnu.edu.ph/] * Cebu Roosevelt Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-roosevelt-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080824/https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-roosevelt-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cebu Sacred Heart College [https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-sacred-heart-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080628/https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-sacred-heart-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cebu School of Midwifery [https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-school-midwifery-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080724/https://ched.gov.ph/cebu-school-midwifery-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cebu Technological University – Argao [http://www.argao.ctu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210100331/http://www.argao.ctu.edu.ph/ |date=2019-02-10 }} * Cebu Technological University – Carmen [http://www.carmen.ctu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521205455/http://www.carmen.ctu.edu.ph/ |date=2018-05-21 }} * Cebu Technological University – Danao [http://www.ctu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814140359/http://ctu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-14 }} * Cebu Technological University – Main [http://www.ctu.edu.ph/tag/ctu-moalboal/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726015331/https://www.ctu.edu.ph/tag/ctu-moalboal/ |date=2021-07-26 }} * Cebu Technological University – Moalboal [http://www.ctu.edu.ph/tag/ctu-moalboal/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726015331/https://www.ctu.edu.ph/tag/ctu-moalboal/ |date=2021-07-26 }} * Cebu Technological University – San Francisco [http://www.sanfran.ctu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617180118/http://www.sanfran.ctu.edu.ph/ |date=2018-06-17 }} * Cebu Technological University – Tuburan [http://www.tuburan.ctu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417055908/http://www.tuburan.ctu.edu.ph/ |date=2018-04-17 }} * Central Philippine Bible College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/central-philippine-bible-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080450/https://ched.gov.ph/central-philippine-bible-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Centre for International Education Global Colleges [https://cts.powersites.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409222550/https://cts.powersites.ph/ |date=2018-04-09 }} * Colegio de San Antonio de Padua [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-antonio-de-padua-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080808/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-antonio-de-padua-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-santa-catalina-de-alejandria-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080808/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-santa-catalina-de-alejandria-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * College of Technological Sciences – Cebu [https://cts.powersites.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409222550/https://cts.powersites.ph/ |date=2018-04-09 }} * Collegium Societatis Angeli Pacis [https://ched.gov.ph/collegium-societatis-angeli-pacis-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080809/https://ched.gov.ph/collegium-societatis-angeli-pacis-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Concord Technical Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/concord-technical-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081017/https://ched.gov.ph/concord-technical-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Consolatrix College of Toledo City [https://ched.gov.ph/consolatrix-college-toledo-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080828/https://ched.gov.ph/consolatrix-college-toledo-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cristal e-College Panglao [http://www.cec.edu.ph/] * Cristal e-College Tagbilaran [http://www.cec.edu.ph/] * De La Salle Andres Soriano Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/de-la-salle-andres-soriano-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081033/https://ched.gov.ph/de-la-salle-andres-soriano-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Diaz College [https://ched.gov.ph/diaz-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080816/https://ched.gov.ph/diaz-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Don Bosco Technology Center [https://dbtc-cebu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081455/https://dbtc-cebu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Evangelical Theological College of the Philippines [https://ched.gov.ph/evangelical-theological-college-philippines-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080827/https://ched.gov.ph/evangelical-theological-college-philippines-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Felipe R. Verallo Memorial Foundation-Bogo [https://ched.gov.ph/felipe-r-verallo-memorial-foundation-bogo-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080954/https://ched.gov.ph/felipe-r-verallo-memorial-foundation-bogo-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Foundation University [https://foundationu.com/] * Golden Success College [https://ched.gov.ph/golden-success-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080941/https://ched.gov.ph/golden-success-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Name University [http://www.htcgsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080538/https://www.htcgsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Trinity College [http://www.htcgsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080538/https://www.htcgsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary [http://ihms-bohol.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821040621/http://ihms-bohol.com/ |date=2021-08-21 }} * Immanuel Bible College [https://ched.gov.ph/immanuel-bible-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080803/https://ched.gov.ph/immanuel-bible-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Indiana School of Aeronautics [http://iau.com.ph/college/] * Informatics College Cebu [http://www.informatics.edu.ph/] * La Consolacion College – Bais [https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-bais-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080852/https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-bais-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolascion College – Lilo-an [https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-lilo-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080954/https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-lilo-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Larmen de Guia Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/larmen-de-guia-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080623/https://ched.gov.ph/larmen-de-guia-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum of Cebu [http://lyceum.cebucficoop.com.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418144430/http://lyceum.cebucficoop.com.ph/ |date=2019-04-18 }} * Mary Our Help Technical Institute for Women [http://mdc.ph/] * Mary’s Children Formation College [https://ched.gov.ph/marys-children-formation-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081141/https://ched.gov.ph/marys-children-formation-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mater Dei College [http://mdc.ph/] * Maxino College [https://ched.gov.ph/maxino-college-dumaguete-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081320/https://ched.gov.ph/maxino-college-dumaguete-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Metro Dumaguete College [https://ched.gov.ph/metro-dumaguete-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080741/https://ched.gov.ph/metro-dumaguete-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Microsystems International Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/microsystems-international-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080925/https://ched.gov.ph/microsystems-international-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mount Moriah College [https://ched.gov.ph/mount-moriah-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080919/https://ched.gov.ph/mount-moriah-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Negros College [https://ched.gov.ph/negros-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081031/https://ched.gov.ph/negros-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Negros Maritime Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/negros-maritime-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080421/https://ched.gov.ph/negros-maritime-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Negros Oriental State University- Bais I [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826074632/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/ |date=2005-08-26 }} * Negros Oriental State University -Bais II [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826074632/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/ |date=2005-08-26 }} * Negros Oriental State University-Bayawan [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826074632/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/ |date=2005-08-26 }} * Negros Oriental State University-Guihulngan [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826074632/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/ |date=2005-08-26 }} * Negros Oriental State University-Mabinay [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826074632/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/ |date=2005-08-26 }} * Negros Oriental State University-Main [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826074632/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/ |date=2005-08-26 }} * Negros Oriental State University-Siaton [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826074632/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/ |date=2005-08-26 }} * Northeastern Cebu Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/northeastern-cebu-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080644/https://ched.gov.ph/northeastern-cebu-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Cebu Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-cebu-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080729/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-cebu-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine State College of Aeronautics – Mactan Air Base [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-state-college-aeronautics-mactan-air-base-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080806/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-state-college-aeronautics-mactan-air-base-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * PMI Colleges-Bohol [https://ched.gov.ph/pmi-colleges-bohol-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080719/https://ched.gov.ph/pmi-colleges-bohol-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Presbyterian Theological College [http://www.rog.edu.ph/] * Professional Academy of the Philippines [https://ched.gov.ph/professional-academy-philippines-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080959/https://ched.gov.ph/professional-academy-philippines-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Quezon Memorial Institute of Siquijor [https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-memorial-institute-siquijor-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080922/https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-memorial-institute-siquijor-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Rizwoods College – N. Bacalso [https://ched.gov.ph/rizwoods-college-n-bacalso-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080922/https://ched.gov.ph/rizwoods-college-n-bacalso-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Rogationist Seminary College [http://www.rog.edu.ph/] * Rosemont Hills Montesorri College [http://www.scc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122202622/http://www.scc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-01-22 }} * Royal Christian College [https://ched.gov.ph/royal-christian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080925/https://ched.gov.ph/royal-christian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Catherine&#8217;s College [http://www.scc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122202622/http://www.scc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-01-22 }} * Saint Francis College- Guihulngan [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-college-guihulngan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080803/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-college-guihulngan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Joseph College of Canlaon [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-joseph-college-canlaon-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081312/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-joseph-college-canlaon-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Louis College-Cebu [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-louis-college-cebu-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080556/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-louis-college-cebu-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Salazar Colleges of Science and Institute of Technology – Madridejos [http://www.scsit.edu.ph/scsit/madridejos] * Salazar Colleges of Science and Institute of Technology, N. Bacalso Ave., Cebu City [http://www.scsit.edu.ph/scsit/madridejos] * Salazar Colleges of Science and Institute of Technology, Talisay City, Cebu [http://www.scsit.edu.ph/scsit/madridejos] * San Carlos Seminary College [http://scs.edu.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416221313/http://www.scs.edu.ph/ |date=2013-04-16 }} * Silliman University [http://su.edu.ph/] * Siquijor State College [http://www.siquijorstate.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311130155/http://www.siquijorstate.edu.ph/ |date=2020-03-11 }} * Southwestern University [http://swumhamcollegeofmedicine.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919000626/http://swumhamcollegeofmedicine.com/ |date=2018-09-19 }} * Southwestern University-Matias H.Aznar Memorial College of Medicine, Inc. [http://swumhamcollegeofmedicine.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919000626/http://swumhamcollegeofmedicine.com/ |date=2018-09-19 }} * St. Cecilia’s College-Cebu [https://ched.gov.ph/st-cecilias-college-cebu-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081136/https://ched.gov.ph/st-cecilias-college-cebu-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Joseph Seminary College [https://ched.gov.ph/st-joseph-seminary-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081010/https://ched.gov.ph/st-joseph-seminary-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Paul College Foundation Inc. – Mandaue [http://www.spcfi.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093051/https://www.spcfi.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Paul College Foundation Inc.- Bulacao [http://www.spcfi.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093051/https://www.spcfi.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Paul University Dumaguete [http://www.stcqc.edu.ph/home/] * St. Theresa’s College [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College – Bohol (formerly STI College Tagbilaran) [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College – Cebu [https://www.sti.edu/] * Sto. Tomas College [https://ched.gov.ph/sto-tomas-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080658/https://ched.gov.ph/sto-tomas-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Tabor Hills College [https://ched.gov.ph/tabor-hills-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080951/https://ched.gov.ph/tabor-hills-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Trade-Tech International Science Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/trade-tech-international-science-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080956/https://ched.gov.ph/trade-tech-international-science-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Bohol [http://universityofbohol.edu.ph/] * University of Cebu [http://uc.edu.ph/] * University of Cebu – Banilad Campus [http://banilad.uc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094120/https://banilad.uc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Cebu – Lapu-lapu and Mandaue [http://uc.edu.ph/] * University of San Carlos [http://www.usc.edu.ph/] * University of San Jose-Recoletos [https://ched.gov.ph/university-san-jose-recoletos-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081036/https://ched.gov.ph/university-san-jose-recoletos-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Philippines – College of Cebu [http://upcebu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904024418/https://www.upcebu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Southern Philippines Foundation [http://uspf.edu.ph/] * University of the Visayas [http://uv.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080332/https://uv.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Visayas – Dalaguete [http://uv.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080332/https://uv.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Visayas – Danao City [http://uv.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080332/https://uv.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Visayas – Gullas College of Medicine [http://www.uvgullas.com/profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130014615/http://www.uvgullas.com/profile.php |date=2020-01-30 }} * University of the Visayas – Mandaue [http://uv.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080332/https://uv.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Visayas-Minglanilla [http://uv.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080332/https://uv.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Visayas-Toledo City Campus [http://uv.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080332/https://uv.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Visayan Nazarene Bible College [http://www.vnbc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904084659/https://www.vnbc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * VillaFlores College [https://ched.gov.ph/villaflores-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080650/https://ched.gov.ph/villaflores-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Velez College [http://www.velezcollege.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/http://www.velezcollege.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Philippines College of Cebu [https://www.up.edu.ph/] == Rehiyon VIII == * ABE International College Of Business And Economics – Tacloban City [http://www.abe.edu.ph/] * ACLC College-Ormoc [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/p/aclc-campuses-eastern-visayas.html] * ACLC College Tacloban City [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/p/aclc-campuses-eastern-visayas.html] * AMA Computer College- Tacloban City [http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ama-campuses-eastern-visayas.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ama-campuses-eastern-visayas.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asia College Of Advance Studies In Arts Sciences And Technology, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/asia-college-advance-studies-arts-sciences-technology-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080855/https://ched.gov.ph/asia-college-advance-studies-arts-sciences-technology-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asian Development Foundation College [https://ched.gov.ph/asian-development-foundation-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081334/https://ched.gov.ph/asian-development-foundation-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bato Institute of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/bato-institute-of-science-and-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080632/https://ched.gov.ph/bato-institute-of-science-and-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Biliran Province State University-Main [https://www.bipsu.edu.ph/] * Biliran Province State University-Biliran Campus [https://www.bipsu.edu.ph/] * Calbiga Western Samar College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/calbiga-western-samar-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080647/https://ched.gov.ph/calbiga-western-samar-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Christ The King College – Calbayog City [https://ched.gov.ph/christ-king-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080752/https://ched.gov.ph/christ-king-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De La Salle Fondation De Tacloban Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-la-salle-fondation-de-tacloban-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080456/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-la-salle-fondation-de-tacloban-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De San Juan Samar, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-juan-samar-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081013/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-juan-samar-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De San Lorenzo Ruiz De Manila Of Northern Samar, Inc [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-lorenzo-ruiz-de-manila-northern-samar-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081139/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-lorenzo-ruiz-de-manila-northern-samar-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De Sta Lourdes of Leyte Foundation,Inc. [https://csllfi.wordpress.com/] * Doña Remedios Trinidad-Romualdez Medical Foundation [https://rtrfoundation.com.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231124808/http://rtrfoundation.com.ph/ |date=2017-12-31 }} * Dr. V. Orestes Romualdez Educational Foundation [https://rtrfoundation.com.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231124808/http://rtrfoundation.com.ph/ |date=2017-12-31 }} * Eastern Samar State University- Guiuan [http://www.essu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080357/https://www.essu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Eastern Samar State University- Main [http://www.essu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080357/https://www.essu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Eastern Samar State University- Salcedo [http://www.essu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080357/https://www.essu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Eastern Samar State University-Can-Avid [http://www.essu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080357/https://www.essu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Eastern Samar State University-Maydolong [http://www.essu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080357/https://www.essu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Eastern Visayas Central Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/eastern-visayas-central-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080728/https://ched.gov.ph/eastern-visayas-central-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Eastern Visayas State University- Burauen [http://www.evsu.edu.ph/] * Eastern Visayas State University Carigara [http://www.evsu.edu.ph/] * Eastern Visayas State University- Main [http://www.evsu.edu.ph/] * Eastern Visayas State University Tanauan [http://www.evsu.edu.ph/] * Eastern Visayas State University-Ormoc [http://www.evsu.edu.ph/] * Franciscan College Of The Immaculate Conception [http://fcic.edu.ph/] * Global School For Technological Studies, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/global-school-technological-studies-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080932/https://ched.gov.ph/global-school-technological-studies-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Cross College Of Carigara [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-cross-college-carigara-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080909/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-cross-college-carigara-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Infant College [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-infant-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081034/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-infant-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Spirit College Foundation In Leyte, Inc [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-spirit-college-foundation-leyte-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080938/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-spirit-college-foundation-leyte-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Virgin Of Salvacion Foundation College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-virgin-salvacion-foundation-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080840/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-virgin-salvacion-foundation-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * JE Mondejar Computer College [http://www.mondejar.edu/] * Leyte Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/leyte-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080906/https://ched.gov.ph/leyte-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Leyte Normal University [http://www.lnu.edu.ph/] * Mater Divinae Gratiae College [https://ched.gov.ph/mater-divinae-gratiae-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080630/https://ched.gov.ph/mater-divinae-gratiae-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Montano Lamberte Go College of Learning, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/montano-lamberte-go-college-learning-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081318/https://ched.gov.ph/montano-lamberte-go-college-learning-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Leyte College [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-leyte-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081200/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-leyte-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Samar Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-samar-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081020/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-samar-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northwest Samar State University-Main [http://main.nwssu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008064114/http://main.nwssu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-10-08 }} * Northwest Samar State University-San Jorge [http://main.nwssu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008064114/http://main.nwssu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-10-08 }} * Our Lady of Mercy College [https://ched.gov.ph/lady-mercy-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080850/https://ched.gov.ph/lady-mercy-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Palompon Institute Of Technology-Main [http://pit.edu.ph/pitsuc/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://pit.edu.ph/pitsuc/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Palompon Institute Of Technology-Tabango [http://pit.edu.ph/pitsuc/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://pit.edu.ph/pitsuc/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sacred Heart Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/sacred-heart-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081108/https://ched.gov.ph/sacred-heart-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Francis College [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080845/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Joseph College [https://www.sjc.edu.ph/] * Saint Michael College of Hindang [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-michael-college-profile-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081112/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-michael-college-profile-2/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Paul School of Professional Studies, Inc. [http://www.spsps.edu.ph/] * Saint Scholastica&#8217;s College Tacloban [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-scholasticas-college-tacloban-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081115/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-scholasticas-college-tacloban-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Thomas Aquinas College [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-thomas-aquinas-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081146/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-thomas-aquinas-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Vincent De Paul College Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-vincent-de-paul-college-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081105/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-vincent-de-paul-college-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Samar Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/samar-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080831/https://ched.gov.ph/samar-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Samar State University-Main [https://ssu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011034231/https://ssu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-10-11 }} * Samar State University-Basey [http://ssu.edu.ph/basey-campus/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080630/https://ssu.edu.ph/basey-campus/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Samar State University-Mercedes [http://ssu.edu.ph/mercedes-campus/] * Samar State University-Paranas [http://ssu.edu.ph/paranas-campus/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080400/https://ssu.edu.ph/paranas-campus/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Lorenzo Ruiz College of Ormoc, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/san-lorenzo-ruiz-college-ormoc-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081339/https://ched.gov.ph/san-lorenzo-ruiz-college-ormoc-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Leyte State University [http://slsuonline.edu.ph/v4/index.php/en/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/http://slsuonline.edu.ph/v4/index.php/en/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Leyte State University-San Juan [http://slsuonline.edu.ph/campus/sanjuan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://slsuonline.edu.ph/campus/sanjuan/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Leyte State University-Bontoc [http://slsuonline.edu.ph/campus/bontoc/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://slsuonline.edu.ph/campus/bontoc/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Leyte State University-Hinunangan [http://www.slsuonline.edu.ph/campus/hinunangan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821223021/http://www.slsuonline.edu.ph/campus/hinunangan/ |date=2021-08-21 }} * Southern Leyte State University-Maasin Campus [http://slsuonline.edu.ph/v4/index.php/en/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080352/http://slsuonline.edu.ph/v4/index.php/en/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Leyte State University-Tomas Oppus [http://www.slsuonline.edu.ph/campus/tomasoppus/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080325/http://www.slsuonline.edu.ph/campus/tomasoppus/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. John the Evangelist School of Theology [http://sjest.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://sjest.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Mary&#8217;s College Of Borongan [https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-of-borongan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080829/https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-of-borongan/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Mary&#8217;s College Of Catbalogan [https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-of-catbalogan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080826/https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-of-catbalogan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Peters College Of Ormoc, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-peters-college-ormoc-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081012/https://ched.gov.ph/st-peters-college-ormoc-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College – Ormoc [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=70] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229003734/http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=70 |date=2017-12-29 }} * Sto. Niño College of Ormoc, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/sto-nino-college-ormoc-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080520/https://ched.gov.ph/sto-nino-college-ormoc-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Tan Ting Bing Memorial Colleges Foundation Incorporated [https://ched.gov.ph/tan-ting-bing-memorial-colleges-foundation-incorporated-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081128/https://ched.gov.ph/tan-ting-bing-memorial-colleges-foundation-incorporated-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * The College Of Maasin [https://www.cm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080354/https://www.cm.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University Of Eastern Philippines-Catubig [http://uep.edu.ph/] * University Of Eastern Philippines-Laoang [http://uep.edu.ph/] * University Of Eastern Philippines-Main [http://uep.edu.ph/] * University of the Philippines Manila (Palo Leyte) [http://shs.upm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093806/https://shs.upm.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University Of The Philippines Visayas Tacloban College [https://tac.upv.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094128/https://tac.upv.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Visayas Christian Institute Of Technology, Inc [https://ched.gov.ph/visayas-christian-institute-technology-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081342/https://ched.gov.ph/visayas-christian-institute-technology-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Visayas State University-Isabel [https://www.vsu.edu.ph/academe/satellite-campuses/isabel] * Visayas State University-Main [https://www.vsu.edu.ph/] * Visayas State University-Villaba [https://www.vsu.edu.ph/academe/satellite-campuses/villaba] * Visayas State University- Alang-Alang [https://www.vsu.edu.ph/academe/satellite-campuses/alangalang] * Visayas State University-Tolosa [https://www.vsu.edu.ph/academe/satellite-campuses/tolosa] * Western Leyte College Of Ormoc City, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/western-leyte-college-ormoc-city-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081130/https://ched.gov.ph/western-leyte-college-ormoc-city-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }}</p> == Rehiyon IX == * Aim High College [https://ched.gov.ph/aim-high-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081050/https://ched.gov.ph/aim-high-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Alhadeetha Mindanao College [https://ched.gov.ph/alhadeetha-mindanao-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081004/https://ched.gov.ph/alhadeetha-mindanao-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * AMA Computer College-Zamboanga City [http://amacollege.amaes.edu.ph/p/ama-campuses-zamboanga.html]{{Dead link|date=Agosto 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Andres Bonifacio College, Inc. [http://www.abcollege.edu.ph/] * Ateneo de Zamboanga University [https://www.adzu.edu.ph/] * Aurora Pioneers Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/aurora-pioneers-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081103/https://ched.gov.ph/aurora-pioneers-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ave Maria College [https://ched.gov.ph/ave-maria-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081139/https://ched.gov.ph/ave-maria-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Basilan State College Lamitan Extension * Basilan State College Main Campus * Basilan State College Maluso Campus * Blancia College Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/blancia-college-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081133/https://ched.gov.ph/blancia-college-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Brent Hospital and Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/brent-hospital-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081101/https://ched.gov.ph/brent-hospital-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Claret College of Isabela [https://ched.gov.ph/claret-college-isabela-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081055/https://ched.gov.ph/claret-college-isabela-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio De San Francisco Javier [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-francisco-javier-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081133/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-san-francisco-javier-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Computer Technologies Institute of Zamboanga City [https://ched.gov.ph/computer-technologies-institute-zamboanga-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081021/https://ched.gov.ph/computer-technologies-institute-zamboanga-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Computer Technologies Institute of Basilan [https://ched.gov.ph/computer-technologies-institute-basilan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081141/https://ched.gov.ph/computer-technologies-institute-basilan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Dipolog City Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/dipolog-city-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081046/https://ched.gov.ph/dipolog-city-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * DMC College Foundation, Inc. [http://dmc.edu.ph/v3/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225239/http://dmc.edu.ph/v3/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Dr. Aurelio Mendoza Memorial College [http://ammc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131021624/http://ammc.edu.ph/ |date=2018-01-31 }} * Eastern Mindanao College of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/eastern-mindanao-college-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080510/https://ched.gov.ph/eastern-mindanao-college-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ebenezer Bible College and Seminary [http://myebenezerschool.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/http://myebenezerschool.org/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * HMIJ – Foundation Philippine Islamic College [https://ched.gov.ph/hmij-foundation-philippine-islamic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081109/https://ched.gov.ph/hmij-foundation-philippine-islamic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Hyrons College Philippines [https://ched.gov.ph/hyrons-college-philippines-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080526/https://ched.gov.ph/hyrons-college-philippines-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Immaculate Conception Archdiocesan School [https://www.zamboanga.com/tetuan/icas_col.htm] * JH Cerilles State College – Bayog [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Canuto MS Enerio [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Dimataling [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Dumingag [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Guipos [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Josefina [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Kumalarang [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Lapuyan [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Mahayag [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Main [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Margosatubig [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Midsalip [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Pagadian [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Ramon Magsaysay [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – San Pablo [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Sominot [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Tabina [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Tambulig [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Tigbao [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Tukuran [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * JH Cerilles State College – Vincenzo Sagun [http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002831/http://www.jhcsc.edu.ph/index.php/campuses |date=2018-03-18 }} * Jose Rizal Memorial State University Dipolog Campus [http://dipolog.jrmsu.edu.ph/] * Jose Rizal Memorial State University- Katipunan Campus [http://katipunan.jrmsu.edu.ph/] * Jose Rizal Memorial State University Main [http://jrmsu.edu.ph/] * Jose Rizal Memorial State University- Siocon Campus [http://siocon.jrmsu.edu.ph/] * Jose Rizal Memorial State University Tampilisan [http://tampilisan.jrmsu.edu.ph/] * Jose Rizal Memorial State University-Sibuco External Studies Unit [http://sibuco_campus.jrmsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903141631/http://sibuco_campus.jrmsu.edu.ph/ |date=2018-09-03 }} * Juan S. Alano Memorial School [https://ched.gov.ph/juan-s-alano-memorial-school-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081117/https://ched.gov.ph/juan-s-alano-memorial-school-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lucan Central Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/lucan-central-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081042/https://ched.gov.ph/lucan-central-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Marian College [https://ched.gov.ph/marian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081120/https://ched.gov.ph/marian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Medina College Ipil, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/medina-college-ipil-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081127/https://ched.gov.ph/medina-college-ipil-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Medina College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/medina-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081100/https://ched.gov.ph/medina-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * MEIN College * Mindanao State University Buug Campus [http://www.msumain.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021012222936/http://www.msumain.edu.ph/ |date=2002-10-12 }} * Nuevo Zamboanga College [https://ched.gov.ph/nuevo-zamboanga-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081047/https://ched.gov.ph/nuevo-zamboanga-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pagadian Capitol College [https://ched.gov.ph/pagadian-capitol-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081149/https://ched.gov.ph/pagadian-capitol-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Advent College [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-advent-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081116/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-advent-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Advent College, Inc. – Salug [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-advent-college-inc-salug-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081138/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-advent-college-inc-salug-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }}&lt; * Philippine Technological & Marine Sciences [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-technological-marine-sciences-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081045/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-technological-marine-sciences-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pilar College of Zamboanga City Inc. [http://www.pczc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904090341/https://www.pczc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Rizal Memorial Institute of Dapitan City, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/rizal-memorial-institute-dapitan-city-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081122/https://ched.gov.ph/rizal-memorial-institute-dapitan-city-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Columban College [http://www.sccpag.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Abril 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Saint Estanislao Kostka College, Inc. [http://sekc.org.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128171326/http://sekc.org.ph/ |date=2021-11-28 }} * Saint Joseph College of Sindangan Incorporated [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-joseph-college-sindangan-incorporated-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081124/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-joseph-college-sindangan-incorporated-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Vincent’s College [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-vincents-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081113/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-vincents-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sibugay Technical Institute, Inc. [http://sibugaytech.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505210454/http://sibugaytech.edu.ph/ |date=2018-05-05 }} * SMC Agro -Tech [https://ched.gov.ph/smc-agro-tech-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080529/https://ched.gov.ph/smc-agro-tech-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern City Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-city-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081018/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-city-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Mindanao Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-mindanao-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081107/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-mindanao-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Peninsula College [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-peninsula-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080634/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-peninsula-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. John College of Buug Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-college-buug-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081104/https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-college-buug-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Mary’s College of Labason, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-labason-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080839/https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-labason-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College Pagadian [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=91#.WhZV8UqWaUk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218073021/http://sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=91#.WhZV8UqWaUk |date=2017-12-18 }} * STI College Zamboanga [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=82#.WhZWFUqWaUk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218072952/http://sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=82#.WhZWFUqWaUk |date=2017-12-18 }} * STI College – Dipolog [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=84#.WhZWfkqWaUk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218072957/http://sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=84#.WhZWfkqWaUk |date=2017-12-18 }} * Universidad de Zamboanga [https://uz.edu.ph/] * Universidad de Zamboanga-Ipil [http://uz.edu.ph/academics/uz-pagadian/] * Universidad de Zamboanga – Pagadian [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao Foundation College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/western-mindanao-foundation-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080842/https://ched.gov.ph/western-mindanao-foundation-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Western Mindanao State University [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Alicia External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Aurora External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Curuan External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Diplahan External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Imelda External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Ipil External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Mabuhay External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Malangas External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Molave External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Naga External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Olutanga External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Pagadian External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Siay External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Western Mindanao State University Tungawan External Studies Unit [http://wmsu.edu.ph/] * Yllana Bay View College [https://ched.gov.ph/yllana-bay-view-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081111/https://ched.gov.ph/yllana-bay-view-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Zamboanga City State Polytechnic College [http://www.zcspc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://www.zcspc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Zamboanga Del Sur Maritime Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/zamboanga-del-sur-maritime-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081122/https://ched.gov.ph/zamboanga-del-sur-maritime-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Zamboanga State College of Marine Sciences and Technology [http://www.zscmst.edu.ph/] == Rehiyon X == * ACLC College of Bukidnon, Inc. [http://www.aclcbukidnon.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080358/https://www.aclcbukidnon.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Adventist Medical Center College [http://www.amcc.edu.ph/] * Adventist Technological Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/adventist-technological-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081152/https://ched.gov.ph/adventist-technological-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * AMA Computer College – Cagayan de Oro [https://www.amaes.edu.ph/] * Blessed Mother College [http://blessedmothercollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080330/https://blessedmothercollege.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bukidnon State University [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Alubijid [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Baungon [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Cabanglasan [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Damulog [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Iligan [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Impasugong [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Kadingilan [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Kalilangan [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Kitaotao [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Libona [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Malitbog [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Medina [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Quezon [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – San Fernando [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Sugbongcogon [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Talakag [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Bukidnon State University – Talisayan [http://buksu.edu.ph/] * Cagayan de Oro College [http://coc.phinma.edu.ph/] * Camiguin Polytechnic State College [http://www.cpsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311114643/http://www.cpsc.edu.ph/ |date=2020-03-11 }} * Capitol University [http://www.cu.edu.ph/] * Central Mindanao University [http://www.cmu.edu.ph/] * Christ the King College de Maranding [https://ched.gov.ph/christ-king-college-de-maranding-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081041/https://ched.gov.ph/christ-king-college-de-maranding-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Christ the King College [http://ckcgingoog.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204104928/http://ckcgingoog.edu.ph/ |date=2015-02-04 }} * Colegio de Sto. Nino de Jasaan [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sto-nino-de-jasaan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081140/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-sto-nino-de-jasaan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Dr. Solomon U. Molina College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/dr-solomon-u-molina-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080631/https://ched.gov.ph/dr-solomon-u-molina-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Fatima College of Camiguin [https://ched.gov.ph/fatima-college-camiguin-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081125/https://ched.gov.ph/fatima-college-camiguin-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Gingoog Christian College [https://ched.gov.ph/gingoog-christian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081130/https://ched.gov.ph/gingoog-christian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Gingoog City Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/gingoog-city-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081010/https://ched.gov.ph/gingoog-city-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Golden Heritage Polytechnic College [https://ched.gov.ph/golden-heritage-polytechnic-college-report/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081049/https://ched.gov.ph/golden-heritage-polytechnic-college-report/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * IBA College of Mindanao [https://ched.gov.ph/iba-college-mindanao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080518/https://ched.gov.ph/iba-college-mindanao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Iligan Capitol College [http://icc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://icc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Iligan Medical Center College [http://imcc.edu.ph/] * La Salle University [https://lsu.edu.ph/] * Lanao School of Science and Technology Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/lanao-school-science-technology-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081136/https://ched.gov.ph/lanao-school-science-technology-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Liceo de Cagayan University [http://www.liceo.edu.ph/] * Lourdes College [https://www.lccdo.edu.ph/] * Lyceum of Iligan Foundation [http://lif.edu.ph/] * Masters Technological Institute of Mindanao [https://ched.gov.ph/masters-technological-institute-mindanao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081211/https://ched.gov.ph/masters-technological-institute-mindanao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Medina College [https://ched.gov.ph/medina-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081119/https://ched.gov.ph/medina-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Medina Foundation College [https://ched.gov.ph/medina-foundation-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081144/https://ched.gov.ph/medina-foundation-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mindanao Arts and Technological Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/mindanao-arts-technological-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080523/https://ched.gov.ph/mindanao-arts-technological-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology [https://www.msuiit.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122192243/https://www.msuiit.edu.ph/ |date=2024-01-22 }} * Mindanao State University-Lanao del Norte Agricultural College [http://www.msumain.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021012222936/http://www.msumain.edu.ph/ |date=2002-10-12 }} * Mindanao State University-Maigo School of Arts and Trades [http://www.msumain.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021012222936/http://www.msumain.edu.ph/ |date=2002-10-12 }} * Mindanao State University-Naawan [http://www.msunaawan.edu.ph/] * Misamis Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/misamis-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081331/https://ched.gov.ph/misamis-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Misamis Oriental Institute of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/misamis-oriental-institute-of-science-and-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081044/https://ched.gov.ph/misamis-oriental-institute-of-science-and-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Misamis University [http://www.mu.edu.ph/] * Misamis University-Oroquieta [http://www.mu.edu.ph/] * Mountain View College [http://www.mvc.edu.ph/] * North Central Mindanao College [https://www.ncmc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://www.ncmc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Bukidnon State College [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-bukidnon-state-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081216/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-bukidnon-state-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northwestern Mindanao Christian College [https://ched.gov.ph/northwestern-mindanao-christian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081229/https://ched.gov.ph/northwestern-mindanao-christian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northwestern Mindanao Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/northwestern-mindanao-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081345/https://ched.gov.ph/northwestern-mindanao-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northwestern Mindanao State College of Science and Technology [http://www.nmsc.edu.ph/] * Oro Bible College [https://ched.gov.ph/oro-bible-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080855/https://ched.gov.ph/oro-bible-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Our Lady of Triumph Institute of Technology [http://www.olt.edu.ph/] * Philippine College Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081026/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Countryville College [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-countryville-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081205/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-countryville-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Picardal Institute of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/picardal-institute-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081217/https://ched.gov.ph/picardal-institute-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pilgrim Christian College [https://ched.gov.ph/pilgrim-christian-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080637/https://ched.gov.ph/pilgrim-christian-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Quezon Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081253/https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Roman C. Villalon Memorial College [https://ched.gov.ph/roman-c-villalon-memorial-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081204/https://ched.gov.ph/roman-c-villalon-memorial-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sacred Heart College of Calamba [https://ched.gov.ph/sacred-heart-college-calamba-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081213/https://ched.gov.ph/sacred-heart-college-calamba-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Agustin Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/san-agustin-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081247/https://ched.gov.ph/san-agustin-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Isidro College [http://sic.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://sic.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Santa Monica Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/santa-monica-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081037/https://ched.gov.ph/santa-monica-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Bukidnon Foundation Academy [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-bukidnon-foundation-academy-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081158/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-bukidnon-foundation-academy-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Capital College [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-capital-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080850/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-capital-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern de Oro Philippines College [http://www.southphilcollege.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094225/https://southphilcollege.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Maramag Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-maramag-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081242/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-maramag-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. John Vianney Theological Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-vianney-theological-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081151/https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-vianney-theological-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Mary’s Maternity and Children Hospital College [https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-maternity-children-hospital-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081255/https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-maternity-children-hospital-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Michael’s College [https://www.smciligan.edu.ph/] * St. Peter’s College of Misamis Oriental [https://ched.gov.ph/st-peters-college-of-misamis-oriental-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081153/https://ched.gov.ph/st-peters-college-of-misamis-oriental-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Peter’s College [http://www.spc.edu.ph/] * St. Rita&#8217;s College of Balingasag [https://ched.gov.ph/st-ritas-college-balingasag-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081232/https://ched.gov.ph/st-ritas-college-balingasag-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Stella Maris College [https://ched.gov.ph/stella-maris-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081215/https://ched.gov.ph/stella-maris-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College Education Services Group – Mindanao [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College – Iligan [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College – Malaybalay [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College – Valencia [https://www.sti.edu/] * The New El Salvador College [https://ched.gov.ph/new-el-salvador-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081201/https://ched.gov.ph/new-el-salvador-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Science and Technology [http://www.ustp.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918042922/https://www.ustp.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * University of Science and Technology – Claveria [http://www.ustp.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918042922/https://www.ustp.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * University of Science and Technology-Jasaan [http://www.ustp.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918042922/https://www.ustp.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * University of Science and Technology-Oroquieta [http://www.ustp.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918042922/https://www.ustp.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * University of Science and Technology-Panaon [http://www.ustp.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918042922/https://www.ustp.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * Valencia Colleges Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/valencia-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081148/https://ched.gov.ph/valencia-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Vineyard International Polytechnic College [https://www.vipc.edu.ph/] * Xavier University [http://www.xu.edu.ph/] == Rehiyon XI == * ACES Polytechnic College [https://ched.gov.ph/aces-polytechnic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081208/https://ched.gov.ph/aces-polytechnic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * ACES Tagum College [https://ched.gov.ph/aces-tagum-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080532/https://ched.gov.ph/aces-tagum-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * ACLC College of Tagum [http://www.aclc.edu.ph/] * ACQ College of Ministries [http://acqcm.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419075141/http://acqcm.edu.ph/ |date=2018-04-19 }} * Agro-Industrial Foundation College of the Philippines-Matina [http://agrocollegedavao.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729074916/http://agrocollegedavao.com/ |date=2018-07-29 }} * AMA Computer College [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * Arriesgado College Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/arriesgado-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080642/https://ched.gov.ph/arriesgado-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Asian International School of Aeronautics and Technology [http://aisat.edu.ph] * Assumption College of Davao [http://www.assumptiondavao.edu.ph/acd2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019000841/http://www.assumptiondavao.edu.ph/acd2/ |date=2018-10-19 }} * Assumption College of Nabunturan [https://ched.gov.ph/assumption-college-nabunturan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081157/https://ched.gov.ph/assumption-college-nabunturan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ateneo de Davao University [http://www.addu.edu.ph/] * Brokenshire College [http://www.brokenshire.edu.ph/index.php/home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/http://www.brokenshire.edu.ph/index.php/home |date=2021-09-04 }} * Card-MRI Development Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/card-mri-development-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081203/https://ched.gov.ph/card-mri-development-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Christian Colleges of Southeast Asia [https://ched.gov.ph/christian-colleges-of-southeast-asia-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081239/https://ched.gov.ph/christian-colleges-of-southeast-asia-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Compostela Valley State College-Main [https://cvsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://cvsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Compostela Valley State College – Maragusan [https://cvsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://cvsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Compostela Valley State College – Montevista [https://cvsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://cvsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Compostela Valley State College – New Bataan [https://cvsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://cvsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cor Jesu College [http://www.cjc.edu.ph/] * Davao Central College [https://ched.gov.ph/davao-central-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081348/https://ched.gov.ph/davao-central-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Davao del Norte State College [http://dnsc.edu.ph/] * Davao del Sur State College [https://www.dssc.edu.ph/index.php] * Davao Doctors College [https://www.davaodoctors.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080327/https://www.davaodoctors.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Davao Medical School Foundation [http://www.davaomedicalcollege.org/] * Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology-Banaybanay Campus [http://www.doscst.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225244/http://www.doscst.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology-Cateel Extension [http://www.doscst.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225244/http://www.doscst.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology-Main [http://www.doscst.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225244/http://www.doscst.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology-San Isidro Extension [http://www.doscst.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225244/http://www.doscst.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Davao Vision Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/davao-vision-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081146/https://ched.gov.ph/davao-vision-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Davao Winchester Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/davao-winchester-colleges-problem/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081034/https://ched.gov.ph/davao-winchester-colleges-problem/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * DMMA College of Southern Philippines [http://www.dmmacsp.edu.ph/] * Evangelical Mission College ,Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/evangelical-mission-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081245/https://ched.gov.ph/evangelical-mission-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Evelyn E. Fabie College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/evelyn-e-fabie-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081221/https://ched.gov.ph/evelyn-e-fabie-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Gabriel Taborin College of Davao Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/gabriel-taborin-college-davao-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081223/https://ched.gov.ph/gabriel-taborin-college-davao-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * General Baptist Bible College [https://ched.gov.ph/general-baptist-bible-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080852/https://ched.gov.ph/general-baptist-bible-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Child College of Davao [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-child-college-davao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081250/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-child-college-davao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Cross College of Calinan [http://hccc.edu.ph/] * Holy Cross College of Sasa [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-cross-college-of-sasa-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081143/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-cross-college-of-sasa-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Cross of Davao College [http://www.hcdc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904083133/https://www.hcdc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Interface Computer College [http://home.interfacecollege.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126020311/http://home.interfacecollege.org/ |date=2021-01-26 }} * Institute of International Culinary and Hospitality Entrepreneurship [http://www.ichef.com.ph/] * Joji Ilagan Career Center Foundation [http://www.jojiilagancareercenter.com/] * Joji Ilagan International Management School [https://www.theinternationalmanagementschool.com/] * Jose Maria College [https://jmc.edu.ph/] * Koinonia Theological Seminary Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/koinonia-theological-seminary-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081039/https://ched.gov.ph/koinonia-theological-seminary-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Laak Institute Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/laak-institute-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081226/https://ched.gov.ph/laak-institute-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Legacy College of Compostela [https://ched.gov.ph/legacy-college-compostela-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081211/https://ched.gov.ph/legacy-college-compostela-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Liceo De Davao [http://liceodedavao.online/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/http://liceodedavao.online/index.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lyceum of the Philippines-Davao [https://lpudavao.edu.ph/] * Malayan Colleges Mindanao [https://mcm.edu.ph/] * Maryknoll College of Panabo [https://ched.gov.ph/maryknoll-college-of-panabo-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081237/https://ched.gov.ph/maryknoll-college-of-panabo-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mati Doctors College [https://ched.gov.ph/mati-doctors-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081350/https://ched.gov.ph/mati-doctors-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mati Polytechnic College [https://ched.gov.ph/mati-polytechnic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081212/https://ched.gov.ph/mati-polytechnic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * MATS College of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/mats-college-of-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081156/https://ched.gov.ph/mats-college-of-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mindanao Kokusai Daigaku [https://ched.gov.ph/mindanao-kokusai-daigaku-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081206/https://ched.gov.ph/mindanao-kokusai-daigaku-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mindanao Medical Foundation College [http://mmfcdavao.com.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093602/https://mmfcdavao.com.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mt. Apo Science Foundation College [https://ched.gov.ph/mt-apo-science-foundation-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081200/https://ched.gov.ph/mt-apo-science-foundation-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * North Davao Colleges-Panabo [https://ched.gov.ph/north-davao-colleges-panabo-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081218/https://ched.gov.ph/north-davao-colleges-panabo-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * North Davao College-Tagum Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/north-davao-college-tagum-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081154/https://ched.gov.ph/north-davao-college-tagum-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northlink Technological College [https://ched.gov.ph/northlink-technological-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081213/https://ched.gov.ph/northlink-technological-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine College of Technology [http://www.pctdavao.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081455/http://www.pctdavao.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Women’s College of Davao [http://pwc.edu.ph/] * Polytechnic College of Davao Del Sur [https://ched.gov.ph/polytechnic-college-davao-del-sur-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081234/https://ched.gov.ph/polytechnic-college-davao-del-sur-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Queen of Apostles College Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/queen-apostles-college-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080640/https://ched.gov.ph/queen-apostles-college-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Francis Xavier College Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-xavier-college-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081029/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-xavier-college-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Peter’s College of Toril [https://ched.gov.ph/st-peters-college-toril-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081209/https://ched.gov.ph/st-peters-college-toril-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Samson Polytechnic College of Davao [https://ched.gov.ph/samson-polytechnic-college-davao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081032/https://ched.gov.ph/samson-polytechnic-college-davao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Pedro College [http://www.spcdavao.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904083231/http://www.spcdavao.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Serapion C Basalo Memorial Foundation Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/serapion-c-basalo-memorial-foundation-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081023/https://ched.gov.ph/serapion-c-basalo-memorial-foundation-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * South Philippine Adventist College [http://www.spaconline.org/home/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081829/http://www.spaconline.org/home/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southeastern College of Padada [https://ched.gov.ph/southeastern-college-of-padada-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081042/https://ched.gov.ph/southeastern-college-of-padada-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Philippines Agriculture, Business, Marine and Aquatic School of Technology-Digos [http://spamast.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080354/https://spamast.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Philippines Agriculture, Business, Marine and Aquatic School of Technology-Malita [http://spamast.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080354/https://spamast.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Philippines Baptist Theological Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-philippines-baptist-theological-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081220/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-philippines-baptist-theological-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Francis Xavier Regional Major Seminary of Mindanao [https://ched.gov.ph/st-francis-xavier-regional-major-seminary-of-mindanao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081259/https://ched.gov.ph/st-francis-xavier-regional-major-seminary-of-mindanao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. John Paul II College of Davao [https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-paul-ii-college-of-davao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081304/https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-paul-ii-college-of-davao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Mary’s College of Baganga [https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-baganga-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081302/https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-college-baganga-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Mary's College of Bansalan [https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-bansalan-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081223/https://ched.gov.ph/st-marys-bansalan-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Mary’s College of Tagum [http://www.smctagum.edu.ph/] * St. Thomas More School of Law And Business [http://stms.edu.ph/] * STI College – Tagum [http://www.sti.edu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602233009/http://www.sti.edu/ |date=2008-06-02 }} * STI Education Services Group-Davao [http://www.sti.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602233009/http://www.sti.edu/ |date=2008-06-02 }} * Tagum City College Of Science And Technology Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/tagum-city-college-science-technology-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080652/https://ched.gov.ph/tagum-city-college-science-technology-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Tagum Doctors College [https://ched.gov.ph/tagum-doctors-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081254/https://ched.gov.ph/tagum-doctors-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Tecarro College Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/tecarro-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081315/https://ched.gov.ph/tecarro-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * The Rizal Memorial Colleges [http://rmcdavao.com/] * UM Bansalan College [http://www.umdigoscollege.edu.ph/home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203203952/http://www.umdigoscollege.edu.ph/home |date=2020-12-03 }} * UM Digos College [http://www.umdigoscollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203210454/http://www.umdigoscollege.edu.ph/ |date=2020-12-03 }} * UM Panabo College [http://www.umdigoscollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203210454/http://www.umdigoscollege.edu.ph/ |date=2020-12-03 }} * UM Penaplata College [http://www.umdigoscollege.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203210454/http://www.umdigoscollege.edu.ph/ |date=2020-12-03 }} * UM Tagum College [http://tagum.umindanao.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080354/http://tagum.umindanao.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Mindanao [http://umindanao.edu.ph/] * University of Southeastern Philippines-Main [http://www.usep.edu.ph/mintal/] * University of Southeastern Philippines-Mintal [http://www.usep.edu.ph/mintal/] * University of Southeastern Philippines-Tagum and Mabini Campus [http://www.usep.edu.ph/tagum-mabini/] * University of the Immaculate Conception [https://www.uic.edu.ph/] * University of the Philippines-Mindanao [https://www2.upmin.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Marso 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == Rehiyon XII == * ACLC College of Marbel [https://ched.gov.ph/aclc-college-of-marbel-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080701/https://ched.gov.ph/aclc-college-of-marbel-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * ACLC College-Gereneral Santos City [https://aclcgensan.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309142346/http://www.aclcgensan.net/ |date=2021-03-09 }} * Adventist College of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/adventist-college-of-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081225/https://ched.gov.ph/adventist-college-of-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * AMA Computer College-General Santos Campus [https://www.amaes.edu.ph/] * Asian Colleges and Technological Institute, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/asian-colleges-technological-institute-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080537/https://ched.gov.ph/asian-colleges-technological-institute-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * B.E.S.T. College of Polomolok, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/b-e-s-t-college-polomolok-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081241/https://ched.gov.ph/b-e-s-t-college-polomolok-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Brokenshire College of SOCSKSARGEN [https://ched.gov.ph/brokenshire-college-socsksargen-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081056/https://ched.gov.ph/brokenshire-college-socsksargen-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Central Mindanao Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/central-mindanao-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081320/https://ched.gov.ph/central-mindanao-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Central Mindanao Computer School Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/central-mindanao-computer-school-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081331/https://ched.gov.ph/central-mindanao-computer-school-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio de Kidapawan [http://www.cdk.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312021126/http://www.cdk.edu.ph/ |date=2012-03-12 }} * Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology [http://cfcst.edu.ph/] * Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology – Antipas [http://cfcst.edu.ph/] * Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology – Katipunan [http://cfcst.edu.ph/] * Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology – Pikit [http://cfcst.edu.ph/] * Cotabato Medical Foundation College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/cotabato-medical-foundation-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080658/https://ched.gov.ph/cotabato-medical-foundation-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cronasia Foundation College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/cronasia-foundation-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081259/https://ched.gov.ph/cronasia-foundation-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Dr. Domingo B. Tamondong Memorial Hospital and College Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/dr-domingo-b-tamondong-memorial-school-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081257/https://ched.gov.ph/dr-domingo-b-tamondong-memorial-school-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Edenton Mission College, Inc [https://ched.gov.ph/edenton-mission-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081334/https://ched.gov.ph/edenton-mission-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Filipino Canadian Community College Foundation [https://filcancollege.com/] * General Santos Academy, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/general-santos-academy-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080908/https://ched.gov.ph/general-santos-academy-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * General Santos Doctors’ Medical School Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/general-santos-doctors-medical-school-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080655/https://ched.gov.ph/general-santos-doctors-medical-school-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Gensan College of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/gensan-college-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081304/https://ched.gov.ph/gensan-college-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Gensantos Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/gensantos-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080858/https://ched.gov.ph/gensantos-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Goldenstate College [http://www.goldenstate.edu.ph/home/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122163545/http://goldenstate.edu.ph/home/ |date=2019-01-22 }} * Goldenstate College of Kiamba * Goldenstate College of Koronadal City [http://www.goldenstate.edu.ph/home/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122163545/http://goldenstate.edu.ph/home/ |date=2019-01-22 }} * Goldenstate College of Maasim * Goldenstate College of Malungon * Green Valley College Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/green-valley-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080540/https://ched.gov.ph/green-valley-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Green Valley College Foundation – Isulan Campus [https://ched.gov.ph/green-valley-college-foundation-isulan-campus-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081326/https://ched.gov.ph/green-valley-college-foundation-isulan-campus-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Child College of Information Technology, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-child-college-information-technology-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081219/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-child-college-information-technology-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Holy Trinity College of General Santos City [http://www.htcgsc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080538/https://www.htcgsc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * I Link College of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/link-college-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080900/https://ched.gov.ph/link-college-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * International Cruise Ship College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/international-cruise-ship-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081246/https://ched.gov.ph/international-cruise-ship-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Joji Ilagan International School of Hotel & Tourism Management [https://ched.gov.ph/joji-ilagan-international-school-hotel-tourism-management-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080903/https://ched.gov.ph/joji-ilagan-international-school-hotel-tourism-management-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Kidapawan Doctors College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/kidapawan-doctors-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081323/https://ched.gov.ph/kidapawan-doctors-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * King’s College of Isulan [https://ched.gov.ph/kings-college-isulan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081238/https://ched.gov.ph/kings-college-isulan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * King’s College of Marbel [https://ched.gov.ph/kings-college-marbel-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081318/https://ched.gov.ph/kings-college-marbel-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Korbel Foundation College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/korbel-foundation-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081236/https://ched.gov.ph/korbel-foundation-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Kulaman Academy, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/kulaman-academy-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081233/https://ched.gov.ph/kulaman-academy-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Lebak Family Doctor&#8217;s School of Midwifery [https://ched.gov.ph/lebak-family-doctors-school-of-midwifery-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081249/https://ched.gov.ph/lebak-family-doctors-school-of-midwifery-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Marbel Institute of Technical College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/marbel-institute-technical-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081216/https://ched.gov.ph/marbel-institute-technical-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Marbel School of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/marbel-school-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081358/https://ched.gov.ph/marbel-school-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Marvelous College of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/marvelous-college-of-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080535/https://ched.gov.ph/marvelous-college-of-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mindanao Polytechnic College [https://www.mpcgensan.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080353/https://www.mpcgensan.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mindanao State University-General Santos City [https://msugensan.edu.ph/] * MMG College of General Santos City [https://ched.gov.ph/mmg-college-of-general-santos-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081353/https://ched.gov.ph/mmg-college-of-general-santos-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * New Brighton School of the Philippines * New Era University-General Santos City [https://ched.gov.ph/new-era-university-general-santos-city-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080906/https://ched.gov.ph/new-era-university-general-santos-city-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * North Valley College Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/north-valley-college-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080645/https://ched.gov.ph/north-valley-college-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * North Point College of Arts and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/north-point-college-of-arts-and-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081312/https://ched.gov.ph/north-point-college-of-arts-and-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Notre Dame of Dadiangas University [https://nddu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008064058/https://www.nddu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-10-08 }} * Notre Dame of Kidapawan College [http://www.ndkc.edu.ph/] * Notre Dame of Marbel University [http://www.ndmu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303044347/http://www.ndmu.edu.ph/ |date=2007-03-03 }} * Notre Dame of Midsayap College [https://www.ndmc.edu.ph/] * Notre Dame of Salaman College [https://ched.gov.ph/notre-dame-salaman-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081051/https://ched.gov.ph/notre-dame-salaman-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Notre Dame of Tacurong College [http://www.ndtc.edu.ph/] * Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok [https://ched.gov.ph/notre-dame-siena-college-polomolok-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081251/https://ched.gov.ph/notre-dame-siena-college-polomolok-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pacific Southbay College * Primasia Foundation College [https://ched.gov.ph/primasia-foundation-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081230/https://ched.gov.ph/primasia-foundation-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Quezon Colleges of Southern Philippines [https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-colleges-southern-philippines-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081302/https://ched.gov.ph/quezon-colleges-southern-philippines-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/ramon-magsaysay-memorial-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081329/https://ched.gov.ph/ramon-magsaysay-memorial-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ramon Magsaysay Memorial College – Marbel [https://ched.gov.ph/ramon-magsaysay-memorial-college-marbel-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081228/https://ched.gov.ph/ramon-magsaysay-memorial-college-marbel-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Read Data Access Computer College [https://ched.gov.ph/read-data-access-computer-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081053/https://ched.gov.ph/read-data-access-computer-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Regency Polytechnic College [https://ched.gov.ph/regency-polytechnic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081045/https://ched.gov.ph/regency-polytechnic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Albert Polytechnic College, Inc [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-albert-polytechnic-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081337/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-albert-polytechnic-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Salaman Institute * Schola De San Jose [https://ched.gov.ph/schola-de-san-jose-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081047/https://ched.gov.ph/schola-de-san-jose-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Senator Ninoy Aquino College Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/senator-ninoy-aquino-college-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081310/https://ched.gov.ph/senator-ninoy-aquino-college-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * South East Asian Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/south-east-asian-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081244/https://ched.gov.ph/south-east-asian-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Baptist College [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-baptist-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080649/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-baptist-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Christian College [http://southernchristiancollege.edu.ph/] * Southern Mindanao Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-mindanao-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081356/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-mindanao-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Philippines Methodist College [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-philippines-methodist-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081307/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-philippines-methodist-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southern Philippine Technical College of Koronadal * Southpoint College of Arts and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/southpoint-college-of-arts-and-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081340/https://ched.gov.ph/southpoint-college-of-arts-and-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Alexius College [https://ched.gov.ph/st-alexius-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081345/https://ched.gov.ph/st-alexius-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Luke’s Institute [https://ched.gov.ph/st-lukes-institute-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081307/https://ched.gov.ph/st-lukes-institute-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College – General Santos City [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=80] * STI College – Tacurong [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=93] * STI College – Koronadal [https://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=89] * Stratford International School [http://www.stratford.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718134159/http://stratford.edu.ph/ |date=2016-07-18 }} * Sultan Kudarat Educational Institution [https://ched.gov.ph/sultan-kudarat-educational-institution-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081342/https://ched.gov.ph/sultan-kudarat-educational-institution-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sultan Kudarat State University [http://www.sksu.edu.ph/admin/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010163303/http://sksu.edu.ph/admin/ |date=2018-10-10 }} * Sultan Kudarat State University – Bagumbayan Campus [http://www.sksu.edu.ph/admin/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010163303/http://sksu.edu.ph/admin/ |date=2018-10-10 }} * Sultan Kudarat State University – Isulan Campus [http://www.sksu.edu.ph/admin/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010163303/http://sksu.edu.ph/admin/ |date=2018-10-10 }} * Sultan Kudarat State University – Kalamansig Campus [http://www.sksu.edu.ph/admin/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010163303/http://sksu.edu.ph/admin/ |date=2018-10-10 }} * Sultan Kudarat State University – Lutayan Campus [http://www.sksu.edu.ph/admin/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010163303/http://sksu.edu.ph/admin/ |date=2018-10-10 }} * Sultan Kudarat State University – Palimbang Campus [http://www.sksu.edu.ph/admin/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010163303/http://sksu.edu.ph/admin/ |date=2018-10-10 }} * Sultan Kudarat State University – Tacurong Campus [http://www.sksu.edu.ph/admin/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010163303/http://sksu.edu.ph/admin/ |date=2018-10-10 }} * University of Southern Mindanao [https://www.usm.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Disyembre 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * University of Southern Mindanao – Kidapawan City Campus [https://www.usm.edu.ph/]{{Dead link|date=Disyembre 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Villamor College of Business and Arts [https://ched.gov.ph/villamor-college-business-arts-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080703/https://ched.gov.ph/villamor-college-business-arts-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * VMC Asian College Foundation, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/vmc-asian-college-foundation-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080707/https://ched.gov.ph/vmc-asian-college-foundation-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * West Celebes College of Technology, Inc [https://ched.gov.ph/west-celebes-college-technology-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081059/https://ched.gov.ph/west-celebes-college-technology-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} == CARAGA == * ACLC College Of Butuan City, Inc. [http://www.aclcbutuan.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080328/http://www.aclcbutuan.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Agusan Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/agusan-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081315/https://ched.gov.ph/agusan-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Agusan Del Sur College, Inc. [http://agusandelsurcollege.com/] * Agusan Del Sur State College Of Agriculture And Technology [http://asscat.edu.ph/] * Andres Soriano Colleges of Bislig [http://ascofbislig.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224642/https://ascofbislig.com/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Asian College Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/asian-college-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081313/https://ched.gov.ph/asian-college-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Balite Institute of Technology-Butuan [https://ched.gov.ph/balite-institute-of-technology-butuan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081318/https://ched.gov.ph/balite-institute-of-technology-butuan/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Bucas Grande Foundation College [https://ched.gov.ph/bucas-grande-foundation-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080542/https://ched.gov.ph/bucas-grande-foundation-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Butuan City Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/butuan-city-colleges/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081353/https://ched.gov.ph/butuan-city-colleges/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Butuan Doctors’ College [https://ched.gov.ph/butuan-doctors-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081348/https://ched.gov.ph/butuan-doctors-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Candelaria Institute Of Cabadbaran, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/candelaria-institute-cabadbaran-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081350/https://ched.gov.ph/candelaria-institute-cabadbaran-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Caraga Institute Of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/caraga-institute-of-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081409/https://ched.gov.ph/caraga-institute-of-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Caraga State University – Cabadbaran Campus [http://www.carsu.edu.ph/] * Caraga State University – Main [http://www.carsu.edu.ph/] * De La Salle John Bosco College [http://www.dlsjbc.edu.ph/] * Don Jose Ecleo Memorial Foundation College Of Science And Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/don-jose-ecleo-memorial-foundation-college-of-science-and-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081310/https://ched.gov.ph/don-jose-ecleo-memorial-foundation-college-of-science-and-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Elisa R. Ochoa Memorial Northern Mindanao School Of Midwifery [https://ched.gov.ph/elisa-r-ochoa-memorial-northern-mindanao-school-midwifery-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080911/https://ched.gov.ph/elisa-r-ochoa-memorial-northern-mindanao-school-midwifery-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Father Saturnino Urios University [http://www.urios.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427195856/http://www.urios.edu.ph/ |date=2020-04-27 }} * Holy Child Colleges Of Butuan [https://ched.gov.ph/holy-child-colleges-butuan-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081401/https://ched.gov.ph/holy-child-colleges-butuan-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Merchant Marine Academy of Caraga [https://ched.gov.ph/merchant-marine-academy-of-caraga-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081404/https://ched.gov.ph/merchant-marine-academy-of-caraga-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mt. Carmel College Of San Francisco, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/mt-carmel-college-san-francisco-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081401/https://ched.gov.ph/mt-carmel-college-san-francisco-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northeastern Mindanao Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/northeastern-mindanao-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081404/https://ched.gov.ph/northeastern-mindanao-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Mindanao Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/northern-mindanao-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081101/https://ched.gov.ph/northern-mindanao-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northwestern Agusan Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/northwestern-agusan-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081358/https://ched.gov.ph/northwestern-agusan-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Electronics And Communication Institute Of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-electronics-communication-institute-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081412/https://ched.gov.ph/philippine-electronics-communication-institute-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Philippine Normal University – Mindanao [https://www.pnumindanao.com/] * Saint Francis Xavier College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-xavier-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081406/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-francis-xavier-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Joseph Institute Of Technology [http://www.sjit.edu.ph/] * Saint Michael College [http://www.smccantilan.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080401/http://www.smccantilan.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Michael College Of Caraga [http://www.smccnasipit.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207111935/http://www.smccnasipit.edu.ph/ |date=2020-02-07 }} * Saint Peter College Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-peter-college-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081221/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-peter-college-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Theresa College Of Tandag, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-theresa-college-tandag-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080913/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-theresa-college-tandag-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Vincent De Paul Diocesan College [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-vincent-de-paul-diocesan-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081415/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-vincent-de-paul-diocesan-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Francisco Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/san-francisco-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081418/https://ched.gov.ph/san-francisco-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Siargao Island Institute Of Technology [http://www.siit.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313143205/http://www.siit.edu.ph/ |date=2013-03-13 }} * Southern Technological Institute Of The Philippines, Inc. [https://stipbislig.webs.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080328/https://stipbislig.webs.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southway College Of Technology [http://socotech.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094119/https://socotech.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Jude Thaddeus Institute of Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/st-jude-thaddeus-institute-of-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081334/https://ched.gov.ph/st-jude-thaddeus-institute-of-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Paul University Surigao [http://www.spusedu.com/] * STI College – San Francisco [https://www.sti.edu/] * STI College – Surigao [https://www.sti.edu/] * Surigao Del Sur State University – Cagwait Campus [http://www.sdssu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701155725/https://www.sdssu.edu.ph/ |date=2023-07-01 }} * Surigao Del Sur State University – Cantilan Campus [http://www.sdssu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701155725/https://www.sdssu.edu.ph/ |date=2023-07-01 }} * Surigao Del Sur State University – Lianga Campus [http://www.sdssu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701155725/https://www.sdssu.edu.ph/ |date=2023-07-01 }} * Surigao Del Sur State University – Main [http://www.sdssu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701155725/https://www.sdssu.edu.ph/ |date=2023-07-01 }} * Surigao Del Sur State University – San Miguel Campus [http://www.sdssu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701155725/https://www.sdssu.edu.ph/ |date=2023-07-01 }} * Surigao Del Sur State University – Tagbina Campus [http://www.sdssu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701155725/https://www.sdssu.edu.ph/ |date=2023-07-01 }} * Surigao Doctors’ College [https://ched.gov.ph/surigao-doctors-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081326/https://ched.gov.ph/surigao-doctors-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Surigao Education Center [http://www.sec.edu.ph/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093513/https://www.sec.edu.ph/index.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * Surigao State College Of Technology – Del Carmen Campus [http://ssct.edu.ph/ssctweb/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524154617/http://ssct.edu.ph/ssctweb/ |date=2019-05-24 }} * Surigao State College Of Technology – Main [http://ssct.edu.ph/ssctweb/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524154617/http://ssct.edu.ph/ssctweb/ |date=2019-05-24 }} * Surigao State College Of Technology – Mainit Campus [http://ssct.edu.ph/ssctweb/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524154617/http://ssct.edu.ph/ssctweb/ |date=2019-05-24 }} * Surigao State College Of Technology – Malimono Campus [http://ssct.edu.ph/ssctweb/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524154617/http://ssct.edu.ph/ssctweb/ |date=2019-05-24 }} * Surigao Sur Colleges, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/surigao-sur-colleges-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080712/https://ched.gov.ph/surigao-sur-colleges-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Southeastern Philippines-Bislig Campus [http://www.usep.edu.ph/] == CAR == * Abra State Institute of Science and Technology- Bangued [http://www.asist.edu.ph/] * Abra State Institute of Science and Technology- Lagangilang [http://www.asist.edu.ph/] * Abra Valley Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/abra-valley-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081423/https://ched.gov.ph/abra-valley-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * AMA Computer College-Baguio [http://www.ama.edu.ph/contact/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080516/https://www.ama.edu.ph/contact/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Apayao State College-Conner [http://www.asc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225042/http://www.asc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Apayao State College-Luna [http://www.asc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225042/http://www.asc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Baguio Central University [http://bcu.edu.ph/] * Baguio City Academy Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/baguio-city-academy-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080715/https://ched.gov.ph/baguio-city-academy-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Baguio Cornerstone Mediary International College [https://ched.gov.ph/baguio-cornerstone-mediary-international-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081104/https://ched.gov.ph/baguio-cornerstone-mediary-international-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Baguio Colleges of Technology [http://bct.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080328/http://bct.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Benguet State University-Bokod [http://www.bsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330131210/http://www.bsu.edu.ph/ |date=2023-03-30 }} * Benguet State University-Buguias [http://www.bsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330131210/http://www.bsu.edu.ph/ |date=2023-03-30 }} * Benguet State University-Main [http://www.bsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330131210/http://www.bsu.edu.ph/ |date=2023-03-30 }} * Benguet State University-Open University [http://www.bsu.edu.ph/ou] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227125039/http://www.bsu.edu.ph/ou |date=2019-12-27 }} * BSBT College [https://ched.gov.ph/bsbt-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081321/https://ched.gov.ph/bsbt-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * BVS Colleges [https://ched.gov.ph/bvs-colleges-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081431/https://ched.gov.ph/bvs-colleges-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Casiciaco Recoletos Seminary [https://www.recoletosdebaguio.edu.ph/] * Concordia College of Benguet [http://concordia.edu.ph/] * Cordillera A+ Computer Technology College [https://ched.gov.ph/cordillera-computer-technology-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080916/https://ched.gov.ph/cordillera-computer-technology-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cordillera Career Development College [http://ccdc.edu.ph/] * Data Center of the Philippines of Baguio City, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/data-center-philippines-baguio-city-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080710/https://ched.gov.ph/data-center-philippines-baguio-city-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Data Center of the Philippines of Bangued, Abra [https://ched.gov.ph/data-center-philippines-bangued-abra-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081332/https://ched.gov.ph/data-center-philippines-bangued-abra-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Divine Word College of Bangued [https://ched.gov.ph/divine-word-college-bangued-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081420/https://ched.gov.ph/divine-word-college-bangued-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Easter College, Inc. [http://www.eastercollege.ph/recent/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229163647/http://www.eastercollege.ph/recent/ |date=2019-12-29 }} * Ifugao State University-Aguinaldo [http://ifsu.edu.ph/aguinaldo/] * Ifugao State University-Hapao [http://ifsu.edu.ph/hapao/] * Ifugao State University-Lagawe [http://ifsu.edu.ph/about/campuses/lagawe/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721114041/http://ifsu.edu.ph/about/campuses/lagawe/ |date=2018-07-21 }} * Ifugao State University-Main [http://ifsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080543/https://ifsu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Ifugao State University-Potia [http://ifsu.edu.ph/about/campuses/potia/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724224337/http://ifsu.edu.ph/about/campuses/potia/ |date=2018-07-24 }} * Ifugao State University-Tinoc [http://ifsu.edu.ph/about/campuses/tinoc/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723010643/http://ifsu.edu.ph/about/campuses/tinoc/ |date=2018-07-23 }} * International School of Asia and the Pacific [https://ched.gov.ph/international-school-asia-pacific-profile-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081329/https://ched.gov.ph/international-school-asia-pacific-profile-2/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Kalinga State University-Dagupan [http://www.ksu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814043102/https://ksu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-14 }} * Kalinga State University-Main [http://www.ksu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814043102/https://ksu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-14 }} * Kalinga State University-Rizal [http://www.ksu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814043102/https://ksu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-08-14 }} * Kalinga Colleges of Science and Technology [https://ched.gov.ph/kalinga-colleges-science-technology-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081426/https://ched.gov.ph/kalinga-colleges-science-technology-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Keystone College, Inc. [https://ched.gov.ph/keystone-college-inc-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081323/https://ched.gov.ph/keystone-college-inc-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * King’s College of the Philippines [http://kcp.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094645/https://kcp.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mt. Province State Polytechnic College-Main [http://mpspc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224439/https://mpspc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Mt. Province State Polytechnic College-Tadian [http://mpspc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224439/https://mpspc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Philippine College of Ministry [http://www.pcm.ph/] * Philippine Military Academy [http://www.pma.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010302162749/http://www.pma.ph/ |date=2001-03-02 }} * Philippine Nazarene College [http://philnazcollege.edu.ph/] * Philippine Women’s University-CDCEC [https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080326/https://www.pwu.edu.ph/cdcec.html |date=2021-09-04 }} * Pines City Colleges [http://www.pcc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080330/http://www.pcc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Louis College of Bulanao [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-louis-college-bulanao-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081428/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-louis-college-bulanao-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Louis University [http://www.slu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920071143/https://www.slu.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-20 }} * Saint Tonis College [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-tonis-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081435/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-tonis-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * San Pablo Major Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/san-pablo-major-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081224/https://ched.gov.ph/san-pablo-major-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * STI College – Baguio [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=21] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218072442/http://sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=21 |date=2017-12-18 }} * Theological Foundation for Asia (Asia Pacific Theological Seminary) [https://apts.edu/] * University of Baguio [https://www.ubaguio.edu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904045157/https://ubaguio.edu/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of the Cordilleras [http://www.uc-bcf.edu.ph/] * University of the Philippines Baguio [https://www.upb.edu.ph/] * Xijen College of Mt. Province [https://ched.gov.ph/xijen-college-mt-province-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080545/https://ched.gov.ph/xijen-college-mt-province-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} == NIR == * ABE International College of Business and Economics, Bacolod City [http://www.abe.edu.ph/bacolod/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627224630/http://abe.edu.ph/bacolod/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * AMA Computer College Bacolod [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * AMA Computer College-Dumaguete [http://www.ama.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052446/https://www.ama.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * Asian College of Science and Technology-Dumaguete [http://www.asiancollege.edu.ph/] * Binalbagan Catholic College [https://ched.gov.ph/binalbagan-catholic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081443/https://ched.gov.ph/binalbagan-catholic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Cabarrus Catholic College [https://ched.gov.ph/cabarrus-catholic-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081340/https://ched.gov.ph/cabarrus-catholic-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Carlos Hilado Memorial State College, Alijis Campus [http://www.chmsc.edu.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=196] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080339/http://www.chmsc.edu.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=196 |date=2021-09-04 }} * Carlos Hilado Memorial State College, Bacolod Campus [http://www.chmsc.edu.ph/] * Carlos Hilado Memorial State College, Binalbagan Campus [http://www.chmsc.edu.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=198] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080356/http://www.chmsc.edu.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=198 |date=2021-09-04 }} * Carlos Hilado Memorial State College, Fortune Towne Campus [http://www.chmsc.edu.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=92&Itemid=197] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080332/http://www.chmsc.edu.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=92&Itemid=197 |date=2021-09-04 }} * Carlos Hilado Memorial State College, Main Campus [http://www.chmsc.edu.ph/] * Central Philippine Adventist College [http://www.cpac.edu.ph/] * Central Philippines State University, Candoni Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Central Philippines State University, Cauayan Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Central Philippines State University, Hinigaran Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Central Philippines State University, Hinobaan Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Central Philippines State University, Ilog Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Central Philippines State University, Main Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Central Philippines State University, Moises Padilla Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Central Philippines State University, San Carlos Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Central Philippines State University, Sipalay Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Central Philippines State University, Victorias Campus [http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117094014/http://www.cpsu.edu.ph/cpsu/ |date=2017-11-17 }} * Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria [https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-santa-catalina-de-alejandria-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080808/https://ched.gov.ph/colegio-de-santa-catalina-de-alejandria-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio de Sta. Ana de Victorias [http://www.colegiodestaanadevictorias.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080335/https://www.colegiodestaanadevictorias.com/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Colegio San Agustin – Bacolod [http://www.csab.edu.ph/portal/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225759/http://www.csab.edu.ph/portal/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * Convention Baptist Bible College [https://ched.gov.ph/convention-baptist-bible-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080718/https://ched.gov.ph/convention-baptist-bible-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Diaz College [https://ched.gov.ph/diaz-college-profile-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081345/https://ched.gov.ph/diaz-college-profile-2/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Fellowship Baptist College [https://ched.gov.ph/fellowship-baptist-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081107/https://ched.gov.ph/fellowship-baptist-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Foundation University [https://foundationu.com/] * John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation (Bacolod) [http://www.jblcf-bacolod.edu.ph/courses.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504015444/http://www.jblcf-bacolod.edu.ph/courses.php |date=2018-05-04 }} * Kabankalan Catholic College [http://kabankalan-catholic-college.16mb.com/]{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * La Consolacion College – Bais [https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-bais-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080852/https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-bais-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolacion College, Isabela [https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-isabela-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081440/https://ched.gov.ph/la-consolacion-college-isabela-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * La Consolacion College-Bacolod [http://lcc.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904094118/https://lcc.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mater Dei College of the Marian Missionaries of the Holy Cross [http://www.mmhc.com.ph/directory.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223143135/http://www.mmhc.com.ph/directory.html |date=2020-02-23 }} * Maxino College [https://ched.gov.ph/maxino-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081437/https://ched.gov.ph/maxino-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Metro Dumaguete College [https://ched.gov.ph/metro-dumaguete-college-profile-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081343/https://ched.gov.ph/metro-dumaguete-college-profile-2/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Mount Carmel College [https://ched.gov.ph/mount-carmel-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081337/https://ched.gov.ph/mount-carmel-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Negros College [https://ched.gov.ph/negros-college-profile-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080548/https://ched.gov.ph/negros-college-profile-2/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Negros Maritime Foundation [https://ched.gov.ph/negros-maritime-foundation-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081446/https://ched.gov.ph/negros-maritime-foundation-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Negros Oriental State University – Bayawan [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/9.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505185514/http://norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/9.html |date=2019-05-05 }} * Negros Oriental State University- Bis I [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/8.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905202930/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/8.html |date=2019-09-05 }} * Negros Oriental State University -Bais II [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/8.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905202930/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/8.html |date=2019-09-05 }} * Negros Oriental State University-Guihulngan [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/10.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505185438/http://norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/10.html |date=2019-05-05 }} * Negros Oriental State University-Mabinay [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/11.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505185443/http://norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/11.html |date=2019-05-05 }} * Negros Oriental State University-Main [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826074632/http://www.norsu.edu.ph/ |date=2005-08-26 }} * Negros Oriental State University-Siaton [http://www.norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/13.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505185453/http://norsu.edu.ph/content/Campus/13.html |date=2019-05-05 }} * North Negros College [https://ched.gov.ph/north-negros-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080551/https://ched.gov.ph/north-negros-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology, Cadiz Campus [https://www.nonescost.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920233419/https://nonescost.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-20 }} * Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology, Calatrava Campus [https://www.nonescost.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920233419/https://nonescost.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-20 }} * Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology, Escalante Campus [https://www.nonescost.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920233419/https://nonescost.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-20 }} * Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology, Main Campus [https://www.nonescost.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920233419/https://nonescost.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-20 }} * Philippine Normal University-Cadiz [https://www.pnu.edu.ph/pnu-visayas/] * Presbyterian Theological College [https://ched.gov.ph/presbyterian-theological-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081351/https://ched.gov.ph/presbyterian-theological-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Riverside College [https://ched.gov.ph/riverside-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080921/https://ched.gov.ph/riverside-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Sacred Heart Seminary (Bacolod) School of Philosophy [https://ched.gov.ph/sacred-heart-seminary-bacolod-school-philosophy-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081454/https://ched.gov.ph/sacred-heart-seminary-bacolod-school-philosophy-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Saint Francis College- Guihulngan [https://saintfranciscollegeguihulngan.weebly.com/] * Saint Joseph College of Canlaon [https://ched.gov.ph/saint-joseph-college-canlaon-profile-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080723/https://ched.gov.ph/saint-joseph-college-canlaon-profile-2/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Silay Institute [http://silayinstitute.edu.ph/] * Silliman University [http://su.edu.ph/] * Southern Negros College [https://ched.gov.ph/southern-negros-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081109/https://ched.gov.ph/southern-negros-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Southland College of Kabankalan City [http://southlandcollege.edu.ph/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225708/http://southlandcollege.edu.ph/main/ |date=2021-06-27 }} * St. John Mary Vianney Seminary [https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-mary-vianney-seminary-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080720/https://ched.gov.ph/st-john-mary-vianney-seminary-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Joseph Seminary College [https://ched.gov.ph/st-joseph-seminary-college-profile-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081457/https://ched.gov.ph/st-joseph-seminary-college-profile-2/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * St. Paul University Dumaguete [http://www.spud.edu.ph/] * STI College Dumaguete [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=73#.WhuEXUqWaUk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218072931/http://sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=73#.WhuEXUqWaUk |date=2017-12-18 }} * STI College – Bacolod [https://www.sti.edu/default.asp#.WhuEx0qWaUk] * STI West Negros University [http://www.sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=97#.WhuE4kqWaUk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218073044/http://sti.edu/campuses.asp?campus_id=97#.WhuE4kqWaUk |date=2017-12-18 }} * Tañon College [https://ched.gov.ph/tanon-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080918/https://ched.gov.ph/tanon-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * Technological University of the Philippines, Visayas-Talisay [https://ched.gov.ph/technological-university-philippines-visayas-talisay-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904081348/https://ched.gov.ph/technological-university-philippines-visayas-talisay-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * University of Negros Occidental – Recoletos [http://www.uno-r.edu.ph/] * University of St. La Salle [http://www.usls.edu.ph/] * Villaflores College [https://ched.gov.ph/villaflores-college-profile/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080650/https://ched.gov.ph/villaflores-college-profile/ |date=2021-09-04 }} * VMA Global College & Training Center [http://www.vma.edu.ph/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093038/https://www.vma.edu.ph/ |date=2021-09-04 }} == Tingnan din == * [[Kagawaran ng Edukasyon (Pilipinas)|Kagawaran ng Edukasyon]] * [[Komisyon sa Mas Mataas na Edukasyon]] == Mga sanggunian == [[Kaurian:Unibersidad at kolehiyo sa Pilipinas| ]] lt3alu7i0m9mu0y9a061m3mo0ur7m3s 0 7181 2237790 2146616 2026-10-28T15:29:59Z Jojit fb 38 Changed redirect target from [[Heyograpiya ng Pilipinas]] to [[Heograpiya ng Pilipinas]] 2237790 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Heograpiya ng Pilipinas]] dr5pdtsd1mdiqoez35jaxnprw65j6a6 0 9140 2237856 2219341 2026-10-29T11:02:56Z KyutKoTalaga 152379 2237856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox treaty | name = Kasunduan sa Paris | long_name = Kasunduan sa Kapayapaan sa pagitan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika at ng Kaharian ng Espanya | image = {{multiple image | align = center | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | image_gap = 16 | caption_align = center | direction = horizontal | header_align = left/right/center | footer = | footer_align = left | image1 =Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg | width1 = 100 | caption1 = | image2 =Flag of the United States (1896–1908).svg | width2 = 70 | caption2 = }} | image_width = <!-- 200px --> | image_alt = | caption = <!-- Example caption for either image style --> | type = Kasunduang pangkapayapaan | context = | date_drafted = | date_signed = {{Start date|1898|12|10}} | location_signed = [[Paris]], [[Ikatlong Republika ng Pransiya|Pransiya]] | date_sealed = | date_effective = Abril 11, 1899 | condition_effective = Pagpalitan ng mga [[ratipikasyon]] | date_expiration = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} OR: --> | date_expiry = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | mediators = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | negotiators = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | original_signatories = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | signatories = | parties = * {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Espanya]] * {{flagicon|United States|1896}} [[Estados Unidos]] | ratifiers = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | depositor = <!-- OR: --> | depositories = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | citations = {{USStat|30|1754}}; [[United States Treaty Series|TS]] 343; 11 [[Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776–1949|Bevans]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUU6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA615 615] | language = <!-- OR: --> | languages = * Espanyol * Ingles | wikisource = Treaty of Paris (1898) | wikisource1 = <!-- Up to 5 wikisourceN variables may be specified --> | footnotes = '''Binago ang Artikulo IX''' sa pamamagitan ng protocol noong Marso 29, 1900 ([[Serye ng mga Kasunduan ng Estados Unidos|TS]] 344; 11 [[Mga Kasunduan at Iba Pang Pandaigdigang Kasunduan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika 1776–1949|Bevans]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUU6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA622 622]). '''Dinagdagan ang Artikulo III''' sa pamamagitan ng kumbensiyon noong Nobyembre 7, 1900 ([[Serye ng mga Kasunduan ng Estados Unidoss|TS]] 345; 11 [[Mga Kasunduan at Iba Pang Pandaigdigang Kasunduan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika 1776–1949|Bevans]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUU6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA623 623]). }} Ang '''Kasunduan sa Kapayapaan sa pagitan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika at ng Kaharian ng Espanya'''{{efn-la|{{lang-en|Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain}}}}, na karaniwang tinatawag na '''Kasunduan sa Paris ng 1898'''{{efn-la|{{lang-en|Treaty of Paris of 1898}}; {{langx|es|Tratado de París de 1898}}}},<!--{{efn| {{langx|es|Tratado de París de 1898}}; {{langx|fil|Kasunduan sa Paris ng 1898}}}}--> ay nilagdaan ng [[Espanya]] at [[Estados Unidos]] noong Disyembre 10, 1898, at nagmarka sa opisyal na pagtatapos ng [[Digmaang Kastila–Amerikano]] (Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano). Sa ilalim nito, isinuko ng Espanya sa Estados Unidos ang lahat ng pag-angkin nito sa [[soberanya]] sa mga kapuluan at pulo ng [[Kanlurang Indies]] ng [[Cuba]] at [[Puerto Rico]] sa [[Karibe]] (''Caribbean''), sa pulo ng [[Karagatang Pasipiko|Kanlurang Pasipiko]] na [[Guam]] sa [[Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana|Marianas]] na [[Mariana Islands|kapuluan]] sa [[Mikronesiya]], at sa kapuluan ng [[Pilipinas]] sa Kanlurang Pasipiko na nasa [[Timog-silangang Asya]].<ref name=thetreaty>{{cite web|url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp|title=Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898|publisher=Yale Law School|accessdate=December 3, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglipat ng Pilipinas ay nagsangkot ng kabayarang nagkakahalaga ng $20 milyon mula sa Estados Unidos para sa Espanya.<ref name=thetreaty /> Ang kasunduan ay sinundan ng [[armistisyo]] sa Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano, isang paunang kasunduang pangkapayapaan na nilagdaan noong Agosto 12, 1898, sa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Pormal na itinigil ng armistisyo ang aktibong labanan sa pagitan ng Espanya at Estados Unidos, na nag-aatas sa Espanya na ilipat ang Cuba, Puerto Rico, at Guam sa Estados Unidos, at sumang-ayon sa pananakop ng mga Amerikano sa [[Maynila]] sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war#:~:text=On%20July%2026,%20at%20the,the%20sum%20of%20$20%20million. |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=history.state.gov |language=en}}</ref> Nagkabisa ang kasunduan noong Abril 11, 1899, nang ipagpalit ang mga dokumento ng [[ratipikasyon]].<ref name="Butler1902">{{cite book|author=Charles Henry Butler|title=The treaty making power of the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/treatymakingpow01butlgoog|access-date=April 9, 2011|year=1902|publisher=The Banks Law Pub. Co.|page=[https://archive.org/details/treatymakingpow01butlgoog/page/n35 441] |language=en}}</ref> Ito ang unang kasunduang pinagkasunduan sa pagitan ng dalawang pamahalaan mula noong [[Kasunduang Adams–Onís ng 1819]]. Ang Kasunduan sa Paris ay nagmarka sa pagtatapos ng [[Imperyong Kastila|Imperyong Espanyol]], maliban sa ilang maliliit na teritoryong nanatili sa pag-aari nito. Nagkaroon ito ng malaking epekto sa kultura ng Espanya na nakilala bilang "[[Henerasyon ng '98]]". Nagmarka ito sa [[Ebolusyong teritoryal ng Estados Unidos|pagsisimula ng Estados Unidos bilang isang pandaigdigang kapangyarihan]]. Sa Estados Unidos, maraming tagasuporta ng digmaan ang tumutol sa kasunduan, na naging isa sa mga pangunahing isyu sa [[Halalan sa pagkapangulo sa Estados Unidos noong 1900|halalan noong 1900]], kung saan tinutulan ito ng Demokratang si [[William Jennings Bryan]], na sumalungat sa imperyalismo.<ref>Paolo E. Coletta, "Bryan, McKinley, and the Treaty of Paris." ''Pacific Historical Review'' (1957): 131–146. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3637040 in JSTOR]</ref> Sinuportahan ng pangulong Republikano na si [[William McKinley]] ang kasunduan at muling nahalal.<ref>Thomas A. Bailey, "Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism?." ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' (1937): 43–52. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1891336 in JSTOR]</ref> == Mga tala == {{notelist}} == Mga Sanggunian == {{reflist}} p2b37a3nsuhj3nv9ojuah9h0ln9guuk 2237857 2237856 2026-10-29T11:03:28Z KyutKoTalaga 152379 2237857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox treaty | name = Kasunduan sa Paris<br>Treaty of Paris | long_name = Kasunduan sa Kapayapaan sa pagitan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika at ng Kaharian ng Espanya | image = {{multiple image | align = center | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | image_gap = 16 | caption_align = center | direction = horizontal | header_align = left/right/center | footer = | footer_align = left | image1 =Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg | width1 = 100 | caption1 = | image2 =Flag of the United States (1896–1908).svg | width2 = 70 | caption2 = }} | image_width = <!-- 200px --> | image_alt = | caption = <!-- Example caption for either image style --> | type = Kasunduang pangkapayapaan | context = | date_drafted = | date_signed = {{Start date|1898|12|10}} | location_signed = [[Paris]], [[Ikatlong Republika ng Pransiya|Pransiya]] | date_sealed = | date_effective = Abril 11, 1899 | condition_effective = Pagpalitan ng mga [[ratipikasyon]] | date_expiration = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} OR: --> | date_expiry = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | mediators = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | negotiators = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | original_signatories = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | signatories = | parties = * {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Espanya]] * {{flagicon|United States|1896}} [[Estados Unidos]] | ratifiers = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | depositor = <!-- OR: --> | depositories = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | citations = {{USStat|30|1754}}; [[United States Treaty Series|TS]] 343; 11 [[Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776–1949|Bevans]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUU6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA615 615] | language = <!-- OR: --> | languages = * Espanyol * Ingles | wikisource = Treaty of Paris (1898) | wikisource1 = <!-- Up to 5 wikisourceN variables may be specified --> | footnotes = '''Binago ang Artikulo IX''' sa pamamagitan ng protocol noong Marso 29, 1900 ([[Serye ng mga Kasunduan ng Estados Unidos|TS]] 344; 11 [[Mga Kasunduan at Iba Pang Pandaigdigang Kasunduan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika 1776–1949|Bevans]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUU6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA622 622]). '''Dinagdagan ang Artikulo III''' sa pamamagitan ng kumbensiyon noong Nobyembre 7, 1900 ([[Serye ng mga Kasunduan ng Estados Unidoss|TS]] 345; 11 [[Mga Kasunduan at Iba Pang Pandaigdigang Kasunduan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika 1776–1949|Bevans]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUU6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA623 623]). }} Ang '''Kasunduan sa Kapayapaan sa pagitan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika at ng Kaharian ng Espanya'''{{efn-la|{{lang-en|Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain}}}}, na karaniwang tinatawag na '''Kasunduan sa Paris ng 1898'''{{efn-la|{{lang-en|Treaty of Paris of 1898}}; {{langx|es|Tratado de París de 1898}}}},<!--{{efn| {{langx|es|Tratado de París de 1898}}; {{langx|fil|Kasunduan sa Paris ng 1898}}}}--> ay nilagdaan ng [[Espanya]] at [[Estados Unidos]] noong Disyembre 10, 1898, at nagmarka sa opisyal na pagtatapos ng [[Digmaang Kastila–Amerikano]] (Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano). Sa ilalim nito, isinuko ng Espanya sa Estados Unidos ang lahat ng pag-angkin nito sa [[soberanya]] sa mga kapuluan at pulo ng [[Kanlurang Indies]] ng [[Cuba]] at [[Puerto Rico]] sa [[Karibe]] (''Caribbean''), sa pulo ng [[Karagatang Pasipiko|Kanlurang Pasipiko]] na [[Guam]] sa [[Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana|Marianas]] na [[Mariana Islands|kapuluan]] sa [[Mikronesiya]], at sa kapuluan ng [[Pilipinas]] sa Kanlurang Pasipiko na nasa [[Timog-silangang Asya]].<ref name=thetreaty>{{cite web|url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp|title=Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898|publisher=Yale Law School|accessdate=December 3, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglipat ng Pilipinas ay nagsangkot ng kabayarang nagkakahalaga ng $20 milyon mula sa Estados Unidos para sa Espanya.<ref name=thetreaty /> Ang kasunduan ay sinundan ng [[armistisyo]] sa Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano, isang paunang kasunduang pangkapayapaan na nilagdaan noong Agosto 12, 1898, sa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Pormal na itinigil ng armistisyo ang aktibong labanan sa pagitan ng Espanya at Estados Unidos, na nag-aatas sa Espanya na ilipat ang Cuba, Puerto Rico, at Guam sa Estados Unidos, at sumang-ayon sa pananakop ng mga Amerikano sa [[Maynila]] sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war#:~:text=On%20July%2026,%20at%20the,the%20sum%20of%20$20%20million. |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=history.state.gov |language=en}}</ref> Nagkabisa ang kasunduan noong Abril 11, 1899, nang ipagpalit ang mga dokumento ng [[ratipikasyon]].<ref name="Butler1902">{{cite book|author=Charles Henry Butler|title=The treaty making power of the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/treatymakingpow01butlgoog|access-date=April 9, 2011|year=1902|publisher=The Banks Law Pub. Co.|page=[https://archive.org/details/treatymakingpow01butlgoog/page/n35 441] |language=en}}</ref> Ito ang unang kasunduang pinagkasunduan sa pagitan ng dalawang pamahalaan mula noong [[Kasunduang Adams–Onís ng 1819]]. Ang Kasunduan sa Paris ay nagmarka sa pagtatapos ng [[Imperyong Kastila|Imperyong Espanyol]], maliban sa ilang maliliit na teritoryong nanatili sa pag-aari nito. Nagkaroon ito ng malaking epekto sa kultura ng Espanya na nakilala bilang "[[Henerasyon ng '98]]". Nagmarka ito sa [[Ebolusyong teritoryal ng Estados Unidos|pagsisimula ng Estados Unidos bilang isang pandaigdigang kapangyarihan]]. Sa Estados Unidos, maraming tagasuporta ng digmaan ang tumutol sa kasunduan, na naging isa sa mga pangunahing isyu sa [[Halalan sa pagkapangulo sa Estados Unidos noong 1900|halalan noong 1900]], kung saan tinutulan ito ng Demokratang si [[William Jennings Bryan]], na sumalungat sa imperyalismo.<ref>Paolo E. Coletta, "Bryan, McKinley, and the Treaty of Paris." ''Pacific Historical Review'' (1957): 131–146. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3637040 in JSTOR]</ref> Sinuportahan ng pangulong Republikano na si [[William McKinley]] ang kasunduan at muling nahalal.<ref>Thomas A. Bailey, "Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism?." ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' (1937): 43–52. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1891336 in JSTOR]</ref> == Mga tala == {{notelist}} == Mga Sanggunian == {{reflist}} 3e716mrrpa8wl7xn0cq6kuo0hxb0n0u 2237858 2237857 2026-10-29T11:04:18Z KyutKoTalaga 152379 2237858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox treaty | name = Kasunduan sa Paris<br>Treaty of Paris | long_name = Kasunduan sa Kapayapaan sa pagitan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika at ng Kaharian ng Espanya | image = {{multiple image | align = center | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | image_gap = 16 | caption_align = center | direction = horizontal | header_align = left/right/center | footer = | footer_align = left | image1 =Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg | width1 = 100 | caption1 = | image2 =Flag of the United States (1896–1908).svg | width2 = 70 | caption2 = }} | image_width = <!-- 200px --> | image_alt = | caption = <!-- Example caption for either image style --> | type = Kasunduang pangkapayapaan | context = | date_drafted = | date_signed = {{Start date|1898|12|10}} | location_signed = [[Paris]], [[Ikatlong Republika ng Pransiya|Pransiya]] | date_sealed = | date_effective = Abril 11, 1899 | condition_effective = Pagpalitan ng mga [[ratipikasyon]] | date_expiration = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} OR: --> | date_expiry = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | mediators = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | negotiators = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | original_signatories = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | signatories = | parties = * {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Espanya]] * {{flagicon|United States|1896}} [[Estados Unidos]] | ratifiers = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | depositor = <!-- OR: --> | depositories = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | citations = {{USStat|30|1754}}; [[United States Treaty Series|TS]] 343; 11 [[Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776–1949|Bevans]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUU6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA615 615] | language = <!-- OR: --> | languages = * Espanyol * Ingles | wikisource = Treaty of Paris (1898) | wikisource1 = <!-- Up to 5 wikisourceN variables may be specified --> | footnotes = '''Binago ang Artikulo IX''' sa pamamagitan ng protocol noong Marso 29, 1900 ([[Serye ng mga Kasunduan ng Estados Unidos|TS]] 344; 11 [[Mga Kasunduan at Iba Pang Pandaigdigang Kasunduan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika 1776–1949|Bevans]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUU6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA622 622]). '''Dinagdagan ang Artikulo III''' sa pamamagitan ng kumbensiyon noong Nobyembre 7, 1900 ([[Serye ng mga Kasunduan ng Estados Unidoss|TS]] 345; 11 [[Mga Kasunduan at Iba Pang Pandaigdigang Kasunduan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika 1776–1949|Bevans]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUU6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA623 623]). }} Ang '''Kasunduan sa Kapayapaan sa pagitan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika at ng Kaharian ng Espanya''',{{efn-la|{{lang-en|Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain}}}} na karaniwang tinatawag na '''Kasunduan sa Paris ng 1898''',{{efn-la|{{lang-en|Treaty of Paris of 1898}}; {{langx|es|Tratado de París de 1898}}}}<!--{{efn| {{langx|es|Tratado de París de 1898}}; {{langx|fil|Kasunduan sa Paris ng 1898}}}}--> ay nilagdaan ng [[Espanya]] at [[Estados Unidos]] noong Disyembre 10, 1898, at nagmarka sa opisyal na pagtatapos ng [[Digmaang Kastila–Amerikano]] (Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano). Sa ilalim nito, isinuko ng Espanya sa Estados Unidos ang lahat ng pag-angkin nito sa [[soberanya]] sa mga kapuluan at pulo ng [[Kanlurang Indies]] ng [[Cuba]] at [[Puerto Rico]] sa [[Karibe]] (''Caribbean''), sa pulo ng [[Karagatang Pasipiko|Kanlurang Pasipiko]] na [[Guam]] sa [[Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana|Marianas]] na [[Mariana Islands|kapuluan]] sa [[Mikronesiya]], at sa kapuluan ng [[Pilipinas]] sa Kanlurang Pasipiko na nasa [[Timog-silangang Asya]].<ref name=thetreaty>{{cite web|url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp|title=Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898|publisher=Yale Law School|accessdate=December 3, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglipat ng Pilipinas ay nagsangkot ng kabayarang nagkakahalaga ng $20 milyon mula sa Estados Unidos para sa Espanya.<ref name=thetreaty /> Ang kasunduan ay sinundan ng [[armistisyo]] sa Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano, isang paunang kasunduang pangkapayapaan na nilagdaan noong Agosto 12, 1898, sa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Pormal na itinigil ng armistisyo ang aktibong labanan sa pagitan ng Espanya at Estados Unidos, na nag-aatas sa Espanya na ilipat ang Cuba, Puerto Rico, at Guam sa Estados Unidos, at sumang-ayon sa pananakop ng mga Amerikano sa [[Maynila]] sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war#:~:text=On%20July%2026,%20at%20the,the%20sum%20of%20$20%20million. |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=history.state.gov |language=en}}</ref> Nagkabisa ang kasunduan noong Abril 11, 1899, nang ipagpalit ang mga dokumento ng [[ratipikasyon]].<ref name="Butler1902">{{cite book|author=Charles Henry Butler|title=The treaty making power of the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/treatymakingpow01butlgoog|access-date=April 9, 2011|year=1902|publisher=The Banks Law Pub. Co.|page=[https://archive.org/details/treatymakingpow01butlgoog/page/n35 441] |language=en}}</ref> Ito ang unang kasunduang pinagkasunduan sa pagitan ng dalawang pamahalaan mula noong [[Kasunduang Adams–Onís ng 1819]]. Ang Kasunduan sa Paris ay nagmarka sa pagtatapos ng [[Imperyong Kastila|Imperyong Espanyol]], maliban sa ilang maliliit na teritoryong nanatili sa pag-aari nito. Nagkaroon ito ng malaking epekto sa kultura ng Espanya na nakilala bilang "[[Henerasyon ng '98]]". Nagmarka ito sa [[Ebolusyong teritoryal ng Estados Unidos|pagsisimula ng Estados Unidos bilang isang pandaigdigang kapangyarihan]]. Sa Estados Unidos, maraming tagasuporta ng digmaan ang tumutol sa kasunduan, na naging isa sa mga pangunahing isyu sa [[Halalan sa pagkapangulo sa Estados Unidos noong 1900|halalan noong 1900]], kung saan tinutulan ito ng Demokratang si [[William Jennings Bryan]], na sumalungat sa imperyalismo.<ref>Paolo E. Coletta, "Bryan, McKinley, and the Treaty of Paris." ''Pacific Historical Review'' (1957): 131–146. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3637040 in JSTOR]</ref> Sinuportahan ng pangulong Republikano na si [[William McKinley]] ang kasunduan at muling nahalal.<ref>Thomas A. Bailey, "Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism?." ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' (1937): 43–52. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1891336 in JSTOR]</ref> == Mga tala == {{notelist}} == Mga Sanggunian == {{reflist}} jwcbv0kz4br07zcrw82z5uaovxtrtoc 2237859 2237858 2026-10-29T11:05:38Z KyutKoTalaga 152379 2237859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox treaty | name = Kasunduan sa Paris<br>Treaty of Paris | long_name = Kasunduan sa Kapayapaan sa pagitan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika at ng Kaharian ng Espanya | image = {{multiple image | align = center | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | image_gap = 16 | caption_align = center | direction = horizontal | header_align = left/right/center | footer = | footer_align = left | image1 =Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg | width1 = 100 | caption1 = | image2 =Flag of the United States (1896–1908).svg | width2 = 70 | caption2 = }} | image_width = <!-- 200px --> | image_alt = | caption = <!-- Example caption for either image style --> | type = Kasunduang pangkapayapaan | context = | date_drafted = | date_signed = {{Start date|1898|12|10}} | location_signed = [[Paris]], [[Ikatlong Republika ng Pransiya|Pransiya]] | date_sealed = | date_effective = Abril 11, 1899 | condition_effective = Pagpalitan ng mga [[ratipikasyon]] | date_expiration = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} OR: --> | date_expiry = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | mediators = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | negotiators = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | original_signatories = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | signatories = | parties = * {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Espanya]] * {{flagicon|United States|1896}} [[Estados Unidos]] | ratifiers = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | depositor = <!-- OR: --> | depositories = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | citations = {{USStat|30|1754}}; [[United States Treaty Series|TS]] 343; 11 [[Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776–1949|Bevans]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUU6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA615 615] | language = <!-- OR: --> | languages = * Espanyol * Ingles | wikisource = Treaty of Paris (1898) | wikisource1 = <!-- Up to 5 wikisourceN variables may be specified --> | footnotes = '''Binago ang Artikulo IX''' sa pamamagitan ng protocol noong Marso 29, 1900 ([[Serye ng mga Kasunduan ng Estados Unidos|TS]] 344; 11 [[Mga Kasunduan at Iba Pang Pandaigdigang Kasunduan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika 1776–1949|Bevans]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUU6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA622 622]). '''Dinagdagan ang Artikulo III''' sa pamamagitan ng kumbensiyon noong Nobyembre 7, 1900 ([[Serye ng mga Kasunduan ng Estados Unidoss|TS]] 345; 11 [[Mga Kasunduan at Iba Pang Pandaigdigang Kasunduan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika 1776–1949|Bevans]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUU6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA623 623]). }} Ang '''Kasunduan sa Kapayapaan sa pagitan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika at ng Kaharian ng Espanya''',{{efn-la|{{lang-en|Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain}}}} na karaniwang tinatawag na '''Kasunduan sa Paris ng 1898''',{{efn-la|{{lang-en|Treaty of Paris of 1898}}; {{langx|es|Tratado de París de 1898}}}}<!--{{efn| {{langx|es|Tratado de París de 1898}}; {{langx|fil|Kasunduan sa Paris ng 1898}}}}--> ay nilagdaan ng [[Espanya]] at [[Estados Unidos]] noong Disyembre 10, 1898, at nagmarka sa opisyal na pagtatapos ng [[Digmaang Kastila–Amerikano]] (Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano). Sa ilalim nito, isinuko ng Espanya sa Estados Unidos ang lahat ng pag-angkin nito sa [[soberanya]] sa mga kapuluan at pulo ng [[Kanlurang Indies]] ng [[Cuba]] at [[Puerto Rico]] sa [[Karibe]] (''Caribbean''), sa pulo ng [[Karagatang Pasipiko|Kanlurang Pasipiko]] na [[Guam]] sa [[Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana|Marianas]] na [[Mariana Islands|kapuluan]] sa [[Mikronesiya]], at sa kapuluan ng [[Pilipinas]] sa Kanlurang Pasipiko na nasa [[Timog-silangang Asya]].<ref name=thetreaty>{{cite web|url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp|title=Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898|publisher=Yale Law School|accessdate=December 3, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglipat ng Pilipinas ay nagsangkot ng kabayarang nagkakahalaga ng $20 milyon mula sa Estados Unidos para sa Espanya.<ref name=thetreaty /> Ang kasunduan ay sinundan ng [[armistisyo]] sa Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano, isang paunang kasunduang pangkapayapaan na nilagdaan noong Agosto 12, 1898, sa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Pormal na itinigil ng armistisyo ang aktibong labanan sa pagitan ng Espanya at Estados Unidos, na nag-aatas sa Espanya na ilipat ang Cuba, Puerto Rico, at Guam sa Estados Unidos, at sumang-ayon sa pananakop ng mga Amerikano sa [[Maynila]] sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war#:~:text=On%20July%2026,%20at%20the,the%20sum%20of%20$20%20million. |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=history.state.gov |language=en}}</ref> Nagkabisa ang kasunduan noong Abril 11, 1899, nang ipagpalit ang mga dokumento ng [[ratipikasyon]].<ref name="Butler1902">{{cite book|author=Charles Henry Butler|title=The treaty making power of the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/treatymakingpow01butlgoog|access-date=April 9, 2011|year=1902|publisher=The Banks Law Pub. Co.|page=[https://archive.org/details/treatymakingpow01butlgoog/page/n35 441] |language=en}}</ref> Ito ang unang kasunduang pinagkasunduan sa pagitan ng dalawang pamahalaan mula noong [[Kasunduang Adams–Onís ng 1819]]. Ang Kasunduan sa Paris ay nagmarka sa pagtatapos ng [[Imperyong Kastila|Imperyong Espanyol]], maliban sa ilang maliliit na teritoryong nanatili sa pag-aari nito. Nagkaroon ito ng malaking epekto sa kultura ng Espanya na nakilala bilang "[[Henerasyon ng '98]]". Nagmarka ito sa [[Ebolusyong teritoryal ng Estados Unidos|pagsisimula ng Estados Unidos bilang isang pandaigdigang kapangyarihan]]. Sa Estados Unidos, maraming tagasuporta ng digmaan ang tumutol sa kasunduan, na naging isa sa mga pangunahing isyu sa [[Halalan sa pagkapangulo sa Estados Unidos noong 1900|halalan noong 1900]], kung saan tinutulan ito ng Demokratang si [[William Jennings Bryan]], na sumalungat sa imperyalismo.<ref>Paolo E. Coletta, "Bryan, McKinley, and the Treaty of Paris." ''Pacific Historical Review'' (1957): 131–146. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3637040 in JSTOR]</ref> Sinuportahan ng pangulong Republikano na si [[William McKinley]] ang kasunduan at muling nahalal.<ref>Thomas A. Bailey, "Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism?." ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' (1937): 43–52. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1891336 in JSTOR]</ref> == Mga tala == {{notelist}} == Mga Sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas (1898–1946)]] [[Kategorya:Kasunduan]] j8nj6wh9u1826kf5xtunam5k7emcfcy 2237860 2237859 2026-10-29T11:06:03Z KyutKoTalaga 152379 2237860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox treaty | name = Kasunduan sa Paris | long_name = Kasunduan sa Kapayapaan sa pagitan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika at ng Kaharian ng Espanya | image = {{multiple image | align = center | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | image_gap = 16 | caption_align = center | direction = horizontal | header_align = left/right/center | footer = | footer_align = left | image1 =Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg | width1 = 100 | caption1 = | image2 =Flag of the United States (1896–1908).svg | width2 = 70 | caption2 = }} | image_width = <!-- 200px --> | image_alt = | caption = <!-- Example caption for either image style --> | type = Kasunduang pangkapayapaan | context = | date_drafted = | date_signed = {{Start date|1898|12|10}} | location_signed = [[Paris]], [[Ikatlong Republika ng Pransiya|Pransiya]] | date_sealed = | date_effective = Abril 11, 1899 | condition_effective = Pagpalitan ng mga [[ratipikasyon]] | date_expiration = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} OR: --> | date_expiry = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | mediators = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | negotiators = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | original_signatories = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | signatories = | parties = * {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Espanya]] * {{flagicon|United States|1896}} [[Estados Unidos]] | ratifiers = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | depositor = <!-- OR: --> | depositories = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | citations = {{USStat|30|1754}}; [[United States Treaty Series|TS]] 343; 11 [[Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776–1949|Bevans]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUU6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA615 615] | language = <!-- OR: --> | languages = * Espanyol * Ingles | wikisource = Treaty of Paris (1898) | wikisource1 = <!-- Up to 5 wikisourceN variables may be specified --> | footnotes = '''Binago ang Artikulo IX''' sa pamamagitan ng protocol noong Marso 29, 1900 ([[Serye ng mga Kasunduan ng Estados Unidos|TS]] 344; 11 [[Mga Kasunduan at Iba Pang Pandaigdigang Kasunduan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika 1776–1949|Bevans]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUU6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA622 622]). '''Dinagdagan ang Artikulo III''' sa pamamagitan ng kumbensiyon noong Nobyembre 7, 1900 ([[Serye ng mga Kasunduan ng Estados Unidoss|TS]] 345; 11 [[Mga Kasunduan at Iba Pang Pandaigdigang Kasunduan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika 1776–1949|Bevans]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUU6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA623 623]). }} Ang '''Kasunduan sa Kapayapaan sa pagitan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika at ng Kaharian ng Espanya''',{{efn-la|{{lang-en|Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain}}}} na karaniwang tinatawag na '''Kasunduan sa Paris ng 1898''',{{efn-la|{{lang-en|Treaty of Paris of 1898}}; {{langx|es|Tratado de París de 1898}}}}<!--{{efn| {{langx|es|Tratado de París de 1898}}; {{langx|fil|Kasunduan sa Paris ng 1898}}}}--> ay nilagdaan ng [[Espanya]] at [[Estados Unidos]] noong Disyembre 10, 1898, at nagmarka sa opisyal na pagtatapos ng [[Digmaang Kastila–Amerikano]] (Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano). Sa ilalim nito, isinuko ng Espanya sa Estados Unidos ang lahat ng pag-angkin nito sa [[soberanya]] sa mga kapuluan at pulo ng [[Kanlurang Indies]] ng [[Cuba]] at [[Puerto Rico]] sa [[Karibe]] (''Caribbean''), sa pulo ng [[Karagatang Pasipiko|Kanlurang Pasipiko]] na [[Guam]] sa [[Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana|Marianas]] na [[Mariana Islands|kapuluan]] sa [[Mikronesiya]], at sa kapuluan ng [[Pilipinas]] sa Kanlurang Pasipiko na nasa [[Timog-silangang Asya]].<ref name=thetreaty>{{cite web|url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp|title=Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898|publisher=Yale Law School|accessdate=December 3, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglipat ng Pilipinas ay nagsangkot ng kabayarang nagkakahalaga ng $20 milyon mula sa Estados Unidos para sa Espanya.<ref name=thetreaty /> Ang kasunduan ay sinundan ng [[armistisyo]] sa Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano, isang paunang kasunduang pangkapayapaan na nilagdaan noong Agosto 12, 1898, sa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Pormal na itinigil ng armistisyo ang aktibong labanan sa pagitan ng Espanya at Estados Unidos, na nag-aatas sa Espanya na ilipat ang Cuba, Puerto Rico, at Guam sa Estados Unidos, at sumang-ayon sa pananakop ng mga Amerikano sa [[Maynila]] sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war#:~:text=On%20July%2026,%20at%20the,the%20sum%20of%20$20%20million. |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=history.state.gov |language=en}}</ref> Nagkabisa ang kasunduan noong Abril 11, 1899, nang ipagpalit ang mga dokumento ng [[ratipikasyon]].<ref name="Butler1902">{{cite book|author=Charles Henry Butler|title=The treaty making power of the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/treatymakingpow01butlgoog|access-date=April 9, 2011|year=1902|publisher=The Banks Law Pub. Co.|page=[https://archive.org/details/treatymakingpow01butlgoog/page/n35 441] |language=en}}</ref> Ito ang unang kasunduang pinagkasunduan sa pagitan ng dalawang pamahalaan mula noong [[Kasunduang Adams–Onís ng 1819]]. Ang Kasunduan sa Paris ay nagmarka sa pagtatapos ng [[Imperyong Kastila|Imperyong Espanyol]], maliban sa ilang maliliit na teritoryong nanatili sa pag-aari nito. Nagkaroon ito ng malaking epekto sa kultura ng Espanya na nakilala bilang "[[Henerasyon ng '98]]". Nagmarka ito sa [[Ebolusyong teritoryal ng Estados Unidos|pagsisimula ng Estados Unidos bilang isang pandaigdigang kapangyarihan]]. Sa Estados Unidos, maraming tagasuporta ng digmaan ang tumutol sa kasunduan, na naging isa sa mga pangunahing isyu sa [[Halalan sa pagkapangulo sa Estados Unidos noong 1900|halalan noong 1900]], kung saan tinutulan ito ng Demokratang si [[William Jennings Bryan]], na sumalungat sa imperyalismo.<ref>Paolo E. Coletta, "Bryan, McKinley, and the Treaty of Paris." ''Pacific Historical Review'' (1957): 131–146. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3637040 in JSTOR]</ref> Sinuportahan ng pangulong Republikano na si [[William McKinley]] ang kasunduan at muling nahalal.<ref>Thomas A. Bailey, "Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism?." ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' (1937): 43–52. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1891336 in JSTOR]</ref> == Mga tala == {{notelist}} == Mga Sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas (1898–1946)]] [[Kategorya:Kasunduan]] q57d93293z53fedpvr3dq79jad49uw9 0 45644 2237751 1819029 2026-10-28T12:42:33Z Seav 4 dagdagan ng 2 letrato 2237751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Disyembre 2020}} {{Infobox person/Wikidata}} Si '''Juan Cabreros Laya''' ay isang mandudula. Isinilang siya sa [[San Manuel, Pangasinan|San Manuel]], [[Pangasinan]] noong 12 Hulyo 1911. Ang kanyang mga magulang ay sina Telesforo Laya at Alejandra Cabreros. Siya ang unang punung-gurong Pilipino ng Manila North High School (ngayon ay Arellano High School). Ilan sa mga bunga ng kanyang panulat ang ''Humiliation of His Children'' noong 1931; ''Out of Storm'' noong 1939; at ''His Native Soil'' noong 1940 na nanalo ng Unang Gantimpala sa unang Commonwealth Literary Contest sa taon ding iyon Nanungkulan siya bilang Division Superintendent ng [[Bataan]]. Siya binawian ng buhay dahil sa isang aksidente sa sasakyan noong 3 Agosto 1952 sa [[Bataan]]. <gallery> Juan Cabreros Laya 1911-1952 NHCP Historical Marker.png|Panandang pangkasaysayan na inilagay ng Pambansang Suriang Pangkasaysayan noong 1982 sa San Manuel, Pangasinan Entrance arch of Juan C. Laya Memorial School.jpg|Pang-alaalang Paaralang Juan C. Laya sa San Manuel, Pangasinan </gallery> {{BD|1911|1952|Laya, Juan Cabreros}} [[Kategorya:Mga manunulat mula sa Pilipinas]] {{stub}} 47gnvmutvbtae0qe6vorhzdp2odpa6e 0 87997 2237798 2126419 2026-10-28T23:01:14Z Aubreyjanev 159817 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 2237798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{copyedit|date=Mayo 2009}} [[Image:Taiwan 2009 HuaLien City JingSi Hall FRD 8410.jpg|thumb|right|206px|Bulwagan ng Payapang Isipan (''Still Thought Hall'') ng Organisasyong Tzu-Chi. Nasa kanan ang isang ospital.]] Ang '''Pundasyong Tzu Chi''' (Ingles: ''Tzu Chi Foundation'', {{zh-tspw|p=Cí Jì|w=Tz'u Chi|s=慈济基金会|t=慈濟基金會}}) ay isa sa pinakamalaking organisasyong Budista na nakabase sa Taiwan. Ang organisasyong ito ay itinatag ni Master Cheng yen, sa Hualien, Taiwan noong 14 Abril 1966 sa Hualien, Taiwan, matapos maliwanagan ng kanyang mentor na si Venerable Master [[Yin Shun]] (印順導師, Yin Shun Dao Shi), na nagturo ng makabagong bersiyon ng Makataong Budismo. Ang kanyang abiso ay "magsilbi para sa budismo at para sa sangkatauhan." Nagsimula ang samahan na may 30 maybahay na nagbigay ng maliit na halaga araw-araw hanggang sa lumawak ang organisasyon na kumakabilang sa mahigit 10 milyong kasapi. Datapwat ang mga tradisyunal na mga samahang Budismo ay nagtuturo ng makasariling kaliwanagan at [[meditasyon]], ang Tzu Chi ay nakapokus sa boluntaryong pagseserbisyo at outreach (kabilang ang medikal, edukasyonal, at tulong sa sakuna). Ngayon, masasabing isa sa pinakaepektibo at pinakamaayos na aid agencies sa rehiyon. Ang karamihan sa misyon ng Tzu Chi ay pinapatupad ng internasyonal na network ng mga boluntaryo bagamat may minoryang kasapi na mga monghe. Makikilala ang mga volunteer ng Tzu Chi sa kanilang distinktibong mga uniporme (kulay asul na kamiseta, puting pantalon at sapatos, itim na sintoron,at logong may barko na nasa isang bulaklak na lotus). Kilala din sila sa tawag na "bughaw na mga anghel" dahil sa kanilang mga uniporme. May mga sub-organisasyon ang Tzu Chi, katulad ng Tzu Chi Collegiate Association (慈濟大專青年聯誼會) na isa sa pinakakilala. Mayroon itong mga chapter sa mga kolehiyo sa daigdig. Nananatiling [[non-profit organization]] ang Tzu Chi at nakapagtayo ito ng maraming ospital at paaralan sa iba't-ibang bansa, kabilang ang komprehensibong sistema ng edukasyon mula kindergarten, graduate school, at medical school sa Taiwan. ==Ang Tagapagtatag== Si Master Cheng Yen, ang tagapagtatag ng Tzu Chi Foundation ay kasalukuyang namumuno ng pandaigdigang programang espiritwal at [[kawanggawa]] ng organisasyon. Ang kanyang mga karanasan sa buhay ay nagudlot sa kanyang pagturo ng isang bersiyon ng Budismo na nagpapakita ng di-pangkundisyunal na pagibig sa pamamagitan ng pagkilos. Kabilang na dito ang pagkamatay ng kanyang ama sa [[atake sa puso]] dahil sa kanyang hindi tamang paraan ng pag-alaga. Matapos, nakasaksi siya ng isang nagdurugong butis na aborihinal na hindi binigyan ng atensiyong medikal dala ng kakulangan sa pera. Isa pang karanasan ay ang pagsabi ng tatlong misyonerong Katoliko na "Kayong mga Buddhist ay isang passive na grupo at wala kayong pakialam sa mga pangangailangan ng iba." Mula sa mga karanasang ito, nabigyan diwa ni Master Cheng Yen ang kahalagahan ng pagsisilbi para sa sangkatauhan. Kanyang pangitain ang pagkakaroong ng isang mundong puno ng kabutihan, habag, kasiyahan, at pagkakapantay-pantay. Sa ngayon, ang impluwensiya ni Master Cheng Yen sa mundo ay makikita sa mga madamdaming mga kuwento nga kanyang mga desiplo at mga natulungan sa pamamagitan ng Tzu Chi Foundation ==Misyon== Bagamat nagsumla ang Tzu Chi Foundation hna nagtuturo ng mga doktrinang Budismo, ang organisasyon ay kilala sa mga larangan ng kwanggawa, mesisina, edukasyon, at kultura. Ang opisyal na moto ng Tzu Chi ay 四大志業,八大腳印 (Apat na hangarin, at walong imprenta). Ang walong imprenta ay mga kawanggawa, pangmedikal, pagsulong sa edukasyon, humanidad, pandaigdigang tulong sa sakuna, donasyon ng bone-marrow, pagvovolunteer sa komunidad, at pagrerecycle. the organization is also popularly known for its selfless contributions to society in numerous ways in the areas of ''Charity'', ''Medicine'', ''Education'', and ''Culture''. The official motto, or concept behind Tzu Chi Foundation is the (四大志業,八大腳印), which means, "Four endeavors, eight footprints". The eight footprints are charity causes, medical contributions, education development, humanities, international disaster assistance, bone-marrow donation, community volunteerism, and recycling. Ayon sa organisasyon, sinusulong nito ang kanyang misyon, na may diwa ng sinseridad, integridad, at kumpiyansa. Naniniwala sila sa pagkapantay-pantay ng sankatauhan ay potensiyal ng bawat tao na magkaroon ng katangiang Buddha. Sa pamamagitan ng mga pusong malasakit, matatamo ang biyaya ay kasayahan at matatamo ng mga nangangailangan ang katiwasayan at kapayapaan. ==Opinyon ng Publiko== Nakatanngap ng iilang kritismo ang Tzu Chi mula sa ilang sektor ng lipunan ng Taiwan dahil sa kanilang mga aktibidad sa Tsina, na may away-politika sa Taiwan ngunit nabawasan ang kritismo noong aktibong tumulong ang Tzu Chi noong lumindol sa Taiwan noong 21 Setyembre 2000 at naiulat na mas magaling ang kanilang pagsagawa ng relief operation kumpara sa gubyerno ng Taiwan. ==Gawain sa Tsina== Dahil hindi nakikialam sa politika ang Tzu Chi, pinayagan ng [[gobyerno ng Tsina]] na magespand ang kanyang mga proyekto doon at naging kauna-unahang samahang panlabas na pinayagang magrehistro sa bansa. Madalas sabihin ni Master Cheng Yen ang pagtatayo ng isang "tulay ng pag-ibig" sa pagitan ng [[Tsina]] at [[Taiwan]]. Nagsimula ito noong nagkaroon ng matinding pagbaga sa Timog at Gitnang Tsina noong 1911 at nakibahagi ang Tzu Chi sa mga relief operation. Nakapagtayo rin ng mga paaralan, nursing home, at mga baryo, kabilang ang mga imprastruktura sa mga mahihirap ng lugar tulad ng [[Guzhou]] Noong 2008, nakapagbigay ang Tzu Chi ng tulong medikal at pagkain noong lumindol sa Sichuan. ==Pagreresaykel== Nagpapalakad ang pundasyon ng mahigit 4,500 na mga recycling station sa Taiwan at sa rehiyon. Isa sa pinakatanyag na proyekto nito ang pagrerecycle ng mga boteng plastik [[polyethylene terephthalate]] (PET) na ginagawang mga kumot, kamiseta, underwear, uniporme, atbp. na binabahagi sa mahihirap at mga biktima ng kalamidad.<ref>[http://tzuchi-culture.com/taipei_new/?mod=tc_monthly_en&act=detail&id=117 Tzuchi-Culture.com]{{Dead link|date=Agosto 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} ==Panlabas na kawing== *[http://www.tzuchi.org/global/index.html Opisyal na Pandaigdigang Websayt ng Tzu Chi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508084126/http://www.tzuchi.org/global/index.html |date=2009-05-08 }} *[http://www.tzuchi.org.tw/ Official site (Main Site)] *[http://www.us.tzuchi.org/ Tzu Chi USA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917102129/http://www.us.tzuchi.org/ |date=2008-09-17 }} *[http://www.tzuchi.com.tw/tzuchi/default.aspx Tzu Chi Hospital (Main Site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503113632/http://www.tzuchi.com.tw/tzuchi/default.aspx |date=2009-05-03 }} *[http://www.tcu.edu.tw Tzu Chi University, Taiwan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203060411/http://www.tcu.edu.tw/ |date=2006-02-03 }} *[http://www.tzuchi.org.sg/ Tzu Chi Foundation Singapore Branch (Chinese)] *[http://www.tzuchi.org.sg/en Tzu Chi Foundation Singapore Branch (English)] *[http://www.tzuchi.or.id/ Tzu Chi Foundation Indonesia Branch] *[http://sj.tzuchimalacca.com/ Tzu Chi Continuing Education Centre] *[http://tima.tzuchi.org/ TIMA - Tzu Chi International Medical Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028032554/http://tima.tzuchi.org/ |date=2005-10-28 }} *[http://www.newdaai.tv/ Da Ai (Great Love): A television station owned by Tzu-Chi] *[http://www.tzuchi.org.my/eshop/ Jing-si Books & Cafe Online Shop (English)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429050407/http://www.tzuchi.org.my/eshop/ |date=2009-04-29 }} *[http://www.tzuchi.org/global/publications/index.html Tzu Chi Publications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051026111802/http://www.tzuchi.org/global/publications/index.html |date=2005-10-26 }} *[http://www.reliefweb.int/RWSearch/Search?num_DES_FormID=1&num_DES_Browser=1&txt_DES_ShortSourceName=Tzu%20Chi&num_DES_Operator=1&srchType=5 UN ReliefWeb Tzu Chi humanitarian missions around the world] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183953/http://www.reliefweb.int/RWSearch/Search?num_DES_FormID=1&num_DES_Browser=1&txt_DES_ShortSourceName=Tzu%20Chi&num_DES_Operator=1&srchType=5 |date=2007-09-27 }} *[http://www.daai.com.my/index.html Tzu Chi Malaysia News (Video)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070118111025/http://www.daai.com.my/index.html |date=2007-01-18 }} <!--{{buddhism2}}--> [[Kategorya:Mga samahang Budista]] cqkraqlre3y8s6ml582xa067amv6wxi 0 96560 2237785 2237108 2026-10-28T15:29:22Z Jojit fb 38 2237785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Country geography | name = Pilipinas | map = Philippines.A2002088.0220.1km.jpg | continent = [[Asya]] | region = [[Timog-silangang Asya]] | coordinates = 13°00'Hilaga 122°00'Silangan | area ranking = ika-72 | km area = 300000 | percent land = 99.38 | km coastline = 36289 | borders = None | northernmost point = [[Pulo ng Y'Ami]]| southernmost point = [[Pulo ng Saluag ng Kapuluang Sibutu]]| easternmost point = [[Pusan Point]], Davao Oriental| westernmost point = [[Spratlys]]<br /> 112°00'E | geographic center = | highest point = [[Bundok Apo]]<br />2,954&nbsp;m (9,691&nbsp;ft) | lowest point = [[Dagat Pilipinas]]<br />0&nbsp;m/0&nbsp;ft ([[lebel ng dagat]]) | longest river = [[Ilog Cagayan]] | largest lake = [[Laguna de Bay]] | }} Ang '''[[Pilipinas]]''' ay isang kapuluan na naglalaman ng humigit-kumulang 7,641 na mga pulo<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.namria.gov.ph/list.php?id=1032&alias=administrator-tiangco-welcomes-2017&Archive=1|title=Administrator Tiangco welcomes 2017|publisher=National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA)|access-date=2020-04-15|archive-date=2020-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121203939/http://www.namria.gov.ph/list.php?id=1032&alias=administrator-tiangco-welcomes-2017&Archive=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=namria>{{cite news|last1=Mayuga|first1=Jonathan|title=Namria ‘discovers’ 400 previously ‘unknown’ PHL islands using IfSAR|url=http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/namria-discovers-400-previously-unknown-phl-islands-using-ifsar/|publisher=BusinessMirror|date=Pebrero 10, 2016}}</ref> na may kabuuang lawak na 300,000 km2. Ang Labingisang pinakamalaking mga pulo ay sumasakop sa ika-94 na bahagdan ng kabuuang lawak ng lupa. Ang pinakamalaki sa mga ito ay ang [[Luzon]] na may lawak na 105,000 km2. Ang sunod na pinakamalaking pulo ay ang [[Mindanao]] na may 95,000 km2. Ang kapuluan ay mahigit kumulang na 800 [[kilometro]] mula sa ''mainland'' ng [[Asya]] at matatagpuan sa pagitan ng [[Taiwan]] at [[Borneo]]. Ang kapuluan ng Pilipinas ay nahahati sa tatlong mga pangkat ng pulo: ang Luzon, [[Visayas|Kabisayaan]], at Mindanao. Ang mga pulo ng Luzon ay sumasakop sa Luzon mismo, [[Palawan]], [[Mindoro]], [[Marinduque]], [[Masbate]], [[Romblon]], [[Catanduanes]], [[Batanes]] at [[Polillo]]. Ang Visayas ay ang pangkat ng mga pulo sa gitnang Pilipinas, kung alin ang pinakamalalaki ay ang: [[Panay]], [[Negros]], [[Cebu]], [[Bohol]], [[Leyte]], [[Samar]], [[Siquijor]], [[Biliran]] at [[Guimaras]]. Ang mga pulo ng Mindanao ay sumasakop sa Mindanao mismo, [[Dinagat]], [[Siargao]], [[Camiguin]], [[Samal]], pati na rin ang Kapuluan ng Sulu, pangunahin na binubuo ng [[Basilan]], [[Sulu]], at [[Tawi-Tawi]]. ==Topograpiya== {{Major geographic features of the Philippines overlay}} ==Mga estadistika== ===Mga estadistika ng CIA=== Ang kabatiran sa ibaba ay hinango mula sa kabatiran ng ''CIA Factbook information'' para sa Pilipinas, maliban na lamang kung nakatukoy.<ref name=factbook-ph>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html Philippines : Geography] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111070218/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |date=Enero 11, 2010 }}, CIA World Factbook.</ref> {{fake heading|sub=4|Lawak}} * Kabuuan: {{convert|300000|km2|0}} ** Lupa: {{convert|298170|km2|0}} ** Tubig: {{convert|1830|km2|0}} {{fake heading|sub=4|Dalampasigan}} * {{convert|36289|km}} <!--{{fake heading|sub=4|Mga pagaangkin sa dagat}} (sinukat mula sa mga inaangking [[Mga batayang-guhit ng Pilipinas|pangkapuluang batayang-guhit]]) * Continental shelf: to depth of exploitation * Exclusive economic zone: {{convert|200|nmi|km|lk=in}} Territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to {{convert|100|nmi}} from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to {{convert|285|nmi}} in breadth.--> {{fake heading|sub=4|Mga likas na yaman}} * [[Troso]], [[petrolyo]], [[nikel]], [[kobalto]], [[pilak]], [[ginto]], [[asin]], at [[tanso]]. {{fake heading|sub=4|Paggamit sa lupa}} * Maaararong lupa: 19% * Mga panghabambuhay na pananim: 16.67% * Iba: 64.33% (2005) {{fake heading|sub=4|Lupang napatubig}} * {{convert|15500|km2|0|sp=us}} (2003) === Mga pinakamalaking lungsod === {{Mga pinakamalaking lungsod ng Pilipinas}} == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kaurian:Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Heograpiya ng Pilipinas|*]] {{stub}} k8f0cnqyrwgobzwgtj9fz0ebhwbwftw 2237786 2237785 2026-10-28T15:29:35Z Jojit fb 38 Nilipat ni Jojit fb ang pahinang [[Heyograpiya ng Pilipinas]] sa [[Heograpiya ng Pilipinas]] mula sa redirect 2237785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Country geography | name = Pilipinas | map = Philippines.A2002088.0220.1km.jpg | continent = [[Asya]] | region = [[Timog-silangang Asya]] | coordinates = 13°00'Hilaga 122°00'Silangan | area ranking = ika-72 | km area = 300000 | percent land = 99.38 | km coastline = 36289 | borders = None | northernmost point = [[Pulo ng Y'Ami]]| southernmost point = [[Pulo ng Saluag ng Kapuluang Sibutu]]| easternmost point = [[Pusan Point]], Davao Oriental| westernmost point = [[Spratlys]]<br /> 112°00'E | geographic center = | highest point = [[Bundok Apo]]<br />2,954&nbsp;m (9,691&nbsp;ft) | lowest point = [[Dagat Pilipinas]]<br />0&nbsp;m/0&nbsp;ft ([[lebel ng dagat]]) | longest river = [[Ilog Cagayan]] | largest lake = [[Laguna de Bay]] | }} Ang '''[[Pilipinas]]''' ay isang kapuluan na naglalaman ng humigit-kumulang 7,641 na mga pulo<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.namria.gov.ph/list.php?id=1032&alias=administrator-tiangco-welcomes-2017&Archive=1|title=Administrator Tiangco welcomes 2017|publisher=National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA)|access-date=2020-04-15|archive-date=2020-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121203939/http://www.namria.gov.ph/list.php?id=1032&alias=administrator-tiangco-welcomes-2017&Archive=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=namria>{{cite news|last1=Mayuga|first1=Jonathan|title=Namria ‘discovers’ 400 previously ‘unknown’ PHL islands using IfSAR|url=http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/namria-discovers-400-previously-unknown-phl-islands-using-ifsar/|publisher=BusinessMirror|date=Pebrero 10, 2016}}</ref> na may kabuuang lawak na 300,000 km2. Ang Labingisang pinakamalaking mga pulo ay sumasakop sa ika-94 na bahagdan ng kabuuang lawak ng lupa. Ang pinakamalaki sa mga ito ay ang [[Luzon]] na may lawak na 105,000 km2. Ang sunod na pinakamalaking pulo ay ang [[Mindanao]] na may 95,000 km2. Ang kapuluan ay mahigit kumulang na 800 [[kilometro]] mula sa ''mainland'' ng [[Asya]] at matatagpuan sa pagitan ng [[Taiwan]] at [[Borneo]]. Ang kapuluan ng Pilipinas ay nahahati sa tatlong mga pangkat ng pulo: ang Luzon, [[Visayas|Kabisayaan]], at Mindanao. Ang mga pulo ng Luzon ay sumasakop sa Luzon mismo, [[Palawan]], [[Mindoro]], [[Marinduque]], [[Masbate]], [[Romblon]], [[Catanduanes]], [[Batanes]] at [[Polillo]]. Ang Visayas ay ang pangkat ng mga pulo sa gitnang Pilipinas, kung alin ang pinakamalalaki ay ang: [[Panay]], [[Negros]], [[Cebu]], [[Bohol]], [[Leyte]], [[Samar]], [[Siquijor]], [[Biliran]] at [[Guimaras]]. Ang mga pulo ng Mindanao ay sumasakop sa Mindanao mismo, [[Dinagat]], [[Siargao]], [[Camiguin]], [[Samal]], pati na rin ang Kapuluan ng Sulu, pangunahin na binubuo ng [[Basilan]], [[Sulu]], at [[Tawi-Tawi]]. ==Topograpiya== {{Major geographic features of the Philippines overlay}} ==Mga estadistika== ===Mga estadistika ng CIA=== Ang kabatiran sa ibaba ay hinango mula sa kabatiran ng ''CIA Factbook information'' para sa Pilipinas, maliban na lamang kung nakatukoy.<ref name=factbook-ph>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html Philippines : Geography] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111070218/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |date=Enero 11, 2010 }}, CIA World Factbook.</ref> {{fake heading|sub=4|Lawak}} * Kabuuan: {{convert|300000|km2|0}} ** Lupa: {{convert|298170|km2|0}} ** Tubig: {{convert|1830|km2|0}} {{fake heading|sub=4|Dalampasigan}} * {{convert|36289|km}} <!--{{fake heading|sub=4|Mga pagaangkin sa dagat}} (sinukat mula sa mga inaangking [[Mga batayang-guhit ng Pilipinas|pangkapuluang batayang-guhit]]) * Continental shelf: to depth of exploitation * Exclusive economic zone: {{convert|200|nmi|km|lk=in}} Territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to {{convert|100|nmi}} from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to {{convert|285|nmi}} in breadth.--> {{fake heading|sub=4|Mga likas na yaman}} * [[Troso]], [[petrolyo]], [[nikel]], [[kobalto]], [[pilak]], [[ginto]], [[asin]], at [[tanso]]. {{fake heading|sub=4|Paggamit sa lupa}} * Maaararong lupa: 19% * Mga panghabambuhay na pananim: 16.67% * Iba: 64.33% (2005) {{fake heading|sub=4|Lupang napatubig}} * {{convert|15500|km2|0|sp=us}} (2003) === Mga pinakamalaking lungsod === {{Mga pinakamalaking lungsod ng Pilipinas}} == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kaurian:Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Heograpiya ng Pilipinas|*]] {{stub}} k8f0cnqyrwgobzwgtj9fz0ebhwbwftw 0 122836 2237832 2228152 2026-10-29T05:06:16Z Ryomaandres 8044 2237832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Commune Italya|name=Leverano|elevation_min_m=|mayor=Marcello Rolli|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=49.5|population_footnotes=<ref>Population from [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]</ref>|population_demonym=Leveranesi|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_max_m=|frazioni=|elevation_m=37|saint=[[San Roque]]|day=Agosto 16|postal_code=73045|area_code=0832|website={{official website|http://www.comune.leverano.le.it/}}|mayor_party=|province={{ProvinciaIT (short form)|sigla=LE}} (LE)|official_name=Comune di Leverano|shield_alt=Coat of arms|native_name=|image_skyline=Leverano (LE) - Convento S.Maria.JPG|imagesize=|image_alt=|image_caption=Simbahan at kumbento ng ''Santa Maria delle Grazie''|image_shield=Leverano-Stemma.png|image_map=|region=[[Apulia]]|map_alt=|map_caption=|pushpin_label_position=left|pushpin_map_alt=|coordinates={{coord|40|17|N|18|5|E|region:IT|display=inline,title}}|coordinates_footnotes=|footnotes=}} Ang '''Leverano''' ([[Diyalektong Salentino|Salentino]]: {{Lang|scn|Liranu}}) ay isang bayan at ''[[comune]]'' (komuna o munisipalidad) sa [[lalawigan ng Lecce]] sa timog-silangan na bahagi ng [[Apulia|rehiyon ng Apulia]] sa timog-silangang [[Italya]]. Ito ay may hangganan sa mga ''comune'' ng [[Arnesano]], [[Carmiano]], [[Copertino]], [[Nardò]], at [[Veglie]]. Ito ay matatagpuan sa rehiyon ng [[Terra d'Arneo]], sa isang halos patag na lugar sa looban ng peninsula ng Salento. Ang ekonomiya nito ay pangunahing nakabatay sa agrikultura at hortikultura. == Heograpiyang pisikal == === Teritoryo === Ang munisipalidad ng Leverano, na matatagpuan sa hilagang-kanlurang bahagi ng [[Kapatagan ng Salento]], ay sumasaklaw sa isang lawak na 48.77 km². == Kasaysayan == Ayon sa bantog na historyador ng Leverano na si [[Geronimo Marciano]] (1571-1628), ang toponym na Leverano ay nagmula sa Liberanium, isang terminong umunlad sa Liberano, pagkatapos ay Leveranum, at sa huli ay Leverano. Sa [[Wikang Griyego|Griyego]], ang ibig sabihin nito ay "latian," isang malubog na lugar, at tumutukoy sa malubog na kondisyon ng lugar bago ang reklamasyon ng lupa noong panahon ng mga Pasista. Itinuturing ito ng ibang mga ipotesis bilang isang Romanong praedial (Liberianum), batay sa pangalang Liberius. Sa ''Rationes Decimarum'' noong 1324, binanggit ito sa ilalim ng pangalang Livoranum. == Kultura == === Paaralan === Mayroong apat na paaralang nursery, apat na paaralang primarya, at dalawang paaralang paaralang panggitna na matatagpuan sa Leverano. == Kakambal na bayan == * {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Sfakiotes]], [[Gresya]] * [[Guillena]], [[Espanya]] ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == * [http://www.comune.leverano.le.it/ Opisyal na website] {{Lalawigan ng Lecce}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Apulia]] 7urgnghne0rjazobcq2epyaf43fwqof 2237834 2237832 2026-10-29T05:12:42Z Ryomaandres 8044 /* Kasaysayan */ 2237834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Commune Italya|name=Leverano|elevation_min_m=|mayor=Marcello Rolli|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=49.5|population_footnotes=<ref>Population from [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]</ref>|population_demonym=Leveranesi|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_max_m=|frazioni=|elevation_m=37|saint=[[San Roque]]|day=Agosto 16|postal_code=73045|area_code=0832|website={{official website|http://www.comune.leverano.le.it/}}|mayor_party=|province={{ProvinciaIT (short form)|sigla=LE}} (LE)|official_name=Comune di Leverano|shield_alt=Coat of arms|native_name=|image_skyline=Leverano (LE) - Convento S.Maria.JPG|imagesize=|image_alt=|image_caption=Simbahan at kumbento ng ''Santa Maria delle Grazie''|image_shield=Leverano-Stemma.png|image_map=|region=[[Apulia]]|map_alt=|map_caption=|pushpin_label_position=left|pushpin_map_alt=|coordinates={{coord|40|17|N|18|5|E|region:IT|display=inline,title}}|coordinates_footnotes=|footnotes=}} Ang '''Leverano''' ([[Diyalektong Salentino|Salentino]]: {{Lang|scn|Liranu}}) ay isang bayan at ''[[comune]]'' (komuna o munisipalidad) sa [[lalawigan ng Lecce]] sa timog-silangan na bahagi ng [[Apulia|rehiyon ng Apulia]] sa timog-silangang [[Italya]]. Ito ay may hangganan sa mga ''comune'' ng [[Arnesano]], [[Carmiano]], [[Copertino]], [[Nardò]], at [[Veglie]]. Ito ay matatagpuan sa rehiyon ng [[Terra d'Arneo]], sa isang halos patag na lugar sa looban ng peninsula ng Salento. Ang ekonomiya nito ay pangunahing nakabatay sa agrikultura at hortikultura. == Heograpiyang pisikal == === Teritoryo === Ang munisipalidad ng Leverano, na matatagpuan sa hilagang-kanlurang bahagi ng [[Kapatagan ng Salento]], ay sumasaklaw sa isang lawak na 48.77 km². == Kasaysayan == Ayon sa bantog na historyador ng Leverano na si [[Geronimo Marciano]] (1571-1628), ang toponimo na Leverano ay nagmula sa Liberanium, isang terminong umunlad na naging ''Liberano'', pagkatapos ay ''Leveranum'', at sa huli ay ''Leverano''. Sa [[Wikang Griyego|Griyego]], ang ibig sabihin nito ay "latian," isang malubog na lugar, at tumutukoy sa malubog na kondisyon ng lugar bago ang reklamasyon ng lupa noong panahon ng mga Pasista. Itinuturing ito ng ibang mga ipotesis bilang isang Romanong praedial (''Liberianum''), batay sa pangalang ''Liberius''. Sa ''Rationes Decimarum'' noong 1324, binanggit ito sa ilalim ng pangalang ''Livoranum''. == Kultura == === Paaralan === Mayroong apat na paaralang nursery, apat na paaralang primarya, at dalawang paaralang paaralang panggitna na matatagpuan sa Leverano. == Kakambal na bayan == * {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Sfakiotes]], [[Gresya]] * [[Guillena]], [[Espanya]] ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == * [http://www.comune.leverano.le.it/ Opisyal na website] {{Lalawigan ng Lecce}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Apulia]] 6a5g4deszwq4uy3nagkbke3cg9kg9t8 2237848 2237834 2026-10-29T07:11:17Z Ryomaandres 8044 2237848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Commune Italya|name=Leverano|elevation_min_m=|mayor=Marcello Rolli|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=49.5|population_footnotes=<ref>Population from [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]</ref>|population_demonym=Leveranesi|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_max_m=|frazioni=|elevation_m=37|saint=[[San Roque]]|day=Agosto 16|postal_code=73045|area_code=0832|website={{official website|http://www.comune.leverano.le.it/}}|mayor_party=|province={{ProvinciaIT (short form)|sigla=LE}} (LE)|official_name=Comune di Leverano|shield_alt=Coat of arms|native_name=|image_skyline=Leverano (LE) - Convento S.Maria.JPG|imagesize=|image_alt=|image_caption=Simbahan at kumbento ng ''Santa Maria delle Grazie''|image_shield=Leverano-Stemma.png|image_map=|region=[[Apulia]]|map_alt=|map_caption=|pushpin_label_position=left|pushpin_map_alt=|coordinates={{coord|40|17|N|18|5|E|region:IT|display=inline,title}}|coordinates_footnotes=|footnotes=}} Ang '''Leverano''' ([[Diyalektong Salentino|Salentino]]: {{Lang|scn|Liranu}}) ay isang bayan at ''[[comune]]'' (komuna o munisipalidad) sa [[lalawigan ng Lecce]] sa timog-silangan na bahagi ng [[Apulia|rehiyon ng Apulia]] sa timog-silangang [[Italya]]. Ito ay may hangganan sa mga ''comune'' ng [[Arnesano]], [[Carmiano]], [[Copertino]], [[Nardò]], at [[Veglie]]. Ito ay matatagpuan sa rehiyon ng [[Terra d'Arneo]], sa isang halos patag na lugar sa looban ng peninsula ng Salento. Ang ekonomiya nito ay pangunahing nakabatay sa agrikultura at hortikultura. == Heograpiyang pisikal == === Teritoryo === Ang munisipalidad ng Leverano, na matatagpuan sa hilagang-kanlurang bahagi ng [[Kapatagan ng Salento]], ay sumasaklaw sa isang lawak na 48.77 km². == Kasaysayan == Ayon sa bantog na historyador ng Leverano na si [[Geronimo Marciano]] (1571-1628), ang toponimo na Leverano ay nagmula sa Liberanium, isang terminong umunlad na naging ''Liberano'', pagkatapos ay ''Leveranum'', at sa huli ay ''Leverano''. Sa [[Wikang Griyego|Griyego]], ang ibig sabihin nito ay "latian," isang malubog na lugar, at tumutukoy sa malubog na kondisyon ng lugar bago ang reklamasyon ng lupa noong panahon ng mga Pasista. Itinuturing ito ng ibang mga ipotesis bilang isang Romanong praedial (''Liberianum''), batay sa pangalang ''Liberius''. Sa ''Rationes Decimarum'' noong 1324, binanggit ito sa ilalim ng pangalang ''Livoranum''. Ayon kay Marciano, ang bayan ay lumitaw bilang isang kampo ng mga lumikas para sa mga nayon ng Sant'Angelo at Torricella, na winasak ni Totila, hari ng mga [[Godo]], noong 540 AD. Ang maliit na pamayanan ay sinalakay at winasak ng mga [[Saraseno]] noong ika-9 na siglo ngunit kalaunan ay itinayo at pinalakas ng mga Normando, na nagtayo ng isang maliit na toreng kahoy. Noong 1220, itinayo ito ni Federico II gamit ang bato. Ang 28-metrong taas na kuwadradong tore ay nakaharap sa mga kardinal na direksiyon at nilagyan ng mga almena. Noong ika-13 siglo, ang Leverano ay naging bahagi ng Kondado ng Copertino, kasama ang mga teritoryo ng [[Galatone]] at [[Veglie]]. Noong ika-14 na siglo, ito ay naging isang peyudo ng mga pamilyang Bilotta at De Bugiaco. Noong ika-15 siglo, ang nayon ay pinatibay ng mga pader na itinayo ng piyudal na panginoong si Tristano di Chiaromonte, Konde ng Copertino, na ginawang isang bahay-bukid ang nawasak na tore. Kalaunan ay napunta ito sa Orsini del Balzo, kay Federico d'Aragona, sa Castriota Granai, sa Francina Villant, sa del Tufo, sa Pinelli, at sa huli ay sa Pignatelli di Belmonte na nanatiling mga piyudal na panginoon hanggang 1806, ang taon kung kailan binuwag ni [[Joseph Bonaparte]] ang piyudalismo. == Kultura == === Paaralan === Mayroong apat na paaralang nursery, apat na paaralang primarya, at dalawang paaralang paaralang panggitna na matatagpuan sa Leverano. == Kakambal na bayan == * {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Sfakiotes]], [[Gresya]] * [[Guillena]], [[Espanya]] ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == * [http://www.comune.leverano.le.it/ Opisyal na website] {{Lalawigan ng Lecce}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Apulia]] gr2dlsaxmr53csyxtrdlpa5muk4eyca 2237849 2237848 2026-10-29T07:14:09Z Ryomaandres 8044 2237849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Commune Italya|name=Leverano|elevation_min_m=|mayor=Marcello Rolli|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=49.5|population_footnotes=<ref>Population from [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]</ref>|population_demonym=Leveranesi|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_max_m=|frazioni=|elevation_m=37|saint=[[San Roque]]|day=Agosto 16|postal_code=73045|area_code=0832|website={{official website|http://www.comune.leverano.le.it/}}|mayor_party=|province={{ProvinciaIT (short form)|sigla=LE}} (LE)|official_name=Comune di Leverano|shield_alt=Coat of arms|native_name=|image_skyline=Leverano (LE) - Convento S.Maria.JPG|imagesize=|image_alt=|image_caption=Simbahan at kumbento ng ''Santa Maria delle Grazie''|image_shield=Leverano-Stemma.png|image_map=|region=[[Apulia]]|map_alt=|map_caption=|pushpin_label_position=left|pushpin_map_alt=|coordinates={{coord|40|17|N|18|5|E|region:IT|display=inline,title}}|coordinates_footnotes=|footnotes=}} Ang '''Leverano''' ([[Diyalektong Salentino|Salentino]]: {{Lang|scn|Liranu}}) ay isang bayan at ''[[comune]]'' (komuna o munisipalidad) sa [[lalawigan ng Lecce]] sa timog-silangan na bahagi ng [[Apulia|rehiyon ng Apulia]] sa timog-silangang [[Italya]]. Ito ay may hangganan sa mga ''comune'' ng [[Arnesano]], [[Carmiano]], [[Copertino]], [[Nardò]], at [[Veglie]]. Ito ay matatagpuan sa rehiyon ng [[Terra d'Arneo]], sa isang halos patag na lugar sa looban ng peninsula ng Salento. Ang ekonomiya nito ay pangunahing nakabatay sa agrikultura at hortikultura. == Heograpiyang pisikal == === Teritoryo === Ang munisipalidad ng Leverano, na matatagpuan sa hilagang-kanlurang bahagi ng [[Kapatagan ng Salento]], ay sumasaklaw sa isang lawak na 48.77 km². == Kasaysayan == Ayon sa bantog na historyador ng Leverano na si [[Geronimo Marciano]] (1571-1628), ang toponimo na Leverano ay nagmula sa Liberanium, isang terminong umunlad na naging ''Liberano'', pagkatapos ay ''Leveranum'', at sa huli ay ''Leverano''. Sa [[Wikang Griyego|Griyego]], ang ibig sabihin nito ay "latian," isang malubog na lugar, at tumutukoy sa malubog na kondisyon ng lugar bago ang reklamasyon ng lupa noong panahon ng mga Pasista. Itinuturing ito ng ibang mga ipotesis bilang isang Romanong praedial (''Liberianum''), batay sa pangalang ''Liberius''. Sa ''Rationes Decimarum'' noong 1324, binanggit ito sa ilalim ng pangalang ''Livoranum''. Ayon kay Marciano, ang bayan ay lumitaw bilang isang kampo ng mga lumikas para sa mga nayon ng Sant'Angelo at Torricella, na winasak ni [[Totila]], hari ng mga [[Godo]], noong 540 AD. Ang maliit na pamayanan ay sinalakay at winasak ng mga [[Saraseno]] noong ika-9 na siglo ngunit kalaunan ay itinayo at pinalakas ng mga Normando, na nagtayo ng isang maliit na toreng kahoy. Noong 1220, itinayo ito ni [[Federico II, Banal na Emperador ng Roma|Federico II]] gamit ang bato. Ang 28-metrong taas na kuwadradong tore ay nakaharap sa mga kardinal na direksiyon at nilagyan ng mga almena. Noong ika-13 siglo, ang Leverano ay naging bahagi ng Kondado ng Copertino, kasama ang mga teritoryo ng [[Galatone]] at [[Veglie]]. Noong ika-14 na siglo, ito ay naging isang peyudo ng mga pamilyang Bilotta at De Bugiaco. Noong ika-15 siglo, ang nayon ay pinatibay ng mga pader na itinayo ng piyudal na panginoong si [[Tristano di Chiaromonte]], Konde ng [[Copertino]], na ginawang isang bahay-bukid ang nawasak na tore. Kalaunan ay napunta ito sa [[Orsini del Balzo]], kay [[Federico ng Napoles|Federico d'Aragona]], kay Castriota Granai, kay Francina Villant, sa del Tufo, sa Pinelli, at sa huli ay sa Pignatelli di Belmonte na nanatiling mga piyudal na panginoon hanggang 1806, ang taon kung kailan binuwag ni [[Joseph Bonaparte]] ang piyudalismo. == Kultura == === Mga paaralan === Mayroong apat na paaralang nursery, apat na paaralang primarya, at dalawang paaralang paaralang panggitna na matatagpuan sa Leverano. == Kakambal na bayan == * {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Sfakiotes]], [[Gresya]] * [[Guillena]], [[Espanya]] ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == * [http://www.comune.leverano.le.it/ Opisyal na website] {{Lalawigan ng Lecce}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Apulia]] a33d9zncxe1p9euwincshyj5lp4n888 0 122868 2237836 2229238 2026-10-29T05:29:42Z Ryomaandres 8044 /* Mga monumento at tanawin */ 2237836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Commune Italya|name=San Cesario di Lecce|elevation_max_m=|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=7|population_footnotes=<ref>Population from [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]</ref>|population_demonym=Sancesariàni|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_min_m=|elevation_m=42|mayor_party=|saint=San Cesario|day=|postal_code=73016|area_code=0832|website={{official website|http://www.comunesancesariodilecce.it/index.htm}}|footnotes=|mayor=|province={{ProvinciaIT (short form)|sigla=LE}} (LE)|official_name=Comune di San Cesario di Lecce|shield_alt=Coat of arms of San Cesario|native_name=|image_skyline=San Cesario di Lecce Palazzo Ducale.jpg|imagesize=|image_alt=|image_caption=Palasyo Dukal|image_shield=San Cesario di Lecce-Stemma.png|image_map=|region={{flag|Apulia}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|pushpin_label_position=left|pushpin_map_alt=|coordinates={{coord|40|18|N|18|10|E|region:IT|display=inline,title}}|coordinates_footnotes=|frazioni=[[Cavallino (Italia)|Cavallino]], [[Lecce]], [[Lequile]], [[San Donato di Lecce]]}} Ang '''San Cesario di Lecce''' ay isang bayan at [[komuna]] sa [[Italya|Italyanong]] [[Mga lalawigan ng Italya|lalawigan]] ng [[Lecce]] sa rehiyon ng [[Apulia]] ng timog-silangang [[Italya]]. Matatagpuan sa gitnang-timog na [[Salento]], ito ay bahagi ng mga bayan na bumubuo sa unang bilog sa paligid ng Lecce at nasa loob ng [[Lambak Cupa]], isang lugar na nailalarawan sa pamamagitan ng natural, klimatiko, at kultural na mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.comunesancesariodilecce.it/Valle_Cupa.htm|titolo=La Valle della Cupa|accesso=5 ottobre 2010|dataarchivio=3 settembre 2014|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903202100/http://www.comunesancesariodilecce.it/Valle_Cupa.htm|urlmorto=sì}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903202100/http://www.comunesancesariodilecce.it/Valle_Cupa.htm |date=2014-09-03 }}</ref> == Heograpiyang pisikal == === Teritoryo === to ay nasa hangganan ng munisipalidad ng [[Lecce]] sa hilaga, ng munisipalidad ng [[Cavallino]] sa silangan, ng munisipalidad ng [[San Donato di Lecce]] sa timog, at ng munisipalidad ng [[Lequile]] sa kanluran. == Mga monumento at tanawin == === Arkitekturang militar === [[File:Palazzo_Ducale_San_Cesario_di_Lecce.jpg|left|thumb|Palazzo Dukal]] ==== Palasyo dukal ==== Ang Palasyo Dukal ay muling itinayo noong ikalawang kalahati ng ika-17 siglo sa pundasyon ng isang kuta noong ika-16 na siglo, na may ilang bakas pa rin. Ang dalawang-palapag na istraktura ay nagtatampok ng isang masalimuot na harapan na pinalamutian ng mga nitso na naglalaman ng mga estatwa ng mitolohiya at mga busto ng mga ninuno ng mga duke ng Marulli. Ang gitnang pasukan ay binubuo ng isang malaking [[Semisirkulong arko|bilog na arko]] na portada na nasa gilid ng apat na magkapares na haligi na sumusuporta sa isang balkonaheng Baroko. Katabi ng gitna ng harapan ay ang eskudo ng Marulli, na binubuo ng isang leon na dumaraan at nasa ibabaw ng korona ng dukal at ang agila ni [[Carlos V, Banal na Emperador Romano|Carlos V]]. Ang portada ay patungo sa panloob na patyo, na nagtatampok ng isang balon ng Renaissance na may simboryo noong ika-18 siglo na sinusuportahan ng apat na maliliit na haligi. Ang sahig ng atiko ng palasyo ay naglalaman ng Museo Sibiko ng Kontemporaneong Sining, na itinatag noong 1979. == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}}{{Lalawigan ng Lecce}} [[Kategorya:Mga bayan at lungsod sa Apulia]] pznjctfzn4nknxxtup2dsadvpha9mji 0 142848 2237759 2237741 2026-10-28T14:09:08Z Shawwww 167695 Reverted 2 edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-57491-47|~2026-57491-47]] ([[User talk:~2026-57491-47|talk]]) (TwinkleGlobal) 2237759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Eri Kitamura | image = Eri Kitamura.jpg | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by the blind and visually impaired's speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | native_name = 喜多村英梨 | native_name_lang = ja | birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|08|16}} | birth_place = [[Tokyo]], Hapon | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | nationality = | other_names = | occupation = {{Flatlist| *[[Voice acting in Japan|Voice actress]] *[[singer]] }} | years_active = 2003-kasalukuyan | agent = Early Wing | known_for = | notable_works = {{Unbulleted list|''[[Puella Magi Madoka Magica]]'' bilang si Sayaka Miki|[[Toradora!]] bilang si Ami Kawashima|[[Angel Beats]] bilang Yui|[[Fairy Tail]] bilang Cana Alberona at Aquarius|[[Highschool of the Dead]] Bilang si Saya Takagi|[[Monogatari series]] bilang si Karen Araragi}} | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed= yes | background = solo_singer | origin = | genre = {{Flatlist| *[[Music of Japan#Rock|J-rock]], [[symphonic rock]] *[[symphonic metal]] *[[pop rock]] (early) }} | instrument = [[Singing|Vocals]] | years_active = 2004-kasalukuyan | label = TMS Music | associated_acts = [[Asami Imai|Artery Vein (Asami Imai)]] }} }} Si ''' Eri Kitamura ''' ay isang mang-aawit at voice actress mula sa bansang [[Hapon]], Sino ang kaanib sa Early Wing. Ipinaganak siya sa Tokyo noong ika-16&nbsp;ng Agosto 1987. ==Filmograpiya== '''2003''' *''[[Last Exile]]'' – Tatiana Wisla '''2004''' *''[[Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch Pure]]'' – Seira '''2005''' *''[[Blood+]]'' (<!--8 Oct -->2005, <abbr>TV</abbr>) – Saya Otonashi<ref name="Newtype USA 5 12 54"/> '''2006''' *''[[Le Chevalier D'Eon]]'' (<!--19 Aug -->2006, <abbr>TV</abbr>) – Anna Rochefort<ref>{{Cite web |author=Doi, Hitoshi |authorlink=Hitoshi Doi |url=http://www.usagi.org/doi/seiyuu/kitamura-eri/roles-anime.html |title=Kitamura Eri roles (anime) |work=Seiyuu Database |accessdate=2016-02-17 }}</ref> *''[[Night Head Genesis]]'' – Yoshimi Taniguchi *''[[Simoun (anime)|Simoun]]'' – Amuria '''2007''' *''[[Idolmaster: Xenoglossia]]'' – Makoto Kikuchi *''[[Battle Vixens|Ikki Tousen: Dragon Destiny]]'' – Kakouen Myousai *''[[Hell Girl|Jigoku Shōjo: Futakomori]]'' – Juri Moriuchi *''[[Kaze no Stigma]]'' – Michael Harley *''[[Kodomo no Jikan]]'' – Rin Kokonoe *''[[Minami-ke]]'' – Yuka Uchida *''[[Potemayo]]'' – Sunao Moriyama *''[[My Bride Is a Mermaid]]'' – Akeno Shiranui *''[[Tōka Gettan]]'' – Makoto Inukai *''[[Toward the Terra]]'' – Tony (young) *''[[You're Under Arrest! (manga)|You're Under Arrest!]]'' – Yukari '''2008''' *''[[Amatsuki]]'' – Yakou *''[[Blassreiter]]'' – Lene Clavier *''[[Chaos;Head (anime)|Chaos;Head]]'' – Rimi Sakihata *''[[Ga-rei|Ga-rei -Zero-]]'' – Natsuki Kasuga *''[[Battle Vixens|Ikki Tousen: Great Guardians]]'' – Kakouen Myousai *''[[Hell Girl|Jigoku Shōjo: Mitsuganae]]'' – Nishino Chizuru *''[[Junjo Romantica: Pure Romance]]'' – Kamijo Hiroki (young) *''[[Kemeko Deluxe!]]'' – Sanpeita Kobayashi *''[[Kyōran Kazoku Nikki]]'' – Akeru Nishikura *''[[Minami-ke|Minami-ke: Okawari]]'' – Yuka Uchida *''[[Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu]]'' – Ryōko Sawamura *''[[Noramimi]]'' – Cinnamon *''[[Persona: Trinity Soul]]'' – Takurō Sakakiba's father *''[[Shigofumi: Letters from the Departed]]'' – Ran Yahiro *''[[Toradora!]]'' – Ami Kawashima *''[[Vampire Knight]]'' – Rima Tōya *''[[Vampire Knight Guilty]]'' – Rima Tōya *''[[Yatterman|Yatterman (2008)]]'' – Horita '''2009''' *''[[Asura Cryin']]'' – Rikka Kurasawa *''[[Asura Cryin'|Asura Cryin' 2]]'' – Rikka Kurasawa *''[[Bakemonogatari]]'' – Karen Araragi<ref name="castmonogatari">{{cite web|url=http://www.bakemonogatari.com/staff/|script-title=Hapones:スタッフ・キャスト|trans-title=Staff & cast|publisher=bakemonogatari.com|language=Hapones|accessdate=Pebrero 15, 2013}}</ref> *''[[Fairy Tail]]'' – Cana Alberona, Aquarius, Gray Fullbuster (child) *''[[Fresh Pretty Cure!]]'' – Miki Aono/Cure Berry *''[[Kanamemo]]'' – Hinata Azuma *''[[Black God (manga)|Kurokami: The Animation]]'' – Kakuma *''[[Minami-ke|Minami-ke: Okaeri]]'' – Yuka Uchida *''[[Needless|NEEDLESS]]'' – Eve Neuschwanstein *''[[Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu|Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu: Purezza]]'' – Ryōko Sawamura *''[[Sora Kake Girl]]'' – Lily *''[[Umineko no Naku Koro ni]]'' – Chiester 410 *''[[Taishō Baseball Girls]]'' – Shizuka Tsukubae *''[[Tegami Bachi]]'' – Ann *''[[Tokyo Magnitude 8.0]]'' – Mayu *''[[Yumeiro Patissiere]]'' – Mari Tennōji, Honey '''2010''' *''[[Angel Beats!]]'' – Yui *''[[Dance in the Vampire Bund]]'' – Nelly *''[[Durarara!!]]'' – Mairu Orihara *''[[Highschool of the Dead]]'' – Saya Takagi *''[[Kuragehime]]'' – Sara *''[[Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan|Nurarihyon no Mago]]'' – Gyuki (7-year-old) *''[[Queen's Blade|Queen's Blade: The Exiled Virgin]]'' – Alleyne *''[[Queen's Blade|Queen's Blade 2: The Evil Eye]]'' – Alleyne *''[[Sound of the Sky|So Ra No Wo To]]'' – Kureha Suminoya *''[[Shiki (novel series)|Shiki]]'' – Yoshie Kurahashi *''[[Tatakau Shisho: The Book of Bantorra]]'' – Hamyuts Meseta (young) *''[[Working!!]]'' – Yachiyo Todoroki *''[[Yumeiro Patissiere|Yumeiro Patissiere SP Professional]]'' – Mari Tennōji, Honey '''2011''' *''[[30-sai no Hoken Taiiku]]'' – Pī-chan, Kū-chan *''[[Ao no Exorcist]]'' – Izumo Kamiki *''[[Beyblade Metal Masters]]'' – Sophie *''[[C³]]'' – Kirika Ueno *''[[Freezing (manga)|Freezing]]'' – Ganessa Roland *''[[Mayo Chiki!]]'' – Kanade Suzutsuki *''[[Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan|Nurarihyon no Mago: Sennen Makyo]]'' – Rikuo Nura (child) *''[[Oniichan no Koto Nanka Zenzen Suki Janain Dakara ne!!]]'' – Nao Takanashi *''[[Puella Magi Madoka Magica]]'' – Sayaka Miki *''[[Softenni]]'' – Kotone Sawanatsu *''[[Last Exile|Last Exile: Fam, The Silver Wing]]'' – Tatiana Wisla *''[[Rio: Rainbow Gate!]]'' – Misery *''[[Sket Dance]]'' – Quecchon *''[[Working!!|Working'!!]]'' – Yachiyo Todoroki '''2012''' *''[[Black Rock Shooter]]'' – Kagari Izuriha *''[[Campione!]]'' – Liliana Kranjčar *''[[Danball Senki W]]'' – Jessica Kaios *''[[Dog Days|Dog Days']]'' – Adélaïde Grand Marnier *''[[Girls und Panzer]]'' – Darjeeling, Tsuchiya *''[[Haiyore! Nyaruko-san]]'' – Mahiro Yasaka<ref name="nyaruref">{{cite web|url=http://nyaruko.com/cast/|title=CAST & STAFF|language=Hapones|accessdate=Pebrero 15, 2013}}</ref> *''[[Bakemonogatari|Nekomonogatari (Kuro)]]'' – Karen Araragi<ref name="castmonogatari" /> *''[[Nisemonogatari]]'' – Karen Araragi<ref name="castmonogatari" /> *''[[Oniichan dakedo Ai sae Areba Kankeinai yo ne!]]'' – Arashi Nikaidō *''[[Listen to Me, Girls. I Am Your Father!]]'' – Miu Takanashi *''[[List of Pokémon: Black & White: Rival Destinies episodes|Pocket Monsters: Best Wishes!]]'' – Roxie *''[[Tasogare Otome x Amnesia]]'' – Kirie Kanoe '''2013''' *''[[Gen'ei o Kakeru Taiyō]]'' – Seira Hoshikawa *''[[Haiyore! Nyaruko-san|Haiyore! Nyaruko-san W]]'' – Mahiro Yasaka<ref name="nyaruref" /> *''[[Sunday Without God]]'' – Dee Ensy Stratmitos<ref name="ANN1">{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-06-17/kamisama-no-inai-nichiyobi-fantasy-anime-2nd-promo-streamed|title=''Kamisama no Inai Nichiyōbi'' Fantasy Anime's 2nd Promo Streamed|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=Hunyo 17, 2013|accessdate=Hunyo 17, 2013}}</ref> *''[[Karneval (manga)|Karneval]]'' – Kiichi *''[[Mangirl!]]'' – Hikari Ayano *''[[Minami-ke|Minami-ke: Tadaima]]'' – Yuka Uchida *''[[Bakemonogatari|Monogatari Series 2nd Season]]'' – Karen Araragi<ref name="castmonogatari" /> *''[[Senran Kagura]]'' – Homura *''[[Teekyu|Teekyu 3]]'' – Annenkov Kondo *''[[Zettai Bōei Leviathan]]'' – Bahamut<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2013-03-03/gonzo-makes-leviathan-moe-fantasy-mobile-game-tv-anime|title= Gonzo Makes Leviathan Moe Fantasy Mobile Game's TV Anime|date=Marso 3, 2013|accessdate=Marso 4, 2013|publisher= [[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> *''[[Tokyo Ravens]]'' – Kyōko Kurahashi '''2014''' *''[[Knights of Sidonia]]'' – Honoka Sisters *''[[Hamatora]]'' – Honey *''[[Fairy Tail]]'' – Cana Alberona *''[[Broken Blade]]'' – Leto *''[[Hōzuki no Reitetsu]]'' – Okō *''[[Re: Hamatora]]'' – Honey *''[[Cross Ange]]'' – Salia Tereshkova *''[[Tokyo ESP]]'' – Natsuki Kasuga *''[[Shingeki no Bahamut Genesis]]'' – Cerberus *''[[Magic Kaito 1412]]'' – Koizumi Akako '''2015''' *''[[Aoharu x Machinegun]]'' – Ichi Akabane *''[[Durarara!!|Durarara!!x2 Shou]]'' – Mairu Orihara *''[[Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha ViVid]]'' – Rio Wezley *''[[Teekyu|Teekyu 6]]'' – Annenkov Kondo *''[[Working!!|Working!!!]]'' – Yachiyo Todoroki *''[[Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches]]'' – Nene Odagiri *''[[Yoru no Yatterman]]'' (<!--January -->2015, <abbr>TV</abbr><!--implied in source-->) – Doronjo<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-11-28/yoru-no-yatterman-casts-eri-kitamura-hiroaki-hirata-kenta-miyake/.81536 |title=Yoru no Yatterman Casts Eri Kitamura, Hiroaki Hirata, Kenta Miyake |work=Anime News Network |date=Nobyembre 28, 2014 |accessdate=2016-02-17 }}</ref> '''2016''' *''[[My Hero Academia]]'' - Mina Ashido *''[[Kuma Miko: Girl Meets Bear]]'' - Hibiki Sakata *''[[Ojisan to Marshmallow]]'' - Iori Wakabayashi *''[[Taboo Tattoo]]'' - Lisa Lovelock *''[[Rewrite (visual novel)|Rewrite]]'' - Akane Senri *''[[New Game!]]'' - Shizuku Hazuki '''2017''' *''[[Cardfight!! Vanguard|Cardfight!! Vanguard G NEXT]]'' - Noa Hoshizaki ===OVA=== *''[[Aruvu Rezuru: Kikaijikake no Yōseitachi]]'' – Shiki Mikage *''[[Durarara!!]]'' – Mairu Orihara *''[[Fairy Tail|Fairy Tail: Welcome to Fairy Hills!!]]'' – Cana Alberona, Aquarius *''[[ICE (anime)]]'' – Mint *''[[Indian Summer (manga)|Indian Summer]]'' (<!--14 Oct -->2007, <abbr>OVA</abbr>) – Yui<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ross, Carlos |url=http://www.themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=1353 |title=Indian Summer |work=THEM Anime Reviews |date=Pebrero 15, 2012<!-- |date_rem=Found at http://www.themanime.org/viewnews.php?m=2&y=2012--> |accessdate=2016-02-17 |archive-date=2014-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704130517/http://themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=1353 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *''[[My-Otome|My-Otome 0~S.ifr~]]'' – Sister Hermana Shion *''[[Princess Resurrection]]'' – Riza Wildman *''[[Super Street Fighter IV]]'' OVA – Juri Han *''[[Corpse Party|Corpse Party: Missing Footage]]'' – Yuka Mochida <ref name=cp>{{cite web|title=Characters|url=http://corpse.jp/character/|website=Corpse Party Official Website|publisher=[[5pb.]]|accessdate=January 24, 2016|language=Hapones|archive-date=March 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301121945/http://corpse.jp/character/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''[[Corpse Party: Tortured Souls]]'' – Yuka Mochida<ref name=cp/> *''[[Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches]]'' (<!--Dec -->2014, <abbr>OVA</abbr>) – Nene Odagiri<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-09-13/eri-kitamura-daisuke-ono-join-yamada-kun-to-7-nin-no-majo-cast/.78734 |title=Eri Kitamura, Daisuke Ono Join Yamada-kun to 7-nin no Majo Cast |work=Anime News Network |date=Setyembre 13, 2014 |accessdate=2016-02-17 }}</ref> ===Pelikula=== *''[[Fresh Pretty Cure|Fresh Pretty Cure: The Toy Kingdom has Many Secrets!?]]'' (2009) – Miki Aono/Cure Berry *''[[Pretty Cure All Stars]]'' film series (2009–2016) – Miki Aono/Cure Berry *''[[Broken Blade|Break Blade]]'' film series (2010–2011) – Leto *''[[Blue Exorcist|Ao no Exorcist the Movie]]'' (2012) – Izumo Kamiki *''[[Fairy Tail the Movie: Phoenix Priestess]]'' (2012) – Cana Alberona, Aquarius *''[[Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie]]'' film trilogy (2012–2013) – Sayaka Miki ** ''Puella Magi Madoka Magica: Rebellion'' (<!--26 Oct -->2013, third film) – Sayaka<ref>{{Cite web |author=Berkshire, Geoff |url=http://variety.com/2013/film/news/puella-magi-madoka-magica-the-movie-rebellion-review-1200922803/ |title=Film Review: &#8216;Puella Magi Madoka Magica the Movie — Rebellion&#8217; |work=Variety |date=Disyembre 3, 2013 |accessdate=2016-02-17 }}</ref> ===Panlarong Bidyo=== *''[[Ar tonelico III]]'' – Finnel *''[[Atelier Rorona: The Alchemist of Arland]]'' – Cordelia von Feuerbach *''[[Atelier Totori: The Adventurer of Arland]]'' – Cordelia von Feuerbach *''[[Chaos;Head]]'' – Rimi Sakihata *''[[Chaos;Head Love Chu Chu!]]'' – Rimi Sakihata *''[[Corpse Party|Corpse Party: BloodCovered: ...Repeated Fear]]'' – Yuka Mochida<ref name=cp/> *''[[Corpse Party|Corpse Party: Book of Shadows]]'' – Yuka Mochida<ref name=cp/> *''[[Corpse Party|Corpse Party: BloodDrive]]'' – Yuka Mochida<ref name=cp/> *''[[Corpse Party|Corpse Party: Sachiko's Game of Love ♥ Hysteric Birthday 2U]]'' – Yuka Mochida<ref name=cp/> *''[[Dengeki Gakuen RPG: Cross of Venus]]'' – Kizuna Kasugai *''[[Disgaea 4: A Promise Unforgotten]]'' – Vulcanus *''[[Do-Don-Pachi Saidaioujou]]'' – Type-B Hikari *''[[Dream Club]]'' – Mio *''[[Final Fantasy XIV]]'' – Papalymo *''[[Heroes Phantasia]]'' – Saya Otonashi *''[[Hyperdimension Neptunia Mk2]]'' – Uni *''[[Hyperdimension Neptunia Victory]]'' – Uni *''[[Touhou Project#Reception and fanworks|Koumajou Densetsu II: Stranger's Requiem]]'' – Remilia Scarlet, Sunny Milk *''[[Lollipop Chainsaw]]'' – Juliet Starling; as default setting in Xbox 360 *''[[Luminous Arc|Luminous Arc 3]]'' – Yuu *''[[Lux-Pain]]'' – Nöla Döbereiner *''[[Misshitsu no Sacrifice]]'' – Asuna *''[[No More Heroes (video game)|No More Heroes: Heroes' Paradise]]'' – Shinobu *''Negai no Kakera to Hakugin no Agreement'' – Aizawa Makoto *''New Class of Heroes: Chrono Academy'' – Abner *''[[Phantasy Star Online 2]]'' – Kuna *''[[Project X Zone]]'' – [[Juri (Street Fighter)|Juri Han]] *''[[Project X Zone 2]]'' – Juri Han *''[[Puella Magi Madoka Magica|Puella Magi Madoka Magica Portable]]'' – Sayaka Miki *''[[Rewrite (visual novel)|Rewrite]]'' – Akane Senri *''[[Rune Factory 3]]'' – Chocolat *''[[Senran Kagura Burst]]'' (2011) – Homura *''[[Senran Kagura SHINOVI VERSUS]]'' (2013) – Homura *''[[Senran Kagura 2 Deep Crimson]]'' (2014) – Homura *''[[Senran Kagura ESTIVAL VERSUS]]'' (2015) – Homura *''[[Shinkyoku Soukai Polyphonica]]'' – Snow Drop *''[[Show By Rock!!]]'' - Retoree *''[[Street Fighter X Tekken]]'' – Juri Han *''[[Super Heroine Chronicle]]'' (2014) – Yase<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-10-31/super-heroine-chronicle-1st-promo-video-shows-new-cast|title=Super Heroine Chronicle's 1st Promo Video Shows New Cast|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=Oktubre 31, 2013|accessdate=Abril 30, 2015}}</ref> *''[[Street Fighter]]'' series – Juri Han *''[[Tatsunoko vs. Capcom: Ultimate All Stars|Tatsunoko vs. Capcom: Cross Generation of Heroes/Ultimate All Stars]]'' – Gan-chan aka Yatterman No. 1 *''[[Tales of Phantasia: Narikiri Dungeon X]]'' – Rondoline E. Effenberg *''[[Toki to Towa]]'' – Towa *''[[Tokyo Babel]]'' – Samuel *''[[Toradora!|Toradora! Portable]]'' – Ami Kawashima *''[[Valkyria Chronicles II]]'' – Cosette Coalhearth ===Drama CD=== * ''[[Karneval (manga)|Karneval]]'' (xxxx) – Kiichi * ''[[Oresama Teacher]]'' (xxxx) – Mafuyu Kurosaki * ''[[Ys II]]'' (2010) – Lilia ===Tokusatsu=== * ''Ultraman Dyna'' (1997–1998) – Ryo Yumimura (girlhood){{efn|Credited under name {{nihongo|'''Eri Okamura'''|岡村 英梨|Okamura Eri}}}}<ref>{{Cite episode |title={{Nihongo|The Power of Thinking of You|君を想う力|Kimi o Omou Chikara}} |date=1997-07-25 |series=Ultraman Dyna episode 46|network=[[Tokyo Broadcasting System]] |language=Hapones}}</ref> (ep. 46) * ''[[Uchu Sentai Kyuranger]]'' (2017–) – [[Octopus|Mardakko]] (Voice) (ep. 6-) ===Palit Boses=== *''[[Dear Eleanor]]'' – Max the Wax ([[Isabelle Fuhrman]]) ==Diskograpiya== ===Mga Single=== * "Before the Moment" - 21 Abril, 2004 * {{nihongo|"Tsuyogari"|つよがり}} - 8 Agosto, 2004 * "Realize" - 23 Hulyo, 2008 * "Guilty Future" - 21 Enero, 2009 * "Be Starters!" - 10 Agosto, 2011 * {{nihongo|"Shirushi"|紋|}} - 9 Nobyembre, 2011 * "Happy Girl" - 8 Pebrero, 2012 * "Destiny" - 7 Nobyembre, 2012 * "Miracle Gliders" - 9 Enero, 2013 * "Birth" - 7 Agosto, 2013<ref name=nat1>{{cite web|url=http://natalie.mu/music/news/92634|title=喜多村英梨、新曲はアニメ「神様のいない日曜日」OP曲|language=Hapones|publisher=Natalie.mu|date=Hunyo 12, 2013|accessdate=Hunyo 17, 2013|archive-date=Hunyo 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612223428/https://natalie.mu/music/news/92634|url-status=dead}}</ref> * "Tenohira -Show- (掌-show-)" - 14 Mayo, 2014 * "Rinrei (凛麗)" - 29 Oktubre, 2014 ===Mga Album=== * "Re;Story" - 25 Hulyo, 2012 * "Shomei" (証×明) - 9 Abril, 2014 * "Revolution" 【re:i】- 22 Marso, 2017 ==Mga tala== {{Notelist}} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="Newtype USA 5 12 54">{{Cite news |title=Blood+ |work=Newtype USA |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages=54–55 |date=Disyembre 2006 |issn=1541-4817 }}</ref> }} [[Kategorya:Ipinanganak noong 1987]] [[Kategorya:Mga mang-aawit mula sa Hapon]] {{stub}} r8787ioqzohufhsr4stozg2tbyodz8v 2237853 2237759 2026-10-29T10:04:14Z NDG 153598 Protected "[[Eri Kitamura]]": Persistent vandalism ([[m:GS|global sysop]] action) ([Magbago=Iharang ang mga hindi nakarehistrong mga tagagamit] (magtatapos sa 10:04, 12 Nobyembre 2026 (UTC)) [Ilipat=Iharang ang mga hindi nakarehistrong mga tagagamit] (magtatapos sa 10:04, 12 Nobyembre 2026 (UTC))) 2237759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Eri Kitamura | image = Eri Kitamura.jpg | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by the blind and visually impaired's speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | native_name = 喜多村英梨 | native_name_lang = ja | birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|08|16}} | birth_place = [[Tokyo]], Hapon | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | nationality = | other_names = | occupation = {{Flatlist| *[[Voice acting in Japan|Voice actress]] *[[singer]] }} | years_active = 2003-kasalukuyan | agent = Early Wing | known_for = | notable_works = {{Unbulleted list|''[[Puella Magi Madoka Magica]]'' bilang si Sayaka Miki|[[Toradora!]] bilang si Ami Kawashima|[[Angel Beats]] bilang Yui|[[Fairy Tail]] bilang Cana Alberona at Aquarius|[[Highschool of the Dead]] Bilang si Saya Takagi|[[Monogatari series]] bilang si Karen Araragi}} | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed= yes | background = solo_singer | origin = | genre = {{Flatlist| *[[Music of Japan#Rock|J-rock]], [[symphonic rock]] *[[symphonic metal]] *[[pop rock]] (early) }} | instrument = [[Singing|Vocals]] | years_active = 2004-kasalukuyan | label = TMS Music | associated_acts = [[Asami Imai|Artery Vein (Asami Imai)]] }} }} Si ''' Eri Kitamura ''' ay isang mang-aawit at voice actress mula sa bansang [[Hapon]], Sino ang kaanib sa Early Wing. Ipinaganak siya sa Tokyo noong ika-16&nbsp;ng Agosto 1987. ==Filmograpiya== '''2003''' *''[[Last Exile]]'' – Tatiana Wisla '''2004''' *''[[Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch Pure]]'' – Seira '''2005''' *''[[Blood+]]'' (<!--8 Oct -->2005, <abbr>TV</abbr>) – Saya Otonashi<ref name="Newtype USA 5 12 54"/> '''2006''' *''[[Le Chevalier D'Eon]]'' (<!--19 Aug -->2006, <abbr>TV</abbr>) – Anna Rochefort<ref>{{Cite web |author=Doi, Hitoshi |authorlink=Hitoshi Doi |url=http://www.usagi.org/doi/seiyuu/kitamura-eri/roles-anime.html |title=Kitamura Eri roles (anime) |work=Seiyuu Database |accessdate=2016-02-17 }}</ref> *''[[Night Head Genesis]]'' – Yoshimi Taniguchi *''[[Simoun (anime)|Simoun]]'' – Amuria '''2007''' *''[[Idolmaster: Xenoglossia]]'' – Makoto Kikuchi *''[[Battle Vixens|Ikki Tousen: Dragon Destiny]]'' – Kakouen Myousai *''[[Hell Girl|Jigoku Shōjo: Futakomori]]'' – Juri Moriuchi *''[[Kaze no Stigma]]'' – Michael Harley *''[[Kodomo no Jikan]]'' – Rin Kokonoe *''[[Minami-ke]]'' – Yuka Uchida *''[[Potemayo]]'' – Sunao Moriyama *''[[My Bride Is a Mermaid]]'' – Akeno Shiranui *''[[Tōka Gettan]]'' – Makoto Inukai *''[[Toward the Terra]]'' – Tony (young) *''[[You're Under Arrest! (manga)|You're Under Arrest!]]'' – Yukari '''2008''' *''[[Amatsuki]]'' – Yakou *''[[Blassreiter]]'' – Lene Clavier *''[[Chaos;Head (anime)|Chaos;Head]]'' – Rimi Sakihata *''[[Ga-rei|Ga-rei -Zero-]]'' – Natsuki Kasuga *''[[Battle Vixens|Ikki Tousen: Great Guardians]]'' – Kakouen Myousai *''[[Hell Girl|Jigoku Shōjo: Mitsuganae]]'' – Nishino Chizuru *''[[Junjo Romantica: Pure Romance]]'' – Kamijo Hiroki (young) *''[[Kemeko Deluxe!]]'' – Sanpeita Kobayashi *''[[Kyōran Kazoku Nikki]]'' – Akeru Nishikura *''[[Minami-ke|Minami-ke: Okawari]]'' – Yuka Uchida *''[[Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu]]'' – Ryōko Sawamura *''[[Noramimi]]'' – Cinnamon *''[[Persona: Trinity Soul]]'' – Takurō Sakakiba's father *''[[Shigofumi: Letters from the Departed]]'' – Ran Yahiro *''[[Toradora!]]'' – Ami Kawashima *''[[Vampire Knight]]'' – Rima Tōya *''[[Vampire Knight Guilty]]'' – Rima Tōya *''[[Yatterman|Yatterman (2008)]]'' – Horita '''2009''' *''[[Asura Cryin']]'' – Rikka Kurasawa *''[[Asura Cryin'|Asura Cryin' 2]]'' – Rikka Kurasawa *''[[Bakemonogatari]]'' – Karen Araragi<ref name="castmonogatari">{{cite web|url=http://www.bakemonogatari.com/staff/|script-title=Hapones:スタッフ・キャスト|trans-title=Staff & cast|publisher=bakemonogatari.com|language=Hapones|accessdate=Pebrero 15, 2013}}</ref> *''[[Fairy Tail]]'' – Cana Alberona, Aquarius, Gray Fullbuster (child) *''[[Fresh Pretty Cure!]]'' – Miki Aono/Cure Berry *''[[Kanamemo]]'' – Hinata Azuma *''[[Black God (manga)|Kurokami: The Animation]]'' – Kakuma *''[[Minami-ke|Minami-ke: Okaeri]]'' – Yuka Uchida *''[[Needless|NEEDLESS]]'' – Eve Neuschwanstein *''[[Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu|Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu: Purezza]]'' – Ryōko Sawamura *''[[Sora Kake Girl]]'' – Lily *''[[Umineko no Naku Koro ni]]'' – Chiester 410 *''[[Taishō Baseball Girls]]'' – Shizuka Tsukubae *''[[Tegami Bachi]]'' – Ann *''[[Tokyo Magnitude 8.0]]'' – Mayu *''[[Yumeiro Patissiere]]'' – Mari Tennōji, Honey '''2010''' *''[[Angel Beats!]]'' – Yui *''[[Dance in the Vampire Bund]]'' – Nelly *''[[Durarara!!]]'' – Mairu Orihara *''[[Highschool of the Dead]]'' – Saya Takagi *''[[Kuragehime]]'' – Sara *''[[Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan|Nurarihyon no Mago]]'' – Gyuki (7-year-old) *''[[Queen's Blade|Queen's Blade: The Exiled Virgin]]'' – Alleyne *''[[Queen's Blade|Queen's Blade 2: The Evil Eye]]'' – Alleyne *''[[Sound of the Sky|So Ra No Wo To]]'' – Kureha Suminoya *''[[Shiki (novel series)|Shiki]]'' – Yoshie Kurahashi *''[[Tatakau Shisho: The Book of Bantorra]]'' – Hamyuts Meseta (young) *''[[Working!!]]'' – Yachiyo Todoroki *''[[Yumeiro Patissiere|Yumeiro Patissiere SP Professional]]'' – Mari Tennōji, Honey '''2011''' *''[[30-sai no Hoken Taiiku]]'' – Pī-chan, Kū-chan *''[[Ao no Exorcist]]'' – Izumo Kamiki *''[[Beyblade Metal Masters]]'' – Sophie *''[[C³]]'' – Kirika Ueno *''[[Freezing (manga)|Freezing]]'' – Ganessa Roland *''[[Mayo Chiki!]]'' – Kanade Suzutsuki *''[[Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan|Nurarihyon no Mago: Sennen Makyo]]'' – Rikuo Nura (child) *''[[Oniichan no Koto Nanka Zenzen Suki Janain Dakara ne!!]]'' – Nao Takanashi *''[[Puella Magi Madoka Magica]]'' – Sayaka Miki *''[[Softenni]]'' – Kotone Sawanatsu *''[[Last Exile|Last Exile: Fam, The Silver Wing]]'' – Tatiana Wisla *''[[Rio: Rainbow Gate!]]'' – Misery *''[[Sket Dance]]'' – Quecchon *''[[Working!!|Working'!!]]'' – Yachiyo Todoroki '''2012''' *''[[Black Rock Shooter]]'' – Kagari Izuriha *''[[Campione!]]'' – Liliana Kranjčar *''[[Danball Senki W]]'' – Jessica Kaios *''[[Dog Days|Dog Days']]'' – Adélaïde Grand Marnier *''[[Girls und Panzer]]'' – Darjeeling, Tsuchiya *''[[Haiyore! Nyaruko-san]]'' – Mahiro Yasaka<ref name="nyaruref">{{cite web|url=http://nyaruko.com/cast/|title=CAST & STAFF|language=Hapones|accessdate=Pebrero 15, 2013}}</ref> *''[[Bakemonogatari|Nekomonogatari (Kuro)]]'' – Karen Araragi<ref name="castmonogatari" /> *''[[Nisemonogatari]]'' – Karen Araragi<ref name="castmonogatari" /> *''[[Oniichan dakedo Ai sae Areba Kankeinai yo ne!]]'' – Arashi Nikaidō *''[[Listen to Me, Girls. I Am Your Father!]]'' – Miu Takanashi *''[[List of Pokémon: Black & White: Rival Destinies episodes|Pocket Monsters: Best Wishes!]]'' – Roxie *''[[Tasogare Otome x Amnesia]]'' – Kirie Kanoe '''2013''' *''[[Gen'ei o Kakeru Taiyō]]'' – Seira Hoshikawa *''[[Haiyore! Nyaruko-san|Haiyore! Nyaruko-san W]]'' – Mahiro Yasaka<ref name="nyaruref" /> *''[[Sunday Without God]]'' – Dee Ensy Stratmitos<ref name="ANN1">{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-06-17/kamisama-no-inai-nichiyobi-fantasy-anime-2nd-promo-streamed|title=''Kamisama no Inai Nichiyōbi'' Fantasy Anime's 2nd Promo Streamed|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=Hunyo 17, 2013|accessdate=Hunyo 17, 2013}}</ref> *''[[Karneval (manga)|Karneval]]'' – Kiichi *''[[Mangirl!]]'' – Hikari Ayano *''[[Minami-ke|Minami-ke: Tadaima]]'' – Yuka Uchida *''[[Bakemonogatari|Monogatari Series 2nd Season]]'' – Karen Araragi<ref name="castmonogatari" /> *''[[Senran Kagura]]'' – Homura *''[[Teekyu|Teekyu 3]]'' – Annenkov Kondo *''[[Zettai Bōei Leviathan]]'' – Bahamut<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2013-03-03/gonzo-makes-leviathan-moe-fantasy-mobile-game-tv-anime|title= Gonzo Makes Leviathan Moe Fantasy Mobile Game's TV Anime|date=Marso 3, 2013|accessdate=Marso 4, 2013|publisher= [[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> *''[[Tokyo Ravens]]'' – Kyōko Kurahashi '''2014''' *''[[Knights of Sidonia]]'' – Honoka Sisters *''[[Hamatora]]'' – Honey *''[[Fairy Tail]]'' – Cana Alberona *''[[Broken Blade]]'' – Leto *''[[Hōzuki no Reitetsu]]'' – Okō *''[[Re: Hamatora]]'' – Honey *''[[Cross Ange]]'' – Salia Tereshkova *''[[Tokyo ESP]]'' – Natsuki Kasuga *''[[Shingeki no Bahamut Genesis]]'' – Cerberus *''[[Magic Kaito 1412]]'' – Koizumi Akako '''2015''' *''[[Aoharu x Machinegun]]'' – Ichi Akabane *''[[Durarara!!|Durarara!!x2 Shou]]'' – Mairu Orihara *''[[Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha ViVid]]'' – Rio Wezley *''[[Teekyu|Teekyu 6]]'' – Annenkov Kondo *''[[Working!!|Working!!!]]'' – Yachiyo Todoroki *''[[Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches]]'' – Nene Odagiri *''[[Yoru no Yatterman]]'' (<!--January -->2015, <abbr>TV</abbr><!--implied in source-->) – Doronjo<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-11-28/yoru-no-yatterman-casts-eri-kitamura-hiroaki-hirata-kenta-miyake/.81536 |title=Yoru no Yatterman Casts Eri Kitamura, Hiroaki Hirata, Kenta Miyake |work=Anime News Network |date=Nobyembre 28, 2014 |accessdate=2016-02-17 }}</ref> '''2016''' *''[[My Hero Academia]]'' - Mina Ashido *''[[Kuma Miko: Girl Meets Bear]]'' - Hibiki Sakata *''[[Ojisan to Marshmallow]]'' - Iori Wakabayashi *''[[Taboo Tattoo]]'' - Lisa Lovelock *''[[Rewrite (visual novel)|Rewrite]]'' - Akane Senri *''[[New Game!]]'' - Shizuku Hazuki '''2017''' *''[[Cardfight!! Vanguard|Cardfight!! Vanguard G NEXT]]'' - Noa Hoshizaki ===OVA=== *''[[Aruvu Rezuru: Kikaijikake no Yōseitachi]]'' – Shiki Mikage *''[[Durarara!!]]'' – Mairu Orihara *''[[Fairy Tail|Fairy Tail: Welcome to Fairy Hills!!]]'' – Cana Alberona, Aquarius *''[[ICE (anime)]]'' – Mint *''[[Indian Summer (manga)|Indian Summer]]'' (<!--14 Oct -->2007, <abbr>OVA</abbr>) – Yui<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ross, Carlos |url=http://www.themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=1353 |title=Indian Summer |work=THEM Anime Reviews |date=Pebrero 15, 2012<!-- |date_rem=Found at http://www.themanime.org/viewnews.php?m=2&y=2012--> |accessdate=2016-02-17 |archive-date=2014-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704130517/http://themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=1353 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *''[[My-Otome|My-Otome 0~S.ifr~]]'' – Sister Hermana Shion *''[[Princess Resurrection]]'' – Riza Wildman *''[[Super Street Fighter IV]]'' OVA – Juri Han *''[[Corpse Party|Corpse Party: Missing Footage]]'' – Yuka Mochida <ref name=cp>{{cite web|title=Characters|url=http://corpse.jp/character/|website=Corpse Party Official Website|publisher=[[5pb.]]|accessdate=January 24, 2016|language=Hapones|archive-date=March 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301121945/http://corpse.jp/character/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''[[Corpse Party: Tortured Souls]]'' – Yuka Mochida<ref name=cp/> *''[[Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches]]'' (<!--Dec -->2014, <abbr>OVA</abbr>) – Nene Odagiri<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-09-13/eri-kitamura-daisuke-ono-join-yamada-kun-to-7-nin-no-majo-cast/.78734 |title=Eri Kitamura, Daisuke Ono Join Yamada-kun to 7-nin no Majo Cast |work=Anime News Network |date=Setyembre 13, 2014 |accessdate=2016-02-17 }}</ref> ===Pelikula=== *''[[Fresh Pretty Cure|Fresh Pretty Cure: The Toy Kingdom has Many Secrets!?]]'' (2009) – Miki Aono/Cure Berry *''[[Pretty Cure All Stars]]'' film series (2009–2016) – Miki Aono/Cure Berry *''[[Broken Blade|Break Blade]]'' film series (2010–2011) – Leto *''[[Blue Exorcist|Ao no Exorcist the Movie]]'' (2012) – Izumo Kamiki *''[[Fairy Tail the Movie: Phoenix Priestess]]'' (2012) – Cana Alberona, Aquarius *''[[Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie]]'' film trilogy (2012–2013) – Sayaka Miki ** ''Puella Magi Madoka Magica: Rebellion'' (<!--26 Oct -->2013, third film) – Sayaka<ref>{{Cite web |author=Berkshire, Geoff |url=http://variety.com/2013/film/news/puella-magi-madoka-magica-the-movie-rebellion-review-1200922803/ |title=Film Review: &#8216;Puella Magi Madoka Magica the Movie — Rebellion&#8217; |work=Variety |date=Disyembre 3, 2013 |accessdate=2016-02-17 }}</ref> ===Panlarong Bidyo=== *''[[Ar tonelico III]]'' – Finnel *''[[Atelier Rorona: The Alchemist of Arland]]'' – Cordelia von Feuerbach *''[[Atelier Totori: The Adventurer of Arland]]'' – Cordelia von Feuerbach *''[[Chaos;Head]]'' – Rimi Sakihata *''[[Chaos;Head Love Chu Chu!]]'' – Rimi Sakihata *''[[Corpse Party|Corpse Party: BloodCovered: ...Repeated Fear]]'' – Yuka Mochida<ref name=cp/> *''[[Corpse Party|Corpse Party: Book of Shadows]]'' – Yuka Mochida<ref name=cp/> *''[[Corpse Party|Corpse Party: BloodDrive]]'' – Yuka Mochida<ref name=cp/> *''[[Corpse Party|Corpse Party: Sachiko's Game of Love ♥ Hysteric Birthday 2U]]'' – Yuka Mochida<ref name=cp/> *''[[Dengeki Gakuen RPG: Cross of Venus]]'' – Kizuna Kasugai *''[[Disgaea 4: A Promise Unforgotten]]'' – Vulcanus *''[[Do-Don-Pachi Saidaioujou]]'' – Type-B Hikari *''[[Dream Club]]'' – Mio *''[[Final Fantasy XIV]]'' – Papalymo *''[[Heroes Phantasia]]'' – Saya Otonashi *''[[Hyperdimension Neptunia Mk2]]'' – Uni *''[[Hyperdimension Neptunia Victory]]'' – Uni *''[[Touhou Project#Reception and fanworks|Koumajou Densetsu II: Stranger's Requiem]]'' – Remilia Scarlet, Sunny Milk *''[[Lollipop Chainsaw]]'' – Juliet Starling; as default setting in Xbox 360 *''[[Luminous Arc|Luminous Arc 3]]'' – Yuu *''[[Lux-Pain]]'' – Nöla Döbereiner *''[[Misshitsu no Sacrifice]]'' – Asuna *''[[No More Heroes (video game)|No More Heroes: Heroes' Paradise]]'' – Shinobu *''Negai no Kakera to Hakugin no Agreement'' – Aizawa Makoto *''New Class of Heroes: Chrono Academy'' – Abner *''[[Phantasy Star Online 2]]'' – Kuna *''[[Project X Zone]]'' – [[Juri (Street Fighter)|Juri Han]] *''[[Project X Zone 2]]'' – Juri Han *''[[Puella Magi Madoka Magica|Puella Magi Madoka Magica Portable]]'' – Sayaka Miki *''[[Rewrite (visual novel)|Rewrite]]'' – Akane Senri *''[[Rune Factory 3]]'' – Chocolat *''[[Senran Kagura Burst]]'' (2011) – Homura *''[[Senran Kagura SHINOVI VERSUS]]'' (2013) – Homura *''[[Senran Kagura 2 Deep Crimson]]'' (2014) – Homura *''[[Senran Kagura ESTIVAL VERSUS]]'' (2015) – Homura *''[[Shinkyoku Soukai Polyphonica]]'' – Snow Drop *''[[Show By Rock!!]]'' - Retoree *''[[Street Fighter X Tekken]]'' – Juri Han *''[[Super Heroine Chronicle]]'' (2014) – Yase<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-10-31/super-heroine-chronicle-1st-promo-video-shows-new-cast|title=Super Heroine Chronicle's 1st Promo Video Shows New Cast|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=Oktubre 31, 2013|accessdate=Abril 30, 2015}}</ref> *''[[Street Fighter]]'' series – Juri Han *''[[Tatsunoko vs. Capcom: Ultimate All Stars|Tatsunoko vs. Capcom: Cross Generation of Heroes/Ultimate All Stars]]'' – Gan-chan aka Yatterman No. 1 *''[[Tales of Phantasia: Narikiri Dungeon X]]'' – Rondoline E. Effenberg *''[[Toki to Towa]]'' – Towa *''[[Tokyo Babel]]'' – Samuel *''[[Toradora!|Toradora! Portable]]'' – Ami Kawashima *''[[Valkyria Chronicles II]]'' – Cosette Coalhearth ===Drama CD=== * ''[[Karneval (manga)|Karneval]]'' (xxxx) – Kiichi * ''[[Oresama Teacher]]'' (xxxx) – Mafuyu Kurosaki * ''[[Ys II]]'' (2010) – Lilia ===Tokusatsu=== * ''Ultraman Dyna'' (1997–1998) – Ryo Yumimura (girlhood){{efn|Credited under name {{nihongo|'''Eri Okamura'''|岡村 英梨|Okamura Eri}}}}<ref>{{Cite episode |title={{Nihongo|The Power of Thinking of You|君を想う力|Kimi o Omou Chikara}} |date=1997-07-25 |series=Ultraman Dyna episode 46|network=[[Tokyo Broadcasting System]] |language=Hapones}}</ref> (ep. 46) * ''[[Uchu Sentai Kyuranger]]'' (2017–) – [[Octopus|Mardakko]] (Voice) (ep. 6-) ===Palit Boses=== *''[[Dear Eleanor]]'' – Max the Wax ([[Isabelle Fuhrman]]) ==Diskograpiya== ===Mga Single=== * "Before the Moment" - 21 Abril, 2004 * {{nihongo|"Tsuyogari"|つよがり}} - 8 Agosto, 2004 * "Realize" - 23 Hulyo, 2008 * "Guilty Future" - 21 Enero, 2009 * "Be Starters!" - 10 Agosto, 2011 * {{nihongo|"Shirushi"|紋|}} - 9 Nobyembre, 2011 * "Happy Girl" - 8 Pebrero, 2012 * "Destiny" - 7 Nobyembre, 2012 * "Miracle Gliders" - 9 Enero, 2013 * "Birth" - 7 Agosto, 2013<ref name=nat1>{{cite web|url=http://natalie.mu/music/news/92634|title=喜多村英梨、新曲はアニメ「神様のいない日曜日」OP曲|language=Hapones|publisher=Natalie.mu|date=Hunyo 12, 2013|accessdate=Hunyo 17, 2013|archive-date=Hunyo 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612223428/https://natalie.mu/music/news/92634|url-status=dead}}</ref> * "Tenohira -Show- (掌-show-)" - 14 Mayo, 2014 * "Rinrei (凛麗)" - 29 Oktubre, 2014 ===Mga Album=== * "Re;Story" - 25 Hulyo, 2012 * "Shomei" (証×明) - 9 Abril, 2014 * "Revolution" 【re:i】- 22 Marso, 2017 ==Mga tala== {{Notelist}} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="Newtype USA 5 12 54">{{Cite news |title=Blood+ |work=Newtype USA |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages=54–55 |date=Disyembre 2006 |issn=1541-4817 }}</ref> }} [[Kategorya:Ipinanganak noong 1987]] [[Kategorya:Mga mang-aawit mula sa Hapon]] {{stub}} r8787ioqzohufhsr4stozg2tbyodz8v 0 143426 2237852 2236374 2026-10-29T10:03:56Z NDG 153598 [[w:Help:Reverting|Ibinalik]] ang mga pagbabago ni [[Special:Contributions/~2026-56855-97|~2026-56855-97]] ([[User talk:~2026-56855-97|Usapan]]) patungo sa huling rebisyon ni [[User:Morkoz|Morkoz]] 2203776 wikitext text/x-wiki Si ''' Yukari Tamura ''' ay ipinanganak Pebrero 27, 1976 sa Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture)sa bansang [[Hapon]], ay isang popular na Japanese singer-songwriter at voice actress, kaakibat ng mga talento ahensiya siya ng Enterprise. Sa makatuwid tinatawag siyang '''Yukarin''' sa pamamagitan ng kanyang mga tagahanga. Siya na ginawa ang kanyang debut bilang isang aktres tinig sa 1997, pakawalan ang kanyang debut iisang "Yuki o Kudasai" noong Marso 26, 1997. Habang din ng isang kilalang seiyū, ilang ng kanyang release ay ginamit bilang pagbubukas at pagtatapos ng mga tema para sa anime series, habang ang ilang mga umabot na sa Oricon top 100 singles at album chart. Ang kanyang papel bilang Nanoha Takamachi sa mga serye nakapagtataka Girl liriko Nanoha contributed sa isang pagtaas sa kanyang katanyagan, tulad ng ilang ng kanyang singles ("[[Little Wish ~lyrical step~]]", "[[Spiritual Garden]]", "[[Hoshizora no Spica]]", "[[Beautiful Amulet]]") ay ginamit bilang mga nagtatapos na tema para sa adaptations anime ang franchise's. <br> {{stub}} [[Kaurian:Mga mang-aawit mula sa Hapon]] j9yv5zqec8v49129grq3lecritvvymy 0 177192 2237802 1808804 2026-10-28T23:59:28Z Jojit fb 38 Changed redirect target from [[ABS-CBN Corporation]] to [[Pamilya]] 2237802 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Pamilya]] cosdxc4k2ad5zvtcfl31swm5txh0ned 0 186481 2237799 1812459 2026-10-28T23:16:27Z ~2026-57612-65 168133 /* */ 2237799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox University |name = '''San Miguel National High School''' |native_name = '''''Pambansang Mataas na Paaralan ng San Miguel''''' |image_name = |image = |image_size = |caption = |latin_name = |motto = |tagline = |established = 1946 |type =Public National High School |endowment = |staff = 5 |faculty = 188 |chairman = |president = |provost = |principal = Marciano V. Cruz, Jr. |vice_chancellor = |dean = |head_label = |head = |students = 5900(as of S.Y. 2009 - 2010) |undergrad = |postgrad = |doctoral = |profess = |city = [[San Miguel, Bulacan]] |state = |country = [[Philippines]] |campus = |free_label = |free = |colours =Green, Red, Yellow, Blue |theme = |nickname =SMNHS |affiliations = |website = [http://smart.com.ph/smartschools/sanmiguelnhs/ About SMNHS] https://www.facebook.com/smnhs |address = Scuala St., San Juan, San Miguel, Bulacan |publictransit = |color = |logo =|japanese name = 全国高校サンミゲル}} Ang '''Pambansang Mataas na Paaralan ng San Miguel''' ay isang pampublikong mataas na paaralan na matatagpuan sa bayan ng [[San Miguel, Bulacan|San Miguel]], [[Bulacan]], [[Pilipinas]]. == Kasaysayan == Pambansang Mataas na Paaralan ng San Miguel, dating Mataas na Paaralan ng San Miguel ay isa sa mga pinaka-aktibo at kilalang paaralan sa lalawigan ng Bulacan. Ito ay matatagpuan sa kahabaan Scuala St., Brgy. San Juan, San Miguel, Bulacan. Binuksan ng paaralan ang unang klase nito sa 1946, na may dalawang palapag na kahoy na gusali nakabalangkas sa pangunahing pasukan ng campus. Matapos ang isang matagumpay na unang klase ng paaralan, maraming mga mayayamang pamilya ang nagbigay ng kanilang lupa upang lumaki ang sakop na lupa ng paaralan. Ngayon, nagbibigay-serbisyo ang Pambansang Mataas na Paaralan ng San Miguel sa tinatayang 6,000-7,000 mga mag-aaral galing sa karamihan mula sa San Miguel, at iba pa mula sa mga kalapit na bayan: Candaba, Pampanga; Gapan City, Nueva Ecija; Doña Remedios Trinidad, Bulacan, San Rafael, Bulacan at San Ildefonso, Bulacan. == Mga Pahayagan == * Ang Mayumo * The Mayumo [[Kategorya:Mga mataas na paaralan sa Pilipinas]] arecqekn1rrestdxo05nikfpejpajnq 0 201244 2237745 2237309 2026-10-28T12:04:20Z Antman5 158278 2237745 wikitext text/x-wiki Sumusuko si vonn sa [[Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas]] mula 2025 hanggang 2026, noong [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]], kung kailan nilusob ng [[Imperyo ng Hapon]] ang [[Komonwelt ng Pilipinas|Pilipinas]] na dating pinangangasiwaan ng [[Estados Unidos]]. Habang nagaganap ang [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]], pinasabog ng hukbo ng sundalong [[Hapon (bansa)|Hapones]] ang [[Pilipinas]] noong Disyembre 7, 1941. Naganap ito isang araw matapos pasabugin ng mga Hapones ang [[Pearl Harbor]], [[Hawaii]], at [[Estados Unidos]]. Pagkaraan ng ilang linggo, umatras sina [[Heneral]] [[Douglas McArthur]] na kasama ang [[Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas|pamahalaan]] ni [[Manuel L. Quezon]] na noon ay nanunungkulan bilang [[Pangulo ng Pilipinas]]. Pinasok ng militar ng Hapon ang Maynila noong Enero 2, 1942. Sumuko ang Bataan sa hukbo ng mga Hapones noong Abril 9, 1942. Ang mga bilanggo ng digmaan ay pinaglakad ng mga Hapones (ang tinatawag na [[Martsa ng Kamatayan]]) patungo sa isang moog ng konsentrasyon sa [[Capas, Tarlac|Capas]] sa lalawigan ng [[Tarlac]].<ref name=TPTP>Peplow, Evelyn. "The Coming of the Spaniards," THE PHILIPPINES Tropical Paradise, Passport Books, 1991, pp. 17.</ref> Pagkaraan ng pagbagsak ng Bataan sa kamay ng Hapon, nagtungo si MacArthur sa [[Australia]]. Pinalitan siya sa Corregidor ni Heneral [[Jonathan Wainwright]], upang ipagpatuloy ang pakikipaglaban, hanggang sa mapilitang sumuko ang mga Pilipino at Amerikano pagkalipas ng 27 mga araw. Nagtagal nang tatlong mga taon ang pananakop ng mga Hapones sa Pilipinas. Nagtatag ang mga Hapones ng isang pamahalaang tau-tauhan lamang nila, na pinaglingkuran ni [[Jose P. Laurel]] bilang pangulo.<ref name=TPTP/> Noong Oktubre 1944, nagsimula ang digmaan ng pagpapalaya sa Pilipinas mula sa mga Hapones nang lumapag ang mga hukbo ni Douglas MacArthur sa [[Leyte]]. Natatag bilang ang bagong pangulo ng Pilipinas si [[Sergio Osmeña]] nang mamatay si Manuel Quezon. Malakas na napasabog ng mga sundalo ng Estados Unidos ang Maynila noong Pebrero 1945. Nasukol ng mga Amerikano ang mga kilusang militar ni Heneral Homma{{clarify}} sa [[Lalawigang Bulubundukin]] (Mountain Province), na napilitang sumuko noong mabigo ang mga ito sa tinatangka nilang pagtakas.<ref name=TPTP/> ==Pagtatapos ng pananakop== [[Talaksan:Sanji Iwabuchi.jpg|thumb|236x236px|Sinuway ni Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi ang utos ni Yamashita na tumigil na sa Maynila nang walang pakikipaglaban upang maiwasan ang pagkasira ng lungsod. Humantong ang kanyang pagsuway sa [[Labanan ng Maynila]] na nagdulot ng pagguho ng [[Intramuros]] at ng halos 400 taon nitong kasaysayan; at ng pagkitil sa mga mamamayan nito.]] Nang bumalik si Heneral MacArthur sa Pilipinas kasama ang kanyang hukbo noong 1944, marami na siyang alam; nasabi na nang bumalik siya ay batid na niya kung ano ang kinakain sa umagahan ng bawat lieutenant na Hapones at kung saan sila nagpapagupit. Subalit hindi naging madali ang pagbalik niya. Nagpasya ang Imperial General Staff ng Hapon na gawing ang Pilipinas ang huling hanay ng panangga na pamigil ng pag-usad ng mga Amerikano patungong Hapon. Pinadala nila ang bawat isang bakanteng sundalo, salimpapaw, at sasakyang pandagat sa pagsangga sa Pilipinas. Tuwirang nabuo ang kamikaze corps upang sanggahan ang pananakop ng mga Hapones sa Pilipinas. Nagtapos ang Labanan sa Look ng Leyte sa isang unos para sa mga Hapones at naging ang pinakamalawak na sagupaang pandagat noong Pangalawang Pandaigdigang Digmaan. Naging ito ang pinakamadugong adhikain sa Digmaan sa Pasipiko; ang adhikaing bigyan ng kasarinlan ang Pilipinas. Binuking ng mga pagpapabatid kay MacArthur ang balak ng Heneral na si Yamashita na ipatibong ang hukbo ni MacArthur, na humantong sa pagpapalaya ng mga sundalo patungo sa mga moog ng Hapones. Dumaong ang alyadong kapangyarihan ni MacArthur sa pulo ng Leyte noong Oktubre 20, 1944, kasama sina Osmeña, na sumunod sa pagkalagak sa pagkapangulo ng Komonwelt sa pagpanaw ni Quezon noong Agosto 1, 1944. Sumunod naman ang mga pagdaong sa pulo ng Mindoro at sa palibot ng Look ng Lingayen sa kanlurang bahagi ng Luzon, at binunsod ang pag-usad patungong Maynila. Humantong ito sa pagbabalik ng Komonwelt ng Pilipinas. Matindi ang labanan, lalo na sa bundok ng hilagang Luzon, kung saan lumikas ang mga hukbong Hapones; at sa Maynila, kung saan nakipaglaban ang mga Hapones sa huling mga sandali. Lumaban ang hukbo ng Komonwelt ng Pilipinas at ang mga kinilalang gerilya sa lahat ng pook para sa huling buga.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford companion to American military history |last=Chambers |first=John Whiteclay |author2=Fred Anderson |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-19-507198-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00cham/page/547 547] |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00cham |url-access=registration |quote=guerrilla Philippine liberation fighting Japanese. |access-date=7 Mayo 2011}}</ref> Malaki ang ambag ng mga Pilipinong gerilya sa pagpapalaya sa Pilipinas. ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas}} [[Kategorya:Pilipinas sa ilalim ng Hapon]] [[Kategorya:Pananakop ng Hapon noong Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] [[Kategorya:Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas (1898–1946)]] p9imlkj5rfbwk67dyq9bpf775ufrzx0 0 216209 2237746 2237743 2026-10-28T12:09:57Z Jojit fb 38 /* Pilipinas */ 2237746 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] nyu5ulbl6bpmtedxdg53qggczdcrf6s 2237747 2237746 2026-10-28T12:17:31Z Jojit fb 38 added [[Category:Kapansanan]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2237747 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] 0ba004xt8dlmf4ny7r4k1btuxovgac8 2237748 2237747 2026-10-28T12:18:33Z Jojit fb 38 added [[Category:Sakit]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2237748 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] [[Kategorya:Sakit]] f4fd196xod3x77jatxujomk5di6h51c 2237749 2237748 2026-10-28T12:19:41Z Jojit fb 38 removed [[Category:Sakit]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 2237749 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] 0ba004xt8dlmf4ny7r4k1btuxovgac8 2237761 2237749 2026-10-28T14:46:40Z Jojit fb 38 /* Kanluran */ 2237761 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> Pat Thane, "Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present," ''American Historical Review,'' 125#2 2020, pp.385–395, https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989).</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] 811en2nzs1atjgpmoz4jmf8za5nuv1x 2237762 2237761 2026-10-28T14:49:11Z Jojit fb 38 /* Europeo */ 2237762 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989).</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] jlqpqrk4t74stcn5b9dpeeax88ir3cx 2237763 2237762 2026-10-28T14:49:55Z Jojit fb 38 /* Europeo */ 2237763 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] cgw348stnvncrbbwm1a0bxbhhx6wd6a 2237764 2237763 2026-10-28T14:50:36Z Jojit fb 38 /* Europeo */ 2237764 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] b00od5k0yicbxv4jv4skfcl37hu6owc 2237765 2237764 2026-10-28T14:51:17Z Jojit fb 38 /* Europeo */ 2237765 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] 8dd4usjovmbudnrnaqtd2yt96pdrefg 2237769 2237765 2026-10-28T14:58:30Z Jojit fb 38 /* Pananaw */ 2237769 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011).</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2.</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live }}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6.</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26.</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] 6v51zyq80wis86op2kai6vx8udlkd57 2237771 2237769 2026-10-28T14:59:40Z Jojit fb 38 /* Pananaw ng gitnang hustong gulang */ 2237771 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2.</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live }}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6.</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26.</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] pel4xducmp8e8zuohh7bzxpwjuzeqaw 2237772 2237771 2026-10-28T15:00:10Z Jojit fb 38 /* Pananaw ng gitnang hustong gulang */ 2237772 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live }}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6.</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26.</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] c0re555c2p9ha2l8hh2zhizuqkmav2g 2237773 2237772 2026-10-28T15:00:55Z Jojit fb 38 /* Pananaw ng gitnang hustong gulang */ 2237773 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6.</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26.</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] jk4l7748ftrsj7jz4rd2azbauy9apt4 2237774 2237773 2026-10-28T15:01:31Z Jojit fb 38 /* Pananaw ng gitnang hustong gulang */ 2237774 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26.</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] tl38o3ayo76rvqz55or8hx1ox7j8jjt 2237775 2237774 2026-10-28T15:02:04Z Jojit fb 38 /* Pananaw ng gitnang hustong gulang */ 2237775 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] 7i9fvlg85ddxxyhqqaobrv52f7sihev 2237778 2237775 2026-10-28T15:10:05Z Jojit fb 38 /* Pananaw */ 2237778 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa dula ng paghina ng katawan ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] agr0hqwmens21pnkrpxal72mapykf41 2237779 2237778 2026-10-28T15:11:15Z Jojit fb 38 /* Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo */ 2237779 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa dula ng paghina ng katawan ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] j0aj0hbumhxyp0iy3lui8pznzr7oncq 2237780 2237779 2026-10-28T15:20:50Z Jojit fb 38 /* Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo */ 2237780 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8.</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3.</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] 9m62b70exuvinli8d6xvt95qdvb6l10 2237781 2237780 2026-10-28T15:22:13Z Jojit fb 38 /* Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo */ 2237781 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3.</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] limsb1dt1xjaghsx9fnbo9smi8whbpq 2237782 2237781 2026-10-28T15:22:46Z Jojit fb 38 /* Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo */ 2237782 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] nd4822205vvr0j96552o85zwmws2dg3 2237783 2237782 2026-10-28T15:24:14Z Jojit fb 38 /* Kamatayan */ 2237783 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] 0d8axhwbbp0c4lkkswy3csei5210s9u 2237784 2237783 2026-10-28T15:25:54Z Jojit fb 38 /* Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo */ 2237784 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] kige9dgvg5j7v6el7mvc9iwvjgeto72 2237800 2237784 2026-10-28T23:52:46Z Jojit fb 38 /* Pananaw ng gitnang hustong gulang */ 2237800 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] s14rd3kyva6v0hbgl1hc4urc8u79nd4 2237801 2237800 2026-10-28T23:55:50Z Jojit fb 38 /* Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo */ 2237801 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Mga maling akala==== Nagsagawa sina Johnson at Barer ng isang mahalagang pag-aaral na pinamagatang ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa loob ng anim na taon. Sa pakikipag-usap sa mga taong edad 85 pataas, natuklasan nilang mali ang ilang popular na pananaw tungkol sa katandaan. Kabilang sa mga maling pananaw na ito ang (1) ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay may kahit isang kapamilya na maaaring sumuporta sa kanila, (2) nangangailangan ng pakikisalamuha sa lipunan ang kagalingan sa katandaan, at (3) ang "matagumpay na pag-aangkop" sa mga pagbabagong nauugnay sa edad ay nangangailangan ng pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili. Sa kanilang mga panayam, natuklasan nina Johnson at Barer na 24% ng mga taong edad 85 pataas ay walang harapang ugnayan sa kanilang pamilya; marami sa kanila ang nabuhay nang mas matagal kaysa sa kanilang mga kapamilya. Ikalawa, taliwas sa popular na pananaw, ipinakita ng mga panayam na ang pagbawas ng mga aktibidad at pakikisalamuha ng mga taong mahigit 85 taong gulang ay hindi nakapipinsala sa kanilang kagalingan; "malugod nilang tinatanggap ang higit na paglayo". Ikatlo, sa halip na mapanatili ang pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili, habang humaharap ang mga kalahok sa mga bagong sitwasyon ay binabago nila ang kanilang "mga prosesong kognitibo at emosyonal" at muling binubuo ang kanilang "representasyon sa sarili".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|5–6}} ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] 5a3niq132orgm3str29g0kd5ebn66oy 2237803 2237801 2026-10-28T23:59:58Z Jojit fb 38 /* Mga maling akala */ 2237803 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Mga maling akala==== Nagsagawa sina Johnson at Barer ng isang mahalagang pag-aaral na pinamagatang ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa loob ng anim na taon. Sa pakikipag-usap sa mga taong edad 85 pataas, natuklasan nilang mali ang ilang popular na pananaw tungkol sa katandaan. Kabilang sa mga maling [[pananaw]] na ito ang (1) ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay may kahit isang [[kapamilya]] na maaaring sumuporta sa kanila, (2) nangangailangan ng pakikisalamuha sa lipunan ang kagalingan sa katandaan, at (3) ang "matagumpay na pag-aangkop" sa mga pagbabagong nauugnay sa edad ay nangangailangan ng pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili. Sa kanilang mga panayam, natuklasan nina Johnson at Barer na 24% ng mga taong edad 85 pataas ay walang harapang ugnayan sa kanilang pamilya; marami sa kanila ang nabuhay nang mas matagal kaysa sa kanilang mga kapamilya. Ikalawa, taliwas sa popular na pananaw, ipinakita ng mga panayam na ang pagbawas ng mga aktibidad at pakikisalamuha ng mga taong mahigit 85 taong gulang ay hindi nakapipinsala sa kanilang kagalingan; "malugod nilang tinatanggap ang higit na paglayo". Ikatlo, sa halip na mapanatili ang pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili, habang humaharap ang mga kalahok sa mga bagong sitwasyon ay binabago nila ang kanilang "mga prosesong [[kognitibo]] at emosyonal" at muling binubuo ang kanilang "representasyon sa sarili".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|5–6}} ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] 7dek4cxqocxv46ybqlqh00o2kglmh6l 2237805 2237803 2026-10-29T00:15:52Z Jojit fb 38 /* Mga maling akala */ 2237805 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Mga maling akala==== Nagsagawa sina Johnson at Barer ng isang mahalagang pag-aaral na pinamagatang ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa loob ng anim na taon. Sa pakikipag-usap sa mga taong edad 85 pataas, natuklasan nilang mali ang ilang popular na pananaw tungkol sa katandaan. Kabilang sa mga maling [[pananaw]] na ito ang (1) ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay may kahit isang [[kapamilya]] na maaaring sumuporta sa kanila, (2) nangangailangan ng pakikisalamuha sa lipunan ang kagalingan sa katandaan, at (3) ang "matagumpay na pag-aangkop" sa mga pagbabagong nauugnay sa edad ay nangangailangan ng pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili. Sa kanilang mga panayam, natuklasan nina Johnson at Barer na 24% ng mga taong edad 85 pataas ay walang harapang ugnayan sa kanilang pamilya; marami sa kanila ang nabuhay nang mas matagal kaysa sa kanilang mga kapamilya. Ikalawa, taliwas sa popular na pananaw, ipinakita ng mga panayam na ang pagbawas ng mga aktibidad at pakikisalamuha ng mga taong mahigit 85 taong gulang ay hindi nakapipinsala sa kanilang kagalingan; "malugod nilang tinatanggap ang higit na paglayo". Ikatlo, sa halip na mapanatili ang pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili, habang humaharap ang mga kalahok sa mga bagong sitwasyon ay binabago nila ang kanilang "mga prosesong [[kognitibo]] at emosyonal" at muling binubuo ang kanilang "representasyon sa sarili".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|5–6}} ===Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan=== Batay sa kanyang pagsusuri sa katandaan sa kasaysayan, nagwakas si Georges Minois na "malinaw na sa lahat ng panahon at saanman ay mas pinaboran ang kabataan kaysa sa katandaan". Sa kaisipang Kanluranin, "ang katandaan ay isang kasamaan, isang karamdaman, at isang malungkot na panahon ng paghahanda para sa kamatayan". Higit pa rito, kadalasang mas pinipili ang kamatayan kaysa sa "pagkahina at pagkabulok ng [[Katawan ng tao|katawan]], sapagkat ang kamatayan ay nangangahulugan ng [[Kalayaan|paglaya]]".<ref name="Minois" />{{rp|303}} "Ang suliranin hinggil sa malabong kalagayan ng katandaan ay ... kasama na natin mula pa noong yugto ng sinaunang lipunan; ito ay kapwa pinagmumulan ng karunungan at kahinaan, karanasan at pagkabulok ng katawan, prestihiyo at pagdurusa."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Sa panahong klasiko ng mga kulturang Griyego at Romano, hinamak ang katandaan bilang panahon ng "pagbaba at pagkabulok ng katawan".<ref name="hillier">{{cite book |last1=Hillier |first1=Susan M. |last2=Barrow |first2=Georgia M. |title=Aging, the Individual, and Society |date=2014 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-1-305-17693-5 |edition=10th}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} Pinahahalagahan ang "[[kagandahan]] at [[lakas]]", at itinuring ang katandaan bilang nakasisira at pangit. Itinuring ang katandaan bilang isa sa mga hindi malulutas na "dakilang hiwaga" kasama ng kasamaan, sakit, at pagdurusa. "Ang pagkabulok ng katawan, na nagpapahina sa mga bayani, ay tila mas masahol pa kaysa kamatayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|43}} Nagpapakita ang mga makasaysayang panahon ng magkakaibang larawan tungkol sa "posisyon at katayuan" ng matatanda, subalit hindi kailanman nagkaroon ng "ginintuang panahon ng pagtanda".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}} Hinamon ng mga pag-aaral ang popular na paniniwala na noong nakaraan ay iginagalang ng lipunan ang matatanda at inaalagaan sila ng kanilang mga pamilya.<ref name=pjohnson>{{cite book |editor1-last=Johnson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Thane |editor2-first=Pat |title=Old age from Antiquity to Post-modernity |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-16464-1 |edition=1st}}</ref>{{rp|1}} Magkasamang umiral sa masalimuot na ugnayan sa buong [[kasaysayan]] ang paggalang at pagtutol sa matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |title=The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |publisher=Answers |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081917/http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |url-status=live }}</ref}} "Iginagalang o hinahamak, pinararangalan o pinapatay ang matatanda ayon sa kalagayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Noong sinaunang panahon, ang mga mahihina ay itinuturing na pabigat at hindi pinapansin o, sa matitinding kalagayan, pinapatay.<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuqFh1Ff3rgC&q=ancient%20%20old%20age%20Most%20people%20died%20before%20they%20were%20%2050|title=The Oxford Handbook of Retirement|first=Mo|last=Wang|date=8 November 2012|publisher=OUP USA|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-19-974652-1}}</ref> Itinuturing na "matanda" ang mga tao dahil sa kawalan nila ng kakayahang magsagawa ng mga kapaki-pakinabang na gawain sa halip na batay sa kanilang edad.<ref name=pjohnson/>{{rp|6}} Bagaman may pag-aalinlangan siya sa [[mga diyos]], sumang-ayon si [[Aristotle|Aristoteles]] sa pagkamuhi sa matatanda. Sa kanyang ''Etika'', isinulat niya na "ang matatanda ay maramot; hindi nila kinikilala ang pagkakaibigang walang hinihintay na kapalit; hinahanap lamang nila ang makatutugon sa kanilang makasariling mga pangangailangan".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|60}} Inilarawan ng mga [[panahong Gitna]] at [[Renasimiyento]] ang katandaan bilang "malupit o mahina".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Ang mga Utopianong manunulat noong ika-16 na dantaon na sina Thomas More at Antonio de Guevara ay hindi nagbigay ng lugar sa kanilang mga [[kathang-isip]] na [[Lupa|lupain]] para sa mga matandang mahina na ang katawan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|277–8, 280}} Para kay Thomas More, sa pulo ng Utopia, kapag ang mga tao ay nasa edad na at "nalampasan na ang kanilang sarili" at may nakamamatay na karamdaman, nasasaktan, at pabigat sa lahat, hinihikayat sila ng mga pari na piliing mamatay. Tinitiyak ng mga pari sa kanila na "magiging maligaya sila pagkatapos ng kamatayan". Kung pipiliin nilang mamatay, winawakasan nila ang kanilang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagpapagutom sa sarili o pag-inom ng [[opyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history-world.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101175649/http://www.history-world.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 1, 2004|title=World History Project: World History from Mesopotamia to World War II|website=History-world.org|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> Ang utopianong bansa ni Antonio de Guevara ay "may kaugaliang huwag mabuhay nang lampas sa edad na animnapu't lima". Sa edad na iyon, isinasagawa nila ang pagsusunog sa sarili. Sa halip na kondenahin ang kaugaliang ito, tinawag ito ni Obispo Guevara na isang "ginintuang mundo" kung saan "nalampasan ng mga tao ang likas na pagnanais na mabuhay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002444985 |title=The diall of princes: by Don Anthony of Guevara: tr. by Sir Thomas ... – Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library | HathiTrust Digital Library |website=Babel.hathitrust.org |date=2012-08-18 |access-date=2016-04-04}}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] smj9izcepx92o6cccqglm60io7gpeqq 2237806 2237805 2026-10-29T00:17:20Z Jojit fb 38 /* Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan */ 2237806 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Mga maling akala==== Nagsagawa sina Johnson at Barer ng isang mahalagang pag-aaral na pinamagatang ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa loob ng anim na taon. Sa pakikipag-usap sa mga taong edad 85 pataas, natuklasan nilang mali ang ilang popular na pananaw tungkol sa katandaan. Kabilang sa mga maling [[pananaw]] na ito ang (1) ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay may kahit isang [[kapamilya]] na maaaring sumuporta sa kanila, (2) nangangailangan ng pakikisalamuha sa lipunan ang kagalingan sa katandaan, at (3) ang "matagumpay na pag-aangkop" sa mga pagbabagong nauugnay sa edad ay nangangailangan ng pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili. Sa kanilang mga panayam, natuklasan nina Johnson at Barer na 24% ng mga taong edad 85 pataas ay walang harapang ugnayan sa kanilang pamilya; marami sa kanila ang nabuhay nang mas matagal kaysa sa kanilang mga kapamilya. Ikalawa, taliwas sa popular na pananaw, ipinakita ng mga panayam na ang pagbawas ng mga aktibidad at pakikisalamuha ng mga taong mahigit 85 taong gulang ay hindi nakapipinsala sa kanilang kagalingan; "malugod nilang tinatanggap ang higit na paglayo". Ikatlo, sa halip na mapanatili ang pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili, habang humaharap ang mga kalahok sa mga bagong sitwasyon ay binabago nila ang kanilang "mga prosesong [[kognitibo]] at emosyonal" at muling binubuo ang kanilang "representasyon sa sarili".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|5–6}} ===Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan=== Batay sa kanyang pagsusuri sa katandaan sa kasaysayan, nagwakas si Georges Minois na "malinaw na sa lahat ng panahon at saanman ay mas pinaboran ang kabataan kaysa sa katandaan". Sa kaisipang Kanluranin, "ang katandaan ay isang kasamaan, isang karamdaman, at isang malungkot na panahon ng paghahanda para sa kamatayan". Higit pa rito, kadalasang mas pinipili ang kamatayan kaysa sa "pagkahina at pagkabulok ng [[Katawan ng tao|katawan]], sapagkat ang kamatayan ay nangangahulugan ng [[Kalayaan|paglaya]]".<ref name="Minois" />{{rp|303}} "Ang suliranin hinggil sa malabong kalagayan ng katandaan ay ... kasama na natin mula pa noong yugto ng sinaunang lipunan; ito ay kapwa pinagmumulan ng karunungan at kahinaan, karanasan at pagkabulok ng katawan, prestihiyo at pagdurusa."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Sa panahong klasiko ng mga kulturang Griyego at Romano, hinamak ang katandaan bilang panahon ng "pagbaba at pagkabulok ng katawan".<ref name="hillier">{{cite book |last1=Hillier |first1=Susan M. |last2=Barrow |first2=Georgia M. |title=Aging, the Individual, and Society |date=2014 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-1-305-17693-5 |edition=10|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} Pinahahalagahan ang "[[kagandahan]] at [[lakas]]", at itinuring ang katandaan bilang nakasisira at pangit. Itinuring ang katandaan bilang isa sa mga hindi malulutas na "dakilang hiwaga" kasama ng kasamaan, sakit, at pagdurusa. "Ang pagkabulok ng katawan, na nagpapahina sa mga bayani, ay tila mas masahol pa kaysa kamatayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|43}} Nagpapakita ang mga makasaysayang panahon ng magkakaibang larawan tungkol sa "posisyon at katayuan" ng matatanda, subalit hindi kailanman nagkaroon ng "ginintuang panahon ng pagtanda".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}} Hinamon ng mga pag-aaral ang popular na paniniwala na noong nakaraan ay iginagalang ng lipunan ang matatanda at inaalagaan sila ng kanilang mga pamilya.<ref name=pjohnson>{{cite book |editor1-last=Johnson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Thane |editor2-first=Pat |title=Old age from Antiquity to Post-modernity |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-16464-1 |edition=1st}}</ref>{{rp|1}} Magkasamang umiral sa masalimuot na ugnayan sa buong [[kasaysayan]] ang paggalang at pagtutol sa matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |title=The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |publisher=Answers |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081917/http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |url-status=live }}</ref}} "Iginagalang o hinahamak, pinararangalan o pinapatay ang matatanda ayon sa kalagayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Noong sinaunang panahon, ang mga mahihina ay itinuturing na pabigat at hindi pinapansin o, sa matitinding kalagayan, pinapatay.<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuqFh1Ff3rgC&q=ancient%20%20old%20age%20Most%20people%20died%20before%20they%20were%20%2050|title=The Oxford Handbook of Retirement|first=Mo|last=Wang|date=8 November 2012|publisher=OUP USA|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-19-974652-1}}</ref> Itinuturing na "matanda" ang mga tao dahil sa kawalan nila ng kakayahang magsagawa ng mga kapaki-pakinabang na gawain sa halip na batay sa kanilang edad.<ref name=pjohnson/>{{rp|6}} Bagaman may pag-aalinlangan siya sa [[mga diyos]], sumang-ayon si [[Aristotle|Aristoteles]] sa pagkamuhi sa matatanda. Sa kanyang ''Etika'', isinulat niya na "ang matatanda ay maramot; hindi nila kinikilala ang pagkakaibigang walang hinihintay na kapalit; hinahanap lamang nila ang makatutugon sa kanilang makasariling mga pangangailangan".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|60}} Inilarawan ng mga [[panahong Gitna]] at [[Renasimiyento]] ang katandaan bilang "malupit o mahina".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Ang mga Utopianong manunulat noong ika-16 na dantaon na sina Thomas More at Antonio de Guevara ay hindi nagbigay ng lugar sa kanilang mga [[kathang-isip]] na [[Lupa|lupain]] para sa mga matandang mahina na ang katawan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|277–8, 280}} Para kay Thomas More, sa pulo ng Utopia, kapag ang mga tao ay nasa edad na at "nalampasan na ang kanilang sarili" at may nakamamatay na karamdaman, nasasaktan, at pabigat sa lahat, hinihikayat sila ng mga pari na piliing mamatay. Tinitiyak ng mga pari sa kanila na "magiging maligaya sila pagkatapos ng kamatayan". Kung pipiliin nilang mamatay, winawakasan nila ang kanilang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagpapagutom sa sarili o pag-inom ng [[opyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history-world.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101175649/http://www.history-world.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 1, 2004|title=World History Project: World History from Mesopotamia to World War II|website=History-world.org|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> Ang utopianong bansa ni Antonio de Guevara ay "may kaugaliang huwag mabuhay nang lampas sa edad na animnapu't lima". Sa edad na iyon, isinasagawa nila ang pagsusunog sa sarili. Sa halip na kondenahin ang kaugaliang ito, tinawag ito ni Obispo Guevara na isang "ginintuang mundo" kung saan "nalampasan ng mga tao ang likas na pagnanais na mabuhay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002444985 |title=The diall of princes: by Don Anthony of Guevara: tr. by Sir Thomas ... – Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library | HathiTrust Digital Library |website=Babel.hathitrust.org |date=2012-08-18 |access-date=2016-04-04}}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] dv54fv6so2j4ml7j7acbelgp0thws0u 2237807 2237806 2026-10-29T00:18:06Z Jojit fb 38 /* Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan */ 2237807 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Mga maling akala==== Nagsagawa sina Johnson at Barer ng isang mahalagang pag-aaral na pinamagatang ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa loob ng anim na taon. Sa pakikipag-usap sa mga taong edad 85 pataas, natuklasan nilang mali ang ilang popular na pananaw tungkol sa katandaan. Kabilang sa mga maling [[pananaw]] na ito ang (1) ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay may kahit isang [[kapamilya]] na maaaring sumuporta sa kanila, (2) nangangailangan ng pakikisalamuha sa lipunan ang kagalingan sa katandaan, at (3) ang "matagumpay na pag-aangkop" sa mga pagbabagong nauugnay sa edad ay nangangailangan ng pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili. Sa kanilang mga panayam, natuklasan nina Johnson at Barer na 24% ng mga taong edad 85 pataas ay walang harapang ugnayan sa kanilang pamilya; marami sa kanila ang nabuhay nang mas matagal kaysa sa kanilang mga kapamilya. Ikalawa, taliwas sa popular na pananaw, ipinakita ng mga panayam na ang pagbawas ng mga aktibidad at pakikisalamuha ng mga taong mahigit 85 taong gulang ay hindi nakapipinsala sa kanilang kagalingan; "malugod nilang tinatanggap ang higit na paglayo". Ikatlo, sa halip na mapanatili ang pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili, habang humaharap ang mga kalahok sa mga bagong sitwasyon ay binabago nila ang kanilang "mga prosesong [[kognitibo]] at emosyonal" at muling binubuo ang kanilang "representasyon sa sarili".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|5–6}} ===Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan=== Batay sa kanyang pagsusuri sa katandaan sa kasaysayan, nagwakas si Georges Minois na "malinaw na sa lahat ng panahon at saanman ay mas pinaboran ang kabataan kaysa sa katandaan". Sa kaisipang Kanluranin, "ang katandaan ay isang kasamaan, isang karamdaman, at isang malungkot na panahon ng paghahanda para sa kamatayan". Higit pa rito, kadalasang mas pinipili ang kamatayan kaysa sa "pagkahina at pagkabulok ng [[Katawan ng tao|katawan]], sapagkat ang kamatayan ay nangangahulugan ng [[Kalayaan|paglaya]]".<ref name="Minois" />{{rp|303}} "Ang suliranin hinggil sa malabong kalagayan ng katandaan ay ... kasama na natin mula pa noong yugto ng sinaunang lipunan; ito ay kapwa pinagmumulan ng karunungan at kahinaan, karanasan at pagkabulok ng katawan, prestihiyo at pagdurusa."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Sa panahong klasiko ng mga kulturang Griyego at Romano, hinamak ang katandaan bilang panahon ng "pagbaba at pagkabulok ng katawan".<ref name="hillier">{{cite book |last1=Hillier |first1=Susan M. |last2=Barrow |first2=Georgia M. |title=Aging, the Individual, and Society |date=2014 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-1-305-17693-5 |edition=10|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} Pinahahalagahan ang "[[kagandahan]] at [[lakas]]", at itinuring ang katandaan bilang nakasisira at pangit. Itinuring ang katandaan bilang isa sa mga hindi malulutas na "dakilang hiwaga" kasama ng kasamaan, sakit, at pagdurusa. "Ang pagkabulok ng katawan, na nagpapahina sa mga bayani, ay tila mas masahol pa kaysa kamatayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|43}} Nagpapakita ang mga makasaysayang panahon ng magkakaibang larawan tungkol sa "posisyon at katayuan" ng matatanda, subalit hindi kailanman nagkaroon ng "ginintuang panahon ng pagtanda".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}} Hinamon ng mga pag-aaral ang popular na paniniwala na noong nakaraan ay iginagalang ng lipunan ang matatanda at inaalagaan sila ng kanilang mga pamilya.<ref name="pjohnson">{{cite book |editor1-last=Johnson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Thane |editor2-first=Pat |title=Old age from Antiquity to Post-modernity |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-16464-1 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} Magkasamang umiral sa masalimuot na ugnayan sa buong [[kasaysayan]] ang paggalang at pagtutol sa matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |title=The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |publisher=Answers |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081917/http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |url-status=live }}</ref}} "Iginagalang o hinahamak, pinararangalan o pinapatay ang matatanda ayon sa kalagayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Noong sinaunang panahon, ang mga mahihina ay itinuturing na pabigat at hindi pinapansin o, sa matitinding kalagayan, pinapatay.<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuqFh1Ff3rgC&q=ancient%20%20old%20age%20Most%20people%20died%20before%20they%20were%20%2050|title=The Oxford Handbook of Retirement|first=Mo|last=Wang|date=8 November 2012|publisher=OUP USA|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-19-974652-1}}</ref> Itinuturing na "matanda" ang mga tao dahil sa kawalan nila ng kakayahang magsagawa ng mga kapaki-pakinabang na gawain sa halip na batay sa kanilang edad.<ref name=pjohnson/>{{rp|6}} Bagaman may pag-aalinlangan siya sa [[mga diyos]], sumang-ayon si [[Aristotle|Aristoteles]] sa pagkamuhi sa matatanda. Sa kanyang ''Etika'', isinulat niya na "ang matatanda ay maramot; hindi nila kinikilala ang pagkakaibigang walang hinihintay na kapalit; hinahanap lamang nila ang makatutugon sa kanilang makasariling mga pangangailangan".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|60}} Inilarawan ng mga [[panahong Gitna]] at [[Renasimiyento]] ang katandaan bilang "malupit o mahina".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Ang mga Utopianong manunulat noong ika-16 na dantaon na sina Thomas More at Antonio de Guevara ay hindi nagbigay ng lugar sa kanilang mga [[kathang-isip]] na [[Lupa|lupain]] para sa mga matandang mahina na ang katawan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|277–8, 280}} Para kay Thomas More, sa pulo ng Utopia, kapag ang mga tao ay nasa edad na at "nalampasan na ang kanilang sarili" at may nakamamatay na karamdaman, nasasaktan, at pabigat sa lahat, hinihikayat sila ng mga pari na piliing mamatay. Tinitiyak ng mga pari sa kanila na "magiging maligaya sila pagkatapos ng kamatayan". Kung pipiliin nilang mamatay, winawakasan nila ang kanilang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagpapagutom sa sarili o pag-inom ng [[opyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history-world.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101175649/http://www.history-world.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 1, 2004|title=World History Project: World History from Mesopotamia to World War II|website=History-world.org|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> Ang utopianong bansa ni Antonio de Guevara ay "may kaugaliang huwag mabuhay nang lampas sa edad na animnapu't lima". Sa edad na iyon, isinasagawa nila ang pagsusunog sa sarili. Sa halip na kondenahin ang kaugaliang ito, tinawag ito ni Obispo Guevara na isang "ginintuang mundo" kung saan "nalampasan ng mga tao ang likas na pagnanais na mabuhay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002444985 |title=The diall of princes: by Don Anthony of Guevara: tr. by Sir Thomas ... – Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library | HathiTrust Digital Library |website=Babel.hathitrust.org |date=2012-08-18 |access-date=2016-04-04}}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] cc3px3vtm95nn4hc05toiq7n6ezmapn 2237808 2237807 2026-10-29T00:26:56Z Jojit fb 38 /* Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan */ 2237808 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Mga maling akala==== Nagsagawa sina Johnson at Barer ng isang mahalagang pag-aaral na pinamagatang ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa loob ng anim na taon. Sa pakikipag-usap sa mga taong edad 85 pataas, natuklasan nilang mali ang ilang popular na pananaw tungkol sa katandaan. Kabilang sa mga maling [[pananaw]] na ito ang (1) ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay may kahit isang [[kapamilya]] na maaaring sumuporta sa kanila, (2) nangangailangan ng pakikisalamuha sa lipunan ang kagalingan sa katandaan, at (3) ang "matagumpay na pag-aangkop" sa mga pagbabagong nauugnay sa edad ay nangangailangan ng pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili. Sa kanilang mga panayam, natuklasan nina Johnson at Barer na 24% ng mga taong edad 85 pataas ay walang harapang ugnayan sa kanilang pamilya; marami sa kanila ang nabuhay nang mas matagal kaysa sa kanilang mga kapamilya. Ikalawa, taliwas sa popular na pananaw, ipinakita ng mga panayam na ang pagbawas ng mga aktibidad at pakikisalamuha ng mga taong mahigit 85 taong gulang ay hindi nakapipinsala sa kanilang kagalingan; "malugod nilang tinatanggap ang higit na paglayo". Ikatlo, sa halip na mapanatili ang pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili, habang humaharap ang mga kalahok sa mga bagong sitwasyon ay binabago nila ang kanilang "mga prosesong [[kognitibo]] at emosyonal" at muling binubuo ang kanilang "representasyon sa sarili".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|5–6}} ===Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan=== Batay sa kanyang pagsusuri sa katandaan sa kasaysayan, nagwakas si Georges Minois na "malinaw na sa lahat ng panahon at saanman ay mas pinaboran ang kabataan kaysa sa katandaan". Sa kaisipang Kanluranin, "ang katandaan ay isang kasamaan, isang karamdaman, at isang malungkot na panahon ng paghahanda para sa kamatayan". Higit pa rito, kadalasang mas pinipili ang kamatayan kaysa sa "pagkahina at pagkabulok ng [[Katawan ng tao|katawan]], sapagkat ang kamatayan ay nangangahulugan ng [[Kalayaan|paglaya]]".<ref name="Minois" />{{rp|303}} "Ang suliranin hinggil sa malabong kalagayan ng katandaan ay ... kasama na natin mula pa noong yugto ng sinaunang lipunan; ito ay kapwa pinagmumulan ng karunungan at kahinaan, karanasan at pagkabulok ng katawan, prestihiyo at pagdurusa."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Sa panahong klasiko ng mga kulturang Griyego at Romano, hinamak ang katandaan bilang panahon ng "pagbaba at pagkabulok ng katawan".<ref name="hillier">{{cite book |last1=Hillier |first1=Susan M. |last2=Barrow |first2=Georgia M. |title=Aging, the Individual, and Society |date=2014 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-1-305-17693-5 |edition=10|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} Pinahahalagahan ang "[[kagandahan]] at [[lakas]]", at itinuring ang katandaan bilang nakasisira at pangit. Itinuring ang katandaan bilang isa sa mga hindi malulutas na "dakilang hiwaga" kasama ng kasamaan, sakit, at pagdurusa. "Ang pagkabulok ng katawan, na nagpapahina sa mga bayani, ay tila mas masahol pa kaysa kamatayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|43}} Nagpapakita ang mga makasaysayang panahon ng magkakaibang larawan tungkol sa "posisyon at katayuan" ng matatanda, subalit hindi kailanman nagkaroon ng "ginintuang panahon ng pagtanda".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}} Hinamon ng mga pag-aaral ang popular na paniniwala na noong nakaraan ay iginagalang ng lipunan ang matatanda at inaalagaan sila ng kanilang mga pamilya.<ref name="pjohnson">{{cite book |editor1-last=Johnson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Thane |editor2-first=Pat |title=Old age from Antiquity to Post-modernity |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-16464-1 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} Magkasamang umiral sa masalimuot na ugnayan sa buong [[kasaysayan]] ang paggalang at pagtutol sa matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |title=The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |publisher=Answers |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081917/http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|1}} "Iginagalang o hinahamak, pinararangalan o pinapatay ang matatanda ayon sa kalagayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Noong sinaunang panahon, ang mga mahihina ay itinuturing na pabigat at hindi pinapansin o, sa matitinding kalagayan, pinapatay.<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuqFh1Ff3rgC&q=ancient%20%20old%20age%20Most%20people%20died%20before%20they%20were%20%2050|title=The Oxford Handbook of Retirement|first=Mo|last=Wang|date=8 November 2012|publisher=OUP USA|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-19-974652-1}}</ref> Itinuturing na "matanda" ang mga tao dahil sa kawalan nila ng kakayahang magsagawa ng mga kapaki-pakinabang na gawain sa halip na batay sa kanilang edad.<ref name=pjohnson/>{{rp|6}} Bagaman may pag-aalinlangan siya sa [[mga diyos]], sumang-ayon si [[Aristotle|Aristoteles]] sa pagkamuhi sa matatanda. Sa kanyang ''Etika'', isinulat niya na "ang matatanda ay maramot; hindi nila kinikilala ang pagkakaibigang walang hinihintay na kapalit; hinahanap lamang nila ang makatutugon sa kanilang makasariling mga pangangailangan".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|60}} Inilarawan ng mga [[panahong Gitna]] at [[Renasimiyento]] ang katandaan bilang "malupit o mahina".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Ang mga Utopianong manunulat noong ika-16 na dantaon na sina Thomas More at Antonio de Guevara ay hindi nagbigay ng lugar sa kanilang mga [[kathang-isip]] na [[Lupa|lupain]] para sa mga matandang mahina na ang katawan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|277–8, 280}} Para kay Thomas More, sa pulo ng Utopia, kapag ang mga tao ay nasa edad na at "nalampasan na ang kanilang sarili" at may nakamamatay na karamdaman, nasasaktan, at pabigat sa lahat, hinihikayat sila ng mga pari na piliing mamatay. Tinitiyak ng mga pari sa kanila na "magiging maligaya sila pagkatapos ng kamatayan". Kung pipiliin nilang mamatay, winawakasan nila ang kanilang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagpapagutom sa sarili o pag-inom ng [[opyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history-world.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101175649/http://www.history-world.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 1, 2004|title=World History Project: World History from Mesopotamia to World War II|website=History-world.org|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> Ang utopianong bansa ni Antonio de Guevara ay "may kaugaliang huwag mabuhay nang lampas sa edad na animnapu't lima". Sa edad na iyon, isinasagawa nila ang pagsusunog sa sarili. Sa halip na kondenahin ang kaugaliang ito, tinawag ito ni Obispo Guevara na isang "ginintuang mundo" kung saan "nalampasan ng mga tao ang likas na pagnanais na mabuhay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002444985 |title=The diall of princes: by Don Anthony of Guevara: tr. by Sir Thomas ... – Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library | HathiTrust Digital Library |website=Babel.hathitrust.org |date=2012-08-18 |access-date=2016-04-04}}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] 00nrsqud15g6kcr8t4wmsnkx0xkkluh 2237809 2237808 2026-10-29T00:28:42Z Jojit fb 38 /* Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan */ 2237809 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Mga maling akala==== Nagsagawa sina Johnson at Barer ng isang mahalagang pag-aaral na pinamagatang ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa loob ng anim na taon. Sa pakikipag-usap sa mga taong edad 85 pataas, natuklasan nilang mali ang ilang popular na pananaw tungkol sa katandaan. Kabilang sa mga maling [[pananaw]] na ito ang (1) ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay may kahit isang [[kapamilya]] na maaaring sumuporta sa kanila, (2) nangangailangan ng pakikisalamuha sa lipunan ang kagalingan sa katandaan, at (3) ang "matagumpay na pag-aangkop" sa mga pagbabagong nauugnay sa edad ay nangangailangan ng pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili. Sa kanilang mga panayam, natuklasan nina Johnson at Barer na 24% ng mga taong edad 85 pataas ay walang harapang ugnayan sa kanilang pamilya; marami sa kanila ang nabuhay nang mas matagal kaysa sa kanilang mga kapamilya. Ikalawa, taliwas sa popular na pananaw, ipinakita ng mga panayam na ang pagbawas ng mga aktibidad at pakikisalamuha ng mga taong mahigit 85 taong gulang ay hindi nakapipinsala sa kanilang kagalingan; "malugod nilang tinatanggap ang higit na paglayo". Ikatlo, sa halip na mapanatili ang pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili, habang humaharap ang mga kalahok sa mga bagong sitwasyon ay binabago nila ang kanilang "mga prosesong [[kognitibo]] at emosyonal" at muling binubuo ang kanilang "representasyon sa sarili".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|5–6}} ===Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan=== Batay sa kanyang pagsusuri sa katandaan sa kasaysayan, nagwakas si Georges Minois na "malinaw na sa lahat ng panahon at saanman ay mas pinaboran ang kabataan kaysa sa katandaan". Sa kaisipang Kanluranin, "ang katandaan ay isang kasamaan, isang karamdaman, at isang malungkot na panahon ng paghahanda para sa kamatayan". Higit pa rito, kadalasang mas pinipili ang kamatayan kaysa sa "pagkahina at pagkabulok ng [[Katawan ng tao|katawan]], sapagkat ang kamatayan ay nangangahulugan ng [[Kalayaan|paglaya]]".<ref name="Minois" />{{rp|303}} "Ang suliranin hinggil sa malabong kalagayan ng katandaan ay ... kasama na natin mula pa noong yugto ng sinaunang lipunan; ito ay kapwa pinagmumulan ng karunungan at kahinaan, karanasan at pagkabulok ng katawan, prestihiyo at pagdurusa."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Sa panahong klasiko ng mga kulturang Griyego at Romano, hinamak ang katandaan bilang panahon ng "pagbaba at pagkabulok ng katawan".<ref name="hillier">{{cite book |last1=Hillier |first1=Susan M. |last2=Barrow |first2=Georgia M. |title=Aging, the Individual, and Society |date=2014 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-1-305-17693-5 |edition=10|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} Pinahahalagahan ang "[[kagandahan]] at [[lakas]]", at itinuring ang katandaan bilang nakasisira at pangit. Itinuring ang katandaan bilang isa sa mga hindi malulutas na "dakilang hiwaga" kasama ng kasamaan, sakit, at pagdurusa. "Ang pagkabulok ng katawan, na nagpapahina sa mga bayani, ay tila mas masahol pa kaysa kamatayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|43}} Nagpapakita ang mga makasaysayang panahon ng magkakaibang larawan tungkol sa "posisyon at katayuan" ng matatanda, subalit hindi kailanman nagkaroon ng "ginintuang panahon ng pagtanda".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}} Hinamon ng mga pag-aaral ang popular na paniniwala na noong nakaraan ay iginagalang ng lipunan ang matatanda at inaalagaan sila ng kanilang mga pamilya.<ref name="pjohnson">{{cite book |editor1-last=Johnson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Thane |editor2-first=Pat |title=Old age from Antiquity to Post-modernity |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-16464-1 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} Magkasamang umiral sa masalimuot na ugnayan sa buong [[kasaysayan]] ang paggalang at pagtutol sa matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |title=The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |publisher=Answers |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081917/http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} "Iginagalang o hinahamak, pinararangalan o pinapatay ang matatanda ayon sa kalagayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Noong sinaunang panahon, ang mga mahihina ay itinuturing na pabigat at hindi pinapansin o, sa matitinding kalagayan, pinapatay.<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuqFh1Ff3rgC&q=ancient%20%20old%20age%20Most%20people%20died%20before%20they%20were%20%2050|title=The Oxford Handbook of Retirement|first=Mo|last=Wang|date=8 November 2012|publisher=OUP USA|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-19-974652-1}}</ref> Itinuturing na "matanda" ang mga tao dahil sa kawalan nila ng kakayahang magsagawa ng mga kapaki-pakinabang na gawain sa halip na batay sa kanilang edad.<ref name=pjohnson/>{{rp|6}} Bagaman may pag-aalinlangan siya sa [[mga diyos]], sumang-ayon si [[Aristotle|Aristoteles]] sa pagkamuhi sa matatanda. Sa kanyang ''Etika'', isinulat niya na "ang matatanda ay maramot; hindi nila kinikilala ang pagkakaibigang walang hinihintay na kapalit; hinahanap lamang nila ang makatutugon sa kanilang makasariling mga pangangailangan".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|60}} Inilarawan ng mga [[panahong Gitna]] at [[Renasimiyento]] ang katandaan bilang "malupit o mahina".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Ang mga Utopianong manunulat noong ika-16 na dantaon na sina Thomas More at Antonio de Guevara ay hindi nagbigay ng lugar sa kanilang mga [[kathang-isip]] na [[Lupa|lupain]] para sa mga matandang mahina na ang katawan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|277–8, 280}} Para kay Thomas More, sa pulo ng Utopia, kapag ang mga tao ay nasa edad na at "nalampasan na ang kanilang sarili" at may nakamamatay na karamdaman, nasasaktan, at pabigat sa lahat, hinihikayat sila ng mga pari na piliing mamatay. Tinitiyak ng mga pari sa kanila na "magiging maligaya sila pagkatapos ng kamatayan". Kung pipiliin nilang mamatay, winawakasan nila ang kanilang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagpapagutom sa sarili o pag-inom ng [[opyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history-world.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101175649/http://www.history-world.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 1, 2004|title=World History Project: World History from Mesopotamia to World War II|website=History-world.org|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> Ang utopianong bansa ni Antonio de Guevara ay "may kaugaliang huwag mabuhay nang lampas sa edad na animnapu't lima". Sa edad na iyon, isinasagawa nila ang pagsusunog sa sarili. Sa halip na kondenahin ang kaugaliang ito, tinawag ito ni Obispo Guevara na isang "ginintuang mundo" kung saan "nalampasan ng mga tao ang likas na pagnanais na mabuhay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002444985 |title=The diall of princes: by Don Anthony of Guevara: tr. by Sir Thomas ... – Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library | HathiTrust Digital Library |website=Babel.hathitrust.org |date=2012-08-18 |access-date=2016-04-04}}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] 35qxmk98bzobpfpgu8y8mbw6wvg9d1j 2237810 2237809 2026-10-29T00:29:50Z Jojit fb 38 /* Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan */ 2237810 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Mga maling akala==== Nagsagawa sina Johnson at Barer ng isang mahalagang pag-aaral na pinamagatang ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa loob ng anim na taon. Sa pakikipag-usap sa mga taong edad 85 pataas, natuklasan nilang mali ang ilang popular na pananaw tungkol sa katandaan. Kabilang sa mga maling [[pananaw]] na ito ang (1) ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay may kahit isang [[kapamilya]] na maaaring sumuporta sa kanila, (2) nangangailangan ng pakikisalamuha sa lipunan ang kagalingan sa katandaan, at (3) ang "matagumpay na pag-aangkop" sa mga pagbabagong nauugnay sa edad ay nangangailangan ng pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili. Sa kanilang mga panayam, natuklasan nina Johnson at Barer na 24% ng mga taong edad 85 pataas ay walang harapang ugnayan sa kanilang pamilya; marami sa kanila ang nabuhay nang mas matagal kaysa sa kanilang mga kapamilya. Ikalawa, taliwas sa popular na pananaw, ipinakita ng mga panayam na ang pagbawas ng mga aktibidad at pakikisalamuha ng mga taong mahigit 85 taong gulang ay hindi nakapipinsala sa kanilang kagalingan; "malugod nilang tinatanggap ang higit na paglayo". Ikatlo, sa halip na mapanatili ang pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili, habang humaharap ang mga kalahok sa mga bagong sitwasyon ay binabago nila ang kanilang "mga prosesong [[kognitibo]] at emosyonal" at muling binubuo ang kanilang "representasyon sa sarili".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|5–6}} ===Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan=== Batay sa kanyang pagsusuri sa katandaan sa kasaysayan, nagwakas si Georges Minois na "malinaw na sa lahat ng panahon at saanman ay mas pinaboran ang kabataan kaysa sa katandaan". Sa kaisipang Kanluranin, "ang katandaan ay isang kasamaan, isang karamdaman, at isang malungkot na panahon ng paghahanda para sa kamatayan". Higit pa rito, kadalasang mas pinipili ang kamatayan kaysa sa "pagkahina at pagkabulok ng [[Katawan ng tao|katawan]], sapagkat ang kamatayan ay nangangahulugan ng [[Kalayaan|paglaya]]".<ref name="Minois" />{{rp|303}} "Ang suliranin hinggil sa malabong kalagayan ng katandaan ay ... kasama na natin mula pa noong yugto ng sinaunang lipunan; ito ay kapwa pinagmumulan ng karunungan at kahinaan, karanasan at pagkabulok ng katawan, prestihiyo at pagdurusa."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Sa panahong klasiko ng mga kulturang Griyego at Romano, hinamak ang katandaan bilang panahon ng "pagbaba at pagkabulok ng katawan".<ref name="hillier">{{cite book |last1=Hillier |first1=Susan M. |last2=Barrow |first2=Georgia M. |title=Aging, the Individual, and Society |date=2014 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-1-305-17693-5 |edition=10|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} Pinahahalagahan ang "[[kagandahan]] at [[lakas]]", at itinuring ang katandaan bilang nakasisira at pangit. Itinuring ang katandaan bilang isa sa mga hindi malulutas na "dakilang hiwaga" kasama ng kasamaan, sakit, at pagdurusa. "Ang pagkabulok ng katawan, na nagpapahina sa mga bayani, ay tila mas masahol pa kaysa kamatayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|43}} Nagpapakita ang mga makasaysayang panahon ng magkakaibang larawan tungkol sa "posisyon at katayuan" ng matatanda, subalit hindi kailanman nagkaroon ng "ginintuang panahon ng pagtanda".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}} Hinamon ng mga pag-aaral ang popular na paniniwala na noong nakaraan ay iginagalang ng lipunan ang matatanda at inaalagaan sila ng kanilang mga pamilya.<ref name="pjohnson">{{cite book |editor1-last=Johnson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Thane |editor2-first=Pat |title=Old age from Antiquity to Post-modernity |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-16464-1 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} Magkasamang umiral sa masalimuot na ugnayan sa buong [[kasaysayan]] ang paggalang at pagtutol sa matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |title=The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |publisher=Answers |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081917/http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} "Iginagalang o hinahamak, pinararangalan o pinapatay ang matatanda ayon sa kalagayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Noong sinaunang panahon, ang mga mahihina ay itinuturing na pabigat at hindi pinapansin o, sa matitinding kalagayan, pinapatay.<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuqFh1Ff3rgC&q=ancient%20%20old%20age%20Most%20people%20died%20before%20they%20were%20%2050|title=The Oxford Handbook of Retirement|first=Mo|last=Wang|date=8 Nobyembre 2012|publisher=OUP USA|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-19-974652-1|language=en}}</ref> Itinuturing na "matanda" ang mga tao dahil sa kawalan nila ng kakayahang magsagawa ng mga kapaki-pakinabang na gawain sa halip na batay sa kanilang edad.<ref name=pjohnson/>{{rp|6}} Bagaman may pag-aalinlangan siya sa [[mga diyos]], sumang-ayon si [[Aristotle|Aristoteles]] sa pagkamuhi sa matatanda. Sa kanyang ''Etika'', isinulat niya na "ang matatanda ay maramot; hindi nila kinikilala ang pagkakaibigang walang hinihintay na kapalit; hinahanap lamang nila ang makatutugon sa kanilang makasariling mga pangangailangan".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|60}} Inilarawan ng mga [[panahong Gitna]] at [[Renasimiyento]] ang katandaan bilang "malupit o mahina".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Ang mga Utopianong manunulat noong ika-16 na dantaon na sina Thomas More at Antonio de Guevara ay hindi nagbigay ng lugar sa kanilang mga [[kathang-isip]] na [[Lupa|lupain]] para sa mga matandang mahina na ang katawan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|277–8, 280}} Para kay Thomas More, sa pulo ng Utopia, kapag ang mga tao ay nasa edad na at "nalampasan na ang kanilang sarili" at may nakamamatay na karamdaman, nasasaktan, at pabigat sa lahat, hinihikayat sila ng mga pari na piliing mamatay. Tinitiyak ng mga pari sa kanila na "magiging maligaya sila pagkatapos ng kamatayan". Kung pipiliin nilang mamatay, winawakasan nila ang kanilang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagpapagutom sa sarili o pag-inom ng [[opyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history-world.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101175649/http://www.history-world.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 1, 2004|title=World History Project: World History from Mesopotamia to World War II|website=History-world.org|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> Ang utopianong bansa ni Antonio de Guevara ay "may kaugaliang huwag mabuhay nang lampas sa edad na animnapu't lima". Sa edad na iyon, isinasagawa nila ang pagsusunog sa sarili. Sa halip na kondenahin ang kaugaliang ito, tinawag ito ni Obispo Guevara na isang "ginintuang mundo" kung saan "nalampasan ng mga tao ang likas na pagnanais na mabuhay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002444985 |title=The diall of princes: by Don Anthony of Guevara: tr. by Sir Thomas ... – Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library | HathiTrust Digital Library |website=Babel.hathitrust.org |date=2012-08-18 |access-date=2016-04-04}}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] 6uxssftvdc3ih0adm1k3mfx6yqm4so6 2237811 2237810 2026-10-29T00:30:51Z Jojit fb 38 /* Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan */ 2237811 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Mga maling akala==== Nagsagawa sina Johnson at Barer ng isang mahalagang pag-aaral na pinamagatang ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa loob ng anim na taon. Sa pakikipag-usap sa mga taong edad 85 pataas, natuklasan nilang mali ang ilang popular na pananaw tungkol sa katandaan. Kabilang sa mga maling [[pananaw]] na ito ang (1) ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay may kahit isang [[kapamilya]] na maaaring sumuporta sa kanila, (2) nangangailangan ng pakikisalamuha sa lipunan ang kagalingan sa katandaan, at (3) ang "matagumpay na pag-aangkop" sa mga pagbabagong nauugnay sa edad ay nangangailangan ng pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili. Sa kanilang mga panayam, natuklasan nina Johnson at Barer na 24% ng mga taong edad 85 pataas ay walang harapang ugnayan sa kanilang pamilya; marami sa kanila ang nabuhay nang mas matagal kaysa sa kanilang mga kapamilya. Ikalawa, taliwas sa popular na pananaw, ipinakita ng mga panayam na ang pagbawas ng mga aktibidad at pakikisalamuha ng mga taong mahigit 85 taong gulang ay hindi nakapipinsala sa kanilang kagalingan; "malugod nilang tinatanggap ang higit na paglayo". Ikatlo, sa halip na mapanatili ang pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili, habang humaharap ang mga kalahok sa mga bagong sitwasyon ay binabago nila ang kanilang "mga prosesong [[kognitibo]] at emosyonal" at muling binubuo ang kanilang "representasyon sa sarili".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|5–6}} ===Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan=== Batay sa kanyang pagsusuri sa katandaan sa kasaysayan, nagwakas si Georges Minois na "malinaw na sa lahat ng panahon at saanman ay mas pinaboran ang kabataan kaysa sa katandaan". Sa kaisipang Kanluranin, "ang katandaan ay isang kasamaan, isang karamdaman, at isang malungkot na panahon ng paghahanda para sa kamatayan". Higit pa rito, kadalasang mas pinipili ang kamatayan kaysa sa "pagkahina at pagkabulok ng [[Katawan ng tao|katawan]], sapagkat ang kamatayan ay nangangahulugan ng [[Kalayaan|paglaya]]".<ref name="Minois" />{{rp|303}} "Ang suliranin hinggil sa malabong kalagayan ng katandaan ay ... kasama na natin mula pa noong yugto ng sinaunang lipunan; ito ay kapwa pinagmumulan ng karunungan at kahinaan, karanasan at pagkabulok ng katawan, prestihiyo at pagdurusa."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Sa panahong klasiko ng mga kulturang Griyego at Romano, hinamak ang katandaan bilang panahon ng "pagbaba at pagkabulok ng katawan".<ref name="hillier">{{cite book |last1=Hillier |first1=Susan M. |last2=Barrow |first2=Georgia M. |title=Aging, the Individual, and Society |date=2014 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-1-305-17693-5 |edition=10|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} Pinahahalagahan ang "[[kagandahan]] at [[lakas]]", at itinuring ang katandaan bilang nakasisira at pangit. Itinuring ang katandaan bilang isa sa mga hindi malulutas na "dakilang hiwaga" kasama ng kasamaan, sakit, at pagdurusa. "Ang pagkabulok ng katawan, na nagpapahina sa mga bayani, ay tila mas masahol pa kaysa kamatayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|43}} Nagpapakita ang mga makasaysayang panahon ng magkakaibang larawan tungkol sa "posisyon at katayuan" ng matatanda, subalit hindi kailanman nagkaroon ng "ginintuang panahon ng pagtanda".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}} Hinamon ng mga pag-aaral ang popular na paniniwala na noong nakaraan ay iginagalang ng lipunan ang matatanda at inaalagaan sila ng kanilang mga pamilya.<ref name="pjohnson">{{cite book |editor1-last=Johnson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Thane |editor2-first=Pat |title=Old age from Antiquity to Post-modernity |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-16464-1 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} Magkasamang umiral sa masalimuot na ugnayan sa buong [[kasaysayan]] ang paggalang at pagtutol sa matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |title=The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |publisher=Answers |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081917/http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} "Iginagalang o hinahamak, pinararangalan o pinapatay ang matatanda ayon sa kalagayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Noong sinaunang panahon, ang mga mahihina ay itinuturing na pabigat at hindi pinapansin o, sa matitinding kalagayan, pinapatay.<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuqFh1Ff3rgC&q=ancient%20%20old%20age%20Most%20people%20died%20before%20they%20were%20%2050|title=The Oxford Handbook of Retirement|first=Mo|last=Wang|date=8 Nobyembre 2012|publisher=OUP USA|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-19-974652-1|language=en}}</ref> Itinuturing na "matanda" ang mga tao dahil sa kawalan nila ng kakayahang magsagawa ng mga kapaki-pakinabang na gawain sa halip na batay sa kanilang edad.<ref name=pjohnson/>{{rp|6}} Bagaman may pag-aalinlangan siya sa [[mga diyos]], sumang-ayon si [[Aristotle|Aristoteles]] sa pagkamuhi sa matatanda. Sa kanyang ''Etika'', isinulat niya na "ang matatanda ay maramot; hindi nila kinikilala ang pagkakaibigang walang hinihintay na kapalit; hinahanap lamang nila ang makatutugon sa kanilang makasariling mga pangangailangan".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|60}} Inilarawan ng mga [[panahong Gitna]] at [[Renasimiyento]] ang katandaan bilang "malupit o mahina".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Ang mga Utopianong manunulat noong ika-16 na dantaon na sina Thomas More at Antonio de Guevara ay hindi nagbigay ng lugar sa kanilang mga [[kathang-isip]] na [[Lupa|lupain]] para sa mga matandang mahina na ang katawan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|277–8, 280}} Para kay Thomas More, sa pulo ng Utopia, kapag ang mga tao ay nasa edad na at "nalampasan na ang kanilang sarili" at may nakamamatay na karamdaman, nasasaktan, at pabigat sa lahat, hinihikayat sila ng mga pari na piliing mamatay. Tinitiyak ng mga pari sa kanila na "magiging maligaya sila pagkatapos ng kamatayan". Kung pipiliin nilang mamatay, winawakasan nila ang kanilang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagpapagutom sa sarili o pag-inom ng [[opyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history-world.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101175649/http://www.history-world.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=Nobyembre 1, 2004|title=World History Project: World History from Mesopotamia to World War II|website=History-world.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ang utopianong bansa ni Antonio de Guevara ay "may kaugaliang huwag mabuhay nang lampas sa edad na animnapu't lima". Sa edad na iyon, isinasagawa nila ang pagsusunog sa sarili. Sa halip na kondenahin ang kaugaliang ito, tinawag ito ni Obispo Guevara na isang "ginintuang mundo" kung saan "nalampasan ng mga tao ang likas na pagnanais na mabuhay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002444985 |title=The diall of princes: by Don Anthony of Guevara: tr. by Sir Thomas ... – Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library | HathiTrust Digital Library |website=Babel.hathitrust.org |date=2012-08-18 |access-date=2016-04-04}}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] i9cu2qt6760zps7xvb4x65l4py0r08s 2237812 2237811 2026-10-29T00:31:36Z Jojit fb 38 /* Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan */ 2237812 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Mga maling akala==== Nagsagawa sina Johnson at Barer ng isang mahalagang pag-aaral na pinamagatang ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa loob ng anim na taon. Sa pakikipag-usap sa mga taong edad 85 pataas, natuklasan nilang mali ang ilang popular na pananaw tungkol sa katandaan. Kabilang sa mga maling [[pananaw]] na ito ang (1) ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay may kahit isang [[kapamilya]] na maaaring sumuporta sa kanila, (2) nangangailangan ng pakikisalamuha sa lipunan ang kagalingan sa katandaan, at (3) ang "matagumpay na pag-aangkop" sa mga pagbabagong nauugnay sa edad ay nangangailangan ng pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili. Sa kanilang mga panayam, natuklasan nina Johnson at Barer na 24% ng mga taong edad 85 pataas ay walang harapang ugnayan sa kanilang pamilya; marami sa kanila ang nabuhay nang mas matagal kaysa sa kanilang mga kapamilya. Ikalawa, taliwas sa popular na pananaw, ipinakita ng mga panayam na ang pagbawas ng mga aktibidad at pakikisalamuha ng mga taong mahigit 85 taong gulang ay hindi nakapipinsala sa kanilang kagalingan; "malugod nilang tinatanggap ang higit na paglayo". Ikatlo, sa halip na mapanatili ang pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili, habang humaharap ang mga kalahok sa mga bagong sitwasyon ay binabago nila ang kanilang "mga prosesong [[kognitibo]] at emosyonal" at muling binubuo ang kanilang "representasyon sa sarili".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|5–6}} ===Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan=== Batay sa kanyang pagsusuri sa katandaan sa kasaysayan, nagwakas si Georges Minois na "malinaw na sa lahat ng panahon at saanman ay mas pinaboran ang kabataan kaysa sa katandaan". Sa kaisipang Kanluranin, "ang katandaan ay isang kasamaan, isang karamdaman, at isang malungkot na panahon ng paghahanda para sa kamatayan". Higit pa rito, kadalasang mas pinipili ang kamatayan kaysa sa "pagkahina at pagkabulok ng [[Katawan ng tao|katawan]], sapagkat ang kamatayan ay nangangahulugan ng [[Kalayaan|paglaya]]".<ref name="Minois" />{{rp|303}} "Ang suliranin hinggil sa malabong kalagayan ng katandaan ay ... kasama na natin mula pa noong yugto ng sinaunang lipunan; ito ay kapwa pinagmumulan ng karunungan at kahinaan, karanasan at pagkabulok ng katawan, prestihiyo at pagdurusa."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Sa panahong klasiko ng mga kulturang Griyego at Romano, hinamak ang katandaan bilang panahon ng "pagbaba at pagkabulok ng katawan".<ref name="hillier">{{cite book |last1=Hillier |first1=Susan M. |last2=Barrow |first2=Georgia M. |title=Aging, the Individual, and Society |date=2014 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-1-305-17693-5 |edition=10|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} Pinahahalagahan ang "[[kagandahan]] at [[lakas]]", at itinuring ang katandaan bilang nakasisira at pangit. Itinuring ang katandaan bilang isa sa mga hindi malulutas na "dakilang hiwaga" kasama ng kasamaan, sakit, at pagdurusa. "Ang pagkabulok ng katawan, na nagpapahina sa mga bayani, ay tila mas masahol pa kaysa kamatayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|43}} Nagpapakita ang mga makasaysayang panahon ng magkakaibang larawan tungkol sa "posisyon at katayuan" ng matatanda, subalit hindi kailanman nagkaroon ng "ginintuang panahon ng pagtanda".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}} Hinamon ng mga pag-aaral ang popular na paniniwala na noong nakaraan ay iginagalang ng lipunan ang matatanda at inaalagaan sila ng kanilang mga pamilya.<ref name="pjohnson">{{cite book |editor1-last=Johnson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Thane |editor2-first=Pat |title=Old age from Antiquity to Post-modernity |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-16464-1 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} Magkasamang umiral sa masalimuot na ugnayan sa buong [[kasaysayan]] ang paggalang at pagtutol sa matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |title=The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |publisher=Answers |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081917/http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} "Iginagalang o hinahamak, pinararangalan o pinapatay ang matatanda ayon sa kalagayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Noong sinaunang panahon, ang mga mahihina ay itinuturing na pabigat at hindi pinapansin o, sa matitinding kalagayan, pinapatay.<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuqFh1Ff3rgC&q=ancient%20%20old%20age%20Most%20people%20died%20before%20they%20were%20%2050|title=The Oxford Handbook of Retirement|first=Mo|last=Wang|date=8 Nobyembre 2012|publisher=OUP USA|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-19-974652-1|language=en}}</ref> Itinuturing na "matanda" ang mga tao dahil sa kawalan nila ng kakayahang magsagawa ng mga kapaki-pakinabang na gawain sa halip na batay sa kanilang edad.<ref name=pjohnson/>{{rp|6}} Bagaman may pag-aalinlangan siya sa [[mga diyos]], sumang-ayon si [[Aristotle|Aristoteles]] sa pagkamuhi sa matatanda. Sa kanyang ''Etika'', isinulat niya na "ang matatanda ay maramot; hindi nila kinikilala ang pagkakaibigang walang hinihintay na kapalit; hinahanap lamang nila ang makatutugon sa kanilang makasariling mga pangangailangan".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|60}} Inilarawan ng mga [[panahong Gitna]] at [[Renasimiyento]] ang katandaan bilang "malupit o mahina".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Ang mga Utopianong manunulat noong ika-16 na dantaon na sina Thomas More at Antonio de Guevara ay hindi nagbigay ng lugar sa kanilang mga [[kathang-isip]] na [[Lupa|lupain]] para sa mga matandang mahina na ang katawan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|277–8, 280}} Para kay Thomas More, sa pulo ng Utopia, kapag ang mga tao ay nasa edad na at "nalampasan na ang kanilang sarili" at may nakamamatay na karamdaman, nasasaktan, at pabigat sa lahat, hinihikayat sila ng mga pari na piliing mamatay. Tinitiyak ng mga pari sa kanila na "magiging maligaya sila pagkatapos ng kamatayan". Kung pipiliin nilang mamatay, winawakasan nila ang kanilang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagpapagutom sa sarili o pag-inom ng [[opyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history-world.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101175649/http://www.history-world.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=Nobyembre 1, 2004|title=World History Project: World History from Mesopotamia to World War II|website=History-world.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ang utopianong bansa ni Antonio de Guevara ay "may kaugaliang huwag mabuhay nang lampas sa edad na animnapu't lima". Sa edad na iyon, isinasagawa nila ang pagsusunog sa sarili. Sa halip na kondenahin ang kaugaliang ito, tinawag ito ni Obispo Guevara na isang "ginintuang mundo" kung saan "nalampasan ng mga tao ang likas na pagnanais na mabuhay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002444985 |title=The diall of princes: by Don Anthony of Guevara: tr. by Sir Thomas ... – Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library | HathiTrust Digital Library |website=Babel.hathitrust.org |date=2012-08-18 |access-date=2016-04-04}}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] jzlx4hsn67v0tyz16k98q0fgnudf2np 2237813 2237812 2026-10-29T00:33:48Z Jojit fb 38 /* Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan */ 2237813 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Mga maling akala==== Nagsagawa sina Johnson at Barer ng isang mahalagang pag-aaral na pinamagatang ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa loob ng anim na taon. Sa pakikipag-usap sa mga taong edad 85 pataas, natuklasan nilang mali ang ilang popular na pananaw tungkol sa katandaan. Kabilang sa mga maling [[pananaw]] na ito ang (1) ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay may kahit isang [[kapamilya]] na maaaring sumuporta sa kanila, (2) nangangailangan ng pakikisalamuha sa lipunan ang kagalingan sa katandaan, at (3) ang "matagumpay na pag-aangkop" sa mga pagbabagong nauugnay sa edad ay nangangailangan ng pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili. Sa kanilang mga panayam, natuklasan nina Johnson at Barer na 24% ng mga taong edad 85 pataas ay walang harapang ugnayan sa kanilang pamilya; marami sa kanila ang nabuhay nang mas matagal kaysa sa kanilang mga kapamilya. Ikalawa, taliwas sa popular na pananaw, ipinakita ng mga panayam na ang pagbawas ng mga aktibidad at pakikisalamuha ng mga taong mahigit 85 taong gulang ay hindi nakapipinsala sa kanilang kagalingan; "malugod nilang tinatanggap ang higit na paglayo". Ikatlo, sa halip na mapanatili ang pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili, habang humaharap ang mga kalahok sa mga bagong sitwasyon ay binabago nila ang kanilang "mga prosesong [[kognitibo]] at emosyonal" at muling binubuo ang kanilang "representasyon sa sarili".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|5–6}} ===Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan=== Batay sa kanyang pagsusuri sa katandaan sa kasaysayan, nagwakas si Georges Minois na "malinaw na sa lahat ng panahon at saanman ay mas pinaboran ang kabataan kaysa sa katandaan". Sa kaisipang Kanluranin, "ang katandaan ay isang kasamaan, isang karamdaman, at isang malungkot na panahon ng paghahanda para sa kamatayan". Higit pa rito, kadalasang mas pinipili ang kamatayan kaysa sa "pagkahina at pagkabulok ng [[Katawan ng tao|katawan]], sapagkat ang kamatayan ay nangangahulugan ng [[Kalayaan|paglaya]]".<ref name="Minois" />{{rp|303}} "Ang suliranin hinggil sa malabong kalagayan ng katandaan ay ... kasama na natin mula pa noong yugto ng sinaunang lipunan; ito ay kapwa pinagmumulan ng karunungan at kahinaan, karanasan at pagkabulok ng katawan, prestihiyo at pagdurusa."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Sa panahong klasiko ng mga kulturang Griyego at Romano, hinamak ang katandaan bilang panahon ng "pagbaba at pagkabulok ng katawan".<ref name="hillier">{{cite book |last1=Hillier |first1=Susan M. |last2=Barrow |first2=Georgia M. |title=Aging, the Individual, and Society |date=2014 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-1-305-17693-5 |edition=10|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} Pinahahalagahan ang "[[kagandahan]] at [[lakas]]", at itinuring ang katandaan bilang nakasisira at pangit. Itinuring ang katandaan bilang isa sa mga hindi malulutas na "dakilang hiwaga" kasama ng kasamaan, sakit, at pagdurusa. "Ang pagkabulok ng katawan, na nagpapahina sa mga bayani, ay tila mas masahol pa kaysa kamatayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|43}} Nagpapakita ang mga makasaysayang panahon ng magkakaibang larawan tungkol sa "posisyon at katayuan" ng matatanda, subalit hindi kailanman nagkaroon ng "ginintuang panahon ng pagtanda".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}} Hinamon ng mga pag-aaral ang popular na paniniwala na noong nakaraan ay iginagalang ng lipunan ang matatanda at inaalagaan sila ng kanilang mga pamilya.<ref name="pjohnson">{{cite book |editor1-last=Johnson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Thane |editor2-first=Pat |title=Old age from Antiquity to Post-modernity |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-16464-1 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} Magkasamang umiral sa masalimuot na ugnayan sa buong [[kasaysayan]] ang paggalang at pagtutol sa matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |title=The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |publisher=Answers |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081917/http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} "Iginagalang o hinahamak, pinararangalan o pinapatay ang matatanda ayon sa kalagayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Noong sinaunang panahon, ang mga mahihina ay itinuturing na pabigat at hindi pinapansin o, sa matitinding kalagayan, pinapatay.<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuqFh1Ff3rgC&q=ancient%20%20old%20age%20Most%20people%20died%20before%20they%20were%20%2050|title=The Oxford Handbook of Retirement|first=Mo|last=Wang|date=8 Nobyembre 2012|publisher=OUP USA|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-19-974652-1|language=en}}</ref> Itinuturing na "matanda" ang mga tao dahil sa kawalan nila ng kakayahang magsagawa ng mga kapaki-pakinabang na gawain sa halip na batay sa kanilang edad.<ref name=pjohnson/>{{rp|6}} Bagaman may pag-aalinlangan siya sa [[mga diyos]], sumang-ayon si [[Aristotle|Aristoteles]] sa pagkamuhi sa matatanda. Sa kanyang ''Etika'', isinulat niya na "ang matatanda ay maramot; hindi nila kinikilala ang pagkakaibigang walang hinihintay na kapalit; hinahanap lamang nila ang makatutugon sa kanilang makasariling mga pangangailangan".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|60}} Inilarawan ng mga [[panahong Gitna]] at [[Renasimiyento]] ang katandaan bilang "malupit o mahina".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Ang mga Utopianong manunulat noong ika-16 na dantaon na sina Thomas More at Antonio de Guevara ay hindi nagbigay ng lugar sa kanilang mga [[kathang-isip]] na [[Lupa|lupain]] para sa mga matandang mahina na ang katawan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|277–8, 280}} Para kay Thomas More, sa pulo ng Utopia, kapag ang mga tao ay nasa edad na at "nalampasan na ang kanilang sarili" at may nakamamatay na karamdaman, nasasaktan, at pabigat sa lahat, hinihikayat sila ng mga pari na piliing mamatay. Tinitiyak ng mga pari sa kanila na "magiging maligaya sila pagkatapos ng kamatayan". Kung pipiliin nilang mamatay, winawakasan nila ang kanilang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagpapagutom sa sarili o pag-inom ng [[opyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history-world.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101175649/http://www.history-world.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=Nobyembre 1, 2004|title=World History Project: World History from Mesopotamia to World War II|website=History-world.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ang utopianong bansa ni Antonio de Guevara ay "may kaugaliang huwag mabuhay nang lampas sa edad na animnapu't lima". Sa edad na iyon, isinasagawa nila ang pagsusunog sa sarili. Sa halip na kondenahin ang kaugaliang ito, tinawag ito ni Obispo Guevara na isang "ginintuang mundo" kung saan "nalampasan ng mga tao ang likas na pagnanais na mabuhay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002444985 |title=The diall of princes: by Don Anthony of Guevara: tr. by Sir Thomas ... – Full View |website=Babel.hathitrust.org |date=2012-08-18 |access-date=2016-04-04|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] s6woglobti8cg61frqprzbf3o0ehcjt 2237814 2237813 2026-10-29T00:42:38Z Jojit fb 38 /* Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan */ 2237814 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Mga maling akala==== Nagsagawa sina Johnson at Barer ng isang mahalagang pag-aaral na pinamagatang ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa loob ng anim na taon. Sa pakikipag-usap sa mga taong edad 85 pataas, natuklasan nilang mali ang ilang popular na pananaw tungkol sa katandaan. Kabilang sa mga maling [[pananaw]] na ito ang (1) ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay may kahit isang [[kapamilya]] na maaaring sumuporta sa kanila, (2) nangangailangan ng pakikisalamuha sa lipunan ang kagalingan sa katandaan, at (3) ang "matagumpay na pag-aangkop" sa mga pagbabagong nauugnay sa edad ay nangangailangan ng pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili. Sa kanilang mga panayam, natuklasan nina Johnson at Barer na 24% ng mga taong edad 85 pataas ay walang harapang ugnayan sa kanilang pamilya; marami sa kanila ang nabuhay nang mas matagal kaysa sa kanilang mga kapamilya. Ikalawa, taliwas sa popular na pananaw, ipinakita ng mga panayam na ang pagbawas ng mga aktibidad at pakikisalamuha ng mga taong mahigit 85 taong gulang ay hindi nakapipinsala sa kanilang kagalingan; "malugod nilang tinatanggap ang higit na paglayo". Ikatlo, sa halip na mapanatili ang pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili, habang humaharap ang mga kalahok sa mga bagong sitwasyon ay binabago nila ang kanilang "mga prosesong [[kognitibo]] at emosyonal" at muling binubuo ang kanilang "representasyon sa sarili".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|5–6}} ===Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan=== Batay sa kanyang pagsusuri sa katandaan sa kasaysayan, nagwakas si Georges Minois na "malinaw na sa lahat ng panahon at saanman ay mas pinaboran ang kabataan kaysa sa katandaan". Sa kaisipang Kanluranin, "ang katandaan ay isang kasamaan, isang karamdaman, at isang malungkot na panahon ng paghahanda para sa kamatayan". Higit pa rito, kadalasang mas pinipili ang kamatayan kaysa sa "pagkahina at pagkabulok ng [[Katawan ng tao|katawan]], sapagkat ang kamatayan ay nangangahulugan ng [[Kalayaan|paglaya]]".<ref name="Minois" />{{rp|303}} "Ang suliranin hinggil sa malabong kalagayan ng katandaan ay ... kasama na natin mula pa noong yugto ng sinaunang lipunan; ito ay kapwa pinagmumulan ng karunungan at kahinaan, karanasan at pagkabulok ng katawan, prestihiyo at pagdurusa."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Sa panahong klasiko ng mga kulturang Griyego at Romano, hinamak ang katandaan bilang panahon ng "pagbaba at pagkabulok ng katawan".<ref name="hillier">{{cite book |last1=Hillier |first1=Susan M. |last2=Barrow |first2=Georgia M. |title=Aging, the Individual, and Society |date=2014 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-1-305-17693-5 |edition=10|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} Pinahahalagahan ang "[[kagandahan]] at [[lakas]]", at itinuring ang katandaan bilang nakasisira at pangit. Itinuring ang katandaan bilang isa sa mga hindi malulutas na "dakilang hiwaga" kasama ng kasamaan, sakit, at pagdurusa. "Ang pagkabulok ng katawan, na nagpapahina sa mga bayani, ay tila mas masahol pa kaysa kamatayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|43}} Nagpapakita ang mga makasaysayang panahon ng magkakaibang larawan tungkol sa "posisyon at katayuan" ng matatanda, subalit hindi kailanman nagkaroon ng "ginintuang panahon ng pagtanda".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}} Hinamon ng mga pag-aaral ang popular na paniniwala na noong nakaraan ay iginagalang ng lipunan ang matatanda at inaalagaan sila ng kanilang mga pamilya.<ref name="pjohnson">{{cite book |editor1-last=Johnson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Thane |editor2-first=Pat |title=Old age from Antiquity to Post-modernity |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-16464-1 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} Magkasamang umiral sa masalimuot na ugnayan sa buong [[kasaysayan]] ang paggalang at pagtutol sa matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |title=The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |publisher=Answers |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081917/http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} "Iginagalang o hinahamak, pinararangalan o pinapatay ang matatanda ayon sa kalagayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Noong sinaunang panahon, ang mga mahihina ay itinuturing na pabigat at hindi pinapansin o, sa matitinding kalagayan, pinapatay.<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuqFh1Ff3rgC&q=ancient%20%20old%20age%20Most%20people%20died%20before%20they%20were%20%2050|title=The Oxford Handbook of Retirement|first=Mo|last=Wang|date=8 Nobyembre 2012|publisher=OUP USA|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-19-974652-1|language=en}}</ref> Itinuturing na "matanda" ang mga tao dahil sa kawalan nila ng kakayahang magsagawa ng mga kapaki-pakinabang na gawain sa halip na batay sa kanilang edad.<ref name=pjohnson/>{{rp|6}} Bagaman may pag-aalinlangan siya sa [[mga diyos]], sumang-ayon si [[Aristotle|Aristoteles]] sa pagkamuhi sa matatanda. Sa kanyang ''Etika'', isinulat niya na "ang matatanda ay maramot; hindi nila kinikilala ang pagkakaibigang walang hinihintay na kapalit; hinahanap lamang nila ang makatutugon sa kanilang makasariling mga pangangailangan".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|60}} Inilarawan ng mga [[panahong Gitna]] at [[Renasimiyento]] ang katandaan bilang "malupit o mahina".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Ang mga Utopianong manunulat noong ika-16 na dantaon na sina Thomas More at Antonio de Guevara ay hindi nagbigay ng lugar sa kanilang mga [[kathang-isip]] na [[Lupa|lupain]] para sa mga matandang mahina na ang katawan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|277–8, 280}} Para kay Thomas More, sa pulo ng Utopia, kapag ang mga tao ay nasa edad na at "nalampasan na ang kanilang sarili" at may nakamamatay na karamdaman, nasasaktan, at pabigat sa lahat, hinihikayat sila ng mga pari na piliing mamatay. Tinitiyak ng mga pari sa kanila na "magiging maligaya sila pagkatapos ng kamatayan". Kung pipiliin nilang mamatay, winawakasan nila ang kanilang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagpapagutom sa sarili o pag-inom ng [[opyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history-world.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101175649/http://www.history-world.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=Nobyembre 1, 2004|title=World History Project: World History from Mesopotamia to World War II|website=History-world.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ang utopianong bansa ni Antonio de Guevara ay "may kaugaliang huwag mabuhay nang lampas sa edad na animnapu't lima". Sa edad na iyon, isinasagawa nila ang pagsusunog sa sarili. Sa halip na kondenahin ang kaugaliang ito, tinawag ito ni Obispo Guevara na isang "ginintuang mundo" kung saan "nalampasan ng mga tao ang likas na pagnanais na mabuhay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002444985 |title=The diall of princes: by Don Anthony of Guevara: tr. by Sir Thomas ... – Full View |website=Babel.hathitrust.org |date=2012-08-18 |access-date=2016-04-04|language=en}}</ref> ====Mga kontemporaryong pananaw==== Sa [[makabagong panahon]], bumaba ang katayuang kultural ng matatanda sa maraming [[kultura]].<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Napansin ni Joan Erikson na "ang matatandang indibiduwal ay madalas na itinatakwil, napapabayaan, at hindi napapansin; hindi na itinuturing ang matatanda bilang tagapagdala ng [[karunungan]] kundi bilang mga sagisag ng [[kahihiyan]]".<ref name="erikson">{{cite book |last1=Erikson |first1=Erik H. |last2=Erikson |first2=Joan M. |title=The Life Cycle Completed: Extended Version |date=1998 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-34743-2}}</ref>{{rp|114}} Bahagyang nagkakaiba ang mga pananaw tungkol sa kagalingan sa katandaan sa iba't ibang kultura. Halimbawa, sa Estados Unidos, ang pagiging [[Kalusugan|malusog]], pisikal na aktibo, at aktibo sa lipunan ay mga palatandaan ng magandang kalagayan sa katandaan. Sa kabilang banda, higit na binibigyang-pansin ng [[mga Aprikano]] ang [[pagkain]] at materyal na [[seguridad]], pati na ang matulunging pamilya, kapag inilalarawan ang kagalingan sa katandaan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Keith |first1=Jennie|author1-link=Jennie Keith |title=The Aging Experience: Diversity and Commonality across Cultures |last2=Fry |first2=Christine |last3=Glascock |first3=Anthony |last4=Ikels |first4=Charlotte |last5=Dickerson-Putman |first5=Jeanette |last6=Harpending |first6=Henry |last7=Draper |first7=Patricia |date=1994 |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-0-8039-5867-8 |location=Thousand Oaks, California, United States|doi=10.4135/9781452243382 }}</ref> Bukod dito, higit na nababalisa ang [[mga Koreano]] tungkol sa pagtanda at higit na natatakot sa matatanda kaysa sa mga Amerikano.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yun |first1=Rebecca J. |last2=Lachman |first2=Margie E. |date=2006-03-01 |title=Perceptions of Aging in Two Cultures: Korean and American Views on Old Age |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=55–70 |doi=10.1007/s10823-006-9018-y |pmid=17103311 |s2cid=13558473 |issn=1573-0719}}</ref> Patuloy na natutuklasan sa [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa mga pananaw na may kaugnayan sa edad na mas nangingibabaw ang mga negatibong pananaw kaysa sa mga positibong pananaw sa matatanda dahil sa kanilang hitsura at [[pag-uugali]].<ref>James E. Birren and K Warner Schaie, eds., ''Handbook of the Psychology of Aging'' (Academic, 2011), 253.</ref> Sa kanyang pag-aaral na ''Aging and Old Age'', natuklasan ni Posner ang "hinanakit at paghamak sa matatanda" sa lipunang Amerikano.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|320}} Sinusukat ng ''implicit association test'' o di-tahas na pagsusulit ng asosasyon ng [[Pamantasang Harvard]] ang mga di-tahas na "pananaw at paniniwala" tungkol sa "Kabataan kumpara sa Katandaan".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html |title=ProjectImplicit |website=Implicit.harvard.edu |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405203748/https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Iniulat ng ''Blind Spot: Hidden Biases of Good People'', isang aklat tungkol sa pagsusulit, na 80% ng mga Amerikano ay may "awtomatikong pagkiling sa [[kabataan]] kaysa sa matatanda" at na totoo ang pananaw na ito sa buong [[mundo]]. Ang mga kabataan ay "pare-parehong negatibo ang pananaw" sa matatanda.<ref>Mahzarin R. Banaji and Anthony G. Greenwald, ''Blind Spot: Hidden Biases of Good People'' (Random House, 2013), 67.</ref> Itinatala ng ''Ageism'' na sa pangkalahatan ay "kaunti ang pagpaparaya ng mga Amerikano sa matatanda at kakaunti ang kanilang pag-aalinlangan sa pagkakaroon ng mga negatibong pananaw" tungkol sa kanila.<ref>Todd D. Nelson, ed, ''Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons'' (Bradford, 2004), ix.</ref> Sa kabila ng pagiging laganap nito, bihirang maging paksa ng pampublikong diskurso ang [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5}}</ref>{{rp|23}} ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] mwste4zjfqtjx4tbczr00jvytbfqk0f 2237815 2237814 2026-10-29T00:43:59Z Jojit fb 38 /* Mga kontemporaryong pananaw */ 2237815 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Mga maling akala==== Nagsagawa sina Johnson at Barer ng isang mahalagang pag-aaral na pinamagatang ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa loob ng anim na taon. Sa pakikipag-usap sa mga taong edad 85 pataas, natuklasan nilang mali ang ilang popular na pananaw tungkol sa katandaan. Kabilang sa mga maling [[pananaw]] na ito ang (1) ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay may kahit isang [[kapamilya]] na maaaring sumuporta sa kanila, (2) nangangailangan ng pakikisalamuha sa lipunan ang kagalingan sa katandaan, at (3) ang "matagumpay na pag-aangkop" sa mga pagbabagong nauugnay sa edad ay nangangailangan ng pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili. Sa kanilang mga panayam, natuklasan nina Johnson at Barer na 24% ng mga taong edad 85 pataas ay walang harapang ugnayan sa kanilang pamilya; marami sa kanila ang nabuhay nang mas matagal kaysa sa kanilang mga kapamilya. Ikalawa, taliwas sa popular na pananaw, ipinakita ng mga panayam na ang pagbawas ng mga aktibidad at pakikisalamuha ng mga taong mahigit 85 taong gulang ay hindi nakapipinsala sa kanilang kagalingan; "malugod nilang tinatanggap ang higit na paglayo". Ikatlo, sa halip na mapanatili ang pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili, habang humaharap ang mga kalahok sa mga bagong sitwasyon ay binabago nila ang kanilang "mga prosesong [[kognitibo]] at emosyonal" at muling binubuo ang kanilang "representasyon sa sarili".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|5–6}} ===Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan=== Batay sa kanyang pagsusuri sa katandaan sa kasaysayan, nagwakas si Georges Minois na "malinaw na sa lahat ng panahon at saanman ay mas pinaboran ang kabataan kaysa sa katandaan". Sa kaisipang Kanluranin, "ang katandaan ay isang kasamaan, isang karamdaman, at isang malungkot na panahon ng paghahanda para sa kamatayan". Higit pa rito, kadalasang mas pinipili ang kamatayan kaysa sa "pagkahina at pagkabulok ng [[Katawan ng tao|katawan]], sapagkat ang kamatayan ay nangangahulugan ng [[Kalayaan|paglaya]]".<ref name="Minois" />{{rp|303}} "Ang suliranin hinggil sa malabong kalagayan ng katandaan ay ... kasama na natin mula pa noong yugto ng sinaunang lipunan; ito ay kapwa pinagmumulan ng karunungan at kahinaan, karanasan at pagkabulok ng katawan, prestihiyo at pagdurusa."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Sa panahong klasiko ng mga kulturang Griyego at Romano, hinamak ang katandaan bilang panahon ng "pagbaba at pagkabulok ng katawan".<ref name="hillier">{{cite book |last1=Hillier |first1=Susan M. |last2=Barrow |first2=Georgia M. |title=Aging, the Individual, and Society |date=2014 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-1-305-17693-5 |edition=10|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} Pinahahalagahan ang "[[kagandahan]] at [[lakas]]", at itinuring ang katandaan bilang nakasisira at pangit. Itinuring ang katandaan bilang isa sa mga hindi malulutas na "dakilang hiwaga" kasama ng kasamaan, sakit, at pagdurusa. "Ang pagkabulok ng katawan, na nagpapahina sa mga bayani, ay tila mas masahol pa kaysa kamatayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|43}} Nagpapakita ang mga makasaysayang panahon ng magkakaibang larawan tungkol sa "posisyon at katayuan" ng matatanda, subalit hindi kailanman nagkaroon ng "ginintuang panahon ng pagtanda".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}} Hinamon ng mga pag-aaral ang popular na paniniwala na noong nakaraan ay iginagalang ng lipunan ang matatanda at inaalagaan sila ng kanilang mga pamilya.<ref name="pjohnson">{{cite book |editor1-last=Johnson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Thane |editor2-first=Pat |title=Old age from Antiquity to Post-modernity |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-16464-1 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} Magkasamang umiral sa masalimuot na ugnayan sa buong [[kasaysayan]] ang paggalang at pagtutol sa matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |title=The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |publisher=Answers |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081917/http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} "Iginagalang o hinahamak, pinararangalan o pinapatay ang matatanda ayon sa kalagayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Noong sinaunang panahon, ang mga mahihina ay itinuturing na pabigat at hindi pinapansin o, sa matitinding kalagayan, pinapatay.<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuqFh1Ff3rgC&q=ancient%20%20old%20age%20Most%20people%20died%20before%20they%20were%20%2050|title=The Oxford Handbook of Retirement|first=Mo|last=Wang|date=8 Nobyembre 2012|publisher=OUP USA|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-19-974652-1|language=en}}</ref> Itinuturing na "matanda" ang mga tao dahil sa kawalan nila ng kakayahang magsagawa ng mga kapaki-pakinabang na gawain sa halip na batay sa kanilang edad.<ref name=pjohnson/>{{rp|6}} Bagaman may pag-aalinlangan siya sa [[mga diyos]], sumang-ayon si [[Aristotle|Aristoteles]] sa pagkamuhi sa matatanda. Sa kanyang ''Etika'', isinulat niya na "ang matatanda ay maramot; hindi nila kinikilala ang pagkakaibigang walang hinihintay na kapalit; hinahanap lamang nila ang makatutugon sa kanilang makasariling mga pangangailangan".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|60}} Inilarawan ng mga [[panahong Gitna]] at [[Renasimiyento]] ang katandaan bilang "malupit o mahina".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Ang mga Utopianong manunulat noong ika-16 na dantaon na sina Thomas More at Antonio de Guevara ay hindi nagbigay ng lugar sa kanilang mga [[kathang-isip]] na [[Lupa|lupain]] para sa mga matandang mahina na ang katawan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|277–8, 280}} Para kay Thomas More, sa pulo ng Utopia, kapag ang mga tao ay nasa edad na at "nalampasan na ang kanilang sarili" at may nakamamatay na karamdaman, nasasaktan, at pabigat sa lahat, hinihikayat sila ng mga pari na piliing mamatay. Tinitiyak ng mga pari sa kanila na "magiging maligaya sila pagkatapos ng kamatayan". Kung pipiliin nilang mamatay, winawakasan nila ang kanilang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagpapagutom sa sarili o pag-inom ng [[opyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history-world.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101175649/http://www.history-world.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=Nobyembre 1, 2004|title=World History Project: World History from Mesopotamia to World War II|website=History-world.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ang utopianong bansa ni Antonio de Guevara ay "may kaugaliang huwag mabuhay nang lampas sa edad na animnapu't lima". Sa edad na iyon, isinasagawa nila ang pagsusunog sa sarili. Sa halip na kondenahin ang kaugaliang ito, tinawag ito ni Obispo Guevara na isang "ginintuang mundo" kung saan "nalampasan ng mga tao ang likas na pagnanais na mabuhay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002444985 |title=The diall of princes: by Don Anthony of Guevara: tr. by Sir Thomas ... – Full View |website=Babel.hathitrust.org |date=2012-08-18 |access-date=2016-04-04|language=en}}</ref> ====Mga kontemporaryong pananaw==== Sa [[makabagong panahon]], bumaba ang katayuang kultural ng matatanda sa maraming [[kultura]].<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Napansin ni Joan Erikson na "ang matatandang indibiduwal ay madalas na itinatakwil, napapabayaan, at hindi napapansin; hindi na itinuturing ang matatanda bilang tagapagdala ng [[karunungan]] kundi bilang mga sagisag ng [[kahihiyan]]".<ref name="erikson">{{cite book |last1=Erikson |first1=Erik H. |last2=Erikson |first2=Joan M. |title=The Life Cycle Completed: Extended Version |date=1998 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-34743-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|114}} Bahagyang nagkakaiba ang mga pananaw tungkol sa kagalingan sa katandaan sa iba't ibang kultura. Halimbawa, sa Estados Unidos, ang pagiging [[Kalusugan|malusog]], pisikal na aktibo, at aktibo sa lipunan ay mga palatandaan ng magandang kalagayan sa katandaan. Sa kabilang banda, higit na binibigyang-pansin ng [[mga Aprikano]] ang [[pagkain]] at materyal na [[seguridad]], pati na ang matulunging pamilya, kapag inilalarawan ang kagalingan sa katandaan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Keith |first1=Jennie|author1-link=Jennie Keith |title=The Aging Experience: Diversity and Commonality across Cultures |last2=Fry |first2=Christine |last3=Glascock |first3=Anthony |last4=Ikels |first4=Charlotte |last5=Dickerson-Putman |first5=Jeanette |last6=Harpending |first6=Henry |last7=Draper |first7=Patricia |date=1994 |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-0-8039-5867-8 |location=Thousand Oaks, California, United States|doi=10.4135/9781452243382 }}</ref> Bukod dito, higit na nababalisa ang [[mga Koreano]] tungkol sa pagtanda at higit na natatakot sa matatanda kaysa sa mga Amerikano.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yun |first1=Rebecca J. |last2=Lachman |first2=Margie E. |date=2006-03-01 |title=Perceptions of Aging in Two Cultures: Korean and American Views on Old Age |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=55–70 |doi=10.1007/s10823-006-9018-y |pmid=17103311 |s2cid=13558473 |issn=1573-0719}}</ref> Patuloy na natutuklasan sa [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa mga pananaw na may kaugnayan sa edad na mas nangingibabaw ang mga negatibong pananaw kaysa sa mga positibong pananaw sa matatanda dahil sa kanilang hitsura at [[pag-uugali]].<ref>James E. Birren and K Warner Schaie, eds., ''Handbook of the Psychology of Aging'' (Academic, 2011), 253.</ref> Sa kanyang pag-aaral na ''Aging and Old Age'', natuklasan ni Posner ang "hinanakit at paghamak sa matatanda" sa lipunang Amerikano.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|320}} Sinusukat ng ''implicit association test'' o di-tahas na pagsusulit ng asosasyon ng [[Pamantasang Harvard]] ang mga di-tahas na "pananaw at paniniwala" tungkol sa "Kabataan kumpara sa Katandaan".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html |title=ProjectImplicit |website=Implicit.harvard.edu |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405203748/https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Iniulat ng ''Blind Spot: Hidden Biases of Good People'', isang aklat tungkol sa pagsusulit, na 80% ng mga Amerikano ay may "awtomatikong pagkiling sa [[kabataan]] kaysa sa matatanda" at na totoo ang pananaw na ito sa buong [[mundo]]. Ang mga kabataan ay "pare-parehong negatibo ang pananaw" sa matatanda.<ref>Mahzarin R. Banaji and Anthony G. Greenwald, ''Blind Spot: Hidden Biases of Good People'' (Random House, 2013), 67.</ref> Itinatala ng ''Ageism'' na sa pangkalahatan ay "kaunti ang pagpaparaya ng mga Amerikano sa matatanda at kakaunti ang kanilang pag-aalinlangan sa pagkakaroon ng mga negatibong pananaw" tungkol sa kanila.<ref>Todd D. Nelson, ed, ''Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons'' (Bradford, 2004), ix.</ref> Sa kabila ng pagiging laganap nito, bihirang maging paksa ng pampublikong diskurso ang [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5}}</ref>{{rp|23}} ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] asu7gwxu6jrwhqw00ltdft9hs7z9uwf 2237816 2237815 2026-10-29T00:44:40Z Jojit fb 38 /* Mga kontemporaryong pananaw */ 2237816 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Mga maling akala==== Nagsagawa sina Johnson at Barer ng isang mahalagang pag-aaral na pinamagatang ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa loob ng anim na taon. Sa pakikipag-usap sa mga taong edad 85 pataas, natuklasan nilang mali ang ilang popular na pananaw tungkol sa katandaan. Kabilang sa mga maling [[pananaw]] na ito ang (1) ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay may kahit isang [[kapamilya]] na maaaring sumuporta sa kanila, (2) nangangailangan ng pakikisalamuha sa lipunan ang kagalingan sa katandaan, at (3) ang "matagumpay na pag-aangkop" sa mga pagbabagong nauugnay sa edad ay nangangailangan ng pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili. Sa kanilang mga panayam, natuklasan nina Johnson at Barer na 24% ng mga taong edad 85 pataas ay walang harapang ugnayan sa kanilang pamilya; marami sa kanila ang nabuhay nang mas matagal kaysa sa kanilang mga kapamilya. Ikalawa, taliwas sa popular na pananaw, ipinakita ng mga panayam na ang pagbawas ng mga aktibidad at pakikisalamuha ng mga taong mahigit 85 taong gulang ay hindi nakapipinsala sa kanilang kagalingan; "malugod nilang tinatanggap ang higit na paglayo". Ikatlo, sa halip na mapanatili ang pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili, habang humaharap ang mga kalahok sa mga bagong sitwasyon ay binabago nila ang kanilang "mga prosesong [[kognitibo]] at emosyonal" at muling binubuo ang kanilang "representasyon sa sarili".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|5–6}} ===Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan=== Batay sa kanyang pagsusuri sa katandaan sa kasaysayan, nagwakas si Georges Minois na "malinaw na sa lahat ng panahon at saanman ay mas pinaboran ang kabataan kaysa sa katandaan". Sa kaisipang Kanluranin, "ang katandaan ay isang kasamaan, isang karamdaman, at isang malungkot na panahon ng paghahanda para sa kamatayan". Higit pa rito, kadalasang mas pinipili ang kamatayan kaysa sa "pagkahina at pagkabulok ng [[Katawan ng tao|katawan]], sapagkat ang kamatayan ay nangangahulugan ng [[Kalayaan|paglaya]]".<ref name="Minois" />{{rp|303}} "Ang suliranin hinggil sa malabong kalagayan ng katandaan ay ... kasama na natin mula pa noong yugto ng sinaunang lipunan; ito ay kapwa pinagmumulan ng karunungan at kahinaan, karanasan at pagkabulok ng katawan, prestihiyo at pagdurusa."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Sa panahong klasiko ng mga kulturang Griyego at Romano, hinamak ang katandaan bilang panahon ng "pagbaba at pagkabulok ng katawan".<ref name="hillier">{{cite book |last1=Hillier |first1=Susan M. |last2=Barrow |first2=Georgia M. |title=Aging, the Individual, and Society |date=2014 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-1-305-17693-5 |edition=10|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} Pinahahalagahan ang "[[kagandahan]] at [[lakas]]", at itinuring ang katandaan bilang nakasisira at pangit. Itinuring ang katandaan bilang isa sa mga hindi malulutas na "dakilang hiwaga" kasama ng kasamaan, sakit, at pagdurusa. "Ang pagkabulok ng katawan, na nagpapahina sa mga bayani, ay tila mas masahol pa kaysa kamatayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|43}} Nagpapakita ang mga makasaysayang panahon ng magkakaibang larawan tungkol sa "posisyon at katayuan" ng matatanda, subalit hindi kailanman nagkaroon ng "ginintuang panahon ng pagtanda".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}} Hinamon ng mga pag-aaral ang popular na paniniwala na noong nakaraan ay iginagalang ng lipunan ang matatanda at inaalagaan sila ng kanilang mga pamilya.<ref name="pjohnson">{{cite book |editor1-last=Johnson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Thane |editor2-first=Pat |title=Old age from Antiquity to Post-modernity |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-16464-1 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} Magkasamang umiral sa masalimuot na ugnayan sa buong [[kasaysayan]] ang paggalang at pagtutol sa matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |title=The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |publisher=Answers |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081917/http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} "Iginagalang o hinahamak, pinararangalan o pinapatay ang matatanda ayon sa kalagayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Noong sinaunang panahon, ang mga mahihina ay itinuturing na pabigat at hindi pinapansin o, sa matitinding kalagayan, pinapatay.<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuqFh1Ff3rgC&q=ancient%20%20old%20age%20Most%20people%20died%20before%20they%20were%20%2050|title=The Oxford Handbook of Retirement|first=Mo|last=Wang|date=8 Nobyembre 2012|publisher=OUP USA|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-19-974652-1|language=en}}</ref> Itinuturing na "matanda" ang mga tao dahil sa kawalan nila ng kakayahang magsagawa ng mga kapaki-pakinabang na gawain sa halip na batay sa kanilang edad.<ref name=pjohnson/>{{rp|6}} Bagaman may pag-aalinlangan siya sa [[mga diyos]], sumang-ayon si [[Aristotle|Aristoteles]] sa pagkamuhi sa matatanda. Sa kanyang ''Etika'', isinulat niya na "ang matatanda ay maramot; hindi nila kinikilala ang pagkakaibigang walang hinihintay na kapalit; hinahanap lamang nila ang makatutugon sa kanilang makasariling mga pangangailangan".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|60}} Inilarawan ng mga [[panahong Gitna]] at [[Renasimiyento]] ang katandaan bilang "malupit o mahina".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Ang mga Utopianong manunulat noong ika-16 na dantaon na sina Thomas More at Antonio de Guevara ay hindi nagbigay ng lugar sa kanilang mga [[kathang-isip]] na [[Lupa|lupain]] para sa mga matandang mahina na ang katawan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|277–8, 280}} Para kay Thomas More, sa pulo ng Utopia, kapag ang mga tao ay nasa edad na at "nalampasan na ang kanilang sarili" at may nakamamatay na karamdaman, nasasaktan, at pabigat sa lahat, hinihikayat sila ng mga pari na piliing mamatay. Tinitiyak ng mga pari sa kanila na "magiging maligaya sila pagkatapos ng kamatayan". Kung pipiliin nilang mamatay, winawakasan nila ang kanilang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagpapagutom sa sarili o pag-inom ng [[opyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history-world.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101175649/http://www.history-world.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=Nobyembre 1, 2004|title=World History Project: World History from Mesopotamia to World War II|website=History-world.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ang utopianong bansa ni Antonio de Guevara ay "may kaugaliang huwag mabuhay nang lampas sa edad na animnapu't lima". Sa edad na iyon, isinasagawa nila ang pagsusunog sa sarili. Sa halip na kondenahin ang kaugaliang ito, tinawag ito ni Obispo Guevara na isang "ginintuang mundo" kung saan "nalampasan ng mga tao ang likas na pagnanais na mabuhay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002444985 |title=The diall of princes: by Don Anthony of Guevara: tr. by Sir Thomas ... – Full View |website=Babel.hathitrust.org |date=2012-08-18 |access-date=2016-04-04|language=en}}</ref> ====Mga kontemporaryong pananaw==== Sa [[makabagong panahon]], bumaba ang katayuang kultural ng matatanda sa maraming [[kultura]].<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Napansin ni Joan Erikson na "ang matatandang indibiduwal ay madalas na itinatakwil, napapabayaan, at hindi napapansin; hindi na itinuturing ang matatanda bilang tagapagdala ng [[karunungan]] kundi bilang mga sagisag ng [[kahihiyan]]".<ref name="erikson">{{cite book |last1=Erikson |first1=Erik H. |last2=Erikson |first2=Joan M. |title=The Life Cycle Completed: Extended Version |date=1998 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-34743-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|114}} Bahagyang nagkakaiba ang mga pananaw tungkol sa kagalingan sa katandaan sa iba't ibang kultura. Halimbawa, sa Estados Unidos, ang pagiging [[Kalusugan|malusog]], pisikal na aktibo, at aktibo sa lipunan ay mga palatandaan ng magandang kalagayan sa katandaan. Sa kabilang banda, higit na binibigyang-pansin ng [[mga Aprikano]] ang [[pagkain]] at materyal na [[seguridad]], pati na ang matulunging pamilya, kapag inilalarawan ang kagalingan sa katandaan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Keith |first1=Jennie|title=The Aging Experience: Diversity and Commonality across Cultures |last2=Fry |first2=Christine |last3=Glascock |first3=Anthony |last4=Ikels |first4=Charlotte |last5=Dickerson-Putman |first5=Jeanette |last6=Harpending |first6=Henry |last7=Draper |first7=Patricia |date=1994 |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-0-8039-5867-8 |location=Thousand Oaks, California, United States|doi=10.4135/9781452243382 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, higit na nababalisa ang [[mga Koreano]] tungkol sa pagtanda at higit na natatakot sa matatanda kaysa sa mga Amerikano.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yun |first1=Rebecca J. |last2=Lachman |first2=Margie E. |date=2006-03-01 |title=Perceptions of Aging in Two Cultures: Korean and American Views on Old Age |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=55–70 |doi=10.1007/s10823-006-9018-y |pmid=17103311 |s2cid=13558473 |issn=1573-0719}}</ref> Patuloy na natutuklasan sa [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa mga pananaw na may kaugnayan sa edad na mas nangingibabaw ang mga negatibong pananaw kaysa sa mga positibong pananaw sa matatanda dahil sa kanilang hitsura at [[pag-uugali]].<ref>James E. Birren and K Warner Schaie, eds., ''Handbook of the Psychology of Aging'' (Academic, 2011), 253.</ref> Sa kanyang pag-aaral na ''Aging and Old Age'', natuklasan ni Posner ang "hinanakit at paghamak sa matatanda" sa lipunang Amerikano.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|320}} Sinusukat ng ''implicit association test'' o di-tahas na pagsusulit ng asosasyon ng [[Pamantasang Harvard]] ang mga di-tahas na "pananaw at paniniwala" tungkol sa "Kabataan kumpara sa Katandaan".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html |title=ProjectImplicit |website=Implicit.harvard.edu |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405203748/https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Iniulat ng ''Blind Spot: Hidden Biases of Good People'', isang aklat tungkol sa pagsusulit, na 80% ng mga Amerikano ay may "awtomatikong pagkiling sa [[kabataan]] kaysa sa matatanda" at na totoo ang pananaw na ito sa buong [[mundo]]. Ang mga kabataan ay "pare-parehong negatibo ang pananaw" sa matatanda.<ref>Mahzarin R. Banaji and Anthony G. Greenwald, ''Blind Spot: Hidden Biases of Good People'' (Random House, 2013), 67.</ref> Itinatala ng ''Ageism'' na sa pangkalahatan ay "kaunti ang pagpaparaya ng mga Amerikano sa matatanda at kakaunti ang kanilang pag-aalinlangan sa pagkakaroon ng mga negatibong pananaw" tungkol sa kanila.<ref>Todd D. Nelson, ed, ''Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons'' (Bradford, 2004), ix.</ref> Sa kabila ng pagiging laganap nito, bihirang maging paksa ng pampublikong diskurso ang [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5}}</ref>{{rp|23}} ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] 9s8m0m3i5ovg59ao7ak0cnyew01mk0l 2237817 2237816 2026-10-29T00:45:58Z Jojit fb 38 /* Mga kontemporaryong pananaw */ 2237817 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Mga maling akala==== Nagsagawa sina Johnson at Barer ng isang mahalagang pag-aaral na pinamagatang ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa loob ng anim na taon. Sa pakikipag-usap sa mga taong edad 85 pataas, natuklasan nilang mali ang ilang popular na pananaw tungkol sa katandaan. Kabilang sa mga maling [[pananaw]] na ito ang (1) ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay may kahit isang [[kapamilya]] na maaaring sumuporta sa kanila, (2) nangangailangan ng pakikisalamuha sa lipunan ang kagalingan sa katandaan, at (3) ang "matagumpay na pag-aangkop" sa mga pagbabagong nauugnay sa edad ay nangangailangan ng pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili. Sa kanilang mga panayam, natuklasan nina Johnson at Barer na 24% ng mga taong edad 85 pataas ay walang harapang ugnayan sa kanilang pamilya; marami sa kanila ang nabuhay nang mas matagal kaysa sa kanilang mga kapamilya. Ikalawa, taliwas sa popular na pananaw, ipinakita ng mga panayam na ang pagbawas ng mga aktibidad at pakikisalamuha ng mga taong mahigit 85 taong gulang ay hindi nakapipinsala sa kanilang kagalingan; "malugod nilang tinatanggap ang higit na paglayo". Ikatlo, sa halip na mapanatili ang pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili, habang humaharap ang mga kalahok sa mga bagong sitwasyon ay binabago nila ang kanilang "mga prosesong [[kognitibo]] at emosyonal" at muling binubuo ang kanilang "representasyon sa sarili".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|5–6}} ===Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan=== Batay sa kanyang pagsusuri sa katandaan sa kasaysayan, nagwakas si Georges Minois na "malinaw na sa lahat ng panahon at saanman ay mas pinaboran ang kabataan kaysa sa katandaan". Sa kaisipang Kanluranin, "ang katandaan ay isang kasamaan, isang karamdaman, at isang malungkot na panahon ng paghahanda para sa kamatayan". Higit pa rito, kadalasang mas pinipili ang kamatayan kaysa sa "pagkahina at pagkabulok ng [[Katawan ng tao|katawan]], sapagkat ang kamatayan ay nangangahulugan ng [[Kalayaan|paglaya]]".<ref name="Minois" />{{rp|303}} "Ang suliranin hinggil sa malabong kalagayan ng katandaan ay ... kasama na natin mula pa noong yugto ng sinaunang lipunan; ito ay kapwa pinagmumulan ng karunungan at kahinaan, karanasan at pagkabulok ng katawan, prestihiyo at pagdurusa."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Sa panahong klasiko ng mga kulturang Griyego at Romano, hinamak ang katandaan bilang panahon ng "pagbaba at pagkabulok ng katawan".<ref name="hillier">{{cite book |last1=Hillier |first1=Susan M. |last2=Barrow |first2=Georgia M. |title=Aging, the Individual, and Society |date=2014 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-1-305-17693-5 |edition=10|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} Pinahahalagahan ang "[[kagandahan]] at [[lakas]]", at itinuring ang katandaan bilang nakasisira at pangit. Itinuring ang katandaan bilang isa sa mga hindi malulutas na "dakilang hiwaga" kasama ng kasamaan, sakit, at pagdurusa. "Ang pagkabulok ng katawan, na nagpapahina sa mga bayani, ay tila mas masahol pa kaysa kamatayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|43}} Nagpapakita ang mga makasaysayang panahon ng magkakaibang larawan tungkol sa "posisyon at katayuan" ng matatanda, subalit hindi kailanman nagkaroon ng "ginintuang panahon ng pagtanda".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}} Hinamon ng mga pag-aaral ang popular na paniniwala na noong nakaraan ay iginagalang ng lipunan ang matatanda at inaalagaan sila ng kanilang mga pamilya.<ref name="pjohnson">{{cite book |editor1-last=Johnson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Thane |editor2-first=Pat |title=Old age from Antiquity to Post-modernity |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-16464-1 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} Magkasamang umiral sa masalimuot na ugnayan sa buong [[kasaysayan]] ang paggalang at pagtutol sa matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |title=The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |publisher=Answers |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081917/http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} "Iginagalang o hinahamak, pinararangalan o pinapatay ang matatanda ayon sa kalagayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Noong sinaunang panahon, ang mga mahihina ay itinuturing na pabigat at hindi pinapansin o, sa matitinding kalagayan, pinapatay.<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuqFh1Ff3rgC&q=ancient%20%20old%20age%20Most%20people%20died%20before%20they%20were%20%2050|title=The Oxford Handbook of Retirement|first=Mo|last=Wang|date=8 Nobyembre 2012|publisher=OUP USA|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-19-974652-1|language=en}}</ref> Itinuturing na "matanda" ang mga tao dahil sa kawalan nila ng kakayahang magsagawa ng mga kapaki-pakinabang na gawain sa halip na batay sa kanilang edad.<ref name=pjohnson/>{{rp|6}} Bagaman may pag-aalinlangan siya sa [[mga diyos]], sumang-ayon si [[Aristotle|Aristoteles]] sa pagkamuhi sa matatanda. Sa kanyang ''Etika'', isinulat niya na "ang matatanda ay maramot; hindi nila kinikilala ang pagkakaibigang walang hinihintay na kapalit; hinahanap lamang nila ang makatutugon sa kanilang makasariling mga pangangailangan".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|60}} Inilarawan ng mga [[panahong Gitna]] at [[Renasimiyento]] ang katandaan bilang "malupit o mahina".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Ang mga Utopianong manunulat noong ika-16 na dantaon na sina Thomas More at Antonio de Guevara ay hindi nagbigay ng lugar sa kanilang mga [[kathang-isip]] na [[Lupa|lupain]] para sa mga matandang mahina na ang katawan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|277–8, 280}} Para kay Thomas More, sa pulo ng Utopia, kapag ang mga tao ay nasa edad na at "nalampasan na ang kanilang sarili" at may nakamamatay na karamdaman, nasasaktan, at pabigat sa lahat, hinihikayat sila ng mga pari na piliing mamatay. Tinitiyak ng mga pari sa kanila na "magiging maligaya sila pagkatapos ng kamatayan". Kung pipiliin nilang mamatay, winawakasan nila ang kanilang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagpapagutom sa sarili o pag-inom ng [[opyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history-world.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101175649/http://www.history-world.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=Nobyembre 1, 2004|title=World History Project: World History from Mesopotamia to World War II|website=History-world.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ang utopianong bansa ni Antonio de Guevara ay "may kaugaliang huwag mabuhay nang lampas sa edad na animnapu't lima". Sa edad na iyon, isinasagawa nila ang pagsusunog sa sarili. Sa halip na kondenahin ang kaugaliang ito, tinawag ito ni Obispo Guevara na isang "ginintuang mundo" kung saan "nalampasan ng mga tao ang likas na pagnanais na mabuhay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002444985 |title=The diall of princes: by Don Anthony of Guevara: tr. by Sir Thomas ... – Full View |website=Babel.hathitrust.org |date=2012-08-18 |access-date=2016-04-04|language=en}}</ref> ====Mga kontemporaryong pananaw==== Sa [[makabagong panahon]], bumaba ang katayuang kultural ng matatanda sa maraming [[kultura]].<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Napansin ni Joan Erikson na "ang matatandang indibiduwal ay madalas na itinatakwil, napapabayaan, at hindi napapansin; hindi na itinuturing ang matatanda bilang tagapagdala ng [[karunungan]] kundi bilang mga sagisag ng [[kahihiyan]]".<ref name="erikson">{{cite book |last1=Erikson |first1=Erik H. |last2=Erikson |first2=Joan M. |title=The Life Cycle Completed: Extended Version |date=1998 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-34743-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|114}} Bahagyang nagkakaiba ang mga pananaw tungkol sa kagalingan sa katandaan sa iba't ibang kultura. Halimbawa, sa Estados Unidos, ang pagiging [[Kalusugan|malusog]], pisikal na aktibo, at aktibo sa lipunan ay mga palatandaan ng magandang kalagayan sa katandaan. Sa kabilang banda, higit na binibigyang-pansin ng [[mga Aprikano]] ang [[pagkain]] at materyal na [[seguridad]], pati na ang matulunging pamilya, kapag inilalarawan ang kagalingan sa katandaan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Keith |first1=Jennie|title=The Aging Experience: Diversity and Commonality across Cultures |last2=Fry |first2=Christine |last3=Glascock |first3=Anthony |last4=Ikels |first4=Charlotte |last5=Dickerson-Putman |first5=Jeanette |last6=Harpending |first6=Henry |last7=Draper |first7=Patricia |date=1994 |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-0-8039-5867-8 |location=Thousand Oaks, California, United States|doi=10.4135/9781452243382 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, higit na nababalisa ang [[mga Koreano]] tungkol sa pagtanda at higit na natatakot sa matatanda kaysa sa mga Amerikano.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yun |first1=Rebecca J. |last2=Lachman |first2=Margie E. |date=2006-03-01 |title=Perceptions of Aging in Two Cultures: Korean and American Views on Old Age |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=55–70 |doi=10.1007/s10823-006-9018-y |pmid=17103311 |s2cid=13558473 |issn=1573-0719}}</ref> Patuloy na natutuklasan sa [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa mga pananaw na may kaugnayan sa edad na mas nangingibabaw ang mga negatibong pananaw kaysa sa mga positibong pananaw sa matatanda dahil sa kanilang hitsura at [[pag-uugali]].<ref>James E. Birren and K Warner Schaie, eds., ''Handbook of the Psychology of Aging'' (Academic, 2011), 253. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa kanyang pag-aaral na ''Aging and Old Age'', natuklasan ni Posner ang "hinanakit at paghamak sa matatanda" sa lipunang Amerikano.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|320}} Sinusukat ng ''implicit association test'' o di-tahas na pagsusulit ng asosasyon ng [[Pamantasang Harvard]] ang mga di-tahas na "pananaw at paniniwala" tungkol sa "Kabataan kumpara sa Katandaan".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html |title=ProjectImplicit |website=Implicit.harvard.edu |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405203748/https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Iniulat ng ''Blind Spot: Hidden Biases of Good People'', isang aklat tungkol sa pagsusulit, na 80% ng mga Amerikano ay may "awtomatikong pagkiling sa [[kabataan]] kaysa sa matatanda" at na totoo ang pananaw na ito sa buong [[mundo]]. Ang mga kabataan ay "pare-parehong negatibo ang pananaw" sa matatanda.<ref>Mahzarin R. Banaji and Anthony G. Greenwald, ''Blind Spot: Hidden Biases of Good People'' (Random House, 2013), 67.</ref> Itinatala ng ''Ageism'' na sa pangkalahatan ay "kaunti ang pagpaparaya ng mga Amerikano sa matatanda at kakaunti ang kanilang pag-aalinlangan sa pagkakaroon ng mga negatibong pananaw" tungkol sa kanila.<ref>Todd D. Nelson, ed, ''Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons'' (Bradford, 2004), ix.</ref> Sa kabila ng pagiging laganap nito, bihirang maging paksa ng pampublikong diskurso ang [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5}}</ref>{{rp|23}} ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] cfzce0efqwtfmao0a0kj1pvetrdu750 2237818 2237817 2026-10-29T00:46:40Z Jojit fb 38 /* Mga kontemporaryong pananaw */ 2237818 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Mga maling akala==== Nagsagawa sina Johnson at Barer ng isang mahalagang pag-aaral na pinamagatang ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa loob ng anim na taon. Sa pakikipag-usap sa mga taong edad 85 pataas, natuklasan nilang mali ang ilang popular na pananaw tungkol sa katandaan. Kabilang sa mga maling [[pananaw]] na ito ang (1) ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay may kahit isang [[kapamilya]] na maaaring sumuporta sa kanila, (2) nangangailangan ng pakikisalamuha sa lipunan ang kagalingan sa katandaan, at (3) ang "matagumpay na pag-aangkop" sa mga pagbabagong nauugnay sa edad ay nangangailangan ng pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili. Sa kanilang mga panayam, natuklasan nina Johnson at Barer na 24% ng mga taong edad 85 pataas ay walang harapang ugnayan sa kanilang pamilya; marami sa kanila ang nabuhay nang mas matagal kaysa sa kanilang mga kapamilya. Ikalawa, taliwas sa popular na pananaw, ipinakita ng mga panayam na ang pagbawas ng mga aktibidad at pakikisalamuha ng mga taong mahigit 85 taong gulang ay hindi nakapipinsala sa kanilang kagalingan; "malugod nilang tinatanggap ang higit na paglayo". Ikatlo, sa halip na mapanatili ang pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili, habang humaharap ang mga kalahok sa mga bagong sitwasyon ay binabago nila ang kanilang "mga prosesong [[kognitibo]] at emosyonal" at muling binubuo ang kanilang "representasyon sa sarili".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|5–6}} ===Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan=== Batay sa kanyang pagsusuri sa katandaan sa kasaysayan, nagwakas si Georges Minois na "malinaw na sa lahat ng panahon at saanman ay mas pinaboran ang kabataan kaysa sa katandaan". Sa kaisipang Kanluranin, "ang katandaan ay isang kasamaan, isang karamdaman, at isang malungkot na panahon ng paghahanda para sa kamatayan". Higit pa rito, kadalasang mas pinipili ang kamatayan kaysa sa "pagkahina at pagkabulok ng [[Katawan ng tao|katawan]], sapagkat ang kamatayan ay nangangahulugan ng [[Kalayaan|paglaya]]".<ref name="Minois" />{{rp|303}} "Ang suliranin hinggil sa malabong kalagayan ng katandaan ay ... kasama na natin mula pa noong yugto ng sinaunang lipunan; ito ay kapwa pinagmumulan ng karunungan at kahinaan, karanasan at pagkabulok ng katawan, prestihiyo at pagdurusa."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Sa panahong klasiko ng mga kulturang Griyego at Romano, hinamak ang katandaan bilang panahon ng "pagbaba at pagkabulok ng katawan".<ref name="hillier">{{cite book |last1=Hillier |first1=Susan M. |last2=Barrow |first2=Georgia M. |title=Aging, the Individual, and Society |date=2014 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-1-305-17693-5 |edition=10|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} Pinahahalagahan ang "[[kagandahan]] at [[lakas]]", at itinuring ang katandaan bilang nakasisira at pangit. Itinuring ang katandaan bilang isa sa mga hindi malulutas na "dakilang hiwaga" kasama ng kasamaan, sakit, at pagdurusa. "Ang pagkabulok ng katawan, na nagpapahina sa mga bayani, ay tila mas masahol pa kaysa kamatayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|43}} Nagpapakita ang mga makasaysayang panahon ng magkakaibang larawan tungkol sa "posisyon at katayuan" ng matatanda, subalit hindi kailanman nagkaroon ng "ginintuang panahon ng pagtanda".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}} Hinamon ng mga pag-aaral ang popular na paniniwala na noong nakaraan ay iginagalang ng lipunan ang matatanda at inaalagaan sila ng kanilang mga pamilya.<ref name="pjohnson">{{cite book |editor1-last=Johnson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Thane |editor2-first=Pat |title=Old age from Antiquity to Post-modernity |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-16464-1 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} Magkasamang umiral sa masalimuot na ugnayan sa buong [[kasaysayan]] ang paggalang at pagtutol sa matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |title=The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |publisher=Answers |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081917/http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} "Iginagalang o hinahamak, pinararangalan o pinapatay ang matatanda ayon sa kalagayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Noong sinaunang panahon, ang mga mahihina ay itinuturing na pabigat at hindi pinapansin o, sa matitinding kalagayan, pinapatay.<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuqFh1Ff3rgC&q=ancient%20%20old%20age%20Most%20people%20died%20before%20they%20were%20%2050|title=The Oxford Handbook of Retirement|first=Mo|last=Wang|date=8 Nobyembre 2012|publisher=OUP USA|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-19-974652-1|language=en}}</ref> Itinuturing na "matanda" ang mga tao dahil sa kawalan nila ng kakayahang magsagawa ng mga kapaki-pakinabang na gawain sa halip na batay sa kanilang edad.<ref name=pjohnson/>{{rp|6}} Bagaman may pag-aalinlangan siya sa [[mga diyos]], sumang-ayon si [[Aristotle|Aristoteles]] sa pagkamuhi sa matatanda. Sa kanyang ''Etika'', isinulat niya na "ang matatanda ay maramot; hindi nila kinikilala ang pagkakaibigang walang hinihintay na kapalit; hinahanap lamang nila ang makatutugon sa kanilang makasariling mga pangangailangan".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|60}} Inilarawan ng mga [[panahong Gitna]] at [[Renasimiyento]] ang katandaan bilang "malupit o mahina".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Ang mga Utopianong manunulat noong ika-16 na dantaon na sina Thomas More at Antonio de Guevara ay hindi nagbigay ng lugar sa kanilang mga [[kathang-isip]] na [[Lupa|lupain]] para sa mga matandang mahina na ang katawan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|277–8, 280}} Para kay Thomas More, sa pulo ng Utopia, kapag ang mga tao ay nasa edad na at "nalampasan na ang kanilang sarili" at may nakamamatay na karamdaman, nasasaktan, at pabigat sa lahat, hinihikayat sila ng mga pari na piliing mamatay. Tinitiyak ng mga pari sa kanila na "magiging maligaya sila pagkatapos ng kamatayan". Kung pipiliin nilang mamatay, winawakasan nila ang kanilang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagpapagutom sa sarili o pag-inom ng [[opyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history-world.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101175649/http://www.history-world.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=Nobyembre 1, 2004|title=World History Project: World History from Mesopotamia to World War II|website=History-world.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ang utopianong bansa ni Antonio de Guevara ay "may kaugaliang huwag mabuhay nang lampas sa edad na animnapu't lima". Sa edad na iyon, isinasagawa nila ang pagsusunog sa sarili. Sa halip na kondenahin ang kaugaliang ito, tinawag ito ni Obispo Guevara na isang "ginintuang mundo" kung saan "nalampasan ng mga tao ang likas na pagnanais na mabuhay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002444985 |title=The diall of princes: by Don Anthony of Guevara: tr. by Sir Thomas ... – Full View |website=Babel.hathitrust.org |date=2012-08-18 |access-date=2016-04-04|language=en}}</ref> ====Mga kontemporaryong pananaw==== Sa [[makabagong panahon]], bumaba ang katayuang kultural ng matatanda sa maraming [[kultura]].<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Napansin ni Joan Erikson na "ang matatandang indibiduwal ay madalas na itinatakwil, napapabayaan, at hindi napapansin; hindi na itinuturing ang matatanda bilang tagapagdala ng [[karunungan]] kundi bilang mga sagisag ng [[kahihiyan]]".<ref name="erikson">{{cite book |last1=Erikson |first1=Erik H. |last2=Erikson |first2=Joan M. |title=The Life Cycle Completed: Extended Version |date=1998 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-34743-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|114}} Bahagyang nagkakaiba ang mga pananaw tungkol sa kagalingan sa katandaan sa iba't ibang kultura. Halimbawa, sa Estados Unidos, ang pagiging [[Kalusugan|malusog]], pisikal na aktibo, at aktibo sa lipunan ay mga palatandaan ng magandang kalagayan sa katandaan. Sa kabilang banda, higit na binibigyang-pansin ng [[mga Aprikano]] ang [[pagkain]] at materyal na [[seguridad]], pati na ang matulunging pamilya, kapag inilalarawan ang kagalingan sa katandaan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Keith |first1=Jennie|title=The Aging Experience: Diversity and Commonality across Cultures |last2=Fry |first2=Christine |last3=Glascock |first3=Anthony |last4=Ikels |first4=Charlotte |last5=Dickerson-Putman |first5=Jeanette |last6=Harpending |first6=Henry |last7=Draper |first7=Patricia |date=1994 |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-0-8039-5867-8 |location=Thousand Oaks, California, United States|doi=10.4135/9781452243382 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, higit na nababalisa ang [[mga Koreano]] tungkol sa pagtanda at higit na natatakot sa matatanda kaysa sa mga Amerikano.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yun |first1=Rebecca J. |last2=Lachman |first2=Margie E. |date=2006-03-01 |title=Perceptions of Aging in Two Cultures: Korean and American Views on Old Age |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=55–70 |doi=10.1007/s10823-006-9018-y |pmid=17103311 |s2cid=13558473 |issn=1573-0719}}</ref> Patuloy na natutuklasan sa [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa mga pananaw na may kaugnayan sa edad na mas nangingibabaw ang mga negatibong pananaw kaysa sa mga positibong pananaw sa matatanda dahil sa kanilang hitsura at [[pag-uugali]].<ref>James E. Birren and K Warner Schaie, eds., ''Handbook of the Psychology of Aging'' (Academic, 2011), 253. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa kanyang pag-aaral na ''Aging and Old Age'', natuklasan ni Posner ang "hinanakit at paghamak sa matatanda" sa lipunang Amerikano.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|320}} Sinusukat ng ''implicit association test'' o di-tahas na pagsusulit ng asosasyon ng [[Pamantasang Harvard]] ang mga di-tahas na "pananaw at paniniwala" tungkol sa "Kabataan kumpara sa Katandaan".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html |title=ProjectImplicit |website=Implicit.harvard.edu |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405203748/https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat ng ''Blind Spot: Hidden Biases of Good People'', isang aklat tungkol sa pagsusulit, na 80% ng mga Amerikano ay may "awtomatikong pagkiling sa [[kabataan]] kaysa sa matatanda" at na totoo ang pananaw na ito sa buong [[mundo]]. Ang mga kabataan ay "pare-parehong negatibo ang pananaw" sa matatanda.<ref>Mahzarin R. Banaji and Anthony G. Greenwald, ''Blind Spot: Hidden Biases of Good People'' (Random House, 2013), 67.</ref> Itinatala ng ''Ageism'' na sa pangkalahatan ay "kaunti ang pagpaparaya ng mga Amerikano sa matatanda at kakaunti ang kanilang pag-aalinlangan sa pagkakaroon ng mga negatibong pananaw" tungkol sa kanila.<ref>Todd D. Nelson, ed, ''Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons'' (Bradford, 2004), ix.</ref> Sa kabila ng pagiging laganap nito, bihirang maging paksa ng pampublikong diskurso ang [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5}}</ref>{{rp|23}} ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] 1twoq9xrzv75uiytwx9o2yve1bxyvya 2237819 2237818 2026-10-29T00:47:16Z Jojit fb 38 /* Mga kontemporaryong pananaw */ 2237819 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Mga maling akala==== Nagsagawa sina Johnson at Barer ng isang mahalagang pag-aaral na pinamagatang ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa loob ng anim na taon. Sa pakikipag-usap sa mga taong edad 85 pataas, natuklasan nilang mali ang ilang popular na pananaw tungkol sa katandaan. Kabilang sa mga maling [[pananaw]] na ito ang (1) ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay may kahit isang [[kapamilya]] na maaaring sumuporta sa kanila, (2) nangangailangan ng pakikisalamuha sa lipunan ang kagalingan sa katandaan, at (3) ang "matagumpay na pag-aangkop" sa mga pagbabagong nauugnay sa edad ay nangangailangan ng pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili. Sa kanilang mga panayam, natuklasan nina Johnson at Barer na 24% ng mga taong edad 85 pataas ay walang harapang ugnayan sa kanilang pamilya; marami sa kanila ang nabuhay nang mas matagal kaysa sa kanilang mga kapamilya. Ikalawa, taliwas sa popular na pananaw, ipinakita ng mga panayam na ang pagbawas ng mga aktibidad at pakikisalamuha ng mga taong mahigit 85 taong gulang ay hindi nakapipinsala sa kanilang kagalingan; "malugod nilang tinatanggap ang higit na paglayo". Ikatlo, sa halip na mapanatili ang pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili, habang humaharap ang mga kalahok sa mga bagong sitwasyon ay binabago nila ang kanilang "mga prosesong [[kognitibo]] at emosyonal" at muling binubuo ang kanilang "representasyon sa sarili".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|5–6}} ===Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan=== Batay sa kanyang pagsusuri sa katandaan sa kasaysayan, nagwakas si Georges Minois na "malinaw na sa lahat ng panahon at saanman ay mas pinaboran ang kabataan kaysa sa katandaan". Sa kaisipang Kanluranin, "ang katandaan ay isang kasamaan, isang karamdaman, at isang malungkot na panahon ng paghahanda para sa kamatayan". Higit pa rito, kadalasang mas pinipili ang kamatayan kaysa sa "pagkahina at pagkabulok ng [[Katawan ng tao|katawan]], sapagkat ang kamatayan ay nangangahulugan ng [[Kalayaan|paglaya]]".<ref name="Minois" />{{rp|303}} "Ang suliranin hinggil sa malabong kalagayan ng katandaan ay ... kasama na natin mula pa noong yugto ng sinaunang lipunan; ito ay kapwa pinagmumulan ng karunungan at kahinaan, karanasan at pagkabulok ng katawan, prestihiyo at pagdurusa."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Sa panahong klasiko ng mga kulturang Griyego at Romano, hinamak ang katandaan bilang panahon ng "pagbaba at pagkabulok ng katawan".<ref name="hillier">{{cite book |last1=Hillier |first1=Susan M. |last2=Barrow |first2=Georgia M. |title=Aging, the Individual, and Society |date=2014 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-1-305-17693-5 |edition=10|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} Pinahahalagahan ang "[[kagandahan]] at [[lakas]]", at itinuring ang katandaan bilang nakasisira at pangit. Itinuring ang katandaan bilang isa sa mga hindi malulutas na "dakilang hiwaga" kasama ng kasamaan, sakit, at pagdurusa. "Ang pagkabulok ng katawan, na nagpapahina sa mga bayani, ay tila mas masahol pa kaysa kamatayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|43}} Nagpapakita ang mga makasaysayang panahon ng magkakaibang larawan tungkol sa "posisyon at katayuan" ng matatanda, subalit hindi kailanman nagkaroon ng "ginintuang panahon ng pagtanda".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}} Hinamon ng mga pag-aaral ang popular na paniniwala na noong nakaraan ay iginagalang ng lipunan ang matatanda at inaalagaan sila ng kanilang mga pamilya.<ref name="pjohnson">{{cite book |editor1-last=Johnson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Thane |editor2-first=Pat |title=Old age from Antiquity to Post-modernity |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-16464-1 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} Magkasamang umiral sa masalimuot na ugnayan sa buong [[kasaysayan]] ang paggalang at pagtutol sa matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |title=The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |publisher=Answers |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081917/http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} "Iginagalang o hinahamak, pinararangalan o pinapatay ang matatanda ayon sa kalagayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Noong sinaunang panahon, ang mga mahihina ay itinuturing na pabigat at hindi pinapansin o, sa matitinding kalagayan, pinapatay.<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuqFh1Ff3rgC&q=ancient%20%20old%20age%20Most%20people%20died%20before%20they%20were%20%2050|title=The Oxford Handbook of Retirement|first=Mo|last=Wang|date=8 Nobyembre 2012|publisher=OUP USA|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-19-974652-1|language=en}}</ref> Itinuturing na "matanda" ang mga tao dahil sa kawalan nila ng kakayahang magsagawa ng mga kapaki-pakinabang na gawain sa halip na batay sa kanilang edad.<ref name=pjohnson/>{{rp|6}} Bagaman may pag-aalinlangan siya sa [[mga diyos]], sumang-ayon si [[Aristotle|Aristoteles]] sa pagkamuhi sa matatanda. Sa kanyang ''Etika'', isinulat niya na "ang matatanda ay maramot; hindi nila kinikilala ang pagkakaibigang walang hinihintay na kapalit; hinahanap lamang nila ang makatutugon sa kanilang makasariling mga pangangailangan".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|60}} Inilarawan ng mga [[panahong Gitna]] at [[Renasimiyento]] ang katandaan bilang "malupit o mahina".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Ang mga Utopianong manunulat noong ika-16 na dantaon na sina Thomas More at Antonio de Guevara ay hindi nagbigay ng lugar sa kanilang mga [[kathang-isip]] na [[Lupa|lupain]] para sa mga matandang mahina na ang katawan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|277–8, 280}} Para kay Thomas More, sa pulo ng Utopia, kapag ang mga tao ay nasa edad na at "nalampasan na ang kanilang sarili" at may nakamamatay na karamdaman, nasasaktan, at pabigat sa lahat, hinihikayat sila ng mga pari na piliing mamatay. Tinitiyak ng mga pari sa kanila na "magiging maligaya sila pagkatapos ng kamatayan". Kung pipiliin nilang mamatay, winawakasan nila ang kanilang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagpapagutom sa sarili o pag-inom ng [[opyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history-world.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101175649/http://www.history-world.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=Nobyembre 1, 2004|title=World History Project: World History from Mesopotamia to World War II|website=History-world.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ang utopianong bansa ni Antonio de Guevara ay "may kaugaliang huwag mabuhay nang lampas sa edad na animnapu't lima". Sa edad na iyon, isinasagawa nila ang pagsusunog sa sarili. Sa halip na kondenahin ang kaugaliang ito, tinawag ito ni Obispo Guevara na isang "ginintuang mundo" kung saan "nalampasan ng mga tao ang likas na pagnanais na mabuhay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002444985 |title=The diall of princes: by Don Anthony of Guevara: tr. by Sir Thomas ... – Full View |website=Babel.hathitrust.org |date=2012-08-18 |access-date=2016-04-04|language=en}}</ref> ====Mga kontemporaryong pananaw==== Sa [[makabagong panahon]], bumaba ang katayuang kultural ng matatanda sa maraming [[kultura]].<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Napansin ni Joan Erikson na "ang matatandang indibiduwal ay madalas na itinatakwil, napapabayaan, at hindi napapansin; hindi na itinuturing ang matatanda bilang tagapagdala ng [[karunungan]] kundi bilang mga sagisag ng [[kahihiyan]]".<ref name="erikson">{{cite book |last1=Erikson |first1=Erik H. |last2=Erikson |first2=Joan M. |title=The Life Cycle Completed: Extended Version |date=1998 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-34743-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|114}} Bahagyang nagkakaiba ang mga pananaw tungkol sa kagalingan sa katandaan sa iba't ibang kultura. Halimbawa, sa Estados Unidos, ang pagiging [[Kalusugan|malusog]], pisikal na aktibo, at aktibo sa lipunan ay mga palatandaan ng magandang kalagayan sa katandaan. Sa kabilang banda, higit na binibigyang-pansin ng [[mga Aprikano]] ang [[pagkain]] at materyal na [[seguridad]], pati na ang matulunging pamilya, kapag inilalarawan ang kagalingan sa katandaan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Keith |first1=Jennie|title=The Aging Experience: Diversity and Commonality across Cultures |last2=Fry |first2=Christine |last3=Glascock |first3=Anthony |last4=Ikels |first4=Charlotte |last5=Dickerson-Putman |first5=Jeanette |last6=Harpending |first6=Henry |last7=Draper |first7=Patricia |date=1994 |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-0-8039-5867-8 |location=Thousand Oaks, California, United States|doi=10.4135/9781452243382 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, higit na nababalisa ang [[mga Koreano]] tungkol sa pagtanda at higit na natatakot sa matatanda kaysa sa mga Amerikano.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yun |first1=Rebecca J. |last2=Lachman |first2=Margie E. |date=2006-03-01 |title=Perceptions of Aging in Two Cultures: Korean and American Views on Old Age |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=55–70 |doi=10.1007/s10823-006-9018-y |pmid=17103311 |s2cid=13558473 |issn=1573-0719}}</ref> Patuloy na natutuklasan sa [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa mga pananaw na may kaugnayan sa edad na mas nangingibabaw ang mga negatibong pananaw kaysa sa mga positibong pananaw sa matatanda dahil sa kanilang hitsura at [[pag-uugali]].<ref>James E. Birren and K Warner Schaie, eds., ''Handbook of the Psychology of Aging'' (Academic, 2011), 253. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa kanyang pag-aaral na ''Aging and Old Age'', natuklasan ni Posner ang "hinanakit at paghamak sa matatanda" sa lipunang Amerikano.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|320}} Sinusukat ng ''implicit association test'' o di-tahas na pagsusulit ng asosasyon ng [[Pamantasang Harvard]] ang mga di-tahas na "pananaw at paniniwala" tungkol sa "Kabataan kumpara sa Katandaan".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html |title=ProjectImplicit |website=Implicit.harvard.edu |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405203748/https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat ng ''Blind Spot: Hidden Biases of Good People'', isang aklat tungkol sa pagsusulit, na 80% ng mga Amerikano ay may "awtomatikong pagkiling sa [[kabataan]] kaysa sa matatanda" at na totoo ang pananaw na ito sa buong [[mundo]]. Ang mga kabataan ay "pare-parehong negatibo ang pananaw" sa matatanda.<ref>Mahzarin R. Banaji and Anthony G. Greenwald, ''Blind Spot: Hidden Biases of Good People'' (Random House, 2013), 67. (sa Ingles)</ref> Itinatala ng ''Ageism'' na sa pangkalahatan ay "kaunti ang pagpaparaya ng mga Amerikano sa matatanda at kakaunti ang kanilang pag-aalinlangan sa pagkakaroon ng mga negatibong pananaw" tungkol sa kanila.<ref>Todd D. Nelson, ed, ''Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons'' (Bradford, 2004), ix.</ref> Sa kabila ng pagiging laganap nito, bihirang maging paksa ng pampublikong diskurso ang [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5}}</ref>{{rp|23}} ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] bffrgret1fwgjjo94n6t2lcxl5t7938 2237820 2237819 2026-10-29T00:49:01Z Jojit fb 38 /* Mga kontemporaryong pananaw */ 2237820 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Mga maling akala==== Nagsagawa sina Johnson at Barer ng isang mahalagang pag-aaral na pinamagatang ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa loob ng anim na taon. Sa pakikipag-usap sa mga taong edad 85 pataas, natuklasan nilang mali ang ilang popular na pananaw tungkol sa katandaan. Kabilang sa mga maling [[pananaw]] na ito ang (1) ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay may kahit isang [[kapamilya]] na maaaring sumuporta sa kanila, (2) nangangailangan ng pakikisalamuha sa lipunan ang kagalingan sa katandaan, at (3) ang "matagumpay na pag-aangkop" sa mga pagbabagong nauugnay sa edad ay nangangailangan ng pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili. Sa kanilang mga panayam, natuklasan nina Johnson at Barer na 24% ng mga taong edad 85 pataas ay walang harapang ugnayan sa kanilang pamilya; marami sa kanila ang nabuhay nang mas matagal kaysa sa kanilang mga kapamilya. Ikalawa, taliwas sa popular na pananaw, ipinakita ng mga panayam na ang pagbawas ng mga aktibidad at pakikisalamuha ng mga taong mahigit 85 taong gulang ay hindi nakapipinsala sa kanilang kagalingan; "malugod nilang tinatanggap ang higit na paglayo". Ikatlo, sa halip na mapanatili ang pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili, habang humaharap ang mga kalahok sa mga bagong sitwasyon ay binabago nila ang kanilang "mga prosesong [[kognitibo]] at emosyonal" at muling binubuo ang kanilang "representasyon sa sarili".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|5–6}} ===Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan=== Batay sa kanyang pagsusuri sa katandaan sa kasaysayan, nagwakas si Georges Minois na "malinaw na sa lahat ng panahon at saanman ay mas pinaboran ang kabataan kaysa sa katandaan". Sa kaisipang Kanluranin, "ang katandaan ay isang kasamaan, isang karamdaman, at isang malungkot na panahon ng paghahanda para sa kamatayan". Higit pa rito, kadalasang mas pinipili ang kamatayan kaysa sa "pagkahina at pagkabulok ng [[Katawan ng tao|katawan]], sapagkat ang kamatayan ay nangangahulugan ng [[Kalayaan|paglaya]]".<ref name="Minois" />{{rp|303}} "Ang suliranin hinggil sa malabong kalagayan ng katandaan ay ... kasama na natin mula pa noong yugto ng sinaunang lipunan; ito ay kapwa pinagmumulan ng karunungan at kahinaan, karanasan at pagkabulok ng katawan, prestihiyo at pagdurusa."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Sa panahong klasiko ng mga kulturang Griyego at Romano, hinamak ang katandaan bilang panahon ng "pagbaba at pagkabulok ng katawan".<ref name="hillier">{{cite book |last1=Hillier |first1=Susan M. |last2=Barrow |first2=Georgia M. |title=Aging, the Individual, and Society |date=2014 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-1-305-17693-5 |edition=10|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} Pinahahalagahan ang "[[kagandahan]] at [[lakas]]", at itinuring ang katandaan bilang nakasisira at pangit. Itinuring ang katandaan bilang isa sa mga hindi malulutas na "dakilang hiwaga" kasama ng kasamaan, sakit, at pagdurusa. "Ang pagkabulok ng katawan, na nagpapahina sa mga bayani, ay tila mas masahol pa kaysa kamatayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|43}} Nagpapakita ang mga makasaysayang panahon ng magkakaibang larawan tungkol sa "posisyon at katayuan" ng matatanda, subalit hindi kailanman nagkaroon ng "ginintuang panahon ng pagtanda".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}} Hinamon ng mga pag-aaral ang popular na paniniwala na noong nakaraan ay iginagalang ng lipunan ang matatanda at inaalagaan sila ng kanilang mga pamilya.<ref name="pjohnson">{{cite book |editor1-last=Johnson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Thane |editor2-first=Pat |title=Old age from Antiquity to Post-modernity |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-16464-1 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} Magkasamang umiral sa masalimuot na ugnayan sa buong [[kasaysayan]] ang paggalang at pagtutol sa matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |title=The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |publisher=Answers |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081917/http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} "Iginagalang o hinahamak, pinararangalan o pinapatay ang matatanda ayon sa kalagayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Noong sinaunang panahon, ang mga mahihina ay itinuturing na pabigat at hindi pinapansin o, sa matitinding kalagayan, pinapatay.<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuqFh1Ff3rgC&q=ancient%20%20old%20age%20Most%20people%20died%20before%20they%20were%20%2050|title=The Oxford Handbook of Retirement|first=Mo|last=Wang|date=8 Nobyembre 2012|publisher=OUP USA|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-19-974652-1|language=en}}</ref> Itinuturing na "matanda" ang mga tao dahil sa kawalan nila ng kakayahang magsagawa ng mga kapaki-pakinabang na gawain sa halip na batay sa kanilang edad.<ref name=pjohnson/>{{rp|6}} Bagaman may pag-aalinlangan siya sa [[mga diyos]], sumang-ayon si [[Aristotle|Aristoteles]] sa pagkamuhi sa matatanda. Sa kanyang ''Etika'', isinulat niya na "ang matatanda ay maramot; hindi nila kinikilala ang pagkakaibigang walang hinihintay na kapalit; hinahanap lamang nila ang makatutugon sa kanilang makasariling mga pangangailangan".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|60}} Inilarawan ng mga [[panahong Gitna]] at [[Renasimiyento]] ang katandaan bilang "malupit o mahina".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Ang mga Utopianong manunulat noong ika-16 na dantaon na sina Thomas More at Antonio de Guevara ay hindi nagbigay ng lugar sa kanilang mga [[kathang-isip]] na [[Lupa|lupain]] para sa mga matandang mahina na ang katawan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|277–8, 280}} Para kay Thomas More, sa pulo ng Utopia, kapag ang mga tao ay nasa edad na at "nalampasan na ang kanilang sarili" at may nakamamatay na karamdaman, nasasaktan, at pabigat sa lahat, hinihikayat sila ng mga pari na piliing mamatay. Tinitiyak ng mga pari sa kanila na "magiging maligaya sila pagkatapos ng kamatayan". Kung pipiliin nilang mamatay, winawakasan nila ang kanilang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagpapagutom sa sarili o pag-inom ng [[opyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history-world.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101175649/http://www.history-world.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=Nobyembre 1, 2004|title=World History Project: World History from Mesopotamia to World War II|website=History-world.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ang utopianong bansa ni Antonio de Guevara ay "may kaugaliang huwag mabuhay nang lampas sa edad na animnapu't lima". Sa edad na iyon, isinasagawa nila ang pagsusunog sa sarili. Sa halip na kondenahin ang kaugaliang ito, tinawag ito ni Obispo Guevara na isang "ginintuang mundo" kung saan "nalampasan ng mga tao ang likas na pagnanais na mabuhay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002444985 |title=The diall of princes: by Don Anthony of Guevara: tr. by Sir Thomas ... – Full View |website=Babel.hathitrust.org |date=2012-08-18 |access-date=2016-04-04|language=en}}</ref> ====Mga kontemporaryong pananaw==== Sa [[makabagong panahon]], bumaba ang katayuang kultural ng matatanda sa maraming [[kultura]].<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Napansin ni Joan Erikson na "ang matatandang indibiduwal ay madalas na itinatakwil, napapabayaan, at hindi napapansin; hindi na itinuturing ang matatanda bilang tagapagdala ng [[karunungan]] kundi bilang mga sagisag ng [[kahihiyan]]".<ref name="erikson">{{cite book |last1=Erikson |first1=Erik H. |last2=Erikson |first2=Joan M. |title=The Life Cycle Completed: Extended Version |date=1998 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-34743-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|114}} Bahagyang nagkakaiba ang mga pananaw tungkol sa kagalingan sa katandaan sa iba't ibang kultura. Halimbawa, sa Estados Unidos, ang pagiging [[Kalusugan|malusog]], pisikal na aktibo, at aktibo sa lipunan ay mga palatandaan ng magandang kalagayan sa katandaan. Sa kabilang banda, higit na binibigyang-pansin ng [[mga Aprikano]] ang [[pagkain]] at materyal na [[seguridad]], pati na ang matulunging pamilya, kapag inilalarawan ang kagalingan sa katandaan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Keith |first1=Jennie|title=The Aging Experience: Diversity and Commonality across Cultures |last2=Fry |first2=Christine |last3=Glascock |first3=Anthony |last4=Ikels |first4=Charlotte |last5=Dickerson-Putman |first5=Jeanette |last6=Harpending |first6=Henry |last7=Draper |first7=Patricia |date=1994 |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-0-8039-5867-8 |location=Thousand Oaks, California, United States|doi=10.4135/9781452243382 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, higit na nababalisa ang [[mga Koreano]] tungkol sa pagtanda at higit na natatakot sa matatanda kaysa sa mga Amerikano.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yun |first1=Rebecca J. |last2=Lachman |first2=Margie E. |date=2006-03-01 |title=Perceptions of Aging in Two Cultures: Korean and American Views on Old Age |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=55–70 |doi=10.1007/s10823-006-9018-y |pmid=17103311 |s2cid=13558473 |issn=1573-0719}}</ref> Patuloy na natutuklasan sa [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa mga pananaw na may kaugnayan sa edad na mas nangingibabaw ang mga negatibong pananaw kaysa sa mga positibong pananaw sa matatanda dahil sa kanilang hitsura at [[pag-uugali]].<ref>James E. Birren and K Warner Schaie, eds., ''Handbook of the Psychology of Aging'' (Academic, 2011), 253. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa kanyang pag-aaral na ''Aging and Old Age'', natuklasan ni Posner ang "hinanakit at paghamak sa matatanda" sa lipunang Amerikano.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|320}} Sinusukat ng ''implicit association test'' o di-tahas na pagsusulit ng asosasyon ng [[Pamantasang Harvard]] ang mga di-tahas na "pananaw at paniniwala" tungkol sa "Kabataan kumpara sa Katandaan".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html |title=ProjectImplicit |website=Implicit.harvard.edu |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405203748/https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat ng ''Blind Spot: Hidden Biases of Good People'', isang aklat tungkol sa pagsusulit, na 80% ng mga Amerikano ay may "awtomatikong pagkiling sa [[kabataan]] kaysa sa matatanda" at na totoo ang pananaw na ito sa buong [[mundo]]. Ang mga kabataan ay "pare-parehong negatibo ang pananaw" sa matatanda.<ref>Mahzarin R. Banaji and Anthony G. Greenwald, ''Blind Spot: Hidden Biases of Good People'' (Random House, 2013), 67. (sa Ingles)</ref> Itinatala ng ''Ageism'' na sa pangkalahatan ay "kaunti ang pagpaparaya ng mga Amerikano sa matatanda at kakaunti ang kanilang pag-aalinlangan sa pagkakaroon ng mga negatibong pananaw" tungkol sa kanila.<ref>Todd D. Nelson, ed, ''Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons'' (Bradford, 2004), ix. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa kabila ng pagiging laganap nito, bihirang maging paksa ng pampublikong diskurso ang [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5}}</ref>{{rp|23}} ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] e81dx4jwz5ntcam3j48gnj69als9rg1 2237837 2237820 2026-10-29T05:32:48Z Jojit fb 38 /* Inaasahang haba ng buhay */ 2237837 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|thumb|Ang mambabatok na sa [[Whang-od]] na nasa 99 taon sa litratong ito noong 2016, na isa mga pinakamatandang [[mga Pilipino|Pilipino]]. {{age|1917|2|17}} na siya ngayon.]] [[Talaksan:Bajouca, Portugal (105447344).jpg|thumb|Isang matandang babae]] Ang '''katandaan''' ay saklaw ng mga edad ng mga taong malapit na o lumampas na sa inaasahang haba ng buhay. Ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay tinatawag na '''mga matanda''', '''mga nakatatanda''', '''mga ''senior citizen''''' (o '''mamamayang seniyor'''), o '''mga nakatatandang nasa hustong gulang'''.<ref>''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition'' (American Psychological Association, 2009) {{ISBN|1433805618}} (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang katandaan ay hindi isang tiyak na biyolohikal na yugto: ang kronolohikal na edad na tinutukoy bilang "katandaan" ay nagkakaiba ayon sa kultura at kasaysayan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |title=Old age |publisher=Oxford Reference |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-856850-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Pebrero 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025557/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-4834?rskey=7F4W2c&result=4834 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Nakatuon ang ilang disiplina at larangan sa pagtanda at sa mga matatanda, gaya ng mga organikong proseso ng [[aging|pagtanda]] ([[senescence|senesensiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |title=Senescence – definition of senescence by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171134/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/senescence |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga medikal na pag-aaral ng proseso ng pagtanda ([[gerontology|herontolohiya]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |title=Gerontology – definition of gerontology by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://web.archive.org/web/20160331194413/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gerontology |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> mga sakit na nakaaapekto sa mga nakatatanda ([[geriatrics|heriyatriko]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |title=Geriatrics – definition of geriatrics by The Free Dictionary |website=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331213056/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geriatrics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> teknolohiyang sumusuporta sa tumatandang lipunan (herontenolohiya), at mga aktibidad sa paglilibang at palakasan na iniangkop para sa mga nakatatanda (gaya ng palakasang pang-seniyor).[[File:Carphoto2022 b (cropped) extra.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang lalaking nasa edad 70 pataas ]] Madalas na limitado ang kakayahan ng mga matatanda na makabawi mula sa mga pinsala at mas madaling kapitan ng sakit at pinsala kaysa sa mga nakababatang nasa hustong gulang. Nahaharap sila sa mga suliraning panlipunan na may kaugnayan sa pagreretiro, kalungkutan, at [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Oktubre 18, 2013 |title=Jeremy Hunt highlights plight of 'chronically lonely' – BBC News |website=Bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://web.archive.org/web/20160405234254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24572231 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Setyembre 30, 2021 |title=How can we reduce the toll of loneliness in older adults? |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Buod ng Simpleng Ingles |language=en |doi=10.3310/collection_47889 |access-date=Abril 20, 2022 |archive-date=Mayo 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522101432/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/how-can-we-reduce-the-toll-of-loneliness-in-older-adults/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, natuklasan sa isang pambansang sarbey noong 2023 na humigit-kumulang 37% ng mga nakatatanda na may edad 50 hanggang 80 ang nakaranas ng [[kalungkutan]], at 34% ang nag-ulat na nakadarama ng pagkakahiwalay sa lipunan.<ref name="Malani2023">{{cite journal | author = Malani P; Singer D; Kirch M; Solway E; Roberts S; Smith E; Hutchens L; Kullgren J | title = Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018–2023 | journal = University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging| date = Marso 2023 | doi = 10.7302/7011 |language=en}}</ref> Bilang tugon sa kalungkutan ng mga nakatatanda, maraming organisasyong hindi pangkalakal sa [[Hilagang Amerika]] at Reyno Unido ang nagbibigay ng pakikipagkaibigan sa pamamagitan ng mga boluntaryong pagbisita sa tahanan, mga tawag sa [[telepono]], [[liham]], mga aktibidad ng grupo, at iba pang programa.<ref name="Stancu2025">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=10 Best Charities That Support Lonely Elderly (Complete 2026 List) {{!}} Impactful Ninja |url=https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-lonely-elderly/ |access-date=2026-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Noong 2011, iminungkahi ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] ang isang kasunduang pangkarapatang pantao upang protektahan ang mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|title=Human rights of older persons|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=Oktubre 24, 2016|archive-date=Abril 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121825/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/OlderPersonsIndex.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ==Mga kahulugan== [[Image:Maes Old Woman Dozing.jpg|thumb|upright|''Old Woman Dozing'' ni Nicolaes Maes (1656). ''Royal Museums of Fine Arts'' (Mga Museong Maharlika ng Pinong Sining), [[Brussels]]]]Kabilang sa kasalukuyang mga depinisyon ng katandaan ang mga opisyal na depinisyon, mga depinisyon batay sa mga pangkat, at ang sumusunod na apat na dimensiyon. ===Mga opisyal na kahulugan=== Karamihan sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Kanluran ay nagtatakda ng edad ng pagreretiro sa humigit-kumulang 65; karaniwan din itong itinuturing na tanda ng paglipat mula sa katamtamang edad patungo sa katandaan. Ang pag-abot sa edad na ito ay karaniwang kinakailangan upang maging karapat-dapat sa mga programang panlipunan para sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Patricia|title=Medicare Eligibility Requirements – How to Qualify for Medicare – AARP Everyw...|url=http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|access-date=Abril 13, 2016|website=AARP|archive-date=Abril 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413021321/http://www.aarp.org/health/medicare-insurance/info-04-2011/medicare-eligibility.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Walang pangkalahatang opisyal na kahulugan ng katandaan. Itinuturing ng [[United Nations|Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] na ang katandaan ay edad 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scherbov|first1=Sergei|last2=Sanderson|first2=Warren|date=2019|title=New Measures of Population Ageing|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|access-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|website=United Nations|archive-date=Disyembre 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221231510/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/29/session1/EGM_25Feb2019_S1_SergeiScherbov.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa kabilang banda, itinakda ng isang magkasanib na ulat noong 2001 ng Pambansang Instituto sa Pagtanda ng [[Estados Unidos]] at Tanggapan Pangrehiyon para sa Aprika ng [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ang simula ng katandaan sa Aprikang Sub-Sahariyano sa edad na 50.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kowal |first1=Paul |last2=Peachey |first2=Karen |title=Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=Disyembre 1, 2021 |page=9 |date=Hunyo 2001 |type=ulat |archive-date=Disyembre 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130034/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf |url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pangunahing nagmumula ang mas mababang pamantayang ito sa ibang paraan ng pagtingin sa katandaan sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]]. Hindi tulad sa mga [[mauunlad na bansa]], kung saan tinutukoy ng kronolohikal na edad ang pagreretiro, tinutukoy ng mga lipunan sa mga umuunlad na bansa ang katandaan batay sa kakayahan ng isang tao na aktibong mag-ambag sa lipunan.<ref>Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1999:3-21 (sa Ingles)</ref> Malaki rin ang epekto sa bilang na ito ng mas mababang inaasahang haba ng buhay sa buong umuunlad na mundo. Mula pa noong [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] at bago nito, nag-iiba ang itinuturing na katandaan ng mga lipunang [[Europa|Europeo]] depende sa konteksto, subalit madalas na itinuturing ng mga tekstong pambatas at iba pang teksto na ang pagiging matanda ay nagsisimula sa edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Shulamith |date=1993 |title=Who were Old in the Middle Ages? |journal=Social History of Medicine |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=313–341 |doi=10.1093/shm/6.3.313|pmid=11639284 }}</ref> === Mga kahulugan batay sa mga pangkat === [[File:Estonia road sign 173b.svg|upright|thumb|Mga matatanda - karatula sa kalsada sa [[Estonya]]]] Kinilala ng mga [[Gerontology|herontologo]] na lubhang nagkakaiba ang mga kalagayang nararanasan ng mga tao habang papalapit sila sa katandaan. Sa mga mauunlad na bansa, marami sa mga taong nasa huling bahagi ng kanilang dekada 60 at dekada 70 (na madalas tawaging "maagang katandaan") ay malusog pa, aktibo, at kayang pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili.<ref name="Berk">{{cite book |last1=Berk |first1=Laura E. |title=Development Through the Lifespan |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentthrou0000berk_u1v4 |date=2010 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-68793-0 |edition=5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|607}} Pagkalipas ng edad na 80, karaniwan silang nagiging higit na mahina ang katawan, isang kondisyong nailalarawan ng malubhang paghina ng isip at katawan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frailty in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-11-08_296_18/page/2280 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=18 |page=2280 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.18.2280 |pmid = 17090776|year=2006 |last1=Torpy |first1=Janet M. |last2=Lynm |first2=Cassio |last3=Glass |first3=Richard M. |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, may ilan na tinatawag na "''superager''", na napapanatili ang kanilang sigla at pagganap sa pag-iisip nang mas matagal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA475993729&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740 |access-date=Agosto 17, 2026 |website=go.gale.com|title=How to Become a 'Superager'|date=Disyembre 31, 2016|last=Barrett|first=Lisa Feldman|language=en}}</ref> Sa halip na pagsama-samahin ang lahat ng taong tinukoy bilang matatanda, kinilala ng ilang herontologo ang pagkakaiba-iba sa katandaan sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa mga pangkat nito. Tinutukoy ng isang pag-aaral ang batang-matanda (60 hanggang 69), gitnang-matanda (70 hanggang 79), at napakatanda (80 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1727842|year=1992|last1=Forman|first1=D. E.|title=PTCA in the elderly: The "young-old" versus the "old-old"|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1992-01_40_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=40|issue=1|pages=19–22|last2=Berman|first2=A. D.|last3=McCabe|first3=C. H.|last4=Baim|first4=D. S.|last5=Wei|first5=J. Y.|doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01823.x|s2cid=10617191|language=en}}</ref> Ang isa pang pag-uuri ng mga pangkat ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), gitnang-matanda (75 hanggang 84), at pinakamatandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gerona/gln045|pmid=19213852|title=Total Water Intakes of Community-Living Middle-Old and Oldest-Old Adults|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=64A|issue=4|pages=481–486|year=2009|last1=Zizza|first1=C. A.|last2=Ellison|first2=K. J.|last3=Wernette|first3=C. M.|pmc= 2657166|language=en}}</ref> Ang ikatlong pag-uuri ay batang-matanda (65 hanggang 74), matanda (75 hanggang 84), at matandang-matanda (85 pataas).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |title=Demographics of Aging |website=Transgenerational.org |access-date=Abril 4, 2016 |archive-date=Marso 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070334/http://transgenerational.org/aging/demographics.htm |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang paglalarawan sa mga pangkat sa populasyong may edad 65 pataas ay nagbibigay-daan sa mas tumpak na paglalarawan ng mahahalagang pagbabago sa buhay.<ref name="cicirelli">{{cite book |last1=Cicirelli |first1=Victor G. |title=Older Adults' Views on Death |url=https://archive.org/details/olderadultsviews0000cici |date=2002 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-7012-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Nagdagdag ang dalawang iskolar na Briton na sina Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard ng pangkat na "ikaapat na edad". Sa Ingles Briton, ang "ikatlong edad" ay "ang yugto ng buhay ng aktibong pagreretiro na kasunod ng katamtamang edad".<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "third age". (sa Ingles)</ref> Inilalarawan nina Higgs at Gilleard ang ikaapat na edad bilang "isang larangan ng hindi aktibo, hindi malusog, hindi produktibo, at sa huli ay hindi matagumpay na pagtanda".<ref>Paul Higgs at Chris Gilleard, ''Rethinking Old Age: Theorizing the Fourth Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), vii, 119–120. (sa Ingles)</ref> ===Mga dimensiyon=== Inililista ng ''Key Concepts in Social [[Gerontology]]'' ang apat na dimensiyon: kronolohikal, [[Biyolohiya|biyolohikal]], [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at [[Lipunan|panlipunan]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinsoc0000phil |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12–3}} Nagdagdag sina Wattis at Curran ng ikalimang dimensiyon: pangkaunlaran.<ref>John Wattis, Stephen Curran, ''Practical Psychiatry of Old Age'' (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006). 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Maaaring malaki ang pagkakaiba ng kronolohikal na edad sa edad na batay sa kakayahang gumana ng isang tao. Karaniwang lumilitaw ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa lahat ng limang dimensiyon sa magkakaibang panahon at sa magkakaibang bilis para sa bawat tao.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |title=When Does Someone Attain Old Age? SS-101-96 |website=ohioline.osu.edu |access-date=Enero 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010319220229/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0101.html |archive-date=Marso 19, 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod sa kronolohikal na edad, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao dahil sa iba pang dimensiyon ng katandaan. Halimbawa, maaaring ituring na matanda ang mga tao kapag naging mga lolo o lola sila o kapag nagsimula silang gumawa ng mas kaunti o ibang uri ng trabaho matapos magretiro.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Definition of an older or elderly person|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|access-date=Abril 4, 2016|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=Abril 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175950/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===''Senior citizen''=== Ang ''senior citizen'' ay isang karaniwang eupemismo para sa isang matandang tao na ginagamit sa [[Wikang Ingles|Ingles Amerikano]], at kung minsan sa Ingles Britaniko. Ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tinutukoy na tao ay nagretiro na.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries &#124; Find the meanings, definitions, pictures, pronunciation of words at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |website=Oup.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2010-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211752/http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|title=Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420174106/http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/S0263600.html|archive-date=20 Abril 2008|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|title=Chambersharrap.co.uk|website=Chambersharrap.co.uk|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=13 Mayo 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513021212/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=senior+citizen&title=21st|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |title=senior citizen Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |website=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100322/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=71747&dict=CALD |language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ding ipinahihiwatig nito na ang tao ay lampas na sa edad ng pagreretiro, na nagkakaiba ayon sa bansa. Kabilang sa mga sinonimo nito ang '''''old age pensioner''''' o '''''pensioner''''' sa Ingles Britaniko, at '''''retiree''''' at '''''senior''''' sa Ingles Amerikano. Inilalarawan ng ilang [[diksyunaryo]] ang malawakang paggamit ng "''senior citizen''" para sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |title=senior citizen – Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online |website=Ldoceonline.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406171039/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/senior-citizen |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Pilipinas]], ginagamit din ang katawagang ''senior citizen'' na maaaring literal na isalin bilang '''mamamayang senyor''', '''matatandang mamamayan''' o '''mamamayang nakakatanda''', bagaman, sinasabing wala itong direktang salin sa [[Wikang Filipino|Filipino]] o [[Wikang Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Ramon M. |title=Ano ang senior citizen sa Filipino? |url=https://www.philstar.com/pang-masa/punto-mo/2016/12/11/1652327/ano-ang-senior-citizen-sa-filipino |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=Philstar.com|language=en}}</ref> Para sa karagdagang pang katawagan sa Tagalog para sa mga nakakatanda, tingnan ang [[#Pilipinas|sub-seksyon sa ibaba na Pilipinas]]. Kapag binigyang-kahulugan sa kontekstong legal, ang ''senior citizen'' ay kadalasang ginagamit para sa mga layuning legal o may kaugnayan sa patakaran upang matukoy kung sino ang karapat-dapat sa ilang benepisyong makukuha ng pangkat na ito ayon sa edad. Sa pangkalahatang paggamit, ginagamit ito sa halip na mga tradisyonal na katawagan tulad ng "matanda", "matandang may pensyon", o "nakakatanda" bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang at upang ipahiwatig na nananatiling mahalaga at karapat-dapat sa paggalang ang pangkat ng populasyong ito bilang mga "[[mamamayan]]" ng lipunan na may mataas na "ranggo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waughfield|first1=Claire G.|last2=Burckhalter|first2=Teresa S.|title=Mental health concepts|date=2002|publisher=Delmar/Thomson Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=978-0-7668-3830-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug/page/64 64]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthconc0000waug|url-access=registration|access-date=4 Abril 2016|language=en}}</ref> Lumilitaw na nilikha ang termino noong 1938 sa panahon ng isang kampanyang pampolitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|title=The Senior Times Online|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=6 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161123/http://www.theseniortimes.com/richler.htm|language=en}}</ref> Ilang ulit na sinabi ng tanyag na karikaturistang si Al Hirschfeld na ang kaniyang ama na si Isaac Hirschfeld ang lumikha ng terminong "''senior citizen''".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgT8dfbX1wC&q=al+hirschfeld+father+coined+senior+citizen&pg=PA10 | title=Hirschfeld: On Line | publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books | page=10 | date=Pebrero 1, 2000| access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015| isbn=978-1-55783-356-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| people = Al Hirschfeld| title = The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story | medium = VHS| publisher = Cabin Fever Entertainment| date = 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html | title=That Old Feeling: The Fun in Al Hirschfeld | magazine=Time | first=Richard | last=Corliss | date=Enero 29, 2003 | access-date=Disyembre 19, 2015 | archive-date=Disyembre 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163942/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,417721,00.html |language=en}}</ref> Malawak na itong ginagamit sa mga nakalipas na dekada sa batas, komersiyo, at pang-araw-araw na pananalita. Lalo na sa mga hindi pormal na konteksto, madalas itong dinadaglat bilang "''senior''", na ginagamit din bilang isang [[pang-uri]]. ====Mga kwalipikasyon ayon sa edad==== Matagal nang itinuturing ang edad na 65 bilang pamantayan para sa pagiging ''senior citizen'' sa maraming [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]]. Nagmula ang kaugaliang ito sa pagpapakilala ni Kansiler [[Otto von Bismarck]] ng sistema ng pensiyon sa [[Alemanya]] noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Itinakda ng batas ni Bismarck ang edad ng pagreretiro sa 70, habang 65 ang edad kung kailan maaaring magsimulang tumanggap ng pensiyon ang mga tao. Unti-unting tinanggap ang pamantayang ito sa ibang mga bansa at mula noon ay malalim nang nakaugat sa kamalayan ng publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Age is Considered Senior Citizen - MGFS |url=https://www.myguideforseniors.com/what-age-is-considered-senior-citizen/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=My Guide For Seniors |language=en-US}}</ref> Malaki ang pagkakaiba ng edad na kinakailangan upang maituring na ''senior citizen''. Sa mga konteksto ng pamahalaan, karaniwan itong iniuugnay sa edad kung kailan nagiging makukuha ang pensiyon o mga benepisyong medikal para sa mga nakatatanda. Sa mga kontekstong pangkomersiyo, kung saan maaari itong gamitin bilang isang [[marketing|pagmemerkadong]] paraan upang makahikayat ng mga [[mamimili]], kadalasang mas mababa nang malaki ang itinakdang edad.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ahn |last=Shin-Hyun |url=http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |title=Economic Report |publisher=SERIWorld |date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094031/http://www.seriworld.org/01/wldContVod.html?mn=A&mncd=0301&sort=A&gubun=00&p_page=65&natcd=KR&key=20110404000005 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa komersiyo, nag-aalok ang ilang negosyo ng "''senior discount''" o diskuwento para sa mga matatanda sa mga mamimiling nasa itinakdang edad. Nagkakaiba ang edad kung kailan maaaring makuha ang mga diskuwentong ito, mula 55, 60, 62, o 65 pataas, at maaari ring may iba pang pamantayang kailangang matugunan. Kung minsan, kailangang magpakita ng espesyal na "''senior discount card''" (kard para makadiskuwento ang mga senyor) o iba pang katibayan ng edad upang mapatunayan ang pagiging karapat-dapat. Sa [[Estados Unidos]], ang karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro ay kasalukuyang 66 (unti-unting itinataas sa 67).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |title=Retirement Age Calculator |website=Ssa.gov |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181217/https://www.ssa.gov/planners/retire/ageincrease.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pinapayagan ng AARP ang mga mag-asawang may isang asawang umabot na sa edad na 50 na sumali, anuman ang edad ng isa pang asawa. Sa [[Canada]], makukuha ang pensiyong ''Old Age Security'' (OAS) sa edad na 65 (binalak ng konserbatibong pamahalaan ni [[Stephen Harper]] na unti-unting itaas ang edad ng pagiging karapat-dapat sa 67, simula sa mga taong 2023–2029; sa halip, itinaas ng liberal na pamahalaan ni [[Justin Trudeau]] ang mga bayad para sa mga lampas 75 kumpara sa mga nasa edad 65–74),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232413/http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/isp/oas/changes/index.shtml |access-date=Nobyembre 25, 2014 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |title=Changes to Old Age Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Increased old age security pensions set to roll out. How much? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |website=Global News |access-date=27 Enero 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028201041/https://globalnews.ca/news/10834467/old-age-security-payments-oct-2024/ |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2024|language=en}}</ref> at ang ''Canada Pension Plan'' (CPP) ay maaaring makuha simula sa edad na 60. Tinuturing ''senior citizen'' ang isang [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]] kapag siya ay nasa gulang na 60 pataas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9994, February 15, 2010 ] |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/17035 |website=Supreme Court of the Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Nagtatakda ng karagdagang pribilehiyo at benipisyo para sa mga ''senior citizen'' ang [[Mga Batas Republika ng Pilipinas|Batas Republika]] Blg. 9994 na inamendiya ang Batas Republika Blg. 7432. Kabilang sa mga benipisyo na ito ang diskuwento sa mga pampublikong [[transportasyon]], [[otel]], [[Restoran|restawran]], [[sinehan]] at eksempsyon sa sa [[buwis]] na VAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=portalncsc |date=2023-06-22 |title=What are the rights and privileges of Senior Citizens? |url=https://www.ncsc.gov.ph/post/what-are-the-rights-and-privileges-of-senior-citizens |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=NCSC |language=en}}</ref> == Pananaw == Ang karanasan at pagtingin sa pagtanda ng tao ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng kultura, [[tradisyon]], at kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ng isang lipunan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Löckenhoff |first=Corinna E. |last2=De Fruyt |first2=Filip |last3=Terracciano |first3=Antonio |last4=McCrae |first4=Robert R. |last5=De Bolle |first5=Marleen |last6=Costa |first6=Paul T. |last7=Aguilar-Vafaie |first7=Maria E. |last8=Ahn |first8=Chang-kyu |last9=Ahn |first9=Hyun-nie |last10=Alcalay |first10=Lidia |last11=Allik |first11=Juri |date=Disyembre 2009 |title=Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2933107/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=941–954 |doi=10.1037/a0016901 |issn=1939-1498 |pmc=2933107 |pmid=20025408}}</ref> Bagaman may mga pagkakatulad sa pisikal at kognitibong senesensiya sa iba't ibang bansa, nagkakaiba ang mga panlipunang tugon sa mga nakatatanda ayon sa kultura at rehiyon.<ref name=":2" /> Ipinakikita ng mga pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtanda sa iba't ibang kultura na nakaaapekto ang mga pagkakaibang ito sa mga kaayusan sa pamumuhay, pananagutan sa pagitan ng mga [[henerasyon]], at pag-uugali at pag-iisip ng mga nakatatanda.<ref name=":3" /> === Kanluran === Sa mga [[Indibiduwalismo|indibiduwalistikong]] lipunang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]], karaniwang iniuugnay ang katayuang panlipunan sa pagiging produktibo sa ekonomiya, kalayaan sa pananalapi, at indibiduwal na awtonomiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Individualist Culture |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-individualistic-cultures.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahil dito, ang pagreretiro at pisikal na paghina sa pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagbaba ng itinuturing na pagiging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan at sa mga anyo ng ''ageism'' o [[diskriminasyon]] batay sa gulang, kabilang ang diskriminasyon sa lugar ng trabaho.<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics;Committee on Population; Committee on Understanding the Aging Workforce and Employment at Older Ages; Becker T, Fiske ST, editors. Understanding the Aging Workforce: Defining a Research Agenda. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2022 Mayo 5. 6, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588538/ Age Discrimination, One Source of Inequality]. (sa Ingles)</ref> Karaniwang nakasentro ang mga pamilya sa nukleyar na pamilya, kaya mas bihira ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wittwer |first=J. |date=2019-04-05 |title=multi-generational households |url=https://successacrosscultures.com/tag/multi-generational-households/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Success Across Cultures |language=en-US}}</ref> Mas pinipili ng maraming nakatatanda na magkaroon ng hiwalay na tahanan upang mapanatili ang kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Value of Aging in Place |language=en-US |work=USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology |url=https://gero.usc.edu/about/our-field/the-value-of-aging-in-place/ |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Kapag nangangailangan sila ng tulong dahil sa pisikal o kognitibong paghina, maaaring lumipat ang pangangalaga sa mga propesyonal na serbisyo, komunidad para sa mga retirado, at mga pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyland |first=Jessica |date=2024-09-23 |title=Cultural Perspectives on Aging: How the Experience of Aging Differs Around the World |url=https://distance.physiology.med.ufl.edu/about/articles/cultural-perspectives-on-aging-how-the-experience-of-aging-differs-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=UF Medical Sciences {{!}} |language=en}}</ref> Bagaman maaaring mapanatili nito ang kalayaan ng ibang miyembro ng pamilya, iniugnay rin ang ganitong kaayusan sa mas mataas na antas ng panlipunang paghihiwalay at kalungkutan sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Nancy J. |last2=Blazer |first2=Dan |date=2020-12 |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Review and Commentary of a National Academies Report |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7437541/ |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1233–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005 |issn=1545-7214 |pmc=7437541 |pmid=32919873}}</ref> Sa mga klinikal na kapaligiran, naiulat din ang mga saloobing kumikilala sa mga nakatatanda bilang mapagmahal subalit hindi gaanong may kakayahan, na maaaring humantong sa paternalistikong pagtrato at pagbawas ng kanilang kalayaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braud |first=A. |last2=Bloch |first2=V. |last3=Maillot |first3=P. |last4=Prissette |first4=S. |date=2026-09-01 |title=Ageism and Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Older Adults Following a Multidisciplinary Educational Program Among Health Students: Implications for Geriatric Dentistry Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ger.70120 |journal=Gerodontology |language=en |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |doi=10.1111/ger.70120 |issn=1741-2358}}</ref> ==== Europeo ==== Ang kasaysayan ng katandaan sa [[kasaysayan ng Europa]] ay nailalarawan ng ilang mahahalagang katangian sa nakalipas na 3,000 taon:<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Thane |first=Pat |date=2020-04-01 |title=Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=385–395 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhaa190 |issn=0002-8762}} </ref><ref> Georges Minois, ''History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance'' (U of Chicago Press, 1989). (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Tim G. Parkin, ''Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history'' (JHU Press, 2003) (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>C. Gilleard, "Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages" ''Ageing and Society'' 2009 29(7):1065–-1084. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09008630 (sa Ingles) </ref> * Hindi nagbabagong hangganan ng edad: Nanatiling pare-pareho ang kronolohikal na hangganan para sa katandaan sa buong kasaysayan ng [[Europa]], na karaniwang nasa pagitan ng 60 at 70 taong gulang. Nanatili ang depinisyong ito mula noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa makabagong panahon, sa kabila ng malalaking pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya. * Pagkilala sa batas at kultura: Palaging kinikilala ang katandaan sa mga kontekstong legal at kultural. Madalas na naglalaman ang mga batas ng tiyak na mga pagbubukod o probisyong batay sa edad para sa matatanda. Karaniwan din ang mga kultural na representasyon, tulad ng paghahati sa siklo ng buhay sa mga yugtong batay sa edad, at madalas na hinango o inangkop ang mga ito mula sa naunang mga tradisyong [[Griyegong Mediebal|Griyego]], [[Imperyong Romano|Romano]], at [[Ehipto|Ehipsiyo]]. * Pagbabago ng katayuan: Nagbago-bago ang katayuan ng matatanda sa iba't ibang panahon. Halimbawa, noong unang bahagi ng [[Middle Ages|Gitnang Panahon]] (ika-5 hanggang ika-10 dantaon), naging higit na kanais-nais ang katayuan ng katandaan, partikular para sa matatandang lalaki, batay sa pagpapahalagang [[Moralidad|moral]] na iniuugnay sa yugtong ito ng buhay at sa mga pananaw na [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]]. === Silangan === Sa maraming lipunang [[Mundong Silanganin|Silanganin]], ang pagtanda ay naiimpluwensiyahan ng mga [[Kolektibismo|kolektibistikong]] pagpapahalaga at mga tradisyong gaya ng paggalang sa mga magulang na nauugnay sa [[Confucianismo]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Potamianou |first=Eirini |date=2024 |title=Inter-cultural perspectives on aging |url=https://wjarr.com/node/5891 |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |language=en |publisher=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2348 |issn=2581-9615}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga lipunan, maaaring magkaroon ang mga nakatatanda ng mahahalagang papel bilang tagapag-ingat ng karunungan at tradisyon, tagapangalaga ng angkan, at kalahok sa mga pagpapasya ng pamilya at komunidad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubel |first=Judi |date=2024-06-01 |title=Grandmothers – a cultural resource for women and children’s health and well-being across the life cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231191494 |journal=Global Health Promotion |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.1177/17579759231191494 |issn=1757-9759}}</ref> Karaniwan sa ilang lipunan ang paninirahan ng maraming henerasyon sa iisang tahanan. Itinuturing din sa ilang kultura na mahalagang pananagutan ng mga anak na nasa hustong gulang ang pangangalaga sa kanilang tumatandang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuifbergen |first=Maria C. |last2=Van Delden |first2=Johannes J. M. |date=Pebrero 2011 |title=Filial obligations to elderly parents: a duty to care? |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3015170/ |journal=Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1007/s11019-010-9290-z |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=3015170 |pmid=20922568}}</ref> Iminumungkahi ng ilang pag-aaral sa nyurosiyensiyang kognitibo na maaaring maiugnay ang mga ganitong kultural na gawi sa mga pagkakaiba sa paraan ng pagproseso ng [[impormasyon]], kabilang ang higit na pagbibigay-halaga sa konteksto at mga ugnayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Daniel L. |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=Hunyo 2010 |title=Cultural Neuroscience |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3714113/ |journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x |issn=1367-2223 |pmc=3714113 |pmid=23874143}}</ref> Gayunman, nahaharap ang mga tradisyunal na kaayusang ito sa mga pagbabago sa [[demograpiya]], pagbaba ng bilang ng mga ipinapanganak, at [[urbanisasyon]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Caring for the Elderly: Global Perspectives {{!}} Ethnic and Cultural Studies {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga [[industriyalisado]] at mataong lungsod sa [[Asya]], maaaring maging pasanin sa mga pamilya ang pangangalaga sa matatandang magulang dahil sa mga gastos at limitadong espasyo sa tirahan.<ref name=":4" /> Ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na nagkakaroon ng tensyon sa pagitan ng tradisyunal na mga pagpapahalaga tungkol sa mga nakatatanda at ng mga pagbabagong panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name=":4" /> === Amerikang Latino === Sa [[Amerikang Latino]], ang mga pananaw sa pagtanda ay malapit na nauugnay sa ''familismo'', isang pagpapahalaga sa katapatan, pagiging malapit, at pagtutulungan sa loob ng malawak na pamilya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelman |first=Caroline Rosenthal |date=2014-01-01 |title=Familismo and Its Impact on the Family Caregiving of Latinos With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Complex Narrative |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512469213 |journal=Research on Aging |language=EN |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=40–71 |doi=10.1177/0164027512469213 |issn=0164-0275}}</ref> Sa ganitong mga komunidad, karaniwang itinuturing ang pagtanda bilang isang karanasang pinagdaraanan ng pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Importance of Family in Latin America |url=https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Oxford Institute of Population Ageing |language=en}}</ref> Maaaring gampanan ng mga nakatatanda ang mahahalagang tungkulin sa pangangalaga sa mga bata, pagpapanatili ng kasaysayang pasalita, at pagpapatuloy ng mga gawaing [[panrelihiyon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García |first=Hernán D. |last2=García |first2=Wilson A. |last3=Curcio |first3=Carmen L. |date=Hunyo 2024 |title=Aging in Indigenous Communities: Perspective from Two Ancestral Communities in the Colombian Andean-Amazon Region |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093774/ |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1 |issn=1573-0719 |pmc=11093774 |pmid=38717711}}</ref> Ipinakikita ng ilang panrehiyong sarbey na positibo ang pananaw ng maraming nasa hustong gulang sa Amerikang Latino tungkol sa pagtanda. Sa isang sarbey noong 2019, 70% ng mga rumosponde ang nagsabing nagiging higit na makahulugan ang buhay pagsapit ng edad na 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Angela |last2=Research |first2=AARP |title=Hispanic Attitudes on Aging |url=https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/aging-experience/demographics/hispanic-aging-attitudes/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=AARP |language=english |doi=10.26419/res.00261.001}}</ref> Karaniwang isinasagawa sa loob ng tahanan ang pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda, at mas kaunti ang paggamit ng mga pormal na pasilidad para sa pangmatagalang pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oktubre 2020 |title=Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp13792.pdf |issn=2365-9793}}</ref> Ayon sa ilang pagtataya noong 2025, nagbibigay ang mga pamilya ng hanggang 90% ng pangangalaga sa mga nakatatanda sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-23 |title=Who will care for Latin America’s elderly? A looming crisis |url=https://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2026/06/23/who-will-care-for-latin-americas-elderly-a-looming-crisis/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IPR blog |language=en}}</ref> Ang ganitong gawain ay karaniwang napupunta sa mga babaeng kamag-anak, na nagdadala ng malaking bahagi ng pisikal at emosyonal na pasanin ng walang bayad na pangangalaga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IDB {{!}} Women Caregivers: Pillars of an Aging Society |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/blog/gender-and-diversity/women-caregivers-pillars-aging-society |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref> Nahaharap ang sistemang ito sa mga pagbabago sa demograpiya at ekonomiya. Lumiliit ang laki ng mga [[pamilya]] at tumataas ang pakikilahok ng kababaihan sa lakas-paggawa, na maaaring magpababa sa bilang ng mga miyembro ng pamilya na maaaring magbigay ng pangangalaga sa tahanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafagna |first=Gianluca |last2=Aranco |first2=Natalia |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Oliveri |first4=María Laura |last5=Medellín |first5=Nadin |last6=Stampini |first6=Marco |date=2019-10-30 |title=Age with Care: Long-term Care in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://publications.iadb.org/en/age-care-long-term-care-latin-america-and-caribbean |journal=IDB Publications |language=English |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |doi=10.18235/0001972}}</ref> Nakadaragdag din sa mga hamon ang mga kakulangan sa pampublikong serbisyong pangkalusugan, mga espesyalista sa [[Heriyatriko|heriatriya]], at saklaw ng mga pormal na pensyon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Latin America Prepared for an Aging Population? |language=en |work=IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2018/12/11/blog-is-latin-america-prepared-for-an-aging-population |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Diego Javier Moya |last2=Pampañaupa |first2=Ruth Sayda Velasquez |last3=Ramirez |first3=Luis Enrique Zegarra |date=2025-12-24 |title=El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina: desafíos para la sostenibilidad del bienestar y la cohesión social (2000–2050): Population aging in Latin America: challenges for the sustainability of well-being and social cohesion (2000–2050) |url=https://submissoesrevistarcmos.com.br/rcmos/es/article/view/1887 |journal=RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber |language=pt-BR |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1887 |issn=2675-9128}}</ref> === Pilipinas === [[File:Remitbee Culture “Mano” - A Gesture of Honour for Elderly Filipinos.jpg|thumb|Mga nakapilang batang Pilipino na nagbibigay galang sa isang matandang babae sa pamamagitan ng pagmamano.]] Sa [[Pilipinas]], ang mga pagpapahalagang kolektibistiko ay may malaking papel sa pagtingin sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alampay |first=Liane Peña |date=Agosto 2024 |title=Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in the Philippines |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.13117 |journal=International Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=568–577 |doi=10.1002/ijop.13117 |issn=0020-7594 |pmc=11257813 |pmid=38320969}}</ref> Karaniwang itinuturing ang mga nakatatanda bilang mahahalagang miyembro ng pamilya at iginagalang sa pamamagitan ng mga gawi tulad ng [[pagmamano]] at paggamit ng "po" at "opo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao – Ikawalong Baitang – Modyul para sa Mag-aaral |url=https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/esp_learners_module.pdf |isbn=978-971-9990-80-2 |edition=Unang}}</ref> Ginagamit din ang mga katawagang pampamilya gaya ng "'''Lolo'''" at "'''Lola'''" bilang anyo ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda kahit hindi sila aktuwal na lolo at lola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Filipino - Family |url=https://theculturalatlas.org/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-family |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref> Mayroon din gumagamit "'''Nanay'''" at "'''Tatay'''" sa mga estranghero subalit may mga matatanda na ayaw sa ganitong katawagan lalo na kung ang tatawag ay hindi naman papasa bilang anak dahil hindi gaano kalaki ang agwat ng edad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gusto |first=Esther Fe B. |date=2011-03-21 |title=Why I used to cringe at being called ‘Nanay’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/4081/why-i-used-to-cringe-at-being-called-%e2%80%98nanay%e2%80%99 |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Mas angkop pa na tawagin na "'''Ale'''" o "'''Mama'''" ang mga estranghero, at nakakasakit naman ang mga katawagang "'''matanda'''", "'''hukluban'''" at "'''ulyanin'''".<ref name=":1" /> Ang [[utang na loob]] ay iniuugnay sa pananagutang moral ng mga anak na pangalagaan ang kanilang mga magulang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavino |first=Renz Marion |last2=Donato |first2=Alyssa Mae |last3=Panotan |first3=Gabrielle Vera |date=2023-09-29 |title=The Concept of Utang Na Loob Among Filipino Working Millenials |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjss/article/view/4572 |journal=Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=369–396 |doi=10.55927/fjss.v2i3.4572 |issn=2830-0246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bonifacio |first=Ronna Capili |date=Setyembre 26, 2022 |title=On Utang Na Loob And Respect: Why I’m Not Demanding My Kids To Recognize Me As Their Parent |work=SmartParenting.com.ph |url=https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/parenting/real-parenting/utang-na-loob-a00390-20220926-lfrm |access-date=2026-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Anna Cristina |date=2022-12-22 |title=Understanding ‘utang na loob’ |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/159721/understanding-utang-na-loob |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, karaniwan ang paninirahan ng mga nakatatanda kasama ang kanilang mga anak o iba pang [[kamag-anak]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DRDF |first=Admin |date=2025-05-23 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) Wave 2 – Executive Summary |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/the-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines-lsahp-wave-2-executive-summary1/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Maaari rin silang tumulong sa mga gawaing pantahanan at pangangalaga sa mga apo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Grace T. |date=Setyembre 2019 |title=Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), Regional Workshop on Integrating Policy and Research on Ageing in ASEAN: Conversations Across the Policy and Research Divide |url=https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/education-docs/2)-longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-preliminary-results-(philippines)-by-dr-grace-cruz.pdf?sfvrsn=ec017961_6 |archive-url=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Para sa mga pamilyang may mga miyembrong nagtatrabaho sa ibang bansa, maaaring gamitin ang mga padalang salapi ng mga [[Migranteng Manggagawang Pilipino]] o OFW upang suportahan ang mga tumatandang [[magulang]].<ref name=":5" /> Gayunman, may mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya at pangkalusugan na kinakaharap ang mga nakatatanda sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadloc |first=Mariamme D. |date=Agosto 22, 2017 |title=Aging in the Philippines |url=https://upd.edu.ph/aging-in-the-philippines/ |website=upd.edu.ph}}</ref> Ayon sa ''Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines'' (LSAHP, o Pahabang-panahong Pag-aaral sa Pagtanda at Kalusugan sa Pilipinas), kabilang sa mga karaniwang kondisyong pangkalusugan ng mga nakatatanda ang altapresyon, katarata, at rayuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDF |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines |url=https://www.drdf.org.ph/longitudinal-study-of-ageing-and-health-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa datos ng pag-aaral, 48% ng mga nakatatanda ang may altapresyon, 19% ang may katarata, at 18% ang may rayuma.<ref name=":5" /> Marami rin ang walang sapat na pensyon mula sa pormal na sektor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=The Filipino elderly are left behind |url=https://www.ibon.org/en/the-filipino-elderly-are-left-behind/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ayon sa parehong pag-aaral, 58% ng mga nakatatanda ang umaasa sa tulong na pinansiyal mula sa kanilang mga anak, habang humigit-kumulang 26% ang patuloy na [[Hanapbuhay|nagtatrabaho]] lampas sa karaniwang edad ng pagreretiro.<ref name=":5" /> Ang pisikal at kognitibong paghina ay maaari ring magdulot ng karagdagang pasanin sa pamilya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Ageing and health in the Philippines |date=2019 |publisher=Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |isbn=978-602-5460-22-7 |editor-last=Cruz |editor-first=Christian Joy P. |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |editor-last2=Cruz |editor-first2=Grace T. |editor-last3=Saito |editor-first3=Yasuhiko |editor-last4=Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc |editor-last5=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia}}</ref> Ayon sa LSAHP, 59% ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng [[kahirapan]] sa pagtugon sa mga gastusin sa sambahayan at pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref name=":5" /> Sa parehong datos, 7% ang nag-ulat na nakaranas ng gutom.<ref name=":5" /> Sa kabila nito, ipinakikita ng ilang pag-aaral na mahalagang bahagi ng pagharap ng mga nakatatandang Pilipino sa mga hamon ng pagtanda ang relihiyon at [[Espiritwalidad|espirituwalidad]].<ref name=":6" /> Sa kontekstong [[Mga Pilipino|Pilipino]], ang matagumpay na pagtanda ay maaaring maiugnay sa pagpapanatili ng pisikal at mental na kalayaan habang nananatiling bahagi ng pamilya at nakatatanggap ng suporta mula sa mga anak at iba pang kamag-anak.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreño |first=Arniel |last2=Semine |first2=Jeanalyn |last3=Tatoy |first3=Christy Christy H. |last4=Kindom |first4=Jopay |last5=Mangubat |first5=Jennyleigh |date=2026-10-02 |title=Aging Well in a Collectivist Society: Filipino Grandmothers’ Narratives of Successful Aging |url=https://apjsbs.buksu.edu.ph/index.php/APJSBS/article/view/157 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=24 |doi=10.57200/e59fwq47 |issn=2599-4891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquez |first=Maria Paz N. |date=2021-07-29 |title=Family Support and Intergenerational Exchanges in the Philippines |url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2052375/ageing-and-health-philippines/2805466/ |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en}}</ref> ===Pananaw ng nasa gitnang hustong gulang=== Maraming aklat na isinulat ng mga may-akda na nasa gitnang hustong gulang ang naglalarawan ng ilang karaniwang pananaw tungkol sa katandaan.<ref>''How to Survive Your Aging Parents'' (Surrey, 2001); ''Are Your Parents Driving You Crazy?'' (Vanderwyk & Burnham, 2005); ''Coping With Your Difficult Older Parent: A Guide for Stressed-Out Children'' (William Morrow, 1999); ''Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents: How to Help, How to Survive'' (Holt, 2005); ''The Caregiver's Survival Handbook: Caring for Your Aging Parents Without Losing Yourself'' (Perigee, 2011). (sa Ingles)</ref> Napansin ng isang manunulat ang mga pagbabago sa kanyang mga magulang: Mabagal silang kumilos, nabawasan ang kanilang lakas, inuulit nila ang mga kuwento, lumilihis ang kanilang mga isip, at madalas silang mabalisa.<ref>David Solie, ''How to Say It to Seniors: Closing the Communication Gap with Our Elders'' (Prentice Hall, 2004), 2. (sa Ingles)</ref> Nakikita naman ng isa pang [[manunulat]] ang kanyang matatandang magulang at nalilito siya: Tumatanggi silang sundin ang kanyang payo, nahuhumaling sila sa nakaraan, umiiwas sila sa [[panganib]], at namumuhay sila sa "bilis ng isang [[glasyar]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthiessen |first=Connie |url=http://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |title=Elderly Communication &#124; Communicating with Stubborn Elderly Parents |website=Caring.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051416/https://www.caring.com/articles/elderly-communication |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa kanyang aklat na ''The Denial of Aging'', inaakusahan ni Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, isang ''baby boomer'', ang kanyang mga kapanahon na naniniwalang sa pamamagitan ng wastong [[Ehersisyong pangkatawan|ehersisyo]] at [[diyeta]] ay maiiwasan nila ang mga suliranin ng katandaan at makalilipat mula sa gitnang hustong gulang tungo sa [[kamatayan]].<ref>Gillick, ''The Denial of Aging: Perpetual Youth, Eternal Life, and Other Dangerous Fantasies'' (Harvard, 2007), 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral na maraming taong nasa edad 65–84 ang maaaring maantala ang pagkakaroon ng mga sakit sa pamamagitan ng malusog na pamumuhay. Gayunpaman, pagsapit ng humigit-kumulang 85 taong gulang, karamihan sa mga tao ay nakararanas ng magkakatulad na mga suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, Karen L. Francis, Priscilla G. MacRae, ''Physical Dimensions of Aging'' (Human Kinetics, 2004), 26. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kahit may malusog na pamumuhay, karamihan sa mga taong edad 85 pataas ay makararanas ng matagal na panahon ng "kahinaan at kapansanan".<ref name="jacoby"/> ===Pananaw ng mga matatanda mismo=== Ang unang bahagi ng katandaan ay maaaring maging isang kasiya-siyang panahon; malalaki na ang mga anak, tapos na ang pagtatrabaho, at may panahon nang pagtuunan ng pansin ang iba pang mga interes.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|603}} Marami ring matatanda ang handang makilahok sa mga organisasyong pangkomunidad at mga organisasyong [[Aktibismo|aktibista]] upang itaguyod ang kanilang kapakanan. Sa kabilang banda, ang mga pananaw sa katandaan ng mga manunulat na edad 80 pataas ay karaniwang negatibo.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003" /> Isinulat ni Georges Minois na ang unang taong kilala na nagsalita tungkol sa kanyang katandaan ay isang [[Eskriba|eskribang]] Ehipsiyo na nabuhay 4,500 taon na ang nakalilipas. Nanawagan ang eskriba sa [[Diyos]] sa isang panalangin ng panaghoy:<ref name="Minois">{{cite book |last1=Minois |first1=Georges |title=History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53031-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|14}} {{blockquote|O Kataas-taasan kong Panginoon! Dumating na ang pagtanda; sumapit na ang katandaan. Dumating na ang panghihina; narito na naman ang pagiging malilimutin. Ang puso ay pagod na natutulog araw-araw.<br /> Mahina ang mga mata, bingi ang mga tainga, nawawala ang lakas dahil sa pagkapagod ng puso at tahimik ang bibig at hindi makapagsalita.<br /> Malilimutin ang puso at hindi maalala ang nakaraan. Nagdurusa sa katandaan ang mga buto. Ang mabuti ay naging masama. Nawala na ang lahat ng panlasa. Ang ginagawa ng katandaan sa mga tao ay masama sa lahat ng paraan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14–5}}}} Nagkomento si Minois na ang "daing ng eskriba ay nagpapakita na walang nagbago sa drama ng paghina ng katawan mula sa panahon ng mga [[Paraon]] hanggang sa panahong atomiko" at "ipinahahayag nito ang lahat ng dalamhati ng mga matatanda noon at ngayon".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|14}} Si Lillian Rubin, na aktibo bilang may-akda, [[Sosyolohiya|sosyolohista]], at sikoterapeyuta kahit nasa edad 80, ay nagsimula ng kanyang aklat na ''60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America'' sa mga salitang "masamang-masama ang pagtanda. Noon pa man ay ganoon na, at palaging magiging ganoon." Inihambing ni Rubin ang "tunay na katandaan" sa "mga malarosas na larawan" na ipinipinta ng mga manunulat na nasa gitnang hustong gulang.<ref>Lillian B. Rubin, ''60 on Up: The Truth About Aging in America'' (Beacon, 2007), 1, 7–8. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa pagsulat niya noong edad 87, inilalarawan ni Mary C. Morrison ang "kabayanihan" na kinakailangan sa katandaan: ang mabuhay habang nasisira ang sariling katawan o ang katawan ng isang minamahal. Nagwakas si Morrison sa pahayag na "ang katandaan ay hindi para sa mga madaling panghinaan ng loob".<ref>Mary C. Morrison, ''Let Evening Come'' (1998), 2–3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa aklat na ''Life Beyond 85 Years'', kinailangang harapin ng 150 taong nakapanayam ang pisikal at mental na paghina at ang pagkawala ng mga mahal sa buhay. Inilarawan ng isang kalahok ang pamumuhay sa katandaan bilang "purong [[impiyerno]]".<ref name="cjohnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Colleen L. |last2=Barer |first2=Barbara M. |title=Life Beyond 85 Years |date=2003 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-088-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|7–8, 208}} Ipinakita ng pananaliksik na sa mga bansang may mataas na kita, sa karaniwan, isa sa bawat apat na taong mahigit 60 taong gulang at isa sa bawat tatlong mahigit 75 taong gulang ang nakararanas ng kalungkutan sa pag-iisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Kavita |last2=Kunonga |first2=Tafadzwa Patience |last3=Stow |first3=Daniel |last4=Barker |first4=Robert |last5=Craig |first5=Dawn |last6=Hanratty |first6=Barbara |date=2021-07-26 |editor-last=Aslam |editor-first=Muhammad Shahzad |title=Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |article-number=e0255088 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0255088 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8312979 |pmid=34310643|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1655088C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Mga maling akala==== Nagsagawa sina Johnson at Barer ng isang mahalagang pag-aaral na pinamagatang ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' sa pamamagitan ng mga panayam sa loob ng anim na taon. Sa pakikipag-usap sa mga taong edad 85 pataas, natuklasan nilang mali ang ilang popular na pananaw tungkol sa katandaan. Kabilang sa mga maling [[pananaw]] na ito ang (1) ang mga taong nasa katandaan ay may kahit isang [[kapamilya]] na maaaring sumuporta sa kanila, (2) nangangailangan ng pakikisalamuha sa lipunan ang kagalingan sa katandaan, at (3) ang "matagumpay na pag-aangkop" sa mga pagbabagong nauugnay sa edad ay nangangailangan ng pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili. Sa kanilang mga panayam, natuklasan nina Johnson at Barer na 24% ng mga taong edad 85 pataas ay walang harapang ugnayan sa kanilang pamilya; marami sa kanila ang nabuhay nang mas matagal kaysa sa kanilang mga kapamilya. Ikalawa, taliwas sa popular na pananaw, ipinakita ng mga panayam na ang pagbawas ng mga aktibidad at pakikisalamuha ng mga taong mahigit 85 taong gulang ay hindi nakapipinsala sa kanilang kagalingan; "malugod nilang tinatanggap ang higit na paglayo". Ikatlo, sa halip na mapanatili ang pagpapatuloy ng konsepto sa sarili, habang humaharap ang mga kalahok sa mga bagong sitwasyon ay binabago nila ang kanilang "mga prosesong [[kognitibo]] at emosyonal" at muling binubuo ang kanilang "representasyon sa sarili".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|5–6}} ===Panlipunan at pangkasaysayan=== Batay sa kanyang pagsusuri sa katandaan sa kasaysayan, nagwakas si Georges Minois na "malinaw na sa lahat ng panahon at saanman ay mas pinaboran ang kabataan kaysa sa katandaan". Sa kaisipang Kanluranin, "ang katandaan ay isang kasamaan, isang karamdaman, at isang malungkot na panahon ng paghahanda para sa kamatayan". Higit pa rito, kadalasang mas pinipili ang kamatayan kaysa sa "pagkahina at pagkabulok ng [[Katawan ng tao|katawan]], sapagkat ang kamatayan ay nangangahulugan ng [[Kalayaan|paglaya]]".<ref name="Minois" />{{rp|303}} "Ang suliranin hinggil sa malabong kalagayan ng katandaan ay ... kasama na natin mula pa noong yugto ng sinaunang lipunan; ito ay kapwa pinagmumulan ng karunungan at kahinaan, karanasan at pagkabulok ng katawan, prestihiyo at pagdurusa."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Sa panahong klasiko ng mga kulturang Griyego at Romano, hinamak ang katandaan bilang panahon ng "pagbaba at pagkabulok ng katawan".<ref name="hillier">{{cite book |last1=Hillier |first1=Susan M. |last2=Barrow |first2=Georgia M. |title=Aging, the Individual, and Society |date=2014 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-1-305-17693-5 |edition=10|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} Pinahahalagahan ang "[[kagandahan]] at [[lakas]]", at itinuring ang katandaan bilang nakasisira at pangit. Itinuring ang katandaan bilang isa sa mga hindi malulutas na "dakilang hiwaga" kasama ng kasamaan, sakit, at pagdurusa. "Ang pagkabulok ng katawan, na nagpapahina sa mga bayani, ay tila mas masahol pa kaysa kamatayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|43}} Nagpapakita ang mga makasaysayang panahon ng magkakaibang larawan tungkol sa "posisyon at katayuan" ng matatanda, subalit hindi kailanman nagkaroon ng "ginintuang panahon ng pagtanda".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}} Hinamon ng mga pag-aaral ang popular na paniniwala na noong nakaraan ay iginagalang ng lipunan ang matatanda at inaalagaan sila ng kanilang mga pamilya.<ref name="pjohnson">{{cite book |editor1-last=Johnson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Thane |editor2-first=Pat |title=Old age from Antiquity to Post-modernity |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-16464-1 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} Magkasamang umiral sa masalimuot na ugnayan sa buong [[kasaysayan]] ang paggalang at pagtutol sa matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |title=The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |publisher=Answers |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081917/http://www.answers.com/topic/old-age |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1}} "Iginagalang o hinahamak, pinararangalan o pinapatay ang matatanda ayon sa kalagayan."<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|11}} Noong sinaunang panahon, ang mga mahihina ay itinuturing na pabigat at hindi pinapansin o, sa matitinding kalagayan, pinapatay.<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuqFh1Ff3rgC&q=ancient%20%20old%20age%20Most%20people%20died%20before%20they%20were%20%2050|title=The Oxford Handbook of Retirement|first=Mo|last=Wang|date=8 Nobyembre 2012|publisher=OUP USA|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-19-974652-1|language=en}}</ref> Itinuturing na "matanda" ang mga tao dahil sa kawalan nila ng kakayahang magsagawa ng mga kapaki-pakinabang na gawain sa halip na batay sa kanilang edad.<ref name=pjohnson/>{{rp|6}} Bagaman may pag-aalinlangan siya sa [[mga diyos]], sumang-ayon si [[Aristotle|Aristoteles]] sa pagkamuhi sa matatanda. Sa kanyang ''Etika'', isinulat niya na "ang matatanda ay maramot; hindi nila kinikilala ang pagkakaibigang walang hinihintay na kapalit; hinahanap lamang nila ang makatutugon sa kanilang makasariling mga pangangailangan".<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|60}} Inilarawan ng mga [[panahong Gitna]] at [[Renasimiyento]] ang katandaan bilang "malupit o mahina".<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Ang mga Utopianong manunulat noong ika-16 na dantaon na sina Thomas More at Antonio de Guevara ay hindi nagbigay ng lugar sa kanilang mga [[kathang-isip]] na [[Lupa|lupain]] para sa mga matandang mahina na ang katawan.<ref name="Minois"/>{{rp|277–8, 280}} Para kay Thomas More, sa pulo ng Utopia, kapag ang mga tao ay nasa edad na at "nalampasan na ang kanilang sarili" at may nakamamatay na karamdaman, nasasaktan, at pabigat sa lahat, hinihikayat sila ng mga pari na piliing mamatay. Tinitiyak ng mga pari sa kanila na "magiging maligaya sila pagkatapos ng kamatayan". Kung pipiliin nilang mamatay, winawakasan nila ang kanilang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagpapagutom sa sarili o pag-inom ng [[opyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history-world.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101175649/http://www.history-world.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=Nobyembre 1, 2004|title=World History Project: World History from Mesopotamia to World War II|website=History-world.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ang utopianong bansa ni Antonio de Guevara ay "may kaugaliang huwag mabuhay nang lampas sa edad na animnapu't lima". Sa edad na iyon, isinasagawa nila ang pagsusunog sa sarili. Sa halip na kondenahin ang kaugaliang ito, tinawag ito ni Obispo Guevara na isang "ginintuang mundo" kung saan "nalampasan ng mga tao ang likas na pagnanais na mabuhay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002444985 |title=The diall of princes: by Don Anthony of Guevara: tr. by Sir Thomas ... – Full View |website=Babel.hathitrust.org |date=2012-08-18 |access-date=2016-04-04|language=en}}</ref> ====Mga kontemporaryong pananaw==== Sa [[makabagong panahon]], bumaba ang katayuang kultural ng matatanda sa maraming [[kultura]].<ref name="hillier"/>{{rp|7}} Napansin ni Joan Erikson na "ang matatandang indibiduwal ay madalas na itinatakwil, napapabayaan, at hindi napapansin; hindi na itinuturing ang matatanda bilang tagapagdala ng [[karunungan]] kundi bilang mga sagisag ng [[kahihiyan]]".<ref name="erikson">{{cite book |last1=Erikson |first1=Erik H. |last2=Erikson |first2=Joan M. |title=The Life Cycle Completed: Extended Version |date=1998 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-34743-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|114}} Bahagyang nagkakaiba ang mga pananaw tungkol sa kagalingan sa katandaan sa iba't ibang kultura. Halimbawa, sa Estados Unidos, ang pagiging [[Kalusugan|malusog]], pisikal na aktibo, at aktibo sa lipunan ay mga palatandaan ng magandang kalagayan sa katandaan. Sa kabilang banda, higit na binibigyang-pansin ng [[mga Aprikano]] ang [[pagkain]] at materyal na [[seguridad]], pati na ang matulunging pamilya, kapag inilalarawan ang kagalingan sa katandaan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Keith |first1=Jennie|title=The Aging Experience: Diversity and Commonality across Cultures |last2=Fry |first2=Christine |last3=Glascock |first3=Anthony |last4=Ikels |first4=Charlotte |last5=Dickerson-Putman |first5=Jeanette |last6=Harpending |first6=Henry |last7=Draper |first7=Patricia |date=1994 |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-0-8039-5867-8 |location=Thousand Oaks, California, United States|doi=10.4135/9781452243382 |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, higit na nababalisa ang [[mga Koreano]] tungkol sa pagtanda at higit na natatakot sa matatanda kaysa sa mga Amerikano.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yun |first1=Rebecca J. |last2=Lachman |first2=Margie E. |date=2006-03-01 |title=Perceptions of Aging in Two Cultures: Korean and American Views on Old Age |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=55–70 |doi=10.1007/s10823-006-9018-y |pmid=17103311 |s2cid=13558473 |issn=1573-0719}}</ref> Patuloy na natutuklasan sa [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa mga pananaw na may kaugnayan sa edad na mas nangingibabaw ang mga negatibong pananaw kaysa sa mga positibong pananaw sa matatanda dahil sa kanilang hitsura at [[pag-uugali]].<ref>James E. Birren and K Warner Schaie, eds., ''Handbook of the Psychology of Aging'' (Academic, 2011), 253. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa kanyang pag-aaral na ''Aging and Old Age'', natuklasan ni Posner ang "hinanakit at paghamak sa matatanda" sa lipunang Amerikano.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|320}} Sinusukat ng ''implicit association test'' o di-tahas na pagsusulit ng asosasyon ng [[Pamantasang Harvard]] ang mga di-tahas na "pananaw at paniniwala" tungkol sa "Kabataan kumpara sa Katandaan".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html |title=ProjectImplicit |website=Implicit.harvard.edu |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405203748/https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat ng ''Blind Spot: Hidden Biases of Good People'', isang aklat tungkol sa pagsusulit, na 80% ng mga Amerikano ay may "awtomatikong pagkiling sa [[kabataan]] kaysa sa matatanda" at na totoo ang pananaw na ito sa buong [[mundo]]. Ang mga kabataan ay "pare-parehong negatibo ang pananaw" sa matatanda.<ref>Mahzarin R. Banaji and Anthony G. Greenwald, ''Blind Spot: Hidden Biases of Good People'' (Random House, 2013), 67. (sa Ingles)</ref> Itinatala ng ''Ageism'' na sa pangkalahatan ay "kaunti ang pagpaparaya ng mga Amerikano sa matatanda at kakaunti ang kanilang pag-aalinlangan sa pagkakaroon ng mga negatibong pananaw" tungkol sa kanila.<ref>Todd D. Nelson, ed, ''Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons'' (Bradford, 2004), ix. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa kabila ng pagiging laganap nito, bihirang maging paksa ng pampublikong diskurso ang [[ageism|diskriminasyon batay sa edad]].<ref name="phillips">{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Judith E. |last2=Ajrouch |first2=Kristine J. |last3=Hillcoat-Nalletamby |first3=Sarah |title=Key Concepts in Social Gerontology |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2271-5}}</ref>{{rp|23}} ==Mga palatandaan== {{See also|Pagtanda}} Ang mga natatanging katangian ng katandaan ay kapwa [[pisikal]] at [[Pag-iisip|mental]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1891555|year=1991|last1=Salokangas|first1=R. K.|title=Physical and mental health changes in retirement age|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=55|issue=2–4|pages=100–107|last2=Joukamaa|first2=M|doi=10.1159/000288415|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan ay lubhang naiiba sa mga palatandaan ng katamtamang edad kaya iminungkahi ng iskolar ng batas na si Richard Posner na kapag lumilipat ang isang indibidwal sa katandaan, maaaring ituring ang taong iyon bilang magkakaibang tao na "nagbabahaginan ng oras" sa iisang pagkakakilanlan.<ref name="posner">{{cite book |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |title=Aging and Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/agingoldage00posn |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67566-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|86–7}} Ang mga palatandaang ito ay hindi lumilitaw sa iisang kronolohikal na edad para sa lahat. Nagkakaroon din ang mga ito sa magkakaibang bilis at pagkakasunod-sunod sa iba't ibang tao.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Madaling magkaiba ang mga palatandaan ng katandaan sa mga taong magkakapareho ang kronolohikal na [[edad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |title=Ageing: Myth and Reality |access-date=15 Enero 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216170927/http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/seniors/publications/ageing-myth-reality.pdf |archive-date=16 Disyembre 2013|language=en}}</ref> Ang isang pangunahing palatandaan ng katandaan na nakaaapekto kapwa sa katawan at isip ay ang "pagbagal ng kilos".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001553|pmid=7872732|title=Aging and Speed of Behavior: Possible Consequences for Psychological Functioning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1995_46/page/329|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=46|pages=329–353|year=1995|last1=Birren|first1=J E|last2=Fisher|first2=L M|language=en}}</ref> Inilalarawan ng termino ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng pagsulong ng edad at pagbagal ng reaksyon at pagganap sa mga pisikal at mental na gawain.<ref>Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, ''The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind, and Behavior'' (University of Illinois, 2001), 376–377. (sa Ingles)</ref> Gayunman, ipinakita ng mga pag-aaral mula sa Pamantasang Buffalo at [[Pamantasang Northwestern (Estados Unidos)|Pamantasang Northwestern]] na mas masaya ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa kanilang mga mas batang katapat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|title=Older people are happier than you. Why?|website=CNN|date=2015-04-24|access-date=4 Abril 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205215/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/24/health/old-people-happy/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ===Pisikal=== Kabilang sa mga pisikal na palatandaan ng katandaan ang mga sumusunod: * Mga problema sa [[Buto (anatomiya)|buto]] at [[Kasu-kasuan|kasukasuan]]: Ang matatandang buto ay nagkakaroon ng "pagkanipis at pagliit". Maaari itong magresulta sa pagbaba ng taas (humigit-kumulang dalawang pulgada (5 sentimetro) pagsapit ng edad na 80), pagyuko ng tindig ng maraming tao, at mas malaking posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga sakit sa buto at kasukasuan tulad ng osteoartritis at [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="wahsa.org">{{cite web|url=http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211939/http://wahsa.org/agingprocess.pdf |archive-date=30 Oktubre 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="documbase1">{{cite web |url=http://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |title=The Normal Aging Process |website=Documbase.com |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Agosto 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110828/https://www.documbase.com/The-Normal-Aging-Process.pdf |language=en}}</ref> * Mga malalang sakit: Ang ilang nakatatanda ay may kahit isang malalang kondisyon at marami ang may maraming kondisyon. Noong 2007–2009, ang pinakamadalas na kondisyon sa mga nakatatanda sa Estados Unidos ay hindi makontrol na [[hypertension|altapresyon]] (34%), [[rayuma]] (50%), at [[sakit sa puso]] (32%).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|title=Administration on Aging<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 Enero 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010053036/http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/docs/2011profile.pdf|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2013|language=en}}</ref> * Ang sobrang produksyon ng malapot na [[uhog]] (CMH), na binibigyang-kahulugan bilang "pag-ubo at paglabas ng plema", ay isang karaniwang sintomas sa paghinga sa mga nakatatanda.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=21 |pages=10s–14s |date=2003-05-01 |doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00403403 |last1=Pistelli |first1=R. |last2=Lange |first2=P. |last3=Miller |first3=D.L. |pmid=12762568 |doi-access=free |language=en|publisher=European Respiratory Society}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[ngipin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng mas kaunting laway ang mga nakatatanda at mabawasan ang kakayahang mapanatili ang [[oral hygiene|kalinisang pambibig]], kaya tumataas ang posibilidad ng [[Dental caries|pagkabulok at impeksiyon ng ngipin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |title=Helping Your Elder with Grooming and Hygiene – For Dummies |website=Dummies.com |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121657/http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/helping-your-elder-with-grooming-and-hygiene.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Mga problema sa [[Sistemang panunaw|sistema ng pagtunaw]]: Humigit-kumulang 40% ng mga pagkakataon, ang katandaan ay minamarkahan ng mga karamdaman sa pagtunaw tulad ng hirap sa paglunok, kawalan ng kakayahang kumain nang sapat at sumipsip ng nutrisyon, pagtitibi, at pagdurugo. * ''Essential tremor'' (ET) o mahalagang panginginig: Isang hindi makontrol na panginginig sa isang bahagi ng itaas na katawan. Mas karaniwan ito sa mga nakatatanda at lumalala ang mga sintomas kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |title=Essential Tremor: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113927/http://www.webmd.com/brain/essential-tremor-basics |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Paglala ng [[paningin]]: Maaaring magkaroon ng Presbyopia pagsapit ng edad na 50 at nahihirapan ang tao sa [[Pagbabasa (gawain)|pagbabasa]], lalo na ng maliliit na titik sa mahinang liwanag. Maaari ring bumagal ang bilis ng pagbabasa at humina ang kakayahang makahanap ng mga bagay.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|title=Older Adults' Health and Age-Related Changes|access-date=12 Disyembre 2013|archive-date=20 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072713/http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/older.aspx|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 80, mahigit kalahati ng lahat ng Amerikano ay may [[katarata]] o sumailalim na sa [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] ng katarata.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts|access-date=14 Agosto 2016|date=Setyembre 2015|archive-date=24 Mayo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>cf. Table 6 in: Harold A. Kahn, Howard M. Leibowitz, James P. Ganley, Mohandas M. Kini, Theodore Colton, Rita S. Nickerson, Thomas R. Dawber (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study I. Outline And Major Prevalence Findings". ''American Journal of Epidemiology'' Vol 106, No 1, pp. 17–32 (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmlaIs9R2t8C&q=Presbyopia%20never%20occur&pg=PA156|title=Better Eyesight Without Glasses|last1=Bates|first2=W. H. Bates|last2=M.D|date=2008|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-222-0449-0|language=en}}</ref> * Pagkahulog ng mga nakatatanda: Pinatataas ng katandaan ang panganib ng pinsala dahil sa pagkahulog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Who Is At Risk for Falls? - American Bone Health |url=https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |access-date=27 Hunyo 2022 |website=americanbonehealth.org |language=en-US |archive-date=25 Marso 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325061717/https://americanbonehealth.org/fall-prevention/who-is-at-risk-for-falls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bawat taon, humigit-kumulang isang-katlo ng mga 65 taong gulang at mahigit kalahati ng mga 80 taong gulang ang nahuhulog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |title=Falls and Injury Statistics for Seniors and Elderly |website=Learnnottofall.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402113140/http://www.learnnottofall.com/content/fall-facts/how-often.jsp |language=en}}</ref> Ang pagkahulog ang pangunahing sanhi ng pinsala at kamatayan sa mga matatanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |title=Important Facts about Falls |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=26 Agosto 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220722/https://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/adultfalls.html |url-status=live |language=en|publisher=Home and Recreational Safety - CDC Injury Center}}</ref> * Pagbabago sa paglakad: Karaniwang nagbabago ang ilang aspeto ng paglakad sa katandaan. Bumabagal ang bilis matapos ang edad na 70. Tumataas ang oras na parehong nakalapat sa lupa ang dalawang paa. Kung minsan, kumikilos ang mga matatanda na parang maingat silang naglalakad sa yelo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Judge |first=James O. |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |title=Gait Disorders in the Elderly – Geriatrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition |website=Merckmanuals.com |date=25 Marso 2016 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=25 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190146/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly/gait-disorders-in-the-elderly |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Karaniwang pumupusyaw ang buhok at maaaring numipis.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |title=Healthy, Normal Aging: Physical Changes in Seniors |website=Webmd.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402024903/http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/healthy-aging-normal-aging |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|first=Jay C.|last=Vary|date=1 Nobyembre 2015|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–1211|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|pmid=26476248|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 50, humigit-kumulang 50% ng mga Europeo ay may 50% nang uban sa buhok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|title=Why does hair turn gray?|first=Laurence|last=Meyer|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=20 Setyembre 2016|archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114132915/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Maraming lalaki ang nakararanas ng [[pagkakalbo]]. * Pagkawala ng [[Pandinig na sistema|pandinig]]: Pagsapit ng edad na 75, 48% ng mga lalaki at 37% ng mga babae ang nawalan ng kahit kaunting makabuluhang pandinig. Sa 26.7 milyong taong mahigit 50 taong gulang na may kapansanan sa pandinig, isa sa pito ang gumagamit ng pantulong sa pandinig.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Sa pangkat na may edad 70–79, tumataas sa 65% ang bahagyang [[hearing loss|pagkawala ng pandinig]] na nakaaapekto sa [[komunikasyon]], karamihan ay sa mga lalaking mababa ang kita.<ref name="Feder2015">{{cite journal |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey |year=2015 |last1=Feder |first1=K. |last2=Michaud |first2=D. |last3=Ramage-Morin |first3=P. |last4=McNamee |first4=J. |last5=Beauregard |first5=Y. |journal=Health Reports |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=18–25 |pmid=26177043 |language=en}}</ref> * Tumataas ang masa ng kaliwang bentrikulo ng puso kasabay ng edad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stokar |first1=Joshua |last2=Leibowitz |first2=David |last3=Durst |first3=Ronen |last4=Shaham |first4=Dorith |last5=Zwas |first5=Donna R. |date=24 Oktubre 2019 |title=Echocardiography overestimates LV mass in the elderly as compared to cardiac CT |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |article-number=e0224104 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224104 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6812823 |pmid=31648248 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424104S }}</ref> Maaaring maging hindi gaanong episyente ang [[Puso (anatomiya)|puso]] sa katandaan, na nagpapababa ng tibay. Maaaring sumikip ang daloy ng [[dugo]] dahil sa ateroesklerosis.<ref name="webmd.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|title=Heart Health|first=National Institute on|last=Aging|work=National Institute on Aging |date=12 Hulyo 2011|access-date=17 Setyembre 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090523/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/heart-health#changes|archive-date=18 Setyembre 2016|df=dmy-all|language=en}}</ref> * Pagbaba ng paggana ng [[sistemang inmune]] (inmunosenesensiya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |title=The Immune System in the Elderly |website=Medscape.com |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=19 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * Maaaring hindi gaanong mahusay na lumawak ang mga [[Baga (anatomiya)|baga]], kaya mas kaunting [[oksiheno]] ang naibibigay.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|title=Aging changes in the lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200030/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004011.htm|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kapansanan]] o pagkawala ng pagkilos: "Ang kapansanan sa pagkilos ay nakaaapekto sa 14% ng mga nasa edad 65 hanggang 74, [at] kalahati ng mga lampas 85."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|title=Department of Neurology – Department of Neurology|access-date=12 Hunyo 2016|archive-date=4 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185758/http://med.brown.edu/neurology/articles/jf13408.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng pagkilos sa mga matatanda at nagdudulot ito ng malulubhang "panlipunan, sikolohikal, at pisikal na epekto".<ref>{{cite web |first=Heidi |last=Godman |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |title=Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors – Harvard Health Blog – Harvard Health Publications |website=Health.harvard.edu |date=18 Setyembre 2013 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=2 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402190552/http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-questions-can-reveal-mobility-problems-in-seniors-201309186682 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sakit]]: 25% ng mga ''senior citizen'' ang may malalang sakit, na tumataas kasabay ng edad, hanggang 80% sa mga nasa ''nursing home'' o tahanang ng pag-aaruga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Steven A. |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |title=The Challenge of Geriatric Pain |journal=Psychiatric Times |series=Psychiatric Times Vol 26 No 7 |date=6 Hulyo 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=16 Abril 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416074808/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/challenge-geriatric-pain |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Karamihan sa mga sakit ay [[Rheumatism|reumatolohikal]], may kaugnayan sa mga kalamnan at buto,<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=38804322 |date=2024 |last1=Singh |first1=A. |last2=Akkala |first2=S. |last3=Nayak |first3=M. |last4=Kotlo |first4=A. |last5=Poondla |first5=N. |last6=Raza |first6=S. |last7=Stankovich |first7=J. |last8=Antony |first8=B. |title=Impact of Pain on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) |journal=Geriatrics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=65 |doi=10.3390/geriatrics9030065 |doi-access=free |pmc=11130898 |language=en}}</ref> o ''malignant'' o lubhang mapagpahamak.<ref>Gary McCleane and Howard Smith, editors, ''Clinical Management of the Elderly Patient in Pain'' (CRC Press, 2006). 150. (sa Ingles)</ref> * Pagbaba ng seksuwal na pagnanasa sa kapwa mga lalaki at babae.<ref>{{cite web |author=Todd B. Nippoldt, M.D. |date=17 Marso 2015 |title=Loss of sex drive in men: Natural with aging? |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |publisher=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=27 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203135/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/loss-of-sex-drive/AN01431 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Hinahamon ng dumaraming [[pananaliksik]] tungkol sa seksuwal na pag-uugali at pagnanasa sa huling bahagi ng buhay ang imaheng "walang [[Seksuwalidad ng tao|seksuwalidad]]" ng mga nakatatanda. Nakadarama ng sensuwalidad at seksuwal na kasiyahan ang mga taong may edad 75–102.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bretschneider |first1=Judy G. |year=1988 |title=Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year-olds – Springer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1988-04_17_2/page/109 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01542662 |pmid=3395224 |s2cid=24417179|language=en}}</ref> Nabubuo ang mga seksuwal na saloobin at pagkakakilanlan sa maagang pagtanda at bahagya lamang nagbabago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Suzman |year=2009 |title=The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: An Introduction |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=64B |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i5–i11 |doi=10.1093/geronb/gbp078 |pmc=2763520 |pmid=19837963|language=en}}</ref> Nanatiling mahalaga ang seksuwalidad sa buong buhay, at ang seksuwal na pagpapahayag ng "karaniwan, malulusog na nakatatandang tao ay isang paksang medyo napapabayaan sa pananaliksik".<ref name="Sexual Expression">{{cite journal|title=Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2012_49_2-3/page/125|first=John|last=DeLamater|date=1 Marso 2012|volume=49|issue=2–3|pages=125–141|doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.603168|pmid=22380585|journal=J Sex Res|s2cid=13919053|language=en}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang kilalang seksuwal na pag-uugali sa mga nakatatandang pangkat ng edad ang mga seksuwal na kaisipan, pantasya, at [[panaginip]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|title=Sex, romance, and relationships. AARP Survey of Midlife and Older adults|website=Assets.aarp.org|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=19 Marso 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064838/http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/srr_09.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> [[Pagsasalsal|masturbasyon]]; [[Oral sex|oral na pakikipagtalik]]; at pang-ari at [[Pagtatalik na pambutas ng puwit|pampuwit na pakikipagtalik]].<ref name="Sexual Expression" /> * Nawawala ang elastisidad ng balat at nagiging mas tuyo, mas maraming guhit, at mas [[kulubot]].<ref name="webmd.com" /> * Mas matagal gumaling ang mga sugat at mas malamang na mag-iwan ng permanenteng peklat. * Ang hirap sa pagtulog at pagkaantok sa araw ay nakaaapekto sa mahigit kalahati ng mga ''senior citizen''.<ref>Jana R. Cooke, MD, "Sleep Disorders in the Elderly", ''Psychiatric Times'' 25.4 (2008). (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa isang pag-aaral ng 9,000 katao na may karaniwang edad na 74, 12% lamang ang nag-ulat na wala silang problema sa pagtulog.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15486596|pmc=427621|year=2004|last1=McCall|first1=W. V.|title=Sleep in the Elderly: Burden, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.4088/pcc.v06n0104|language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng edad na 65, bumababa ang malalim na pagtulog sa humigit-kumulang 5% ng oras ng pagtulog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId%3D281474977424338 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125230408/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977424338 |archive-date=25 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Aging and energy: Why energy levels go down as... |access-date=16 Disyembre 2013 |publisher=Gather|language=en}}</ref> * Ang mga [[Lasa|panlasa]] ay nababawasan nang hanggang kalahati pagsapit ng edad na 80. Hindi na gaanong nakaaakit ang pagkain at maaaring maapektuhan ang nutrisyon.<ref name="wahsa.org" /><ref name="documbase1" /> * Sa edad na lampas 85, bumababa ang pakiramdam ng uhaw, kaya 41% ng mga nakatatanda ay hindi sapat ang [[pag-inom]].<ref name="Volkert2005">{{cite journal|vauthors=Volkert D, Kreuel K, Stehle P | title=Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany-a nationwide, representative study | journal=J Nutr Health Aging | year= 2005 | volume=9 | issue=5 | pages=305–309 | pmid=16222395 |language=en}}</ref> * Madalas na nangyayari ang kawalan ng kontrol sa [[Ihi|pag-ihi]] sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7039134|pmc=1273322|year=1981|last1=Ouslander|first1=J. G.|title=Urinary incontinence in the elderly|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_california-and-western-medicine_1981-12_135_6/page/482|journal=The Western Journal of Medicine|volume=135|issue=6|pages=482–491|language=en}}</ref> * Humihina ang mga ''vocal cord'' o bagtingan ng tinig at bumabagal ang pagyanig ng mga ito. Nagreresulta ito sa mahina at mahanging boses, "boses ng matanda".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Body Odd |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |title=The wavery, shaky 'old person's voice,' explained |date=25 Enero 2013 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=24 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324081029/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/wavery-shaky-old-persons-voice-explained-1C8119298 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ===Mental=== Kabilang sa mga katangiang pangkaisipan at emosyonal na iniuugnay sa katandaan ang sumusunod: * Pagiging palatanggap: Sa kabila ng mga suliraning kaakibat ng katandaan, karaniwang ginagamit ang mga salitang "sumasang-ayon" at "palatanggap" upang ilarawan ang mga nakatatanda. Gayunman, sa ilang tao, ang pagdepende sa iba na kaakibat ng katandaan ay nagdudulot ng pakiramdam ng kawalan ng kakayahan at kawalang-halaga dahil kailangan nilang umasa sa iba sa iba't ibang pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608–9}} * Ang pagiging maingat ay madalas na kaakibat ng katandaan. Ang pag-ayaw na "sumubok ng [[panganib]]" ay kadalasang nagmumula sa paniniwalang mas kaunti ang maaaring makamit at mas marami ang maaaring mawala sa mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|112,116}} * Malungkot na kalagayan ng damdamin.<ref>Kennedy G.J. The epidemiology of late-life depression. In: Kennedy G. J, editor. ''Suicide and depression in late life: Critical issues in treatment, research and public policy''. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp. 23–37. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ayon kina Cox, Abramson, Devine, at Hollon (2012), ang katandaan ay isang salik ng panganib para sa [[Depresyon|depresyong]] dulot ng pagtatangi. Kapag nagtatangi ang mga nakababata laban sa matatanda at sila mismo ay tumanda, naibabaling nila sa kanilang sarili ang pagtatanging ito, na nagdudulot ng depresyon. "Malamang na mas mataas ang antas ng depresyon sa pagtanda ng mga taong may mas negatibong mga estereotipo tungkol sa edad."<ref name="Cox et al. (2012)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691612455204|title=Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=427–449|year=2012|last1=Cox|first1=W. T. L.|last2=Abramson|first2=L. Y.|last3=Devine|first3=P. G.|last4=Hollon|first4=S. D.|pmid=26168502|s2cid=1512121|language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa depresyon sa katandaan, ang mga taong may edad na 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na antas ng [[pagpapakamatay]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Takot sa [[krimen]] sa katandaan, lalo na sa mga mahihina ang pangangatawan, na kung minsan ay mas matindi kaysa sa pag-aalala tungkol sa pananalapi o kalusugan at naglilimita sa kanilang mga gawain. Nananatili ang takot na ito sa kabila ng katotohanang mas bihirang maging biktima ng krimen ang mga nakatatanda kaysa sa mga nakababata.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|617}} * Tumitinding takot sa mga suliranin sa kalusugan. * Ayon sa mga pagtataya ng [[World Health Organization|Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]], nakaaapekto ang mga [[sakit sa pag-iisip]] sa humigit-kumulang 15% ng mga taong may edad na 60 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Mental health and older adults |website=Who.int |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://web.archive.org/web/20160406110838/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Iniulat naman sa isa pang sarbey na isinagawa sa 15 bansa na higit na nakahahadlang sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng mga nasa hustong gulang ang mga sakit sa pag-iisip kaysa sa mga suliraning pisikal.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|610}} * Pagbaba ng kakayahang pangkaisipan at pang-unawa:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023|pmid=19231028|pmc=2683339|title=When does age-related cognitive decline begin?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2009-04_30_4/page/507|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=30|issue=4|pages=507–514|year=2009|last1=Salthouse|first1=Timothy A.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE69BAAAQBAJ|title=Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan|first1=Deborah|last1=Finkel|first2=Chandra A.|last2=Reynolds|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4614-7447-0|language=en}}</ref> Karaniwan ang pagkawala ng alaala sa katandaan dahil humihina ang kakayahan ng utak na mag-encode, mag-imbak, at kumuha muli ng impormasyon. Mas matagal ding matutuhan ang kaparehong dami ng bagong impormasyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |title=Memory loss: When to seek help |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://web.archive.org/web/20131108172958/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/memory-loss/HQ00094 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Tumataas ang paglaganap ng [[demensiya]] sa katandaan, mula sa humigit-kumulang 10% sa edad na 65 hanggang sa humigit-kumulang 50% sa mga lampas 85 taong gulang.<ref name="jacoby">{{cite book |last1=Jacoby |first1=Susan |title=Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of the New Old Age |url=https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3 |date=2011 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-307-37794-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neversaydiemythm0000jaco_u0c3/page/12 12] |edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Ang [[sakit na Alzheimer]] ang sanhi ng 50 hanggang 80 porsiyento ng mga kaso ng demensiya. Kabilang sa mga pag-uugaling maaaring makita sa mga taong may demensiya ang pagala-gala, pisikal na pananalakay, pasigaw na pananalita, depresyon, at [[sikosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |title=Alzheimer's disease – Symptoms and causes |access-date=12 Disyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://web.archive.org/web/20131213071824/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2013 |language=en}}</ref> * Katigasan ng ulo: Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mahigit 400 nakatatanda ang "pagkiling sa [[iskedyul|nakagawiang mga gawain]]".<ref>George P. Moschis, ''Marketing to Older Consumers'' (Praeger, 1992), 102. (sa Ingles)</ref><ref>Martin S. Lindauer, ''Aging, Creativity, and Art'' (Springer, 2003), 55–56. (sa Ingles)</ref> Kabilang sa mga paliwanag ang epekto ng katandaan sa "[[Intelihensiya|intelihensiyang]] pluido" at ang mga nakasanayang paraan ng pag-iisip at pagkilos ng mga nakatatanda na "mas malalim nang nakaugat".<ref name="posner"/>{{rp|116}} ===May kaugnayan sa kasanayan=== Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga propesyonal at master na manlalaro ng tenpin bowling na bumaba nang wala pang 10% ang karaniwang puntos mula edad 20 hanggang edad 70.<ref name=AgeAgeing_20071016/> Ang pagbabang ito sa isang [[palakasan]] na nakatuon sa [[kasanayan]] at pamamaraan ay higit na maliit kaysa sa pagbaba sa mga larangang higit na nakasalalay sa lakas ng kalamnan, tibay ng [[Sistemang sirkulatoryo|sistemang kardyobaskular]], o [[liksi]], na kilalang bumababa nang humigit-kumulang 10% ''bawat dekada''.<ref name="AgeAgeing_20071016">{{cite journal |last1=DeVan |first1=Allison Elizabeth |last2=Tanaka |first2=Hirofuni |title=Declines in ten-pin bowling performance with advancing age Get access Arrow |journal=Age and Ageing |date=Oktubre 16, 2007 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afm129|pmid=17942434 |language=en}}</ref> ==Kahinaan ng pangangatawan== [[File:Blake London.jpg|thumb| Isang larawan ng isang matandang lalaki na ginagabayan ng isang batang paslit ang kasama sa tula ni William Blake na ''London'', mula sa kanyang ''Songs of Innocence and Experience''<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.46&java=yes | title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, object 46 (Bentley 46, Erdman 46, Keynes 46) "LONDON" |editor-first1= Morris |editor-last1= Eaves |editor-first2=Robert N. |editor-last2=Essick |editor-first3=Joseph|editor-last3=Viscomi| publisher = William Blake Archive|access-date = 10 Hunyo 2014|language=en}}</ref>]] Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 65–79 (mga taon ng pagreretiro at unang yugto ng katandaan) ay nagtatamasa ng maraming posibilidad para sa isang ganap na buhay, subalit ang kalagayan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan, na nailalarawan ng "pagkabigo ng katawan" at higit na pagdepende sa iba, ay lalong nagiging karaniwan mula sa edad na humigit-kumulang 80.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003">Tor Inge Romoren, ''Last Years of Long Lives: The Larvik Study'' (Routledge, 2003), 170. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, ipinakita ng datos tungkol sa paglabas ng mga pasyente sa ospital mula 2003 hanggang 2011 na ang pinsala ang pinakakaraniwang dahilan ng pagpapaospital sa mga pasyenteng may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003–2013 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=176 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Hulyo 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | access-date = 2014-08-15 | archive-date = 2022-03-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Napapansin ng mga [[Gerontology|gerontologo]] ang kakulangan ng pananaliksik tungkol sa kahinaan ng pangangatawan at ang hirap sa pagbibigay rito ng depinisyon. Gayunman, sinasabi rin nila na nakikilala ng mga doktor ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kapag nakikita nila ito.<ref name="burbank">{{cite book |editor1-last=Burbank |editor1-first=Patricia M. |title=Vulnerable Older Adults: Health Care Needs and Interventions |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Pub |isbn=978-0-8261-0360-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|xxi, 4, 6}} Iminungkahi ng isang pangkat ng mga [[Geriatrics|heriyatrisyo]] ang pangkalahatang depinisyon ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan bilang "isang pisikal na kalagayan ng mas mataas na pagiging madaling maapektuhan ng mga salik ng stress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |title=Stressors &#124; definition of stressors by Medical dictionary |website=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155855/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stressors |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> na nagmumula sa pagbawas ng mga reserba at disregulasyon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |title=Dysregulation Medical Definition &#124; Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://web.archive.org/web/20160323020746/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysregulation |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> sa maraming sistemang pisyolohikal".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|20}} Karaniwan ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga huling yugto ng katandaan, subalit dahil magkakaiba ang mga depinisyon nito, magkakaiba rin ang mga pagtataya sa paglaganap nito. Itinakda ng isang pag-aaral sa 10.7% ang insidente ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x|pmid=22881367|title=Prevalence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review|journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1487–92|year=2012|last1=Collard|first1=Rose M.|last2=Boter|first2=Han|last3=Schoevers|first3=Robert A.|last4=Oude Voshaar|first4=Richard C.|s2cid=2689519|language=en}}</ref> Sa isa pang pag-aaral, tinatayang 22% ng mga babae at 15% ng mga lalaki na may edad na 65 pataas ang may kahinaan ng pangangatawan.<ref name="gillick">{{cite book |last1=Gillick |first1=Muriel R. |title=Choosing Medical Care in Old Age: What Kind, How Much, When to Stop |date=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-12813-2 |edition=1|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|106}} Ipinakita ng isang pag-aaral sa [[Canada]] kung paano tumataas ang kahinaan ng pangangatawan kasabay ng edad at tinaya ang paglaganap nito sa 22.4% sa mga taong may edad na 65 pataas at 43.7% sa mga may edad na 85 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |title=Prevalence of Frailty Increases Throughout Adulthood |website=Medscape.com |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2017-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://web.archive.org/web/20170529131959/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741960 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pandaigdigang pag-aaral tungkol sa "mga huwaran ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan", batay sa datos mula sa 20 [[Bansa (pampulitika)|bansa]], ang (a) pare-parehong ugnayan sa pagitan ng kahinaan ng pangangatawan at edad, (b) mas mataas na dalas nito sa mga babae, at (c) mas mataas na antas ng kahinaan ng [[pangangatawan]] sa mas mayayamang bansa kung saan ang higit na suporta at pangangalagang medikal ay nagpapahaba ng buhay.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075847|pmid=24204581|title=Patterns of Frailty in Older Adults: Comparing Results from Higher and Lower Income Countries Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=10|article-number=e75847|year=2013|last1=Harttgen|first1=Kenneth|last2=Kowal|first2=Paul|last3=Strulik|first3=Holger|last4=Chatterji|first4=Somnath|last5=Vollmer|first5=Sebastian|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875847H|pmc=3812225|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref> Sa [[Noruwega]], natuklasan sa isang 20-taong longitudinal na pag-aaral sa 400 katao na naging karaniwan ang pagkabigo ng katawan at higit na pagdepende sa iba sa mga taong may edad na 80 pataas. Tinatawag ng pag-aaral ang mga taong ito na nasa "ikaapat na edad" o "katandaan sa tunay na kahulugan ng termino". Gayundin, sinuri ng "''Berlin Aging Study''" o Pag-aaral ng Pagtanda sa Berlin ang pangkalahatang kakayahang gumana sa apat na antas: mabuti, katamtaman, mahina, at napakahina. Karamihan sa mga taong nasa edad 70 ay inuri bilang may mabuting kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 80–90, halos pantay ang pagkakahati ng apat na antas ng kakayahang gumana. Sa edad na 90–100, 60% ang maituturing na mahina dahil sa napakahinang kakayahang gumana at 5% lamang ang mayroon pa ring mabuting kakayahang gumana.<ref name="Tor Inge Romoren 2003"/> ===Mga palatandaan=== Tatlong natatanging palatandaan ng kahinaan ang iminungkahi: (a) pagkawala ng anumang paniniwala na hindi maaaring mapahamak, (b) pagkawala ng kakayahang gawin ang mga bagay na mahalaga sa sariling pangangalaga, at (c) pagkawala ng posibilidad na marating ang kasunod na yugto ng buhay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |title=Nortin M. Hadler: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle |website=Amazon |access-date=4 Abril 2016 |archive-date=5 Marso 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035336/http://www.amazon.com/Nortin-M.-Hadler/e/B001ITYO36 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga umaabot hanggang sa katandaan ay karaniwang nakararanas ng paghina ng [[liksi]] mula sa mga unang taon ng kanilang pagreretiro (65–79) hanggang sa isang yugto ng kahinaan bago mamatay. Ang paghina na ito ay unti-unti para sa ilan at mabilis para sa iba. Ang pagiging mahina ay minamarkahan ng iba't ibang malalang suliraning pisikal at mental na nangangahulugang hindi maaaring ituring ang pagiging mahina bilang isang partikular na sakit. Ang mga suliraning ito, kasama ng pagtaas ng pagdepende sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa pansariling pangangalaga, ay nagdaragdag ng mga suliraning emosyonal: depresyon at [[pagkabalisa]].<ref>Muriel R. Gillick, ''Lifelines: Living Longer, Growing Frail, Taking Heart'' (Norton, 2001), x, xv–xvi, 5–6. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa ilan, inilarawan ang pagiging mahina bilang isang pangkat ng "masasalimuot na [[suliranin]]", na magkakaiba subalit "magkakaugnay sa sanhi", na kadalasang kinabibilangan ng "mga kasabay na sakit",<ref>"mga sakit bukod sa pangunahing sakit"</ref> progresibong panghihina, istres, pagkapagod, at depresyon.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|25–6}} Ang malulusog na tao pagkatapos ng edad na 50 ay nakaiipon ng mga endoheniko na pagbali ng isa at dobleng hibla ng [[DNA]] sa [[Selula|selulang]] DNA sa isang lineyar na paraan.<ref name="Vlachogiannis2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL |title=Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=24 |issue=8 |date=Abril 2023 |page=7148 |pmid=37108309 |pmc=10138488 |doi=10.3390/ijms24087148 |doi-access=free |url=|language=en}}</ref> Tumataas din ang iba pang anyo ng pinsala sa DNA habang tumatanda.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Pagkatapos ng edad na 50, bumababa rin ang kakayahan sa pag-aayos ng DNA.<ref name = Vlachogiannis2023/> Ang mga natuklasang ito ay naaayon sa teorya na ang pinsala sa DNA ay isang pangunahing aspekto ng pagtanda sa matatandang tao.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gensler HL, Bernstein H |title=DNA damage as the primary cause of aging |journal=Q Rev Biol |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=279–303 |date=Setyembre 1981 |pmid=7031747 |doi=10.1086/412317 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1981-09_56_3/page/279|language=en}}</ref> ===Pangangalaga at mga gastos=== [[File:Altenpflege 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamay ng isang matanda]] [[File:On Lok Senior Health Services day care program, 1970's.jpg|thumb|right|Mga babae sa programa ng pangangalaga sa araw ng ''On Lok Senior Health Services'' sa [[San Francisco]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong huling bahagi ng [[dekada 1970]]]] Nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng pangangalaga ang mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan. Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na pahabain nang ilang taon ang buhay ng mga tao sa katandaan o "ipagpaliban ang [[kamatayan]]". Gayunman, ang karagdagang panahong ito ay nagdudulot sa maraming taong mahina na ang [[pangangatawan]] ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, [[kirot]], at [[pagdurusa]]".<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|9}} Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng ''Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality'' (AHRQ, Ahensiya para sa Pananaliksik at Kalidad ng [[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan|Pangangalaga ng Kalusugan]]), palaging pinakamataas ang dalas ng pagpunta sa kagawaran ng emerhensiya sa mga pasyenteng edad 85 pataas sa Estados Unidos noong 2006–2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=179 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Setyembre 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | access-date = 2014-10-20 | archive-date = 2014-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Bukod dito, ang mga pasyenteng edad 65 pataas ang may pinakamataas na porsiyento ng mga pagpapaospital ng mga nasa hustong gulang na may maraming malalang sakit, ngunit pangalawa naman sa pinakamataas na porsiyento ng kabuuang gastos sa pagpapaospital noong 2003–2014.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner CA, Barett ML, Weiss AJ, Andrews RM | title = Trends and Projections in Hospital Stays for Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions, 2003–2014 | journal =HCUP Statistical Brief |issue=183 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = Nobyembre 2014 | pmid = 25558764 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | access-date = 2015-04-06 | archive-date = 2015-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411221039/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb183-Hospitalizations-Multiple-Chronic-Conditions-Projections-2014.jsp | url-status = live |language=en}}</ref> Malaki rin ang gastos sa mga huling taon ng buhay sa aspektong pang-[[ekonomiya]].<ref name="logue">{{cite book |last1=Logue |first1=Barbara |title=Last Rights: Death Control and the Elderly in America |date=1993 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-27370-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|17–8, 92}} Isa sa bawat apat na [[Dolyar ng Estados Unidos|dolyar]] mula sa Medicare ang ginagastos sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan sa huling taon ng kanilang buhay sa pagtatangkang ipagpaliban ang kamatayan.<ref name="wang">{{cite web |first=Penelope |last=Wang |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |title=Cutting the High Cost of End-of-Life Care |website=Money.cnn.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150425/http://money.cnn.com/2012/12/11/pf/end-of-life-care-duplicate-2.moneymag/ |language=en}}</ref> Hindi lamang magastos sa ekonomiya ang mga paggamot sa medisina sa mga huling araw ng buhay, kundi kadalasan ay hindi rin kinakailangan o nakapipinsala pa ang mga ito.<ref name=wang/> Nagbabala si Nortin Hadler, M.D., laban sa tendensiyang ituring na mga kondisyong medikal ang lahat ng suliranin ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at bigyan sila ng labis na paggamot.<ref>Nortin M. Hadler, ''Rethinking Aging: Growing Old and Living Well in an Overtreated Society'' (University of North Carolina, 2011) 1, 3. (sa Ingles)</ref> Sa [[aklat]] niyang ''Choosing Medical Care in Old Age'', ipinangatwiran ni Michael R. Gillick, M.D., na hindi magkapareho ang angkop na paggamot sa medisina para sa mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan at para sa mga taong malakas pa ang pangangatawan. Madaling lumala ang kalagayan ng mga taong mahina na ang pangangatawan kapag nalantad ang kanilang katawan sa anumang pisikal na istres, gaya ng dulot ng mga interbensiyong medikal.<ref name="gillick"/>{{rp|116, 189}} Bukod sa pang-araw-araw na pangangalaga, partikular na bulnerable sa mga likas na [[sakuna]] ang mga matatandang mahina na ang pangangatawan at ang iba pang taong may [[kapansanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=2018-09-14|title=When You're Elderly and Ill and a Storm Is Coming (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/well/live/elderly-disabled-hurricane-safety-advice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maaaring hindi nila kayang lumikas o ayaw nilang lumikas upang makaiwas sa [[bagyo]] o [[sunog sa kagubatan]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Kamatayan=== Magkaugnay ang katandaan, kamatayan, at pagiging mahina. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga pagkamatay sa katandaan ay nauunahan ng ilang [[Buwan (panahon)|buwan]] o taon ng pagiging marupok.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|3, 19}} Ang pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' (Pananaw ng mga Matatanda sa Kamatayan) ay batay sa mga panayam sa 109 kataong nasa edad 70 hanggang 90, na may karaniwang nasa gulang na 80.7 taon. Halos 20% ng mga kalahok ang nagnanais na gumamit ng anumang [[paggamot]] na maaaring makapagpaliban sa kamatayan. Halos gayon din karami ang nagsabing pipiliin nila ang tinulungang pagpapakamatay kung magkaroon sila ng nakamamatay na sakit. Humigit-kumulang kalahati ang pumili na huwag nang gumawa ng anuman kundi mamuhay sa bawat araw hanggang sa natural na dumating ang kamatayan, nang walang interbensiyong medikal o iba pang hakbang na naglalayong pahabain ang buhay. Kaakibat ng pagpiling ito ang pagnanais na makatanggap ng pampaginhawang pangangalaga kung kinakailangan.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|6–7, 9, 12, 32}} Humigit-kumulang kalahati ng mga nakatatanda ang may maramihang karamdaman, na nangangahulugang mayroon silang tatlo o higit pang [[malalang sakit]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Day |first1= Jo Ann |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |title= Multimorbidity &#124; Johns Hopkins Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology |website= Hopkinsmedicine.org |date= 2011-06-24 |access-date= 2016-04-04 |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030929/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geriatric_medicine_gerontology/aging_research/health_services_research/multimorbidity.html |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Dahil sa mga pagsulong sa medisina, naging posible na "ipagpaliban ang kamatayan", subalit sa maraming pagkakataon, ang pagpapalibang ito ay nagdaragdag ng "matagal na pagkakasakit, pagdepende sa iba, kirot, at pagdurusa", na nagdudulot ng malaking gastos sa aspektong panlipunan, [[Sikolohiya|sikolohikal]], at pang-ekonomiya.<ref name="logue"/>{{rp|18, 72}} Sa mga panayam na isinagawa sa loob ng mahabang panahon sa 150 kataong edad 85 pataas, na binuod sa ''Life Beyond 85 Years'' (Buhay Lagpas ng 85 Taon), natuklasan ang "progresibong paghina bago ang kamatayan" sa taon bago mamatay: palagiang pagkapagod, mahabang oras ng pagtulog, paglayo sa mga tao, bagay, at gawain, at pagpapasimple ng pamumuhay. Karamihan sa mga kinapanayam ay hindi natatakot sa kamatayan; may ilan pa ngang malugod na tatanggap dito. Sinabi ng isang tao, "Purong paghihirap ang mabuhay nang ganito katagal." Gayunman, halos lahat ay natatakot sa matagal na proseso ng pagkamatay. May ilang nagnanais na mamatay habang [[natutulog]], samantalang ang iba ay nagnanais na mamatay nang "nakatayo sa sariling mga paa".<ref name="cjohnson"/>{{rp|202–7}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ''Older Adults' Views on Death'' na habang higit na mahina ang pangangatawan ng mga tao at habang higit silang dumaranas ng "kirot, pagdurusa, at paghihirap", mas malamang na "tanggapin at malugod nilang salubungin" ang kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa kanilang pagdurusa. Ang kinatatakutan nila sa proseso ng pagkamatay ay ang posibilidad na lalo lamang nitong patagalin ang kanilang paghihirap. Bukod sa pagtingin sa kamatayan bilang paglaya mula sa pagdurusa, itinuring ito ng ilan bilang pagkakataong muling makapiling ang mga namatay na mahal sa buhay. Para naman sa iba, paraan ito upang mapalaya ang kanilang mga tagapag-alaga mula sa pasanin ng pag-aalaga sa kanila.<ref name="cicirelli"/>{{rp|55, 270, 276}} ==Pagiging relihiyoso== Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga matatanda ay palaging mas relihiyoso kaysa sa mga [[kabataan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|journal=Ageing and Society|volume=18|date=1998|pages=101–110|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Progress Report: Religion and old age|first1=GRACE|last1=DAVIE|first2=JOHN|last2=VINCENT|doi=10.1017/S0144686X97006776|hdl=10036/57193|s2cid=53422264|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=24 Enero 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221539/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/57193/Davie%20Progress%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Gayunman, umiiral ang malalaking pagkakaiba sa [[kultura]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa Estados Unidos, 90% ng mga Hispaniko na matatanda ay itinuturing ang kanilang sarili na lubos, medyo, o kahit paano ay relihiyoso.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Melvin A. |editor2-last=McFadden |editor2-first=Susan H. |editor3-last=Ellor |editor3-first=James W. |title=Aging, Spirituality, and Religion. Volume 1: A Handbook |date=1995 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-3418-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|125}} Natuklasan sa pag-aaral ng ''Pew Research Center'' sa mga matatandang lahing itim at lahing puti na 62% ng mga nasa gulang na 65–74 at 70% ng mga nasa gulang na 75 pataas ang nagsabing ang [[relihiyon]] ay "napakahalaga" sa kanila. Sa lahat ng taong 65 pataas, mas maraming babae (76%) kaysa lalaki (53%) at mas maraming itim (87%) kaysa puti (63%) ang nagsasabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon. Maihahambing ito sa 54% ng mga nasa gulang na 30–49.<ref name="pewsocialtrends1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |title=Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235543/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdf |date=Hunyo 29, 2009}}</ref> Sa isang 20-taong [[longhitudinal]] na pag-aaral sa [[Britanya (ngalan ng pook)|Britanya]], wala pang kalahati ng mga matatandang sinuri ang nagsabing "napakahalaga" sa kanila ng relihiyon, at isang-kapat ang nagsabing naging hindi na sila gaanong relihiyoso habang tumatanda.<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Mas malakas ang pagtaas ng pagiging relihiyoso sa huling yugto ng buhay sa [[Hapon]] kaysa sa Estados Unidos, subalit napakaliit ito sa [[Olandes]].<ref name="Berk"/>{{rp|608}} Sa pagsasagawa ng relihiyon, natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa mga taong 60 pataas na 25% ang nagbabasa ng [[Bibliya]] araw-araw at mahigit 40% ang nanonood ng relihiyosong [[telebisyon]].<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|12}} Natuklasan ng ''Pew Research'' na sa pangkat na 65 pataas, 75% ng mga puti at 87% ng mga itim ang araw-araw na [[nananalangin]].<ref name="pewsocialtrends1"/> Sa paghahambing ng pagiging relihiyoso, maaaring maging mas tumpak na panukat ang indibidwal na pagsasagawa ng relihiyon kaysa sa pakikilahok sa organisadong relihiyon. Sa organisadong relihiyon, maaaring madalas na mahadlangan ang pakikilahok dahil sa mga problema sa [[transportasyon]] o kalusugan.<ref name="Melvin A. Kimble 1995"/>{{rp|125}} ==Mga pagbabagong demograpiko== Sa mga [[industriyalisadong bansa]], patuloy na tumaas ang inaasahang haba ng buhay at, dahil dito, ang [[populasyon]] ng matatanda sa nakalipas na mga dekada.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|title=Talahanayan 26: Inaasahang haba ng buhay sa kapanganakan, sa edad na 65, at sa edad na 75 ayon sa lahi at kasarian: Estados Unidos, mga piling taon, 1900–2005|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=26 Agosto 2010|archive-date=19 Marso 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319102823/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos, tumaas ang proporsiyon ng mga taong edad 65 pataas mula 4% noong 1900 tungo sa humigit-kumulang 12% noong 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|title=Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-12, U.S.|publisher=Census Bureau|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Meyer|first=Julie|year=2001|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013453/http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-12.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong 1900, humigit-kumulang {{Nowrap|3 milyon}} lamang sa mga [[mamamayan]] ng bansa ang edad 65 pataas, mula sa kabuuang 76 milyong mamamayan ng Amerika. Pagsapit ng 2000, tumaas ang bilang ng mga nakatatanda sa humigit-kumulang 35 milyon, mula sa 280 milyong mamamayan ng Estados Unidos. Noong 2012, tinataya ng mga dalubhasa sa populasyon na mahigit {{Nowrap|50 milyon}} Amerikano, o humigit-kumulang 17 porsiyento ng populasyon, ang magiging edad 65 pataas pagsapit ng 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agingstats.gov/Main_Site/Data/2012_Documents/Population.aspx |title=Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Well-Being |website=Agingstats.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055028/http://agingstats.gov/main_site/data/2012_documents/population.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, inaasahang hindi bababa sa 400,000 Amerikano ang magiging edad 100 pataas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |title=Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension &#124; Pew Research Center |website=Pewforum.org |date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918232422/http://www.pewforum.org/2013/08/06/living-to-120-and-beyond-americans-views-on-aging-medical-advances-and-radical-life-extension/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lumalaki ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo pangunahin dahil sa pagdami ng mga ipinanganak pagkatapos ng [[Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] at sa paglawak at pagbuti ng pagkakaloob at mga pamantayan ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |title=World Population Ageing |website=Un.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2018-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194531/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Pagsapit ng 2050, 33% ng populasyon ng maunlad na daigdig at halos 20% ng populasyon ng hindi gaanong maunlad na daigdig ay magiging mahigit 60 taong gulang.<ref>John Bond and others, editors, ''Ageing in Society'' (Sage, 2007 3rd ed), 1. (sa Ingles)</ref> Ang lumalaking bilang ng mga taong umaabot sa kanilang edad 80 at 90 sa maunlad na daigdig ay nagdulot ng malaking pasanin sa mga pampublikong sistema ng kapakanang panlipunan at nagresulta rin sa pagdami ng mga sakit tulad ng [[kanser]] at demensiya na bihirang makita bago ang [[makabagong panahon]]. Nang likhain ang programa ng Seguridad Panlipunan o ''Social Security'' ng Estados Unidos, humigit-kumulang 5% lamang ng populasyon ang higit sa 65 taong gulang at ang karaniwang inaasahang haba ng buhay ng isang 65-taong-gulang noong 1936 ay humigit-kumulang 5 taon, samantalang noong 2011, madalas itong umaabot mula 10 hanggang 20 taon. Kabilang sa iba pang mga suliraning maaaring lumitaw dahil sa lumalaking populasyon ang pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at pagtaas ng pangangailangan para sa iba't ibang uri ng serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |title=Social Security: A Program and Policy History |website=Ssa.gov |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233144/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n1/v66n1p1.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa humigit-kumulang 150,000 katao na namamatay araw-araw sa buong mundo, halos dalawang-katlo, o 100,000 bawat araw, ang namamatay dahil sa mga sanhi na nauugnay sa pagtanda.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|year=2007|last1=De Grey|first1=Aubrey D.N.J|s2cid=201101995 |language=en}}</ref> Sa mga industriyalisadong bansa, higit na mataas ang [[proporsiyon]], na umaabot sa 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"/> ==Inaasahang haba ng buhay== Ang inaasahang haba ng buhay ayon sa bansa sa [[kapanganakan]] noong 2011 ay mula 48 taon hanggang 82 taon. Ang mabababang halaga ay dulot ng mataas na dami ng namamatay sa mga [[sanggol]] at [[bata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |title=World Development Indicators &#124; The World Bank |website=Wdi.worldbank.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142610/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.21 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Sa halos lahat ng bansa, sa karaniwan, mas mahaba ang buhay ng mga babae kaysa sa mga lalaki. Nagkakaiba ang agwat mula 12 taon sa [[Rusya]] hanggang sa walang pagkakaiba o mas mataas na inaasahang haba ng buhay para sa mga lalaki sa mga bansang tulad ng [[Zimbabwe]] at [[Uganda]].<ref>de Blij, Harm. The power of place. Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape. [[Oxford University Press]]. London:2009. p161ff (sa Ingles)</ref> Nagsimulang mabilis na dumami ang bilang ng matatanda sa buong mundo noong ikalawang kalahati ng [[ika-20 dantaon]]. Sa mga maunlad na bansa bago nito, lima o mas kaunti sa bawat 100 katao ang mahigit 65 taong gulang. Kaunti lamang ang nabubuhay nang lampas sa edad na 70, at ang mga umaabot sa matandang edad, tulad ng kanilang mga edad 80, ay sapat na pambihira upang ituring na mga pambihirang tao at igalang bilang matatalinong pantas. Noong 1960, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang sa buong mundo ay sangkatlo ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang. Pagsapit ng 2013, ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang ay naging kapantay ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang at inaasahang magiging doble ng populasyon ng mga wala pang 5 taong gulang pagsapit ng 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|title=Global health and aging|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=16 Enero 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063301/https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Bago mabilis na dumami ang populasyon ng mga mahigit 65 taong gulang, maraming tao ang namamatay dahil sa mga [[aksidente]] at sakit bago pa sila umabot sa katandaan, at ang mga suliraning pangkalusugan sa mga taong mahigit 65 taong gulang ay kadalasang humahantong sa mabilis na pagkamatay. Kung ang isang tao ay umaabot sa matandang edad, karaniwan itong dahil sa mga salik na [[Henetika|henetiko]] o sa isang medyo magaan na pamumuhay, sapagkat hindi pa magagamot ang mga sakit na dulot ng katandaan bago ang ika-20 dantaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report 2004: Annex Table 2 Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, a estimates for 2002|website=Who.int|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=7 Marso 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307013416/https://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Noong Oktubre 2016, isang pangkat ng mga [[siyentista]] ang tumukoy sa pinakamataas na [[Ageing|haba ng buhay ng tao]] sa karaniwang edad na 115 taon, na may ganap na pinakamataas na hangganan na 125 taon.<ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Xiao|last2=Milholland|first2=Brandon|last3=Vijg|first3=Jan|date=Oktubre 5, 2016|title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-13_538_7624/page/257|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7624|pages=257–259|bibcode=2016Natur.538..257D|doi=10.1038/nature19793|pmid=27706136|s2cid=3623127|pmc=11673931|language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, malawak pa ring pinagtatalunan sa pamayanang siyentipiko ang konsepto ng pinakamataas na haba ng buhay ng tao.<ref name="NYT-20161005">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=Oktubre 5, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=Oktubre 6, 2016 |archive-date=Abril 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://web.archive.org/web/20190420092847/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ==Mga benepisyo== Nilikha ng kansilyer ng Alemanya na si [[Otto von Bismarck]] ang unang komprehensibong sistemang panlipunang panseguridad na pinamamahalaan ng pamahalaan sa daigdig noong dekada 1880, na naglaan ng mga pensiyon para sa katandaan. Isa itong pampolitikang solusyon ng mga konserbatibo upang pahinain ang kilusang sosyalista.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web|title=old age|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/426737/old-age|access-date=2016-04-04|website=Britannica.com|archive-date=2015-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503170243/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/426737/old-age|url-status=live}}</ref> Sa Estados Unidos ng Amerika at sa Reyno Unido, ang edad na 65 (60 sa UK para sa mga babae) ay tradisyonal na edad ng pagreretiro upang makatanggap ng buong benepisyo para sa katandaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security Fact Sheet |url=https://www.ssa.gov/pressoffice/IncRetAge.html |website=Social Security Online |publisher=Social Security Administration |access-date=29 October 2021 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207022428/https://www.ssa.gov/pressoffice/IncRetAge.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Overview of the UK pension system |url=https://europa.eu/epc/sites/default/files/docs/pages/united_kingdom_-_country_fiche_on_pensions.pdf |website=European Union |publisher=HM Treasury |access-date=29 October 2021 |date=December 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029165200/https://europa.eu/epc/sites/default/files/docs/pages/united_kingdom_-_country_fiche_on_pensions.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Noong 2003, nagsimulang unti-unting tumaas ang edad kung kailan naging karapat-dapat ang isang [[Pagkamamamayan|mamamayan]] ng Estados Unidos para sa buong benepisyo ng Seguridad Panlipunan, at magpapatuloy ito hanggang umabot sa 67 sa 2027. Ang buong edad ng pagreretiro para sa mga benepisyo ng Seguridad Panlipunan para sa mga taong nagretiro noong 2012 ay 66.<ref name="socialsecurity.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.socialsecurity.gov/pubs/retirechart.htm|title=Age To Receive Full Social Security Retirement Benefits|publisher=[[Social Security Administration|U.S. Social SecurityAdministration]]|access-date=6 June 2011|archive-date=4 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604191541/http://www.socialsecurity.gov/pubs/retirechart.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Sa Reyno Unido, tataas sa 66 ang edad ng pensyong panlungsod para sa mga lalaki at babae sa 2020, at nakatakda ang karagdagang mga pagtaas pagkatapos nito. Noong una, ang layunin ng mga pensyon para sa katandaan ay magbukas ng mga trabaho para sa mga nakababatang walang trabaho, at maiwasan ding malagay ang matatanda sa kalagayan ng pamamalimos, na karaniwan pa rin sa ilang hindi maunlad na bansa. Gayunman, ang pagtaas ng inaasahang haba ng buhay at ng populasyon ng matatanda ay nagdulot ng mga tanong tungkol sa modelong pinagbabatayan ng pagbuo ng mga sistema ng pensyon.<ref>James H. Schulz and Robert H. Binstock, Aging Nation: The Economics and Politics of Growing Older in America (Johns Hopkins, 2008). 3–4.</ref> May ilang nagreklamo na ang mga "makapangyarihan" at "sakim" na matatanda ay nakakakuha ng higit sa kanilang bahagi ng mga yaman ng bansa.<ref>Laura Katz Olson, ''The Not-so-golden Years: Caregiving, the Frail Elderly, and the Long-term Care Establishment'' (Rowman and Littlefield, 2003), 4.</ref> Noong 2011, gamit ang ''Supplemental Poverty Measure'' (SPM, o Karagadagang Sukatan sa Kahirapan), sinukat na 15.9% ang antas ng kahirapan ng mga matatanda sa Amerika.<ref name="autogenerated3"/> ==Tulong== [[File:An Old Man by Rezowan.jpg|thumb|Isang matandang [[Bangladeshi|taga-Bangladesh]] na lalaki na may tungkod]] [[File:Altenpflege 04.jpg|thumb|Isang ''walker'' o pantulong sa paglalakad sa apartmento ng isang matandang babae]] Sa Estados Unidos noong 2008, 11 milyong taong edad 65 pataas ang namuhay nang mag-isa: 5 milyon o 22% ng mga edad 65–74, 4 milyon o 34% ng mga edad 75–84, at 2 milyon o 41% ng mga edad 85 pataas. Ang pagkakahati ayon sa kasarian noong 2007 para sa lahat ng taong edad 65 pataas ay 19% lalaki at 39% babae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |title=NEW REALITIES of an OLDER AMERICA: Challenges, Changes and Questions |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233714/http://longevity3.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/New-Realities-of-an-Older-America.pdf |date=2010}}</ref> Maraming bagong kagamitang pantulong na partikular na ginawa para sa [[tahanan]] ang nagbigay-daan sa mas maraming matatanda na pangalagaan ang kanilang sariling mga gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kabilang sa ilang halimbawa ng mga kagamitan ang sistemang medikal na alerto at pangkaligtasan, upuan sa ''shower'' o [[Paliligo|paligo]] (upang hindi mapagod ang tao habang naliligo at mahulog), hawakan sa [[kama]] (nagbibigay ng suporta sa mga taong hindi matatag kapag bumabangon at humihiga sa kama), at ADL ''cuff'' o pambigkis (ginagamit kasama ng mga kagamitan sa pagkain para sa mga taong may [[pagkalumpo]] o panghihina ng [[kamay]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |title=Elderly Health Service |access-date=Disyembre 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094556/http://www.info.gov.hk/elderly/english/healthinfo/elderly/assistivedevices-e.htm |archive-date=Agosto 31, 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Natuklasan sa isang pag-aaral sa [[Suwesya]] na sa edad na 76, 46% ng mga kalahok ang gumagamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong. Nang umabot sila sa edad na 86, 69% na ang gumagamit ng mga ito. Magkakaiba ang pananaw ng mga kalahok hinggil sa paggamit ng mga kagamitang pantulong: bilang mga "tagapagpadali" o mga "tagapagpahirap".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of assistive devices – a reality full of contradictions in elderly persons' everyday life|first1=Greta|last1=Häggblom-Kronlöf|first2=Ulla|last2=Sonn|date=1 Enero 2007|volume=2|issue=6|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/17483100701701672|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|pmid=19263564|s2cid=35215512|language=en}}</ref> Tinatanggap at ginagamit ng mga taong nakikitang nagbibigay ng higit na kasarinlan ang mga kagamitang pantulong ang mga ito, samantalang tinatanggihan ng mga taong nakikitang simbolo ng kapansanan ang mga kagamitang ito.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |title=Home Modifications |website=Homemods.org |access-date=2016-04-04 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426143627/http://www.homemods.org/resources/pages/accept.shtml |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, layunin ng mga [[organization|organisasyon]] tulad ng ''Love for the Elderly'' (Pagmamahal para sa mga Matatanda) na labanan ang gayong [[pagtatangi]] batay sa edad sa pamamagitan ng pagtuturo sa publiko tungkol sa kahalagahan ng pagpapahalaga sa pagtanda, habang nagbibigay rin ng mga serbisyong nagpapakita ng kabaitan sa mga matatanda sa mga tahanan para sa nakatatanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovefortheelderly.org/|title=Love for the Elderly|website=Lovefortheelderly.org|access-date=2017-02-16|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318055012/http://www.lovefortheelderly.org/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Kahit may mga kagamitang pantulong, noong 2006 ay 8.5 milyong Amerikano ang nangangailangan ng personal na tulong dahil sa kapansanan sa mga pangunahing gawain sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa personal na pangangalaga o kapansanan sa mga gawaing instrumental sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay na kinakailangan para sa malayang pamumuhay. Tinatayang aabot ang bilang na ito sa 21 milyon pagsapit ng 2030, kung kailan mangangailangan ng tulong ang 40% ng mga Amerikanong mahigit 70 taong gulang.<ref name="burbank"/>{{rp|17}} Maraming pagpipilian para sa gayong pangmatagalang pangangalaga para sa mga nangangailangan nito.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scanlon |first=W. J. |date=Disyembre 1988 |title=A perspective on long-term care for the elderly |journal=Health Care Financing Review |volume=Spec No |issue=Suppl |pages=7–15 |issn=0195-8631 |pmc=4195126 |pmid=10312975|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunkersing |first1=David |last2=Martin |first2=Finbarr C. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Paul |last4=Bell |first4=Derek |date=2022-12-09 |title=Care and support networks of community-dwelling frail individuals in North West London: a comparison of patient and healthcare workers' perceptions |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=953 |doi=10.1186/s12877-022-03561-y |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=9737751 |pmid=36494627 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Long-Term Care? |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=National Institute on Aging |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care }}</ref> Mayroong pangangalaga sa tahanan kung saan ang isang kapamilya, boluntaryo, o sinanay na propesyonal ay tutulong sa taong nangangailangan at tutulong sa mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Ang isa pang opsiyon ay mga serbisyong pangkomunidad na maaaring magbigay sa tao ng transportasyon, mga plano sa [[pagkain]], o mga gawain sa mga sentro para sa nakatatanda. Ang ikatlong opsiyon ay tinutulungang pamumuhay, kung saan ibinibigay ang buong-panahong pagbabantay sa loob ng 24 na oras, kasama ang tulong sa pagkain, pagligo, pagbibihis, at iba pa. Ang huling opsiyon ay isang tahanan ng pangangalaga, na nagbibigay ng propesyonal na pangangalagang [[Narsing|nars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|title=CBO: Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People|website=Cbo.gov|access-date=8 Marso 2022|archive-date=17 Marso 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> == Tingnan din == * [[Matandang dalaga]] * [[Pagtanda]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Katandaan| ]] [[Kategorya:Kapansanan]] p95l7sfwevh27z2tn8hwqg1cg9nj38w 0 243188 2237863 2091702 2026-10-29T11:36:26Z Amherst99 14634 /* */ 2237863 wikitext text/x-wiki Sa pandaigdigang ekonomikong ugnayan at pulitika, ang '''"pinakapapaborang bansa"'''<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Treaty_Series_2108_I.html?id=pdXccXVfCNcC | title = Treaty Series 2108 I: 36655-36674 | publisher = [[United Nations]] | page = 43 | quote = 5. Ang mga investor ng alinman sa magkabilang nagkakasundong Bansa ay magtatamasa ng pagtratong '''pinaka-papaborang bansa''' sa loob ng bansa ng kabilang nagkakasundong Bansa, tungkol sa mga na itinatakda sa Artikulong ito. (Idinagdag ang pagdiin) | year = 2002 }}{{Dead link|date=Oktubre 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ({{lang-en|'''most favoured nation'''}}, <small>dinadaglat:</small> '''''MFN''''') ay ang katayuan o antas ng pagtratong ibinibigay ng isang bansa sa iba pang bansang nakikipagkalakalan sa kaniya. Ang katagang ito'y nangangahulugan na ang isang bansang tumanggap ng naturang katayuan, ay kailangang mabigyan ng patas na bentaheng makipagkalakalan bilang "pinakapapaborang bansa" ng bansang nagbigay ng naturang pagtrato. Kabilang sa mga bentaheng ibinibigay ay mabababang [[taripa]] o mataas na quota sa pag-aangkat. Sa ganitong palagay, ang bansang binigyan ng MFN ay hindi maaaring tratuhin ng higit na mababa kaysa sa iba pang bansang may ganito ring katayuan ng bansang nagbigay nito. May debateng legal kung ang mga tinatadhana ng MFN sa bilateral na kasunduang pangpamumuhunan ay naglalaman ba ng mga pagtatakda o pati rin ng mga pamamaraang pamproteksiyon.<ref>{{cite web | last = McCloure | first = Mike | date = Hulyo 25, 2011 | url = http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/blog/2011/07/25/most-favoured-nation-clauses-%E2%80%93-no-favoured-view-on-how-they-should-be-interpreted | title = Most Favoured Nation Clauses – No favoured view on how they should be interpreted | publisher = Kluwer Arbitration Blog | accessdate = Hulyo 26, 2011 | language = Ingles | archive-date = Oktubre 7, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111007030343/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/blog/2011/07/25/most-favoured-nation-clauses-%E2%80%93-no-favoured-view-on-how-they-should-be-interpreted/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> Nagkasundo ang mga kasapi ng [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) na bigyan ng MFN ang bawat isa. Ang mga kataliwasan ay nagbibigay ng pagtatanging pagtrato sa mga [[umuunlad na bansa]], mga panrehiyong [[free trade area]], at mga unyong pang-adwana.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/region_e/regatt_e.htm | publisher = World Trade Organization | year = 1994 | title = Regional Trade Agreements: Goods Rules}}</ref> Kaagapay ng prinsipyo ng pambansang pagtrato, ang MFN ay isa sa haligi ng batas pangkalakalan ng WTO. Pinalalawig ng mga ugnayang MFN ang resiprokal na ugnayang bilateral alinsunod sa ''reciprocity'' at ''non-discrimination'' na nakasanayan sa [[GATT]] at WTO. Sa bilateral na ugnayang resiprokal, ang isang pribilehiyo ay maaaring lang ibigay ng isang partido sa mga partidong magbibigay rin ng katulad na pribilehiyo, habang sa multilateral na ugnayang resiprokal ang katulad na pribilehiyo ay ibibigay sa isang pangkat na nakipagkasundo rito para sa isang partikular na pribilehiyo. Ang ''non-discriminatory'' komponent ng GATT/WTO ay gumagamit ng sinusukliang napagkasunduang pribilehiyo sa lahat ng kasapi ng GATT/WTO nang hindi isinasaalang-alang ang kanilang katayuan sa pakikipag-usap ng kanilang pribilehiyo. == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Kalakalan]] [[Kategorya:Kasunduang pangkalakalan]] q7vys2ldi3md0pz0ttmcz50nou8g4tj 15 281597 2237850 2236850 2026-10-29T07:30:36Z ListeriaBot 79921 Wikidata list updated [V2] 2237850 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wala pang artikulo == {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item ?linkcount WHERE { ?item wdt:P106 ?occupation. ?occupation wdt:P279* wd:Q864503. ?item wikibase:sitelinks ?linkcount . } GROUP BY ?item ?linkcount ORDER BY DESC(?linkcount) LIMIT 200 |columns=number,item,label:Article,P569,P570,P101,P18 |section= |min_section= |sort= |links=red_only |thumb=128 |autolist=fallback |summary=itemnumber }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! number ! item ! Article ! petsa ng kapanangakan ! petsa ng kamatayan ! field of work ! larawan |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[:d:Q144535|Q144535]] | [[Herbert Spencer]] | data-sort-value="1820" | 1820-04-27<br/>1820-04-28 | data-sort-value="1903" | 1903-12-08 | [[botanika]] | [[Talaksan:Herbert Spencer.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[:d:Q11826|Q11826]] | [[Al-Biruni]] | data-sort-value="973" | 973-09-04 | data-sort-value="1048" | 1048-12-09 | [[pisika]]<br/>[[matematika]]<br/>[[astronomiya]]<br/>[[likas na agham]]<br/>[[kasaysayan]]<br/>[[chronology]]<br/>[[laborer]]<br/>[[Indology]]<br/>[[agham pandaigdig]]<br/>[[heograpiya]]<br/>[[pilosopiya]]<br/>[[kartograpiya]]<br/>[[Antropolohiya|agham-tao]]<br/>[[astrolohiya]]<br/>[[kimika]]<br/>[[medisina]]<br/>[[sikolohiya]]<br/>[[teolohiya]]<br/>[[parmakolohiya]]<br/>[[history of religions]]<br/>[[mineralohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Al-Biruni Portrait.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[:d:Q131117|Q131117]] | [[Maria Montessori]] | data-sort-value="1870" | 1870-08-31 | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-06 | [[pedagohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Maria Montessori (portrait).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[:d:Q7487|Q7487]] | [[Dorothy Hodgkin]] | data-sort-value="1910" | 1910-05-12 | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-07-29 | [[X-ray crystallography]]<br/>[[biyokimika]]<br/>[[kimika]]<br/>[[kristalograpiya]] | [[Talaksan:Professor Dorothy Hodgkin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[:d:Q185007|Q185007]] | [[Rita Levi-Montalcini]] | data-sort-value="1909" | 1909-04-22 | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-12-30 | [[neurobiology]] | [[Talaksan:Rita Levi-Montalcini (1986).png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[:d:Q160362|Q160362]] | [[Theophrastus]] | data-sort-value="-371" | -371 | data-sort-value="-287" | -287 | [[botanika]] | [[Talaksan:Teofrasto Orto botanico head.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[:d:Q462843|Q462843]] | [[Tu Youyou]] | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-12-30 | | [[parmakolohiya]]<br/>[[tradisyonal na panggagamot na Tsino]] | [[Talaksan:D810 4987 Tu Youyou, medicine (22945001843) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[:d:Q78496|Q78496]] | [[Konrad Lorenz]] | data-sort-value="1903" | 1903-11-07 | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-02-27 | [[etolohiya]]<br/>[[pilosopiya]] | [[Talaksan:Konrad Lorenz.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[:d:Q102034|Q102034]] | [[Ronald Ross]] | data-sort-value="1857" | 1857-05-13 | data-sort-value="1932" | 1932-09-16 | [[parasitolohiya]]<br/>[[epidemiyolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Ronald Ross.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[:d:Q199654|Q199654]] | [[Barbara McClintock]] | data-sort-value="1902" | 1902-06-16 | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-09-02 | [[henetika]]<br/>[[cytogenetics]] | [[Talaksan:Barbara McClintock (1902-1992) shown in her laboratory in 1947.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[:d:Q60059|Q60059]] | [[Albertus Magnus]] | data-sort-value="1200" | 1200 | data-sort-value="1280" | 1280-11-15 | [[pilosopiya]] | [[Talaksan:Tommaso da modena, ritratti di domenicani (vescovo) 1352 150cm, treviso, ex convento di san niccolò, sala del capitolo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[:d:Q229264|Q229264]] | [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]] | data-sort-value="1707" | 1707-09-07 | data-sort-value="1788" | 1788-04-15<br/>1788-04-16 | [[biyolohiya]]<br/>[[heograpiya]]<br/>[[heolohiya]]<br/>[[political arithmetic]] | [[Talaksan:François Hubert Drouais - Portrait of Buffon.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[:d:Q25820|Q25820]] | [[Thomas Young]] | data-sort-value="1773" | 1773-06-13 | data-sort-value="1829" | 1829-05-10 | [[pisika]]<br/>[[mekanika]]<br/>[[lingguwistika]]<br/>[[agham ng mga materyal]] | [[Talaksan:Thomas Young by Briggs.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[:d:Q7426|Q7426]] | [[Ada Yonath]] | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-06-22 | data-sort-value="2026" | 2026-08-31 | [[kristalograpiya]]<br/>[[biyolohiya]]<br/>[[biyolohiyang molekular]]<br/>[[biyokimika]]<br/>[[ribosoma]]<br/>[[biyolohiyang estruktural]] | [[Talaksan:Ada E. Yonath.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[:d:Q173441|Q173441]] | [[Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani as-Sabti]] | data-sort-value="1110" | 1110 | data-sort-value="1166" | 1166<br/>1165 | [[kartograpiya]]<br/>[[heograpiya]]<br/>[[paglalakbay]] | [[Talaksan:Al-Idrisi, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[:d:Q70554|Q70554]] | [[Emil Fischer]] | data-sort-value="1852" | 1852-10-09 | data-sort-value="1919" | 1919-07-15 | [[kimika]] | [[Talaksan:Hermann Emil Fischer. Photograph by Atelier Victoria, 1895. Wellcome V0027668 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[:d:Q213195|Q213195]] | [[B.F. Skinner]] | data-sort-value="1904" | 1904-03-20 | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-08-18 | [[sikolohiya]]<br/>[[behavioral analytics]] | [[Talaksan:B.F. Skinner at Harvard circa 1950 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[:d:Q204733|Q204733]] | [[Gerty Cori]] | data-sort-value="1896" | 1896-08-15 | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-10-26 | [[biyokimika]]<br/>[[medisina]] | [[Talaksan:Gerty Theresa Cori.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[:d:Q214565|Q214565]] | [[Beatrix Potter]] | data-sort-value="1866" | 1866-07-28 | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-12-22 | | [[Talaksan:Beatrix Potter by King cropped.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[:d:Q35703|Q35703]] | [[Gertrude B. Elion]] | data-sort-value="1918" | 1918-01-23 | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-02-21 | [[parmakolohiya]]<br/>[[biyokimika]] | [[Talaksan:Gertrude Elion (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[:d:Q151564|Q151564]] | [[Frederick Sanger]] | data-sort-value="1918" | 1918-08-13 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-11-19 | [[biyokimika]] | [[Talaksan:Frederick Sanger2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[:d:Q107402|Q107402]] | [[Rosalyn Sussman Yalow]] | data-sort-value="1921" | 1921-07-19 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-05-30 | [[biyopisika]] | [[Talaksan:Rosalyn Yalow.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[:d:Q60024|Q60024]] | [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] | data-sort-value="1821" | 1821-08-31 | data-sort-value="1894" | 1894-09-08 | [[pisika]]<br/>[[medisina]]<br/>[[pisyolohiya]]<br/>[[sikolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Hermann von Helmholtz.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[:d:Q84405|Q84405]] | [[Karl Landsteiner]] | data-sort-value="1868" | 1868-06-14 | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-06-26 | [[kimika]] | [[Talaksan:Karl Landsteiner nobel.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[:d:Q103844|Q103844]] | [[Françoise Barré-Sinoussi]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-07-30 | | [[birolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi-press conference Dec 06th, 2008-1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[:d:Q318750|Q318750]] | [[Stephen Hillenburg]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-08-21 | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-11-26 | [[biyolohiyang pandagat]]<br/>[[animasyon]]<br/>[[komiks]] | [[Talaksan:Stephen Hillenburg by Carlos Cazurro.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[:d:Q185777|Q185777]] | [[Alexis Carrel]] | data-sort-value="1873" | 1873-06-28 | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-11-05 | [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]]<br/>[[biyolohiya]]<br/>[[pathophysiology]]<br/>[[pisyolohiya]]<br/>[[vascular surgery]] | [[Talaksan:Alexis Carrel 1912.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[:d:Q180468|Q180468]] | [[Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrápolt]] | data-sort-value="1893" | 1893-09-16 | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-10-22 | [[biyokimika]]<br/>[[pisyolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Albert Szent-Györgyi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[:d:Q200136|Q200136]] | [[Linda B. Buck]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-01-29 | | [[biyolohiya]]<br/>[[neurosiyensiya]] | [[Talaksan:Linda Buck 2015 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[:d:Q154824|Q154824]] | [[Norman Borlaug]] | data-sort-value="1914" | 1914-03-25 | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-09-12 | [[agronomiya]] | [[Talaksan:Norman Borlaug.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[:d:Q26321|Q26321]] | [[Elizabeth Blackburn]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-11-26 | | [[biyolohiya]]<br/>[[pisyolohiya]]<br/>[[cytogenetics]] | [[Talaksan:Elizabeth Blackburn CHF Heritage Day 2012 Rush 001.JPG|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[:d:Q26322|Q26322]] | [[Carol Greider]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-04-15 | | [[biyolohiyang molekular]]<br/>[[biyolohiya]]<br/>[[henetika]] | [[Talaksan:GREIDER Carol 2014 - Less vignetting.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[:d:Q43917|Q43917]] | [[Eduard Buchner]] | data-sort-value="1860" | 1860-05-20 | data-sort-value="1917" | 1917-08-13 | [[kimika]]<br/>[[biyokimika]] | [[Talaksan:Eduardbuchner.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[:d:Q150630|Q150630]] | [[Camillo Golgi]] | data-sort-value="1843" | 1843-07-07 | data-sort-value="1926" | 1926-01-21 | [[malarya]]<br/>[[medisina]]<br/>[[histolohiya]]<br/>[[anatomiya]]<br/>[[patolohiya]]<br/>[[agham]] | [[Talaksan:Camillo Golgi nobel.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[:d:Q17280087|Q17280087]] | [[Emmanuelle Charpentier]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-12-11 | | [[mikrobiyolohiya]]<br/>[[biyokimika]]<br/>[[henetika]] | [[Talaksan:Emmanuelle Charpentier.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[:d:Q80905|Q80905]] | [[Donald Arthur Glaser]] | data-sort-value="1926" | 1926-09-21 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-02-28 | [[pisika]] | [[Talaksan:Donald Glaser.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[:d:Q102804|Q102804]] | [[Henri Moissan]] | data-sort-value="1852" | 1852-09-28 | data-sort-value="1907" | 1907-02-20 | [[kimika]] | [[Talaksan:Henri Moissan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[:d:Q177681|Q177681]] | [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]] | data-sort-value="1866" | 1866-09-25 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-12-04 | [[henetika]] | [[Talaksan:Thomas Hunt Morgan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[:d:Q234224|Q234224]] | [[Dian Fossey]] | data-sort-value="1932" | 1932-01-16 | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-12-26 | [[etolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Dian Fossey October 1968.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[:d:Q153159|Q153159]] | [[Elias Lönnrot]] | data-sort-value="1802" | 1802-04-09 | data-sort-value="1884" | 1884-03-19 | [[lingguwistika]]<br/>[[etnograpiya]]<br/>[[botanika]]<br/>[[medisina]]<br/>[[pilolohiya]]<br/>[[collecting]]<br/>[[panitikan]] | [[Talaksan:Elias Lönnrot portrait.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[:d:Q180350|Q180350]] | [[Frederick Banting]] | data-sort-value="1891" | 1891-11-14 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-02-21 | [[pisyolohiya]]<br/>[[parmakolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Fredrick banting.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[:d:Q14279|Q14279]] | [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini]] | data-sort-value="1625" | 1625-06-08 | data-sort-value="1712" | 1712-09-14 | [[astronomiya]] | [[Talaksan:Giovanni Domenico Cassini.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[:d:Q4273363|Q4273363]] | [[Frances Arnold]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-07-25 | | [[inhinyeriyang pangkimika]]<br/>[[biocatalysis]]<br/>[[protein engineering]]<br/>[[synthetic biology]] | [[Talaksan:Frances Arnold in 2021 at Caltech 01 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[:d:Q107462|Q107462]] | [[Har Gobind Khorana]] | data-sort-value="1922" | 1922-01-09 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-11-09 | [[biyolohiyang molekular]] | [[Talaksan:Har Gobind Khorana.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[:d:Q15118973|Q15118973]] | [[Aziz Sancar]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-09-08 | | [[DNA repair]]<br/>[[Siklo ng selula|cell cycle]]<br/>[[circadian rhythm]]<br/>[[biyokimika]]<br/>[[biyolohiyang molekular]]<br/>[[DNA]] | [[Talaksan:Aziz Sancar 0060.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | [[:d:Q60061|Q60061]] | [[Venkatraman Ramakrishnan]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-04-04 | | [[biyokimika]]<br/>[[computational biology]]<br/>[[biyolohiyang molekular]] | [[Talaksan:Venki Ramakrishnan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | [[:d:Q16196017|Q16196017]] | [[Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-03-03 | | [[community health]]<br/>[[kalusugang pampubliko]]<br/>[[international organization]]<br/>[[Pangangalagang pangkalusugan]]<br/>[[health administration]]<br/>[[mikrobiyolohiya]]<br/>[[politika]]<br/>[[Patakarang panlabas]] | [[Talaksan:Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus September 2025.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[:d:Q189488|Q189488]] | [[Willem Einthoven]] | data-sort-value="1860" | 1860-05-21 | data-sort-value="1927" | 1927-09-29 | [[pisyolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Portrait of W. (Willem) Einthoven, professor of Physiology and Histology at Leiden University Icones 332.tiff|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[:d:Q231402|Q231402]] | [[Jacques Monod]] | data-sort-value="1910" | 1910-02-09 | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-05-31 | [[biyolohiya]]<br/>[[kontrasepsiyon]] | [[Talaksan:Jacques Monod 1971.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[:d:Q8056214|Q8056214]] | [[Yoshinori Ohsumi]] | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-02-09 | | [[biyolohiyang molekular]]<br/>[[autophagy]] | [[Talaksan:Nobel Laureates 7428 (30679389523) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | [[:d:Q189006|Q189006]] | [[Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran]] | data-sort-value="1845" | 1845-06-18 | data-sort-value="1922" | 1922-05-18 | [[malarya]]<br/>[[medisina]] | [[Talaksan:Charles Laveran nobel.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[:d:Q104913|Q104913]] | [[Robert Edwards]] | data-sort-value="1925" | 1925-09-27 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-04-10 | [[reproductive medicine]] | [[Talaksan:Robert Geoffrey Edwards (2010).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[:d:Q191026|Q191026]] | [[Francis Galton]] | data-sort-value="1822" | 1822-02-16 | data-sort-value="1911" | 1911-01-17 | [[Teorya ng probabilidad|probability theory]]<br/>[[Antropolohiya|agham-tao]] | [[Talaksan:Sir Francis Galton, 1890s.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[:d:Q296047|Q296047]] | [[Sam Harris]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-04-09 | | [[neurosiyensiya]]<br/>[[moralidad]]<br/>[[etika]]<br/>[[mindfulness]]<br/>[[pilosopiya]]<br/>[[creative and professional writing]]<br/>[[criticism of religion]]<br/>[[Blog]]<br/>[[podcast show]]<br/>[[Meditasyon|pagninilay]] | [[Talaksan:Sam Harris 2016 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[:d:Q6796222|Q6796222]] | [[May-Britt Moser]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-01-04 | | [[neurosiyensiya]]<br/>[[grid neuron]] | [[Talaksan:May-Britt Moser (20902423978) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[:d:Q214851|Q214851]] | [[Charles Richet]] | data-sort-value="1850" | 1850-08-26 | data-sort-value="1935" | 1935-12-04 | [[medisina]]<br/>[[pisyolohiya]]<br/>[[allergology]]<br/>[[anapilaksis]]<br/>[[human physiology]]<br/>[[sikolohiya]]<br/>[[Esperanto]]<br/>[[ewhenesya]]<br/>[[Parasikolohiya]]<br/>[[creative and professional writing]]<br/>[[Tuluyan]]<br/>[[Drama]] | [[Talaksan:Charles Robert Richet nobel.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[:d:Q5327|Q5327]] | [[Adolf Butenandt]] | data-sort-value="1903" | 1903-03-24 | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-01-18 | [[biyokimika]]<br/>[[kimikang organiko]] | [[Talaksan:Bad Schachen Porträt; Adolf Butenandt - W134Nr.020182c - Willy Pragher (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[:d:Q88608397|Q88608397]] | [[Katalin Karikó]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955-01-17 | | [[messenger RNA]]<br/>[[biyokimika]] | [[Talaksan:Katalin Karikó at the United States Embassy Sweden, 2023 Nobel Reception (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[:d:Q232308|Q232308]] | [[Selman Abraham Waksman]] | data-sort-value="1888" | 1888-07-22 | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-08-16 | [[biyokimika]]<br/>[[mikrobiyolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Selman Waksman NYWTS.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[:d:Q125057|Q125057]] | [[Richard Francis Burton]] | data-sort-value="1821" | 1821-03-19 | data-sort-value="1890" | 1890-10-20 | | [[Talaksan:Richard Francis Burton by Rischgitz, 1864.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[:d:Q234463|Q234463]] | [[Sydney Brenner]] | data-sort-value="1927" | 1927-01-13 | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-04-05 | [[biyolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Sydney Brenner OIST 2008 (33208371153) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | [[:d:Q77174|Q77174]] | [[Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-10-20 | | [[biyolohiya]]<br/>[[biyokimika]]<br/>[[genetic research]]<br/>[[developmental biology]]<br/>[[embriyolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard mg 4372 cropped.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[:d:Q189564|Q189564]] | [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]] | data-sort-value="1881" | 1881-05-01 | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955-04-10 | [[pilosopiya]]<br/>[[teolohiya]]<br/>[[pastoral care]]<br/>[[Antropolohiya|agham-tao]]<br/>[[philosophical anthropology]]<br/>[[Christian philosophy]]<br/>[[heolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:TeilhardP 1955.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[:d:Q106399|Q106399]] | [[John Howard Northrop]] | data-sort-value="1891" | 1891-07-05 | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-05-27 | [[biyokimika]] | [[Talaksan:John Howard Northrop.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | [[:d:Q12973|Q12973]] | [[Leopold III of Belgium]] | data-sort-value="1901" | 1901-11-03 | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-09-25 | | [[Talaksan:Leopold III (1934).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[:d:Q76727|Q76727]] | [[Ernst Jünger]] | data-sort-value="1895" | 1895-03-29 | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-02-17 | [[pilosopiya]]<br/>[[Panitikang Aleman]]<br/>[[entomolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Ernst Jünger vers 1920 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | [[:d:Q55008046|Q55008046]] | [[Albert I of Belgium]] | data-sort-value="1875" | 1875-04-08 | data-sort-value="1934" | 1934-02-17 | | [[Talaksan:Albert I Koning der Belgen.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[:d:Q92894|Q92894]] | [[Geoffrey Hinton]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-12-06 | | [[deep learning]]<br/>[[pagkatuto ng makina]]<br/>[[neurosiyensiya]]<br/>[[artificial neural network]]<br/>[[applied psychology]]<br/>[[artipisyal na katalinuhan]] | [[Talaksan:Geoffrey Hinton in 2026.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[:d:Q316371|Q316371]] | [[Vladimir Vernadsky]] | data-sort-value="1863" | 1863-02-28 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-01-06 | [[heolohiya]]<br/>[[kristalograpiya]]<br/>[[mineralohiya]]<br/>[[geochemistry]]<br/>[[radiogeology]]<br/>[[biyolohiya]]<br/>[[biogeochemistry]]<br/>[[pilosopiya]]<br/>[[history of geology]] | [[Talaksan:1934-V I Vernadsky.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[:d:Q211029|Q211029]] | [[Edward O. Wilson]] | data-sort-value="1929" | 1929-06-10 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-12-26 | [[myrmecology]]<br/>[[sociobiology]]<br/>[[natural science]]<br/>[[soolohiya]]<br/>[[entomolohiya]]<br/>[[Saribuhay|biodiversity]]<br/>[[animal ecology]] | [[Talaksan:Edward O. Wilson, 2003 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | [[:d:Q170342|Q170342]] | [[Svante Pääbo]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955-04-20 | | [[paleogenetics]]<br/>[[evolutionary anthropology]]<br/>[[human evolutionary genetics]]<br/>[[henetika]]<br/>[[Biyolohiyang ebolutiba|ebolusyonaryong biyolohiya]]<br/>[[evolutionary genetics]] | [[Talaksan:Professor Svante Paabo ForMemRS (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[:d:Q154782|Q154782]] | [[Adelbert von Chamisso]] | data-sort-value="1781" | 1781-01-30 | data-sort-value="1838" | 1838-08-21 | [[botanika]]<br/>[[soolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Chamisso Adelbert von 1781-1838.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[:d:Q213504|Q213504]] | [[Charles Scott Sherrington]] | data-sort-value="1857" | 1857-11-27 | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-03-04 | [[neurobiology]]<br/>[[pisyolohiya]]<br/>[[histolohiya]]<br/>[[bakteryolohiya]]<br/>[[patolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Prof. Charles Scott Sherrington.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | [[:d:Q75847|Q75847]] | [[Harald zur Hausen]] | data-sort-value="1936" | 1936-03-11 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-05-29 | [[birolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Harald zur Hausen 01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | [[:d:Q57192|Q57192]] | [[Gerhard Domagk]] | data-sort-value="1895" | 1895-10-30 | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-04-24 | [[patolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Gerhard Domagk nobel.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[:d:Q211787|Q211787]] | [[Jules Bordet]] | data-sort-value="1870" | 1870-06-13 | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-04-06 | [[mikrobiyolohiya]]<br/>[[medisina]]<br/>[[bakteryolohiya]]<br/>[[immunology]] | [[Talaksan:Jules Bordet nobel.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | [[:d:Q233965|Q233965]] | [[Charles Nicolle]] | data-sort-value="1866" | 1866-09-21 | data-sort-value="1936" | 1936-02-28 | [[bakteryolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Charles Jules Henri Nicolle. Photograph. Wellcome V0026919.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[:d:Q49347|Q49347]] | [[Melvin Calvin]] | data-sort-value="1911" | 1911-04-08 | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-01-08 | [[biyokimika]] | [[Talaksan:Melvin Calvin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[:d:Q115490|Q115490]] | [[Tadeusz Reichstein]] | data-sort-value="1897" | 1897-07-08 | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-08-01 | | [[Talaksan:Thadeus Reichstein ETH-Bib Portr 10137.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[:d:Q157224|Q157224]] | [[Kary Mullis]] | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-12-28 | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-08-07 | [[biyolohiyang molekular]]<br/>[[biyokimika]]<br/>[[kimika]] | [[Talaksan:Kary Mullis.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[:d:Q7442|Q7442]] | [[Carolyn Bertozzi]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-10-10 | | [[kimika]]<br/>[[glycobiology]] | [[Talaksan:Carolyn Bertozzi IMG 9384.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[:d:Q58575|Q58575]] | [[Friedrich Wöhler]] | data-sort-value="1800" | 1800-07-31 | data-sort-value="1882" | 1882-09-23 | [[kimika]] | [[Talaksan:Friedrich Wöhler Litho.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | [[:d:Q157056|Q157056]] | [[Samuel Hahnemann]] | data-sort-value="1755" | 1755-04-10 | data-sort-value="1843" | 1843-07-02 | [[homeopatiya]] | [[Talaksan:Samuel Hahnemann 1841.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | [[:d:Q78478|Q78478]] | [[Robert Bárány]] | data-sort-value="1876" | 1876-04-22 | data-sort-value="1936" | 1936-04-08 | [[otolaryngology]] | [[Talaksan:Robert Bárány av Lars Emil Finn.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[:d:Q155764|Q155764]] | [[Robert Brown]] | data-sort-value="1773" | 1773-12-21 | data-sort-value="1858" | 1858-06-10 | [[botanika]]<br/>[[pisyolohiya ng halaman]]<br/>[[:Kategorya:Lumot]]<br/>[[mikroskopiya]] | [[Talaksan:Robert brown botaniker.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[:d:Q102379|Q102379]] | [[Paul Berg]] | data-sort-value="1926" | 1926-06-30 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-02-15 | [[biyokimika]] | [[Talaksan:Paul Berg in 1980.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[:d:Q57191|Q57191]] | [[Hans Krebs]] | data-sort-value="1900" | 1900-08-25 | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-11-22 | [[biyokimika]] | [[Talaksan:Hans Adolf Krebs.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[:d:Q170676|Q170676]] | [[Roger D. Kornberg]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-04-24 | | [[biyolohiyang estruktural]]<br/>[[biyokimika]] | [[Talaksan:Roger Kornberg April 2016.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | [[:d:Q205772|Q205772]] | [[Jared Diamond]] | data-sort-value="1937" | 1937-09-10 | | [[ekolohiya]]<br/>[[Biyolohiyang ebolutiba|ebolusyonaryong biyolohiya]]<br/>[[pisyolohiya]]<br/>[[biogeography]] | [[Talaksan:Jared Diamond author academic.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[:d:Q218311|Q218311]] | [[François Jacob]] | data-sort-value="1920" | 1920-06-17 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-04-20 | [[mikrobiyolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:François Jacob nobel.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[:d:Q234590|Q234590]] | [[Christian de Duve]] | data-sort-value="1917" | 1917-10-02 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-05-04 | [[biyolohiyang pangselula]]<br/>[[biyokimika]] | [[Talaksan:Christian de Duve.tif|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[:d:Q76576|Q76576]] | [[Friedrich Schleiermacher]] | data-sort-value="1768" | 1768-11-21 | data-sort-value="1834" | 1834-02-12 | [[teolohiya]]<br/>[[etika]]<br/>[[Diyalektika]]<br/>[[pedagohiya]]<br/>[[pilosopiya]]<br/>[[hermeneutics]] | [[Talaksan:Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | [[:d:Q189803|Q189803]] | [[Arthur Harden]] | data-sort-value="1865" | 1865-10-12 | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940-06-17 | [[biyokimika]] | [[Talaksan:ArthurHarden.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[:d:Q73093|Q73093]] | [[Paul Karrer]] | data-sort-value="1889" | 1889-04-21 | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-06-18 | [[kimikang organiko]] | [[Talaksan:UAZ DOK.005.059 Karrer.tif|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[:d:Q202136|Q202136]] | [[Barry Marshall]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-09-30 | | [[mikrobiyolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Barry J Marshall.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[:d:Q76600|Q76600]] | [[Manfred Eigen]] | data-sort-value="1927" | 1927-05-09 | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-02-06 | [[biyopisika]] | [[Talaksan:Eigen,Manfred 1996 Göttingen.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[:d:Q105830|Q105830]] | [[Baruch Samuel Blumberg]] | data-sort-value="1925" | 1925-07-28 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-04-05 | [[birolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Baruch Samuel Blumberg by Tom Trower (NASA) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[:d:Q180619|Q180619]] | [[Stephen Jay Gould]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-10 | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-05-20 | [[paleontolohiya]]<br/>[[kasaysayan ng agham]]<br/>[[ebolusyon]] | [[Talaksan:Stephen Jay Gould.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[:d:Q104607|Q104607]] | [[Andrew Huxley]] | data-sort-value="1917" | 1917-11-22 | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-05-30 | [[pisyolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Andrew Fielding Huxley nobel.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[:d:Q155375|Q155375]] | [[Archibald Hill]] | data-sort-value="1886" | 1886-09-26 | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-06-03 | [[pisyolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Archibald Vivian Hill.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[:d:Q232024|Q232024]] | [[John James Rickard Macleod]] | data-sort-value="1876" | 1876-09-06 | data-sort-value="1935" | 1935-03-16 | [[pisyolohiya]]<br/>[[medisina]] | [[Talaksan:J.J.R. Macleod ca. 1928.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | [[:d:Q137106|Q137106]] | [[Howard Florey]] | data-sort-value="1898" | 1898-09-24 | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-02-21 | | [[Talaksan:Howard Walter Florey 1945.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[:d:Q157239|Q157239]] | [[Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]] | data-sort-value="1895" | 1895-01-15 | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-11-11 | [[biyokimika]] | [[Talaksan:A-I-Virtanen-portrait.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[:d:Q59478|Q59478]] | [[George Gamow]] | data-sort-value="1904" | 1904-03-04 | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-08-19 | [[Pisikang teoretikal|theoretical physics]]<br/>[[astropisika]]<br/>[[pisikang nuklear]]<br/>[[physical cosmology]]<br/>[[biyokimika]]<br/>[[literary activity]]<br/>[[scientific non-fiction literature]]<br/>[[popular science literature]]<br/>[[children's and young adult literature]] | [[Talaksan:格·安·伽莫夫.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[:d:Q158749|Q158749]] | [[Albert Lebrun]] | data-sort-value="1871" | 1871-08-29 | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-03-06 | [[politika]] | [[Talaksan:Albert Lebrun 1932 (2).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[:d:Q122972|Q122972]] | [[Louis Agassiz]] | data-sort-value="1807" | 1807-05-28 | data-sort-value="1873" | 1873-12-14 | [[botanika]]<br/>[[heolohiya]]<br/>[[Glasyolohiya]]<br/>[[Iktiyolohiya]]<br/>[[biyolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Louis Agassiz H6.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[:d:Q155914|Q155914]] | [[Peter Simon Pallas]] | data-sort-value="1741" | 1741-09-22 | data-sort-value="1811" | 1811-09-08 | [[soolohiya]]<br/>[[botanika]]<br/>[[heograpiya]]<br/>[[heolohiya]]<br/>[[etnograpiya]]<br/>[[pilolohiya]] | [[Talaksan:Peter Simon Pallas. Stipple engraving by A. Tardieu after hi Wellcome V0004437.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[:d:Q234949|Q234949]] | [[David Baltimore]] | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-03-07 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-09-06 | [[biyokimika]]<br/>[[biyolohiyang molekular]]<br/>[[birolohiya]]<br/>[[biyolohiya]]<br/>[[henetika]]<br/>[[Inhenyeriyang henetiko]] | [[Talaksan:Dr. David Baltimore2 crop2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[:d:Q151593|Q151593]] | [[Olivier Messiaen]] | data-sort-value="1908" | 1908-12-10 | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-04-27 | | [[Talaksan:Lezing Franse compoist Olivier Messiaen in Koninklijk Conservatorium in Den Haa, Bestanddeelnr 933-8262.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[:d:Q115478|Q115478]] | [[Emil Theodor Kocher]] | data-sort-value="1841" | 1841-08-25 | data-sort-value="1917" | 1917-07-27 | [[Pag-oopera|pagtistis]] | [[Talaksan:Emil Theodor Kocher.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | [[:d:Q52878|Q52878]] | [[Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden]] | data-sort-value="1882" | 1882-11-11 | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-09-15 | [[arkeolohiya]]<br/>[[botanika]] | [[Talaksan:Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden 1962.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | [[:d:Q190626|Q190626]] | [[Aaron Klug]] | data-sort-value="1926" | 1926-08-11 | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-11-20 | [[kimika]]<br/>[[biyokimika]] | [[Talaksan:Aaron Klug 1979.jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[:d:Q76604|Q76604]] | [[Hans Fischer]] | data-sort-value="1881" | 1881-07-27 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-03-31 | [[kimikang organiko]]<br/>[[biyokimika]]<br/>[[medisina]]<br/>[[panggagamot na panloob]]<br/>[[clinical chemistry]] | [[Talaksan:Hans Fischer (Nobel).jpg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | [[:d:Q216723|Q216723]] | [[Ronald Fisher]] | data-sort-value="1890" | 1890-02-17 | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-07-29 | [[estadistika]]<br/>[[henetika]] | [[Talaksan:Youngronaldfisher2.JPG|center|128px]] |} ---- &sum; 114 items. {{Wikidata list end}} 6mo80cj7jhvl77ci3l6948p8gyhxwk5 0 291407 2237791 2237101 2026-10-28T15:30:58Z Jojit fb 38 2237791 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Talaksan:Ph Territorial Map.png|thumb|300px|upright=1.1|Naka-[[pusyawing bughaw]] sa mapa ang eksklusibong sonang ekonomiko ng Pilipinas, habang naka-[[dilimang bughaw]] naman ang katubigang pangkapuluan nito]] Ang [[Pilipinas]] ay may [[eksklusibong sonang ekonomiko]] na sumasaklaw sa {{convert|2263816|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Umaangkin ito ng isang EEZ ng 200 milyang nautiko (370 kilometro) mula sa mga pampang nito.<ref>[http://www.seaaroundus.org/eez/summaryInfo.aspx?eez=608# Exclusive Economic Zones] – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.</ref> Dahil ito sa 7,641 mga pulo na bumubuo sa [[kapuluan ng Pilipinas]].<ref name=namria>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/555068/news/nation/namria-discovers-400-to-500-new-islands-in-phl-archipelago|title=Namria discovers 400 to 500 new islands in PHL archipelago|publisher=}}</ref> Kasama ang panloob na mga anyong-tubig, ang kabuuang lawak ng lupa ng Pilipinas ay 300,000 kilometro kuwadrado (120,000 milya kuwadrado).<ref name="psa.gov.ph">{{cite web|url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/philippine-population-density-based-2015-census-population|title=Philippine Population Density (Based on the 2015 Census of Population|date=September 1, 2016}}</ref><ref name="worldbank.org">{{cite web|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=AG.SRF.TOTL.K2&country=SAU|title=World Development Indicators - DataBank|website=databank.worldbank.org}}</ref> Ito ay may panlimang [[Talaan ng mga bansa ayon sa haba ng dalampasigan|pinakamahabang dalampasigan o baybayin]] sa mundo na may habang 36,289 kilometro (22,549 milya).<ref name="About">{{cite web|date=March 9, 2009 |url=http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309081519/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asp |archivedate=March 9, 2009 |title=General Information |accessdate=September 21, 2014 }}. (older version – as it existed in 2009 – during the presidency of [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]]), ''[http://www.gov.ph/ The Official Government Portal of the Republic of the Philippines] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930195314/http://www.gov.ph/ |date=September 30, 2007 }}''.</ref><ref name="CIAfields"><!--says the coastline is 36,289&nbsp;km and that only Canada, Russia, Indonesia, and Greenland have longer coastlines-->Central Intelligence Agency. (2009). [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html "Field Listing :: Coastline"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716042040/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |date=2017-07-16 }}. Washington, D.C.: Author. Retrieved 2009-11-07.</ref> Ang mga koordinado ay nasa pagitan ng 116°&nbsp;40', at 126°&nbsp;34' E longitud, at 4°&nbsp;40' at 21°&nbsp;10' N latitud. Hinahangganan ito ng [[Dagat Pilipinas]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090820123304/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580288/Philippine_Sea.html Philippine Sea], [http://encarta.msn.com/ encarta.msn.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004081452/http://encarta.msn.com/ |date=Oktubre 4, 2009 }} (archived from [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580288/Philippine_Sea.html the original] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820123304/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580288/Philippine_Sea.html |date=August 20, 2009 }} on August 20, 2009).</ref> sa silangan at hilaga, ng [[Kanlurang Dagat ng Pilipinas]] (bahagi ng [[Dagat Timog Tsina]] sa loob ng EEZ)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130213111846/http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?ID=201302090013&Type=aIPL "U.S. report details rich resources in South China Sea."] (archived from [http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?Type=aIPL&ID=201302090013 the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203082913/http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?Type=aIPL&ID=201302090013 |date=2021-12-03 }} on 2013-02-133)</ref> sa kanluran, at ng [[Dagat Celebes]]<ref>C.Michael Hogan. 2011. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Celebes_Sea?topic=49523 "Celebes Sea"]. ''Encyclopedia of Earth''. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J. Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington, DC</ref> sa timog. ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Eksklusibong sonang ekonomiko]] ipe7jv13krc3s4kq6iw9lz754hqlduy 0 292978 2237797 2148129 2026-10-28T23:00:03Z Aubreyjanev 159817 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 2237797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox holiday |holiday_name=Pista ng Tanduyong |type= |image=Tanduyong Festival San Jose City Nueva Ecijajf.jpg |imagesize=250px |caption= |official_name= |nickname= |observedby=[[San Jose, Nueva Ecija]], Pilipinas |litcolor= |longtype=Harvest |significance= |begins= |ends= |scheduling=nth weekday of the month |duration=1&nbsp;day| frequency=annual |week_ordinal=fourth |weekday=Sunday |month=April |celebrations= |observances= |relatedto=[[Pagibang Damara]] }} '''[[Nueva Ecija|Ang Nueva Ecija]]''', ang pinakamalaking lalawigan sa [[Gitnang Luzon]], ay isang makasaysayang lalawigan na may makulay at kapansin-pansin na mga kapistahan. Ang lalawigan na ito, na may 5 lungsod at 27 munisipyo, ay may magkakaibang mga tradisyon ng kultura na naging makabuluhang bahagi ng kultura at tradisyon ng Novo Ecijanos.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nueva Ecija Festivals|url=http://www.visitmyphilippines.com/index.php?title=NuevaEcija&Page=1&pid=4490|publisher=Department of Tourism|access-date=2012-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518034436/http://www.visitmyphilippines.com/index.php?title=NuevaEcija&Page=1&pid=4490|archive-date=2012-05-18|url-status=live}}</ref> == Kasaysayan == [[Talaksan:Onion_bunch.jpg|thumb| Bawang sibuyas ]] '''[[San Jose, Nueva Ecija|Ang lungsod ng San Jose]]''' ay isang pangalawang klase (2nd class city) ng lungsod sa lalawigan ng [[Nueva Ecija]], [[Pilipinas]] . Ito ang pinakamalayong lungsod ng lalawigan. Ayon sa senso noong 2000, ito ay may populasyon na 108,254 katao sa 23,191 na kabahayan. Bago ang maitatag lungsod ng mga Kastila, kilala ito bilang Kabaritan, na pinangalanan para sa halaman na karaniwang nakikita sa lugar. Sa malawak na kapatagan nito, ang agrikultura ang pangunahing mapagkukunan ng kabuhayan sa lungsod. Ito ay bahagi ng ''rice grannary'' ng Pilipinas. Ngunit ang produktong pang-agrikultura ng lungsod ay may kasamang mga gulay, prutas at sibuyas. Ito ay isang nangungunang tagapag-ani ng mga sibuyas sa bansa. Bawat taon ang '''pagdiriwang ng Tanduyong''' ay ginanap sa buwan ng Abril na kasabay ng taunang pista para ipagdiwang ito. ''Ang Tanduyong''<ref>{{cite web|title=Allium cepa|url=http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Allium_cepa|publisher=wikimedia|access-date=2012-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704083658/http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Allium_cepa|archive-date=2012-07-04|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=PCCARD-DOST|title=ONION|journal=PCCARD-DOST|year=2003|series=2003|url=http://maidon.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=528&Itemid=402|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120711203844/http://maidon.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=528&Itemid=402|archivedate=2012-07-11}}</ref> ay isang uri ng maliit na sibuyas na lumago sa lugar na ito.<ref>{{cite book|title=Onion Variety|publisher=Cuyno, Leah Marquez|url=http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-060399-163114/unrestricted/ch5.pdf|access-date=2012-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025044634/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-060399-163114/unrestricted/ch5.pdf|archive-date=2015-10-25|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ang pista == Ipinagmamalaki ng [[San Jose, Nueva Ecija|San Jose City ang]] sarili bilang "Onion Capital of the Philippines"<ref>{{cite web|title=100+ Interesting Historical and Geographical Facts About Nueva Ecija|url=http://nobert-bermosa.blogspot.com/2011/10/100-interesting-historical-and.html|publisher=Nobert Bermosa|access-date=2012-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121063411/http://nobert-bermosa.blogspot.com/2011/10/100-interesting-historical-and.html|archive-date=2012-01-21|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Onion Capital of the Philippines|url=http://www.goharp.org/?p=675|publisher=goharp.org|access-date=2012-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193343/http://www.goharp.org/?p=675|archive-date=2016-03-03|url-status=live}}</ref> at isang nangungunang tagapag-ani ng sibuyas, bawang, bigas at gulay. Bawat taon, sa ika-apat na Linggo ng Abril, ang mga tao ng [http://www.sanjosecity-ne.gov.ph/ San Jose ay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807041328/http://www.sanjosecity-ne.gov.ph/ |date=2008-08-07 }} sumasayaw sa pangunahing lansangan sa isang makulay, kaakit-akit na pagdiriwang ng pagpapala ng ani. Sa [[Pista|araw ng kapistahan]], ang mga lansangan ay puno ng mga naglalabanan na ng mga mananayaw na nakasuot ng mga kapansin-pansin, at sari-saring katutubong kasuotan. Ang mga kakaibang ritmo ng mga gawang mga instrumentong pangmusika ay pinupuno ang hangin habang ang mga mananayaw ay umiindayog at sumusunod sa tugtugin. Ang mga natatanging aktibidad ay ang: ''beauty contest, turismo at trade fair,'' pagbibigay ng karangalan at mga palabas na pang-kultura. == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == * [http://www.visitmyphilippines.com/index.php?title=NuevaEcija&Page=1&pid=4490 Derpartment of Turismo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518034436/http://www.visitmyphilippines.com/index.php?title=NuevaEcija&Page=1&pid=4490 |date=2012-05-18 }} * [http://www.sanjosecity-ne.gov.ph/ Website ng San Jose City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807041328/http://www.sanjosecity-ne.gov.ph/ |date=2008-08-07 }} * [[Nueva Ecija|Nueva Ecija Wikipedia]] [[Kategorya:Mga pista]] [[Kategorya:Kultura ng Pilipinas]] 9ac488cx8k3mjjq28csjxawakwaqydk 1 296559 2237788 2146614 2026-10-28T15:29:35Z Jojit fb 38 Nilipat ni Jojit fb ang pahinang [[Usapan:Heyograpiya ng Pilipinas]] sa [[Usapan:Heograpiya ng Pilipinas]] mula sa redirect 1753580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{English2|Geography of the Philippines}} 9klvccblvt4eyqmgrkkop7aydma6gvr 0 310225 2237861 2059892 2026-10-29T11:17:29Z KyutKoTalaga 152379 binago ang mga hindi naisalin mula sa Ingles 2237861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox treaty | name = Kasunduan ng Maynila | mediators = | wikisource1 = | wikisource = Treaty of Manila (1946) | languages = | language = [[English language|Ingles]] | citations = {{USStat|61|1174}}, [[Treaties and Other International Acts Series|TIAS]]&nbsp;1568, 11&nbsp;[[Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776–1949|Bevans]]&nbsp;[https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/b-ph-ust000011-0003.pdf 3], 7&nbsp;[[United Nations Treaty Series|UNTS]]&nbsp;3 | depositories = | depositor = {{flagdeco|Philippines|1936}} [[Gobyerno ng Pilipinas]] | ratifiers = | parties = | signatories = *{{flagdeco|United States|1896}}&nbsp;[[Estados Unidos ng Amerika]] *{{flagdeco|Philippines|1936}}&nbsp;[[History of the Philippines (1946–1965)|Republika ng Pilipinas]] | original_signatories = | negotiators = | date_expiry = | long_name = | date_expiration = | condition_effective = Exchange of [[ratification]]s | date_effective = {{Start date|1946|10|22|mf=y}} | date_sealed = | location_signed = [[Maynila]], Pilipinas | date_signed = {{Start date|1946|7|4|mf=y}} | date_drafted = <!-- not reliably known --> | context = | type = | caption = Newsreel noong Hulyo 1946 | image_alt = Bidyo ng paglilipat ng soberanya para sa malayang Republika ng Pilipinas noong Hulyo 4; si Manuel Roxas ang bagong pangulo, nakamasid si Ambassador McNutt, at nagsasalita si MacArthur. | image_width = | image = 1946-07-15 Philippines Independence Proclaimed.ogv | footnotes = }} Ang '''Kasunduan sa Maynila noong 1946''', na pormal na '''Kasunduan sa Pangkalahatang Relasyon at Kasunduan''', ay isang kasunduan sa mga pangkalahatang ugnayan na nilagdaan noong Hulyo 4, 1946 sa [[Maynila]], ang kabisera ng [[Pilipinas]]. Pinawalan nito ang soberanya ng US sa Pilipinas at kinilala ang kalayaan ng [[Pilipinas|Republika ng Pilipinas]]. Ang kasunduan ay nilagdaan ng Mataas na Komisyoner na si Paul V. McNutt bilang kinatawan ng [[Estados Unidos]] at si Pangulong [[Manuel Roxas]] bilang kinatawan ng [[Pilipinas]]. Nilagdaan ito ng Pangulo ng Estados Unidos na si [[Harry S. Truman|Harry Truman]] noong Agosto 14, 1946, matapos magbigay ng payo at pahintulot ng [[Senado ng Estados Unidos]] noong Hulyo 31, 1946 sa pamamagitan ng pagpapatibay sa kasunduan. Napatunayan ito ng Pilipinas noong Setyembre 30, 1946.<ref name="bevans">11&nbsp;[[Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776–1949|Bevans]]&nbsp;[https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/b-ph-ust000011-0003.pdf 3]</ref> Naging epektibo ang kasunduan noong Oktubre 22, 1946, nang ipinagpalitan ang pagpapatibay. Ang kasunduan ay sinamahan ng isang "pansamantalang kasunduan hinggil sa mga karatig na relasyon at representasyong diplomatiko at konsulado" (60 Stat. 1800, TIAS 1539, 6 UNTS 335) hanggang sa mapagtibay ang kasunduan. == Ang Kasunduan == Ang mapagpasyang tagumpay ni Commodore Dewey sa Digmaan sa Look ng Maynila noong Mayo 1, 1898 ay nagmarka ng pagbagsak ng mga panlabas na panlaban sa Espanya sa Pilipinas. Ang tagumpay ni Dewey ay sinundan ng isang alyansa sa pagitan ng pwersa ng US at mga pwersang Pilipino na pinamunuan ni Heneral [[Emilio Aguinaldo]], na [[Pagpapahayag ng Kalayaan ng Pilipinas|idineklara ang kalayaan ng Pilipinas]] noong Hunyo 12, 1898 at nagpatuloy na bumuo ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]]. Ang proklamasyon ni Aguinaldo ng kalayaan ay hindi kinilala ng Espanya o ng EUA. Sa oras ng proklamasyon ni Aguinaldo, itinakdang talunin ng tropa ng Pilipino ang huli ng mga Espanyol. Sa pagtatapos ng Hulyo, tinatayang kabuuang 12,000 tropa ng Estados Unidos ang dumating upang sumali sa mga pwersang Pilipino. Ang mga tensyon sa alyansa ay lumitaw sa panahong ito. Bilang pasimula, ang mga tropang Amerikano at Pilipino ay sinasabing "nagkulang sa pagkakaibigan na karaniwang naroroon sa pagitan ng mga kasama sa militar." Ang "masakit na pagkakaiba sa mga interes" lalong naging halata kay Aguinaldo, na minsan ay tumanggi na dumalo sa isang Pang-apat na seremonya ng Hulyo sa Cavite matapos siyang tugunan ng "heneral," sa halip na "pangulo," sa nakasulat na paanyaya. Ang sinasadya sa likod ng alyansa ay direktang pinag-uusapan sa mga pag-uusap sa pagitan nina Aguinaldo, Dewey, at iba pang mga heneral ng Estados Unidos. Sa isang pagpupulong, naiulat na tahasang tinanong ni Aguinaldo, "balak bang gawin ng Estados Unidos ang Pilipinas bilang mga teritoryo?" Ang Brigadier General na si Thomas Anderson ay binalewala ang mga haka-haka ni Aguinaldo: "Hindi ko masagot iyon, ngunit sa 122 taon ay wala kaming itinatag na mga kolonya.... Iiwan ka upang gumuhit ng sariling hinuha." === Kasunduan sa Paris (1898) === Ang [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano]] ay nagtapos sa pormal na paglipat ng kapangyarihan sa Pilipinas. Ang Proklamasyon ng Kalayaan ng Pilipinas noong Hunyo 12, 1898 ay napabayaan ng kapwa Espanya at ng US Sa halip, kapwa sumang-ayon sa isang hanay ng mga tuntunin na ibinigay ng [[Kasunduan sa Paris (1898)|Kasunduan sa Paris]] kung saan tumutol ang Unang Republika ng Pilipinas, na minamarkahan ang pagsisimula ng Digmaang Pilipino – Amerikano. Ang Kasunduan sa Paris noong 1898 ay isang kasunduan na ginawa noong 1898 na kinasasangkutan ng Espanya na talikuran ang halos lahat ng natitirang [[Imperyong Kastila|Imperyong Espanya]], lalo na ang [[Cuba]], at ipinadala ang [[Puerto Rico]], [[Guam]], at ang Pilipinas sa Estados Unidos. Ang pag-sensyo ng Pilipinas ay may kasamang pagbabayad na $ 20 milyon mula sa Estados Unidos hanggang sa Espanya. Ang kasunduan ay nilagdaan noong Disyembre 10, 1898 at natapos ang [[Digmaang Espanyol–Amerikano]]. Ang Kasunduan sa Paris ay nagkabisa noong Abril 11, 1899, nang ipinagpalit ang mga dokumento ng pagpapatibay. Ang Kasunduan ay minarkahan ang pagtatapos ng Imperyo ng Espanya, bukod sa ilang maliliit na pag-aari ng [[Aprika]]. Minarkahan nito ang simula ng edad ng Estados Unidos bilang isang kapangyarihang pandaigdigan. === Paunang pagsasaalang-alang ng kalayaan === Noong 1899, itinalaga ng Pangulo ng Estados Unidos na si [[William McKinley]] ang Unang Komisyon ng Pilipinas na magsisiyasat at gumawa ng mga rekomendasyon sa mga isla. Kahit na nagtapos na "ang mga Pilipino ay ganap na hindi nakahanda para sa kalayaan... walang bansang Pilipinas, ngunit isang koleksyon lamang ng iba't ibang mga tao,"<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1297&dat=18991103&id=jNAwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WooDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5546,3586431&hl=en "The Philippines: As viewed by President McKinley's Special Commissioners"]. ''The Daily Star''. '''7''' (2214). Fredericksburg, Va. November 3, 1899.</ref><ref>''Chapter XI: The First Philippine Commission'', in Worcester, Dean Conant (1914). [[gutenberg:12077|"The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2)"]]. Macmillan. Retrieved January 21, 2008.</ref> kinilala nito ang pagnanasa ng Pilipinas para sa kalayaan at mga inirekumendang hakbang, tulad ng edukasyon sa publiko at isang lehislatura ng dalwang panig, upang lumikha ng isang "pagsulong sa isang posisyon sa gitna ng pinaka-sibilisadong mamamayan sa buong mundo" at sa gayon ay "isang maliwanagan na sistema ng pamahalaan kung saan masisiyahan ang mamamayan ng Pilipinas sa pinakamalaking sukat ng panuntunan sa tahanan at ang pinakamalakas na kalayaan.<ref>[[Schurman Commission#CITEREFGolay1997|Golay 1997]], pp. 49–50</ref> Nakialam ang Digmaang Pilipino – Amerikano, kung saan pinakinggan ni McKinley ang mga rekomendasyon ng Komisyon, itinatag ang [[Komisyong Taft|Ikalawang Komisyon ng Pilipinas]] (Komisyong Taft), at binigyan ito ng pambatasan at limitadong mga kapangyarihan ng ehekutibo. Sa una, ito ay ang nag-iisang pambatasang katawan ng [[Pilipinas]], ngunit pagkatapos ng pagpasa ng [[Batas Cooper|Philippine Organic Act]] noong 1902, ang Komisyon ay gumana bilang isang bahay ng isang pambatasan na bicameral. Sa pagtatapos ng kanyang termino, si [[Theodore Roosevelt]] "ay naniwala na ang Estados Unidos ay hindi maaaring panatilihin ang pangmatagalang imperyalismo dahil sa mga ideyal na pamamahala sa sarili at sistemang partido nito." Bukod dito, maraming mga Republikano at karamihan sa mga Demokratiko ang nagsimulang humiling para sa isang agarang pangako ng US ng tuluyang kalayaan, na nag-ambag ng Estados Unidos sa wakas na kalayaan ng Pilipinas. Noong 1916, ipinasa ng Kongreso ang [[Batas Jones (1916)|Batas Jones]], na nagsisilbing bagong organikong kilos, o konstitusyon, para sa Pilipinas. Ang paunang salita nito ay nakasaad na ang kalaunan ng kalayaan ng Pilipinas ay magiging patakaran ng Amerika, napapailalim sa pagtatatag ng isang matatag na gobyerno. Inalis nito ang Komisyon mula sa matataas na kapulungan ng lehislatura at pinalitan ito ng isang nahalal na senado, kung kaya binago ang [[Lehislaturang Pilipino|Lehislatura ng Pilipinas]] sa unang ganap na nahalal na lupon ng Pilipinas at ang gobyerno Estados Unidos. Gayunpaman, ang [[Ehekutibong sangay|sangay ng ehekutibo]] ay nagpatuloy na pinamumunuan ng isang itinalagang [[Mga Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas|Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas]], na palaging magiging isang Amerikano.<ref>[http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/constitutions/philippine-autonomy-act.php Philippine Autonomy Act (Jones Law)]</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Zaide|1994}}</ref> Noong 1934, ipinasa ng Kongreso ang [[Batas Tydings–McDuffie]] upang maitaguyod ang proseso upang ang Pilipinas ay maging isang malayang bansa pagkatapos ng sampung taong panahon ng paglipat. === Komonwelt ng Philipinas (1934–1942, 1945–1946) === Noong 1934, si [[Manuel L. Quezon]], ang [[Pangulo ng Senado ng Pilipinas]], ay namuno sa isang "misyon sa Kalayaan ng Pilipinas" sa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Matagumpay nitong na-lobby ang Kongreso at humantong sa pagpasa ng Tydings – McDuffie Act, na opisyal na ang Philippine Independence Act, na inilalagay ang paggalaw ng proseso para sa Pilipinas upang maging isang malayang bansa pagkatapos ng sampung taong panahon ng paglipat. Sa ilalim ng batas, ang [[Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas|Konstitusyon ng 1935 ng Pilipinas]] ay naisulat at ang [[Komonwelt ng Pilipinas]] ay itinatag, na may unang direktang nahalal na [[Pangulo ng Pilipinas]] (ang tuwirang halalan sa [[Lehislaturang Pilipino|Lehislatura ng Pilipinas]] ay ginanap mula 1907).<ref>Castro, Christi-Anne, Associate Professor University of Michigan (April 7, 2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=uaZnkbiJbbYC&pg=PA204 ''Musical Renderings of the Philippine Nation'']. U.S.: Oxford University Press. p. 204. {{ISBN|978-0-19-974640-8}}. Retrieved July 3, 2013.</ref> Ang Pansariling Pamhalaan, na itinatag noong 1935 ay nagtatampok ng isang napakalakas na ehekutibo, isang unicameral na [[Kapulungang Pambansa ng Pilipinas|pambansang pagpupulong]], at isang kataas-taasang korte na buong Pilipino sa unang pagkakataon mula pa noong 1901. Noong 1935, nanalo si Quezon sa halalan upang punan ang bagong nilikha na tanggapan ng Pangulo, at isang gobyerno ang nabuo batay sa mga prinsipyo na mababaw na katulad sa Konstitusyon ng US. Nagsimula ang bagong gobyerno sa isang ambisyosong agenda ng pagtaguyod ng batayan para sa pambansang depensa, higit na kontrol sa ekonomiya, mga reporma sa edukasyon, pagpapabuti ng transportasyon, ang kolonisasyon ng isla ng Mindanao, at pagsusulong ng lokal na kapital at industriyalisasyon. Gayunpaman, nahaharap din ang Commonwealth sa agrarian kaguluhan, isang hindi tiyak na sitwasyon diplomatiko at militar sa [[Timog-silangang Asya]], at walang katiyakan sa antas ng pangako ng Estados Unidos sa hinaharap na Republika ng Pilipinas.<ref>[[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)#CITEREFBrands1992|Brands 1992]], pp. 158–81.</ref> Noong 1939 at 1940, ang Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas ay binago upang maibalik ang isang bicameral na Kongreso at payagan ang muling halalan ng Quezon, na dating pinaghigpitan sa isang solong, anim na taong termino. Sa mga taon ng Komonwelt, nagpadala ang Pilipinas ng isang nahalal na Komisyonado ng Residente sa [[Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan ng Estados Unidos|Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan]] ng US, tulad ng ginagawa ngayon ng [[Puerto Rico]] at iba pang mga Teritoryo ng Estados Unidos. === Pananakop ng Hapones (1942–1945) === Sinalakay ng mga Hapones ang Pilipinas noong huling bahagi ng 1941, na kumpletong nakontrol ang mga isla noong Mayo 1942. Ang pananakop ay nagpatuloy sa loob ng tatlong taon hanggang sa pagsuko ng Japan, at ang pamahalaang Komonwelt ay nagpatapon mula 1942 hanggang 1945.<ref>MacArthur General Staff (1994). [http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/ch01.htm "The Japanese Offensive in the Philippines"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424214657/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/ch01.htm |date=2021-04-24 }}. [http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/index.htm#contents ''Report of General MacArthur: The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific Volume I''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212181053/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/index.htm#contents |date=2009-02-12 }}. GEN [[Harold Keith Johnson]], BG Harold Nelson, Douglas MacArthur. United States Army. p. 6. [[Library of Congress Control Number|LCCN]] [https://lccn.loc.gov/66-60005 66-60005]. Retrieved March 24, 2013.</ref> === Panahon ng Republika (1946) === Natapos ang Commonwealth nang kinilala ng Estados Unidos ang kalayaan ng Pilipinas noong Hulyo 4, 1946, na naka-iskedyul ayon sa Tyding-McDuffie Act at Artikulo XVIII ng [[Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas|1935 Constitution]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060822045537/http://pinas.dlsu.edu.ph/history/history.html "Philippine History"]. DLSU-Manila. Archived from [http://pinas.dlsu.edu.ph/history/history.html the original] on August 22, 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-11.</ref><ref>[[Commonwealth of the Philippines#CITEREFWeir1998|Weir 1998]]</ref> Alinsunod sa Batas ng Tydings – McDuffie, naglabas si Pangulong Harry S. Truman ng Proklamasyon 2695 ng Hulyo 4, 1946 na opisyal na kinikilala ang kalayaan ng Pilipinas. Sa parehong araw, nilagdaan ang Kasunduan sa Maynila. Gayunpaman, ang ekonomiya ay nanatiling nakasalalay sa Estados Unidos.<ref>[[Commonwealth of the Philippines#CITEREFDolan1991|Dolan 1991]].</ref> Bilang isang paunang kondisyon para sa pagtanggap ng mga gawad para sa rehabilitasyon ng giyera mula sa Estados Unidos, sumang-ayon ang Pilipinas sa [[Bell Trade Act]], kung hindi man kilala bilang Philippine Trade Act. Pinagbigyan nito ang mga mas kanais-nais na taripa sa kalakalan ng US at naipon ang piso sa dolyar ng US.<ref>[http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/tl/tl012375.htm "Balitang Beterano: Facts about Philippine Independence"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609104852/http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/tl/tl012375.htm |date=2012-06-09 }}. Philippine Headline News Online. Feb 2004. Retrieved February 11, 2007.</ref> == Mga Probisyon == Tinalikuran ng Kasunduan sa Maynila ang pagmamay-ari ng US ng Pilipinas at kinilala ang Republika ng Pilipinas. Naglalaman ito ng maraming probisyon na nagtatag ngunit nililimitahan din ang buong soberanya ng Pilipinas. Naglalaman ang kasunduan ng maraming pangunahing mga probisyon: * ''Ang pagkilala ng kapangyarihan:'' Ang Estados Unidos kinikilala ang [[kasarinlan|pagsasarili]] ng Republika ng Pilipinas at kinikilala ang kontrol ng pamahalaan sa pamamagitan ng ang na Filipino mga tao. * ''Base militar sa pagpapanatili:'' Ang Estados Unidos mananatili base militar at mga kaugnay na mga ari-arian at ang karapatan upang humingi ng "mutuwal proteksyon ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika at ng Republika ng Pilipinas" bilang sumang-ayon sa pamamagitan ng ang pamahalaan ng Pilipinas. * ''Diplomatikong representasyon:'' Ang Estados Unidos ay maaaring magbigay ng pansamantalang diplomatikong representasyon sa ngalan ng Pilipinas kapag ito ay hiniling sa pamamagitan ng kanyang pamahalaan at sumang-ayon sa pamamagitan ng Estados Unidos. * ''Pansamantalang panghukuman impluwensiya:'' mga Pagpapasya sa lahat ng mga kaso na nakabinbin bago ang US kataas-Taasang Hukuman bago ang pagsasarili tungkol sa pamahalaan ng Pilipinas at ang mga tao ay magkakabisa. Walang mga bagong mga kaso na nagmula sa Pilipinas ay maaaring isampa sa US kataas-Taasang Hukuman. * ''Pagsunod sa lahat ng mga patuloy na mga obligasyon sa US at ang Kasunduan sa Paris (1898)'': Ang Pilipinas ay nagkaroon upang sumunod sa anumang patuloy na obligasyon ng na kasunduan, na kasama ang:<ref>United States. Dept. of State; Charles Irving Bevans (1968). [https://books.google.com/books?id=yc8WAAAAYAAJ ''Treaties and other international agreements of the United States of America, 1776–1949'']. Dept. of State; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yc8WAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA475&lpg=PA473 473–476].</ref> ** Kalayaan ng relihiyon para sa lahat ng Pilipino ** Karapatan ng mga espanyol sa mga mamamayan sa Pilipinas upang lumitaw bago ang hukuman at makatanggap ng pantay na paggamot sa harap ng batas ** Pinapanatili ang bisa ng mga espanyol sa mga patent at copyright == Mga limitasyon == Noong Hulyo 4, 1946, nilagdaan ng mga kinatawan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika at ng [[Pilipinas|Republika ng Pilipinas]] ang Kasunduan sa Pangkalahatang Relasyon sa pagitan ng dalawang pamahalaan. Ang kasunduan ay inilaan para sa pagkilala sa kalayaan ng Republika ng Pilipinas noong Hulyo 4, 1946, at ang pagtanggal ng soberanya ng Amerika sa mga Pulo ng Pilipinas. Gayunpaman, bago pahintulutan ang kasunduan noong 1946, isang lihim na kasunduan ang nilagdaan sa pagitan ng Pangulo ng Pilipinas na si Osmena at ng Pangulo ng Estados Unidos na si Truman. "Sinuportahan ni Pangulong Osmena ang" mga karapatan ng US sa mga base sa kanyang bansa sa pamamagitan ng pagsuporta sa kanila sa publiko at sa pamamagitan ng pag-sign ng isang lihim na kasunduan. " Nagtapos iyon sa Kasunduan sa Mga Base ng Militar, na nilagdaan at isinumite para sa pag-apruba ng Senado ng Pilipinas ng kahalili ni Osmena, si Pangulong [[Manuel Roxas]]. Sa kadahilanang iyon, "pinanatili ng US ang dose-dosenang mga base militar, kabilang ang ilang pangunahing mga. Bilang karagdagan, ang kalayaan ay kwalipikado sa pamamagitan ng batas na ipinasa ng [[Kongreso ng Estados Unidos]]. Halimbawa, ang [[Bell Trade Act]] ay nagbigay ng isang mekanismo kung saan maaaring maitatag ang mga quota ng pag-import ng US sa mga artikulo ng Pilipinas na "darating, o malamang na dumating, sa malaking kumpetisyon sa mga katulad na artikulo ng produkto ng Estados Unidos." Kinakailangan din nito ang mga mamamayan at korporasyon ng Estados Unidos na bigyan ng pantay na pag-access sa mga mineral ng Amerika, kagubatan, at iba pang likas na yaman. Sa mga pagdinig sa harap ng Senate Committee on Finance, inilarawan ni Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs na si William L. Clayton ang batas na "malinaw na hindi naaayon sa pangunahing patakaran ng pang-ekonomiyang dayuhan ng bansang ito" at "malinaw na hindi naaayon sa aming pangako na bigyan ang Pilipinas ng tunay na kalayaan." === Ang Tugon ng Pamahalaang Pilipino sa Kasunduan ng Mga Batas Militar ng Estados Unidos at Pilipinas noong 1947 === Sa kabila ng mga hindi pagkakapare-pareho na ito, walang pagtutol si Roxas sa karamihan ng kasunduang kasunduan ng mga base militar ng EUA na iminungkahi ng EUA noong 1947. Narito ang ilan sa mga hinihiling na inaprubahan ni Roxas. # Ang Estados Unidos ay kukuha ng mga base militar sa 99 taon (Artikulo 29) # Sakupin ng Clark Air Base ang 130,000 ektarya, ang Olongapo City ay isasama sa Subic Naval Base, at ang mga lugar na nakapalibot sa mga base ay nasa ilalim ng awtoridad ng US (Artikulo 3) # Ang Estados Unidos ay magkakaroon ng access sa mga pampublikong kagamitan at iba pang mga pasilidad sa ilalim ng parehong kundisyon tulad ng sandatahang lakas ng Pilipinas (Artikulo 7) # Humihiling ang Pilipinas ng pag-apruba ng EUA bago bigyan ng mga karapatan sa base sa mga ikatlong bansa (Artikulo 25) Gayunman, mayroong dalawang pagkakataon na kahit si Roxas ay "nadama sa pulitika na hindi matanggap ang posisyon ng US". Una, iminungkahi ng US na magkaroon ng sarili nitong malakihang pasilidad ng militar sa Maynila kahit na makikialam ito sa paglaki ng lunsod pati na rin humantong sa "seryosong alitan sa pagitan ng mga sundalo ng US at mga lokal na mamamayan" dahil sa mapang-akit na kapaligiran sa digmaan. Ang mga tauhan ng militar ng Estados Unidos na nakabase sa Maynila ay madaling kapitan ng pagtatalo sa mga lokal at sa gayon ang pagkakaroon ng malawak na base militar ng US ay magpapalala lamang ng poot. Pangalawa, hinihingi ng US ang hurisdiksyon ng kriminal sa lahat ng mga kasapi ng mga base militar ng EUA sa Pilipinas "anuman ang biktima at kung ang pagkakasala ay nakagawa sa o fuera de la base O fuera de servicio," na mahalagang isang " muling pagkabuhay ng Extraterritorialidad. " Tiningnan ng Kagawaran ng Estado ng Estados Unidos ang mga pagtutol ng Pilipinas na makatwiran at hinimok ang Kagawaran ng Digmaan at Navy na muling isaalang-alang ang labis na kahilingan. Matapos ang isang buwan na negosasyon, ang US ay naghahanap lamang ng mga pantubig at base aerea sa Pilipinas, na tinanggal ang pangangailangan para sa konstruksyon ng pasilidad sa Maynila. Pinuri ni Roxas ang EUA sa desisyon nitong muling isaalang-alang at sinabi na "sa bawat pangunahing bagay, ang mahahalagang interes ng Estados Unidos at ng Pilipinas ay 'magkapareho.'" Noong Marso 17, isinumite ni Roxas ang Kasunduan sa Mga Base ng Militar sa Senado ng Pilipinas para sa pag-apruba. Sinabi ni Senador Tomas Confesor na ang mga base militar ay "itinatag dito ng Estados Unidos, hindi gaanong para sa kapakinabangan ng Pilipinas kundi para sa kanilang sarili." Binalaan niya ang kanyang mga kapwa senador, "Nasa loob kami ng orbit ng pagpapalawak ng emperyo ng Amerika. Ang imperyalismo ay hindi raw patay. " Ang Kasunduan sa Mga Base ng Militar ay inaprubahan ng Senado ng Pilipinas noong Marso 26, 1947, kasama ang lahat ng labing walong senador na pumabor. Tatlong senador ang hindi dumalo sa sesyon bilang protesta, at tatlo pa ang pinagbawalan ng mga paratang ng pandaraya ng botante. == Mga Sanggunian == {{reflist}} == Bibliograpiya == * {{Citation|last=Brands|first=Henry William|title=Bound to empire: the United States and the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VryhDTRVClcC|year=1992|author-link=H. W. Brands|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507104-7}} [https://www.questia.com/read/49072561 questia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623073819/http://www.questia.com/read/49072561 |date=2009-06-23 }} * {{Citation|title=Philippines: A Country Study|url=http://countrystudies.us/philippines/|year=1991|chapter=Economic Relations with the United States|chapter-url=http://countrystudies.us/philippines/23.htm|location=Washington|publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress|editor-last=Dolan|editor-first=Ronald E|access-date=December 28, 2007}}. * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=up5KPgAACAAJ|title=Face of empire: United States-Philippine relations, 1898–1946|last=Golay|first=Frank H.|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press|year=1997|isbn=978-971-550-254-2}} * {{Citation|last=Weir|first=Fraser|title=A Centennial History of Philippine Independence, 1898–1998|url=https://www.ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/|year=1998|chapter=American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth 1901–1941|chapter-url=https://www.ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/fw5.html|access-date=December 28, 2007}} == Mga panlabas na link == *{{Citation |url=http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%207/v7.pdf |title=TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES. SIGNED AT MANILA, ON 4 JULY 1946 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=June 12, 2012}} [[Kategorya:Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas (1898–1946)]] [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Kategorya:Kasunduan]] [[Kategorya:Kasaysayan ng Maynila]] 9s4utyt2beu8lzuuv1yq098dzrb2umq 2237862 2237861 2026-10-29T11:18:39Z KyutKoTalaga 152379 2237862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox treaty | name = Kasunduan ng Maynila | mediators = | wikisource1 = | wikisource = Treaty of Manila (1946) | languages = | language = [[English language|Ingles]] | citations = {{USStat|61|1174}}, [[Treaties and Other International Acts Series|TIAS]]&nbsp;1568, 11&nbsp;[[Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776–1949|Bevans]]&nbsp;[https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/b-ph-ust000011-0003.pdf 3], 7&nbsp;[[United Nations Treaty Series|UNTS]]&nbsp;3 | depositories = | depositor = {{flagdeco|Philippines|1936}} [[Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas]] | ratifiers = | parties = | signatories = *{{flagdeco|United States|1896}}&nbsp;[[Estados Unidos ng Amerika]] *{{flagdeco|Philippines|1936}}&nbsp;[[History of the Philippines (1946–1965)|Republika ng Pilipinas]] | original_signatories = | negotiators = | date_expiry = | long_name = | date_expiration = | condition_effective = Exchange of [[ratification]]s | date_effective = {{Start date|1946|10|22|mf=y}} | date_sealed = | location_signed = [[Maynila]], Pilipinas | date_signed = {{Start date|1946|7|4|mf=y}} | date_drafted = <!-- not reliably known --> | context = | type = | caption = Newsreel noong Hulyo 1946 | image_alt = Bidyo ng paglilipat ng soberanya para sa malayang Republika ng Pilipinas noong Hulyo 4; si Manuel Roxas ang bagong pangulo, nakamasid si Ambassador McNutt, at nagsasalita si MacArthur. | image_width = | image = 1946-07-15 Philippines Independence Proclaimed.ogv | footnotes = }} Ang '''Kasunduan sa Maynila noong 1946''', na pormal na '''Kasunduan sa Pangkalahatang Relasyon at Kasunduan''', ay isang kasunduan sa mga pangkalahatang ugnayan na nilagdaan noong Hulyo 4, 1946 sa [[Maynila]], ang kabisera ng [[Pilipinas]]. Pinawalan nito ang soberanya ng US sa Pilipinas at kinilala ang kalayaan ng [[Pilipinas|Republika ng Pilipinas]]. Ang kasunduan ay nilagdaan ng Mataas na Komisyoner na si Paul V. McNutt bilang kinatawan ng [[Estados Unidos]] at si Pangulong [[Manuel Roxas]] bilang kinatawan ng [[Pilipinas]]. Nilagdaan ito ng Pangulo ng Estados Unidos na si [[Harry S. Truman|Harry Truman]] noong Agosto 14, 1946, matapos magbigay ng payo at pahintulot ng [[Senado ng Estados Unidos]] noong Hulyo 31, 1946 sa pamamagitan ng pagpapatibay sa kasunduan. Napatunayan ito ng Pilipinas noong Setyembre 30, 1946.<ref name="bevans">11&nbsp;[[Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776–1949|Bevans]]&nbsp;[https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/b-ph-ust000011-0003.pdf 3]</ref> Naging epektibo ang kasunduan noong Oktubre 22, 1946, nang ipinagpalitan ang pagpapatibay. Ang kasunduan ay sinamahan ng isang "pansamantalang kasunduan hinggil sa mga karatig na relasyon at representasyong diplomatiko at konsulado" (60 Stat. 1800, TIAS 1539, 6 UNTS 335) hanggang sa mapagtibay ang kasunduan. == Ang Kasunduan == Ang mapagpasyang tagumpay ni Commodore Dewey sa Digmaan sa Look ng Maynila noong Mayo 1, 1898 ay nagmarka ng pagbagsak ng mga panlabas na panlaban sa Espanya sa Pilipinas. Ang tagumpay ni Dewey ay sinundan ng isang alyansa sa pagitan ng pwersa ng US at mga pwersang Pilipino na pinamunuan ni Heneral [[Emilio Aguinaldo]], na [[Pagpapahayag ng Kalayaan ng Pilipinas|idineklara ang kalayaan ng Pilipinas]] noong Hunyo 12, 1898 at nagpatuloy na bumuo ng [[Unang Republika ng Pilipinas]]. Ang proklamasyon ni Aguinaldo ng kalayaan ay hindi kinilala ng Espanya o ng EUA. Sa oras ng proklamasyon ni Aguinaldo, itinakdang talunin ng tropa ng Pilipino ang huli ng mga Espanyol. Sa pagtatapos ng Hulyo, tinatayang kabuuang 12,000 tropa ng Estados Unidos ang dumating upang sumali sa mga pwersang Pilipino. Ang mga tensyon sa alyansa ay lumitaw sa panahong ito. Bilang pasimula, ang mga tropang Amerikano at Pilipino ay sinasabing "nagkulang sa pagkakaibigan na karaniwang naroroon sa pagitan ng mga kasama sa militar." Ang "masakit na pagkakaiba sa mga interes" lalong naging halata kay Aguinaldo, na minsan ay tumanggi na dumalo sa isang Pang-apat na seremonya ng Hulyo sa Cavite matapos siyang tugunan ng "heneral," sa halip na "pangulo," sa nakasulat na paanyaya. Ang sinasadya sa likod ng alyansa ay direktang pinag-uusapan sa mga pag-uusap sa pagitan nina Aguinaldo, Dewey, at iba pang mga heneral ng Estados Unidos. Sa isang pagpupulong, naiulat na tahasang tinanong ni Aguinaldo, "balak bang gawin ng Estados Unidos ang Pilipinas bilang mga teritoryo?" Ang Brigadier General na si Thomas Anderson ay binalewala ang mga haka-haka ni Aguinaldo: "Hindi ko masagot iyon, ngunit sa 122 taon ay wala kaming itinatag na mga kolonya.... Iiwan ka upang gumuhit ng sariling hinuha." === Kasunduan sa Paris (1898) === Ang [[Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano]] ay nagtapos sa pormal na paglipat ng kapangyarihan sa Pilipinas. Ang Proklamasyon ng Kalayaan ng Pilipinas noong Hunyo 12, 1898 ay napabayaan ng kapwa Espanya at ng US Sa halip, kapwa sumang-ayon sa isang hanay ng mga tuntunin na ibinigay ng [[Kasunduan sa Paris (1898)|Kasunduan sa Paris]] kung saan tumutol ang Unang Republika ng Pilipinas, na minamarkahan ang pagsisimula ng Digmaang Pilipino – Amerikano. Ang Kasunduan sa Paris noong 1898 ay isang kasunduan na ginawa noong 1898 na kinasasangkutan ng Espanya na talikuran ang halos lahat ng natitirang [[Imperyong Kastila|Imperyong Espanya]], lalo na ang [[Cuba]], at ipinadala ang [[Puerto Rico]], [[Guam]], at ang Pilipinas sa Estados Unidos. Ang pag-sensyo ng Pilipinas ay may kasamang pagbabayad na $ 20 milyon mula sa Estados Unidos hanggang sa Espanya. Ang kasunduan ay nilagdaan noong Disyembre 10, 1898 at natapos ang [[Digmaang Espanyol–Amerikano]]. Ang Kasunduan sa Paris ay nagkabisa noong Abril 11, 1899, nang ipinagpalit ang mga dokumento ng pagpapatibay. Ang Kasunduan ay minarkahan ang pagtatapos ng Imperyo ng Espanya, bukod sa ilang maliliit na pag-aari ng [[Aprika]]. Minarkahan nito ang simula ng edad ng Estados Unidos bilang isang kapangyarihang pandaigdigan. === Paunang pagsasaalang-alang ng kalayaan === Noong 1899, itinalaga ng Pangulo ng Estados Unidos na si [[William McKinley]] ang Unang Komisyon ng Pilipinas na magsisiyasat at gumawa ng mga rekomendasyon sa mga isla. Kahit na nagtapos na "ang mga Pilipino ay ganap na hindi nakahanda para sa kalayaan... walang bansang Pilipinas, ngunit isang koleksyon lamang ng iba't ibang mga tao,"<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1297&dat=18991103&id=jNAwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WooDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5546,3586431&hl=en "The Philippines: As viewed by President McKinley's Special Commissioners"]. ''The Daily Star''. '''7''' (2214). Fredericksburg, Va. November 3, 1899.</ref><ref>''Chapter XI: The First Philippine Commission'', in Worcester, Dean Conant (1914). [[gutenberg:12077|"The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2)"]]. Macmillan. Retrieved January 21, 2008.</ref> kinilala nito ang pagnanasa ng Pilipinas para sa kalayaan at mga inirekumendang hakbang, tulad ng edukasyon sa publiko at isang lehislatura ng dalwang panig, upang lumikha ng isang "pagsulong sa isang posisyon sa gitna ng pinaka-sibilisadong mamamayan sa buong mundo" at sa gayon ay "isang maliwanagan na sistema ng pamahalaan kung saan masisiyahan ang mamamayan ng Pilipinas sa pinakamalaking sukat ng panuntunan sa tahanan at ang pinakamalakas na kalayaan.<ref>[[Schurman Commission#CITEREFGolay1997|Golay 1997]], pp. 49–50</ref> Nakialam ang Digmaang Pilipino – Amerikano, kung saan pinakinggan ni McKinley ang mga rekomendasyon ng Komisyon, itinatag ang [[Komisyong Taft|Ikalawang Komisyon ng Pilipinas]] (Komisyong Taft), at binigyan ito ng pambatasan at limitadong mga kapangyarihan ng ehekutibo. Sa una, ito ay ang nag-iisang pambatasang katawan ng [[Pilipinas]], ngunit pagkatapos ng pagpasa ng [[Batas Cooper|Philippine Organic Act]] noong 1902, ang Komisyon ay gumana bilang isang bahay ng isang pambatasan na bicameral. Sa pagtatapos ng kanyang termino, si [[Theodore Roosevelt]] "ay naniwala na ang Estados Unidos ay hindi maaaring panatilihin ang pangmatagalang imperyalismo dahil sa mga ideyal na pamamahala sa sarili at sistemang partido nito." Bukod dito, maraming mga Republikano at karamihan sa mga Demokratiko ang nagsimulang humiling para sa isang agarang pangako ng US ng tuluyang kalayaan, na nag-ambag ng Estados Unidos sa wakas na kalayaan ng Pilipinas. Noong 1916, ipinasa ng Kongreso ang [[Batas Jones (1916)|Batas Jones]], na nagsisilbing bagong organikong kilos, o konstitusyon, para sa Pilipinas. Ang paunang salita nito ay nakasaad na ang kalaunan ng kalayaan ng Pilipinas ay magiging patakaran ng Amerika, napapailalim sa pagtatatag ng isang matatag na gobyerno. Inalis nito ang Komisyon mula sa matataas na kapulungan ng lehislatura at pinalitan ito ng isang nahalal na senado, kung kaya binago ang [[Lehislaturang Pilipino|Lehislatura ng Pilipinas]] sa unang ganap na nahalal na lupon ng Pilipinas at ang gobyerno Estados Unidos. Gayunpaman, ang [[Ehekutibong sangay|sangay ng ehekutibo]] ay nagpatuloy na pinamumunuan ng isang itinalagang [[Mga Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas|Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas]], na palaging magiging isang Amerikano.<ref>[http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/constitutions/philippine-autonomy-act.php Philippine Autonomy Act (Jones Law)]</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Zaide|1994}}</ref> Noong 1934, ipinasa ng Kongreso ang [[Batas Tydings–McDuffie]] upang maitaguyod ang proseso upang ang Pilipinas ay maging isang malayang bansa pagkatapos ng sampung taong panahon ng paglipat. === Komonwelt ng Philipinas (1934–1942, 1945–1946) === Noong 1934, si [[Manuel L. Quezon]], ang [[Pangulo ng Senado ng Pilipinas]], ay namuno sa isang "misyon sa Kalayaan ng Pilipinas" sa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Matagumpay nitong na-lobby ang Kongreso at humantong sa pagpasa ng Tydings – McDuffie Act, na opisyal na ang Philippine Independence Act, na inilalagay ang paggalaw ng proseso para sa Pilipinas upang maging isang malayang bansa pagkatapos ng sampung taong panahon ng paglipat. Sa ilalim ng batas, ang [[Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas|Konstitusyon ng 1935 ng Pilipinas]] ay naisulat at ang [[Komonwelt ng Pilipinas]] ay itinatag, na may unang direktang nahalal na [[Pangulo ng Pilipinas]] (ang tuwirang halalan sa [[Lehislaturang Pilipino|Lehislatura ng Pilipinas]] ay ginanap mula 1907).<ref>Castro, Christi-Anne, Associate Professor University of Michigan (April 7, 2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=uaZnkbiJbbYC&pg=PA204 ''Musical Renderings of the Philippine Nation'']. U.S.: Oxford University Press. p. 204. {{ISBN|978-0-19-974640-8}}. Retrieved July 3, 2013.</ref> Ang Pansariling Pamhalaan, na itinatag noong 1935 ay nagtatampok ng isang napakalakas na ehekutibo, isang unicameral na [[Kapulungang Pambansa ng Pilipinas|pambansang pagpupulong]], at isang kataas-taasang korte na buong Pilipino sa unang pagkakataon mula pa noong 1901. Noong 1935, nanalo si Quezon sa halalan upang punan ang bagong nilikha na tanggapan ng Pangulo, at isang gobyerno ang nabuo batay sa mga prinsipyo na mababaw na katulad sa Konstitusyon ng US. Nagsimula ang bagong gobyerno sa isang ambisyosong agenda ng pagtaguyod ng batayan para sa pambansang depensa, higit na kontrol sa ekonomiya, mga reporma sa edukasyon, pagpapabuti ng transportasyon, ang kolonisasyon ng isla ng Mindanao, at pagsusulong ng lokal na kapital at industriyalisasyon. Gayunpaman, nahaharap din ang Commonwealth sa agrarian kaguluhan, isang hindi tiyak na sitwasyon diplomatiko at militar sa [[Timog-silangang Asya]], at walang katiyakan sa antas ng pangako ng Estados Unidos sa hinaharap na Republika ng Pilipinas.<ref>[[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)#CITEREFBrands1992|Brands 1992]], pp. 158–81.</ref> Noong 1939 at 1940, ang Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas ay binago upang maibalik ang isang bicameral na Kongreso at payagan ang muling halalan ng Quezon, na dating pinaghigpitan sa isang solong, anim na taong termino. Sa mga taon ng Komonwelt, nagpadala ang Pilipinas ng isang nahalal na Komisyonado ng Residente sa [[Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan ng Estados Unidos|Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan]] ng US, tulad ng ginagawa ngayon ng [[Puerto Rico]] at iba pang mga Teritoryo ng Estados Unidos. === Pananakop ng Hapones (1942–1945) === Sinalakay ng mga Hapones ang Pilipinas noong huling bahagi ng 1941, na kumpletong nakontrol ang mga isla noong Mayo 1942. Ang pananakop ay nagpatuloy sa loob ng tatlong taon hanggang sa pagsuko ng Japan, at ang pamahalaang Komonwelt ay nagpatapon mula 1942 hanggang 1945.<ref>MacArthur General Staff (1994). [http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/ch01.htm "The Japanese Offensive in the Philippines"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424214657/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/ch01.htm |date=2021-04-24 }}. [http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/index.htm#contents ''Report of General MacArthur: The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific Volume I''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212181053/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/index.htm#contents |date=2009-02-12 }}. GEN [[Harold Keith Johnson]], BG Harold Nelson, Douglas MacArthur. United States Army. p. 6. [[Library of Congress Control Number|LCCN]] [https://lccn.loc.gov/66-60005 66-60005]. Retrieved March 24, 2013.</ref> === Panahon ng Republika (1946) === Natapos ang Commonwealth nang kinilala ng Estados Unidos ang kalayaan ng Pilipinas noong Hulyo 4, 1946, na naka-iskedyul ayon sa Tyding-McDuffie Act at Artikulo XVIII ng [[Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas|1935 Constitution]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060822045537/http://pinas.dlsu.edu.ph/history/history.html "Philippine History"]. DLSU-Manila. Archived from [http://pinas.dlsu.edu.ph/history/history.html the original] on August 22, 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-11.</ref><ref>[[Commonwealth of the Philippines#CITEREFWeir1998|Weir 1998]]</ref> Alinsunod sa Batas ng Tydings – McDuffie, naglabas si Pangulong Harry S. Truman ng Proklamasyon 2695 ng Hulyo 4, 1946 na opisyal na kinikilala ang kalayaan ng Pilipinas. Sa parehong araw, nilagdaan ang Kasunduan sa Maynila. Gayunpaman, ang ekonomiya ay nanatiling nakasalalay sa Estados Unidos.<ref>[[Commonwealth of the Philippines#CITEREFDolan1991|Dolan 1991]].</ref> Bilang isang paunang kondisyon para sa pagtanggap ng mga gawad para sa rehabilitasyon ng giyera mula sa Estados Unidos, sumang-ayon ang Pilipinas sa [[Bell Trade Act]], kung hindi man kilala bilang Philippine Trade Act. Pinagbigyan nito ang mga mas kanais-nais na taripa sa kalakalan ng US at naipon ang piso sa dolyar ng US.<ref>[http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/tl/tl012375.htm "Balitang Beterano: Facts about Philippine Independence"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609104852/http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/tl/tl012375.htm |date=2012-06-09 }}. Philippine Headline News Online. Feb 2004. Retrieved February 11, 2007.</ref> == Mga Probisyon == Tinalikuran ng Kasunduan sa Maynila ang pagmamay-ari ng US ng Pilipinas at kinilala ang Republika ng Pilipinas. Naglalaman ito ng maraming probisyon na nagtatag ngunit nililimitahan din ang buong soberanya ng Pilipinas. Naglalaman ang kasunduan ng maraming pangunahing mga probisyon: * ''Ang pagkilala ng kapangyarihan:'' Ang Estados Unidos kinikilala ang [[kasarinlan|pagsasarili]] ng Republika ng Pilipinas at kinikilala ang kontrol ng pamahalaan sa pamamagitan ng ang na Filipino mga tao. * ''Base militar sa pagpapanatili:'' Ang Estados Unidos mananatili base militar at mga kaugnay na mga ari-arian at ang karapatan upang humingi ng "mutuwal proteksyon ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika at ng Republika ng Pilipinas" bilang sumang-ayon sa pamamagitan ng ang pamahalaan ng Pilipinas. * ''Diplomatikong representasyon:'' Ang Estados Unidos ay maaaring magbigay ng pansamantalang diplomatikong representasyon sa ngalan ng Pilipinas kapag ito ay hiniling sa pamamagitan ng kanyang pamahalaan at sumang-ayon sa pamamagitan ng Estados Unidos. * ''Pansamantalang panghukuman impluwensiya:'' mga Pagpapasya sa lahat ng mga kaso na nakabinbin bago ang US kataas-Taasang Hukuman bago ang pagsasarili tungkol sa pamahalaan ng Pilipinas at ang mga tao ay magkakabisa. Walang mga bagong mga kaso na nagmula sa Pilipinas ay maaaring isampa sa US kataas-Taasang Hukuman. * ''Pagsunod sa lahat ng mga patuloy na mga obligasyon sa US at ang Kasunduan sa Paris (1898)'': Ang Pilipinas ay nagkaroon upang sumunod sa anumang patuloy na obligasyon ng na kasunduan, na kasama ang:<ref>United States. Dept. of State; Charles Irving Bevans (1968). [https://books.google.com/books?id=yc8WAAAAYAAJ ''Treaties and other international agreements of the United States of America, 1776–1949'']. Dept. of State; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yc8WAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA475&lpg=PA473 473–476].</ref> ** Kalayaan ng relihiyon para sa lahat ng Pilipino ** Karapatan ng mga espanyol sa mga mamamayan sa Pilipinas upang lumitaw bago ang hukuman at makatanggap ng pantay na paggamot sa harap ng batas ** Pinapanatili ang bisa ng mga espanyol sa mga patent at copyright == Mga limitasyon == Noong Hulyo 4, 1946, nilagdaan ng mga kinatawan ng Estados Unidos ng Amerika at ng [[Pilipinas|Republika ng Pilipinas]] ang Kasunduan sa Pangkalahatang Relasyon sa pagitan ng dalawang pamahalaan. Ang kasunduan ay inilaan para sa pagkilala sa kalayaan ng Republika ng Pilipinas noong Hulyo 4, 1946, at ang pagtanggal ng soberanya ng Amerika sa mga Pulo ng Pilipinas. Gayunpaman, bago pahintulutan ang kasunduan noong 1946, isang lihim na kasunduan ang nilagdaan sa pagitan ng Pangulo ng Pilipinas na si Osmena at ng Pangulo ng Estados Unidos na si Truman. "Sinuportahan ni Pangulong Osmena ang" mga karapatan ng US sa mga base sa kanyang bansa sa pamamagitan ng pagsuporta sa kanila sa publiko at sa pamamagitan ng pag-sign ng isang lihim na kasunduan. " Nagtapos iyon sa Kasunduan sa Mga Base ng Militar, na nilagdaan at isinumite para sa pag-apruba ng Senado ng Pilipinas ng kahalili ni Osmena, si Pangulong [[Manuel Roxas]]. Sa kadahilanang iyon, "pinanatili ng US ang dose-dosenang mga base militar, kabilang ang ilang pangunahing mga. Bilang karagdagan, ang kalayaan ay kwalipikado sa pamamagitan ng batas na ipinasa ng [[Kongreso ng Estados Unidos]]. Halimbawa, ang [[Bell Trade Act]] ay nagbigay ng isang mekanismo kung saan maaaring maitatag ang mga quota ng pag-import ng US sa mga artikulo ng Pilipinas na "darating, o malamang na dumating, sa malaking kumpetisyon sa mga katulad na artikulo ng produkto ng Estados Unidos." Kinakailangan din nito ang mga mamamayan at korporasyon ng Estados Unidos na bigyan ng pantay na pag-access sa mga mineral ng Amerika, kagubatan, at iba pang likas na yaman. Sa mga pagdinig sa harap ng Senate Committee on Finance, inilarawan ni Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs na si William L. Clayton ang batas na "malinaw na hindi naaayon sa pangunahing patakaran ng pang-ekonomiyang dayuhan ng bansang ito" at "malinaw na hindi naaayon sa aming pangako na bigyan ang Pilipinas ng tunay na kalayaan." === Ang Tugon ng Pamahalaang Pilipino sa Kasunduan ng Mga Batas Militar ng Estados Unidos at Pilipinas noong 1947 === Sa kabila ng mga hindi pagkakapare-pareho na ito, walang pagtutol si Roxas sa karamihan ng kasunduang kasunduan ng mga base militar ng EUA na iminungkahi ng EUA noong 1947. Narito ang ilan sa mga hinihiling na inaprubahan ni Roxas. # Ang Estados Unidos ay kukuha ng mga base militar sa 99 taon (Artikulo 29) # Sakupin ng Clark Air Base ang 130,000 ektarya, ang Olongapo City ay isasama sa Subic Naval Base, at ang mga lugar na nakapalibot sa mga base ay nasa ilalim ng awtoridad ng US (Artikulo 3) # Ang Estados Unidos ay magkakaroon ng access sa mga pampublikong kagamitan at iba pang mga pasilidad sa ilalim ng parehong kundisyon tulad ng sandatahang lakas ng Pilipinas (Artikulo 7) # Humihiling ang Pilipinas ng pag-apruba ng EUA bago bigyan ng mga karapatan sa base sa mga ikatlong bansa (Artikulo 25) Gayunman, mayroong dalawang pagkakataon na kahit si Roxas ay "nadama sa pulitika na hindi matanggap ang posisyon ng US". Una, iminungkahi ng US na magkaroon ng sarili nitong malakihang pasilidad ng militar sa Maynila kahit na makikialam ito sa paglaki ng lunsod pati na rin humantong sa "seryosong alitan sa pagitan ng mga sundalo ng US at mga lokal na mamamayan" dahil sa mapang-akit na kapaligiran sa digmaan. Ang mga tauhan ng militar ng Estados Unidos na nakabase sa Maynila ay madaling kapitan ng pagtatalo sa mga lokal at sa gayon ang pagkakaroon ng malawak na base militar ng US ay magpapalala lamang ng poot. Pangalawa, hinihingi ng US ang hurisdiksyon ng kriminal sa lahat ng mga kasapi ng mga base militar ng EUA sa Pilipinas "anuman ang biktima at kung ang pagkakasala ay nakagawa sa o fuera de la base O fuera de servicio," na mahalagang isang " muling pagkabuhay ng Extraterritorialidad. " Tiningnan ng Kagawaran ng Estado ng Estados Unidos ang mga pagtutol ng Pilipinas na makatwiran at hinimok ang Kagawaran ng Digmaan at Navy na muling isaalang-alang ang labis na kahilingan. Matapos ang isang buwan na negosasyon, ang US ay naghahanap lamang ng mga pantubig at base aerea sa Pilipinas, na tinanggal ang pangangailangan para sa konstruksyon ng pasilidad sa Maynila. Pinuri ni Roxas ang EUA sa desisyon nitong muling isaalang-alang at sinabi na "sa bawat pangunahing bagay, ang mahahalagang interes ng Estados Unidos at ng Pilipinas ay 'magkapareho.'" Noong Marso 17, isinumite ni Roxas ang Kasunduan sa Mga Base ng Militar sa Senado ng Pilipinas para sa pag-apruba. Sinabi ni Senador Tomas Confesor na ang mga base militar ay "itinatag dito ng Estados Unidos, hindi gaanong para sa kapakinabangan ng Pilipinas kundi para sa kanilang sarili." Binalaan niya ang kanyang mga kapwa senador, "Nasa loob kami ng orbit ng pagpapalawak ng emperyo ng Amerika. Ang imperyalismo ay hindi raw patay. " Ang Kasunduan sa Mga Base ng Militar ay inaprubahan ng Senado ng Pilipinas noong Marso 26, 1947, kasama ang lahat ng labing walong senador na pumabor. Tatlong senador ang hindi dumalo sa sesyon bilang protesta, at tatlo pa ang pinagbawalan ng mga paratang ng pandaraya ng botante. == Mga Sanggunian == {{reflist}} == Bibliograpiya == * {{Citation|last=Brands|first=Henry William|title=Bound to empire: the United States and the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VryhDTRVClcC|year=1992|author-link=H. W. Brands|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507104-7}} [https://www.questia.com/read/49072561 questia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623073819/http://www.questia.com/read/49072561 |date=2009-06-23 }} * {{Citation|title=Philippines: A Country Study|url=http://countrystudies.us/philippines/|year=1991|chapter=Economic Relations with the United States|chapter-url=http://countrystudies.us/philippines/23.htm|location=Washington|publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress|editor-last=Dolan|editor-first=Ronald E|access-date=December 28, 2007}}. * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=up5KPgAACAAJ|title=Face of empire: United States-Philippine relations, 1898–1946|last=Golay|first=Frank H.|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press|year=1997|isbn=978-971-550-254-2}} * {{Citation|last=Weir|first=Fraser|title=A Centennial History of Philippine Independence, 1898–1998|url=https://www.ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/|year=1998|chapter=American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth 1901–1941|chapter-url=https://www.ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/fw5.html|access-date=December 28, 2007}} == Mga panlabas na link == *{{Citation |url=http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%207/v7.pdf |title=TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES. SIGNED AT MANILA, ON 4 JULY 1946 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=June 12, 2012}} [[Kategorya:Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas (1898–1946)]] [[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Kategorya:Kasunduan]] [[Kategorya:Kasaysayan ng Maynila]] pcghw8fdywy3bnr4b9gyoyx8j8x8yut 0 320149 2237831 2217669 2026-10-29T05:06:11Z Allyriana000 119761 2237831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Unang edisyon ng Miss Universe}} {{Infobox beauty pageant | image = Miss Universe 1952 Armi Kuusela.tif | caption = Armi Kuusela | winner = '''[[Armi Kuusela]]''' | represented = {{flagicon|Finland}} Pinlandiya | date = 28 Hunyo 1952 | presenters = Bob Russel | venue = Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, [[Long Beach, California]], [[Estados Unidos]] | congeniality = Myriam Lynn<br>{{flagu|Belhika}} <br>Valerie Johnson <br> {{flagu|Montana}} | entrants = 30 | placements = 10 | debuts = {{Hlist|Alaska|Australya|Belhika|Beneswela|Dinamarka|Estados Unidos|Gran Britanya|Gresya|Hapon|Hawaii|Hong Kong|Indiya|Israel|Italya|Kanada|Kanlurang Alemanya|Kuba|Mehiko|Noruwega|Panama|Peru|Pilipinas|Pinlandiya|Puerto Rico|Pransiya|Suwesya|Timog Aprika|Tsile|Turkiya|Uruguay}} | next = [[Miss Universe 1953|1953]] | entertainment = Bell Sisters }} Ang '''Miss Universe 1952''' ay ang unang edisyon ng [[Miss Universe]] pageant, na ginanap sa Long Beach Municipal Auditorium sa [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]], [[California]], Estados Unidos noong 28 Hunyo 1952.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coetzee |first=Nikita |date=16 Oktubre 2019 |title=This is what the very first Miss Universe pageant looked like 67 years ago! |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/the-juice/news/pageant/pics-this-is-what-the-very-first-miss-universe-pageant-looked-like-20191016-2 |url-status=live |access-date=4 Oktubre 2022 |website=Channel 24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Becker |first=Bill |date=22 Hunyo 1952 |title=Miss Universe to be chosen at Long Beach |language=en |pages=7 |work=Asheville Citizen-Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10854103/asheville-citizen-times/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ng aktres na si Piper Laurie si [[Armi Kuusela]] ng Pinlandiya bilang Miss Universe 1952. Ito ang kauna-unahang tagumpay ng Pinlandiya, at ang kauna-unahang nagwagi bilang Miss Universe sa kasaysayan ng kompetisyon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Diane |date=5 Setyembre 2014 |title=La Jollan was 1st 'Miss Universe' |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/sdut-armi-kuusela-miss-universe-pagaent-first-finland-2014sep05-story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127200532/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/sdut-armi-kuusela-miss-universe-pagaent-first-finland-2014sep05-story.html |archive-date=27 Nobyembre 2022 |access-date=4 Oktubre 2022 |website=San Diego Union-Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Elza Edsman ng Hawaii, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Ntaizy Mavraki ng Gresya.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 Hunyo 1952 |title=Blonde from Finland named Miss Universe |language=en |pages=2 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YAMxAAAAIBAJ&pg=7236,5192101&dq=&hl=en |access-date=4 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=30 Hunyo 1952 |title=18-year old beauty defeats girls from 29 other nations |language=en |pages=4 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QP9fAAAAIBAJ&sjid=01cMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2930%2C7987739 |access-date=12 Agosto 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Mga kandidata mula sa tatlumpung mga bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Bob Russel ang kompetisyon. Nagtanghal ang Bell Sisters sa edisyong ito.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Hunyo 1952 |title=Bell Sisters to sing on pageant program |language=en |pages=29 |work=Long Beach Press-Telegram |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78110917/19-jun-1952-missu/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Itinampok rin sa edisyong ito ang Romanov Imperial Nuptial Crown, na dating pagmamay-ari ng isang tsar na Ruso na nagkakahalaga ng $500,000. Ito ay may humigit-kumulang 1,535 diyamante, at 300 karat. Ang koronang ito ay ginamit lamang para sa edisyong ito.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 Mayo 2021 |title=Miss Universe crowns: Sentimental favorites, all-time greats |url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/miss-universe-crowns-all-time-favorites-greats-rankings/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111082743/https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/miss-universe-crowns-all-time-favorites-greats-rankings/ |archive-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=[[Rappler]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kaligiran == [[Talaksan:LBarena.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, ang lokasyon ng Miss Universe 1952]] === Petsa at lokasyon ng kompetisyon === Matapos tumangging mag-''pose'' para sa ''publicity picture'' si Miss America 1951 Yolande Betbeze habang suot ang damit panlangoy mula sa Catalina,<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Setyembre 1995 |title=Miss America who wouldn't appear in swimsuit is finally in from the cold |language=en |pages=6 |work=Toledo Blade |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sEcxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZgMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5171%2C4185077 |access-date=5 Disyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Sam |date=26 Pebrero 2016 |title=Yolande Betbeze Fox, Miss America Who Defied Convention, Dies at 87 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/26/us/yolande-betbeze-fox-miss-america-who-defied-convention-dies-at-87.html |access-date=29 Agosto 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206184625/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/26/us/yolande-betbeze-fox-miss-america-who-defied-convention-dies-at-87.html |archive-date=6 Pebrero 2025 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Nakipag-negosasyon ang noo'y ''executive producer'' ng Miss Universe na si Oliver Reinhardt noong Oktubre 1950 sa mga opisyal ng Pan American World Airways at Catalina Swimwear upang isponsor ang Miss Universe ''pageant'', na gaganapin sa Long Beach. Pumayag ang Catalina Swimwear na pangunahan ang Miss USA at nagsilbing opisyal na ''carrier'' ng kompetisyon ang Pan American World Airways.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Vera |date=23 Marso 1952 |title=Pageant of Pulchritude |language=en |pages=50 |work=Long Beach Press-Telegram |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/long-beach-press-telegram-lb-pt-23-mar-1/78107882/ |access-date=25 Abril 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Naglaan ng $30,000 USD ang lungsod ng Long Beach para sa kompetisyon na gaganapin mula 23 Hunyo hanggang 30 Hunyo 1952.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Epley |first=Malcolm |date=18 Oktubre 1951 |title=Beach Combing |language=en |pages=33 |work=Long Beach Press-Telegram |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/long-beach-press-telegram-lb-pt-18-oct-1/78109895/ |access-date=25 Abril 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 Oktubre 1951 |title=Pageant Plan Chiefs to Meet |language=en |pages=13 |work=Long Beach Press-Telegram |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/long-beach-press-telegram-28-oct-1951/78109590/ |access-date=25 Abril 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> === Pagpili ng mga kalahok === Ang mga kalahok mula sa tatlumping bansa at teritoryo ay napili upang lumahok sa kompetisyon sa unang pagkakataon. Isang kandidata ang nailuklok upang kumatawan sa kanyang bansa matapos na umurong ang orihinal na nanalo. Ang ''age requirement'' sa edisyong ito ay mula labinwalo hanggang dalawampu't-walong taong gulang, at maari ring lumahok ang mga babaeng kasal na, at mayroon nang anak.<ref name=":3" /> Ang patakarang ito ay pinalitan noong 1956 kung saan ipinagbabawal na ang paglahok ng mga babaeng kasal na o mayroong nang anak, ngunit ang patakarang ito ay ibinalik noong [[Miss Universe 2023|2023]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bracamonte |first=Earl D. C. |date=12 Agosto 2022 |title=Miss Universe allows moms, wives to join starting 2023 |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2022/08/12/2202201/miss-universe-allows-moms-wives-join-starting-2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808012050/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2022/08/12/2202201/miss-universe-allows-moms-wives-join-starting-2023 |archive-date=8 Agosto 2024 |access-date=10 Setyembre 2022 |website=[[Philippine Star]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Agosto 2022 |title=Miss Universe announces inclusive change to pageant after more than 70 years |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/miss-universe-2023-mothers-married-women-b2143616.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114161127/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/miss-universe-2023-mothers-married-women-b2143616.html |archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2022 |access-date=25 Abril 2023 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> ==== Mga pagpalit at pagbitiw ==== Iniluklok si Gladys Rubio Fajardo upang kumatawan sa Uruguay matapos bumitiw sa kompetisyon si Miss Uruguay 1952 Rosa Adela "Nenela" Prunell dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 Abril 1952 |title=14 nations bid for Miss Universe |language=en |pages=9 |work=The Sun |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/230706852?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=29 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> Dapat sanang lalahok si Elisabeth van Proosdij ng [[Netherlands|Olanda]] ngunit bumitiw ito dahil nagpakasal siya habang siya ay Miss Holland bagama't pinapayagan ng Miss Universe na lumahok ang mga babaeng kasal na.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 Abril 1951 |title=Elisabeth van Proosdy Miss Holland 1951 |pages=1 |work=De Telegraaf |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110585338:mpeg21:p003 |access-date=11 Enero 2025 |via=Delpher}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Hulyo 1952 |title=Miss Holland getrouwd |pages=7 |work=Het Parool |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010830307:mpeg21:p007 |access-date=11 Enero 2025 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Hindi ipinagpatuloy nina Inge Fröwis ng [[Austria|Austrya]], Eithne Dunne ng [[Republika ng Irlanda|Irlanda]], Leonor Navia Orejuela ng [[Colombia|Kolombya]], Leila Saroufim ng [[Libano]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maroun |first=Bechara |date=2 Setyembre 2022 |title=Yasmina Zaytoun, une Miss Liban qui veut tracer son propre chemin |trans-title=Yasmina Zaytoun, a Miss Lebanon who wants to trace her own path |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1310192/yasmina-zaytoun-une-miss-qui-veut-tracer-son-propre-chemin.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208232950/https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1310192/yasmina-zaytoun-une-miss-qui-veut-tracer-son-propre-chemin.html |archive-date=8 Disyembre 2023 |access-date=8 Pebrero 2025 |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |language=fr}}</ref> Colleen Cooke ng Malaya,<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Oktubre 1951 |title=Colleen Cooke Is Acclaimed Miss Malaya |language=en |pages=1 |work=Singapore Standard |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/singstandard19511015-1.2.6 |access-date=8 Pebrero 2025 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> Leila Teresa Tuma ng [[Syria|Siria]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mobayed |first=Samy Marwan |date=30 Marso 2022 |title=Syrian beauty pageants from a long, long time ago |url=https://raseef22.net/english/article/1087129-syrian-beauty-pageants-from-a-long-long-time-ago |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110112124/https://raseef22.net/english/article/1087129-syrian-beauty-pageants-from-a-long-long-time-ago |archive-date=10 Nobyembre 2024 |access-date=11 Enero 2025 |website=Raseef22 |language=en}}</ref> Sylvia Muller ng [[Suwisa]], at Utsani Thongnuea-di ng [[Taylandiya]] ang kanilang paglahok sa edisyong ito dahil sa mga politikal na tensyon. Inimbitahan din ang mga bansang Brasil at Republika ng Tsina upang lumahok sa edisyong ito, ngunit bumitiw ang mga ito dahil sa kakulangan sa oras upang magsagawa ng isang pambansang kompetisyon.<ref name=":3" /> == Mga resulta == [[Talaksan:Miss Universe 1952 Map.PNG|thumb|250x250px|Mga bansa at teritoryong sumali sa Miss Universe 1952 at ang kanilang mga pagkakalagay.]] === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss Universe 1952''' | * '''{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]]''' – '''[[Armi Kuusela]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Lo |first=Ricky |date=30 Setyembre 2016 |title=The first (1952) Miss U pageant |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2016/09/30/1628771/first-1952-miss-u-pageant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127110714/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2016/09/30/1628771/first-1952-miss-u-pageant |archive-date=27 Nobyembre 2024 |access-date=13 Agosto 2022 |website=[[Philippine Star]]}}</ref>''' |- |1st runner-up | * {{flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Hawaii]] – Elza Edsman<ref name=":1" /> |- |2nd runner-up | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] – Ntaizy Mavraki<ref name=":1" /> |- |3rd runner-up | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Hong Kong (1876–1955).svg}} [[Hong Kong]] – Judy Dan<ref name=":1" /> |- |4th runner-up | * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] – Renate Hoy<ref name=":1" /> |- |Top 10 | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]] – [[Jackie Loughery]]<ref name=":1" /> * {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] – Olga Llorens Pérez<ref name=":1" /> * {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] – Anne Marie Thistler<ref name=":1" /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg}} [[South Africa|Timog Aprika]] – Catherine Higgins<ref name=":1" /> * {{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay]] – Gladys Rubio Fajardo<ref name=":1" /> |} === Mga espesyal na parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable unsortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Parangal !Nagwagi |- |Miss Congeniality | * {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] – Myriam Lynn<ref name=":1" /> * {{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana]] – Valerie Johnson<ref name=":1" /> |} == Kompetisyon == === Pormat ng kompetisyon === Sampung mga ''semifinalist'' ang napili at ibinunyag sa paunang kompetisyon na binubuo ng ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition''. Ang sampung ''semifinalist'' ay magbibigay ng isang maikling talumpati gamit ang kanilang sariling wika. Pagkatapos nito, lumahok sa ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition'' ang mga ''semi-finalist,'' at kalaunan ay napili ang limang pinalista''.<ref name=":1" />'' === Komite sa pagpili === * Milo Anderson – Amerikanong taga-disenyo * Arlene Dahl – Amerikanang aktres * Robert Goldstein – ''Executive Director'' ng [[Universal Studios]] * Samuel Heavenrich – Amerikanong ''artistic director'' * Tom Kelley – Amerikanong litratista * Constance Moore – Amerikanang aktres at mangaawit * Robert Palmer – ''Casting Director'' para sa Universal Studios * Gilbert Roland – Amerikanong aktor * Yucca Salamunich – Iskulptor mula sa Yugoslavia * Vicent Trotta – ''Art Director'' ng [[Paramount Pictures]] == Mga kandidata == Tatlumpung kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Hunyo 1952 |title=The 'UN of beauty' |language=en |pages=76 |work=Long Beach Independent |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/independent/123500035/ |access-date=25 Abril 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flag|Alaska}} |{{sortname|Shirley|Burnett|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hunyo 1952 |title=Selected to represent Alaska |language=en |pages=10 |work=Lodi News-Sentinel |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=2hU0AAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA10&dq=Shirley%20Burnett%20miss%20alaska&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q=Shirley%20Burnett%20miss%20alaska&f=false |access-date=3 Marso 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |19 |[[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]] |- |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australya]] |{{sortname|Leah|MacCartney|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hunyo 1952 |title=These Pacific beauties seek "Miss Universe" title |language=en |pages=1 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10853514/honolulu-star-bulletin/ |access-date=28 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> | 19 |[[Melbourne]] |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Myriam|Lynn|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 Hulyo 1952 |title=Jewels lost, says beauty |language=en |pages=8 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19520707-1.2.123?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=18&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |25 |[[Bruselas]] |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |{{sortname|Sofía|Silva|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galicia |first=Elier |date=7 Hunyo 2022 |title=¿Quién era Sofía Silva Inserri, la primera Miss Venezuela de la historia? |trans-title=Who was Sofía Silva Inserri, the first Miss Venezuela in history? |url=https://nuevodia.com.ve/2022/06/07/quien-era-sofia-silva-inserri-la-primera-miss-venezuela-de-la-historia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007204825/https://nuevodia.com.ve/2022/06/07/quien-era-sofia-silva-inserri-la-primera-miss-venezuela-de-la-historia/ |archive-date=7 Oktubre 2022 |access-date=13 Agosto 2022 |website=Nuevo Día |language=es}}</ref> |23 |[[Tumeremo]] |- |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] |{{sortname|Hanne|Sørensen|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hunyo 1952 |title=Danish beauty |language=en |page=5 |work=Gettysburg Times |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LNglAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rPwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2256%2C3690479 |access-date=12 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |20 |[[Copenhague]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Miss USA 1952|Estados Unidos]] |{{sortname|Jackie|Loughery}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 Hunyo 1952 |title=Named "Miss U.S.," seeks world title |language=en |pages=1 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Pv9fAAAAIBAJ&sjid=01cMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1192%2C7267286 |access-date=12 Agosto 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |21 |[[Brooklyn]] |- |{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Gran Britanya]] |{{sortname|Aileen P.|Chase|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Londres]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Ntaizy|Mavraki|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Hunyo 1952 |title=Greece's pageant entry |language=en |pages=44 |work=The Indianapolis Star |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10855466/the-indianapolis-star/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Atenas]] |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Himeko|Kojima|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=22 Hunyo 1952 |title=Candidates for "Miss Universe" |language=en |pages=115 |work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10854339/st-louis-post-dispatch/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Prepektura ng Osaka|Osaka]] |- |{{flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Hawaii]] |{{sortname|Elza Kananionapua|Edsman|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Hunyo 1952 |title=Elsa Edsman chosen as "Miss Hawaiian Islands" |language=en |pages=13 |work=The Honolulu Advertiser |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10853027/the-honolulu-advertiser/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Honolulu]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Hong Kong (1876–1955).svg}} [[Hong Kong]] |{{sortname|Judy|Dan|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 Hulyo 1956 |title=Hollywood film shop |language=en |pages=9 |work=Shamokin News-Dispatch |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12842075/judy-dan/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |21 |[[Hong Kong]] |- |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indiya]] |{{sortname|Indrani|Rahman|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hunyo 1952 |title=Miss India finds it cool here as she heads for beauty title |language=en |pages=7 |work=Evening Star |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/110045812/evening-star/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |21 |[[Chennai]] |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Ora|Vered|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 Hulyo 1952 |title=Israel's choice for Miss Universe |language=en |pages=15 |work=The Sentinel⁩ |url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/cgs/1952/07/03/01/article/33/?srpos=14&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxTI-Miss+Universe-------------1 |access-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |via=National Library of Israel |archive-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210023128/https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/cgs/1952/07/03/01/article/33/?srpos=14&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7CtxTI-Miss+Universe-------------1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |18 |[[Tel-Abib]] |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Giovanna|Mazzotti|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1952 |title=Miss Universe contest not rigged |language=en |pages=5 |work=Maitland Mercury |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/281368781 |access-date=28 Abril 2025 |via=Trove}}</ref> |19 |[[Lombardia]] |- |{{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Ruth|Carrier|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Toronto]] |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Renate|Hoy|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2" /> |21 |[[Munich]] |- |{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] |{{sortname|Gladys|López|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Havana]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|Olga|Llorens Pérez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 Mayo 2022 |title=Silvia Derbez y el día que representó a San Luis Potosí en Miss México |trans-title=Silvia Derbez and the day she represented San Luis Potosí in Miss Mexico |url=https://sanluis.eluniversal.com.mx/mas-de-san-luis/silvia-derbez-y-el-dia-que-represento-san-luis-potosi-en-miss-mexico |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212174816/https://sanluis.eluniversal.com.mx/mas-de-san-luis/silvia-derbez-y-el-dia-que-represento-san-luis-potosi-en-miss-mexico/ |archive-date=12 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=8 Agosto 2022 |website=San Luis Potosí |language=es}}</ref> | 21 |[[Ciudad Juárez]] |- |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{sortname|Eva|Røine|nolink=1}} |24 |[[Mysen]] |- |{{PAN}} |{{sortname|Elzibir Gisela|Malek|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hunyo 1952 |title=Panama's prettiest |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Evening Independent |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10853716/the-evening-independent/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Cocle]] |- |{{PER}} |{{sortname|Ada Gabriela|Bueno|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Hunyo 1952 |title=Peru's entry |language=en |pages=8 |work=The Call-Leader |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10853101/the-call-leader/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Lungsod ng Lima]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Teresita|Sanchez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lo |first=Ricky |date=12 Pebrero 2010 |title=Misses RP for Miss U pageant, 1952-'63 |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130100430/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-date=30 Enero 2025 |access-date=4 Oktubre 2022 |website=[[Philippine Star]]}}</ref> |19 |[[Malolos]] |- |'''{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]]''' |'''{{sortname|Armi|Kuusela}}''' |17 |[[Muhos]] |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico]] |{{sortname|Marilia|Levy Bernal|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodríguez Caraballo |first=Harry |date=11 Agosto 2022 |title=Estos son los pueblos que más han ganado coronas en Miss Puerto Rico |trans-title=These are the towns that have won the most crowns in Miss Puerto Rico |url=https://www.metro.pr/entretenimiento/2022/08/11/estos-son-los-pueblos-que-mas-han-ganado-coronas-en-miss-puerto-rico/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006101208/https://www.metro.pr/entretenimiento/2022/08/11/estos-son-los-pueblos-que-mas-han-ganado-coronas-en-miss-puerto-rico/ |archive-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |access-date=13 Agosto 2022 |website=Metro Puerto Rico |language=es}}</ref> |20 |[[Lares]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Claude|Goddart|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 Mayo 1952 |title=She's Miss France |language=en |pages=1 |work=The News |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/130275892?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |22 |[[Burdeos]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Anne Marie|Thistler|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Hunyo 1952 |title=Swedish beauties |language=en |pages=37 |work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10854776/st-louis-post-dispatch/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Estokolmo]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg}} [[South Africa|Timog Aprika]] |{{sortname|Catherine|Higgins|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hunyo 2022 |title=Look alike beauty winners |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Daily Reporter |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90481351/the-daily-reporter/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Transvaal]] |- |{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |{{sortname|Esther|Saavedra Yoacham|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=14 Agosto 2017 |title=Esther Saavedra Yoacham, la primera Miss Chile para Miss Universo, falleció a los 89 años |trans-title=Esther Saavedra Yoacham, the first Miss Chile for Miss Universe, passed away at 89 |url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Tendencias/2017/08/14/870983/Esther-Saavedra-Yoacham-la-primera-Miss-chile-para-Miss-Universo-fallecio-a-los-89-anos.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203063133/https://www.emol.com/noticias/Tendencias/2017/08/14/870983/Esther-Saavedra-Yoacham-la-primera-Miss-chile-para-Miss-Universo-fallecio-a-los-89-anos.html |archive-date=3 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=23 Oktubre 2022 |website=EMOL |language=es}}</ref> |23 |[[Santiago, Tsile|Santiago]] |- |{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Turkiya]] |{{sortname|Gelengül|Tayfuroğlu|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hunyo 1952 |title=Turkish Delight |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10853795/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> | 18 |[[Ankara]] |- |{{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay]] |{{sortname|Gladys|Rubio Fajardo|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Montevideo]] |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missuniverse.com}} {{Miss Universe}} [[Kategorya:1952]] [[Kategorya:Miss Universe]] [[Kategorya:Patimpalak ng kagandahan]] j41qpva5k4virgpsnkvew2klkzipkkc 0 320192 2237833 2178704 2026-10-29T05:10:45Z Allyriana000 119761 2237833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ikalawang edisyon ng Miss Universe}} {{Infobox beauty pageant | winner = '''[[Christiane Martel]]''' | image = Christiane Martel in 1953 (cropped).jpg | caption = Christiane Martel | represented = '''{{flagicon|France}} Pransiya''' | date = 17 Hulyo 1953 | presenters = Bob Russell | entrants = 26 | placements = 16 | debuts = {{Hlist|Austrya|Suwisa}} | withdraws = {{Hlist|Gran Britanya|Hong Kong|Indiya|Israel|Kuba|Tsile}} | venue = Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, [[Long Beach, California]], [[Estados Unidos]] | congeniality = Jeanne Thompson <br> {{flagicon|Louisiana}} Louisiana | photogenic = Myrna Hansen <br> {{flagicon|Estados Unidos|1912}} Estados Unidos | before = [[Miss Universe 1952|1952]] | next = [[Miss Universe 1954|1954]] }} Ang '''Miss Universe 1953''' ay ang ikalawang edisyon ng [[Miss Universe]] pageant, na ginanap sa Long Beach Municipal Auditorium sa Long Beach, California, Estados Unidos noong 17 Hulyo 1953. Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ng aktres na si Julie Adams si [[Armi Kuusela|Christiane Martel]] ng Pransiya bilang Miss Universe 1953.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=18 Hulyo 1953 |title=New Miss Universe is a cute Parisian dish |language=en |pages=10 |work=Spokane Daily Chronicle |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=a3YzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hPYDAAAAIBAJ&dq=christiane-martel&pg=5553%2C4347060 |access-date=25 Disyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Ito ang kauna-unahang tagumpay ng Pransiya sa kasaysayan ng kompetisyon. Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Myrna Rae Hansen ng Estados Unidos, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Kinuko Ito ng Hapon.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Becker |first=Bill |date=18 Hulyo 1953 |title=French Beauty New Miss Universe; Her First Words Are "Mas Oui" |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Day |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=O-8gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xnIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1881%2C2853159 |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> Hindi kinoronahan ni Armi Kuusela ang kanyang kahalili matapos niyang piliin na talikuran ang kanyang mga responsibilidad bilang Miss Universe para makapag-asawa sa Pilipinas.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 Mayo 1953 |title=Miss Universe Married To Filipino With Black Eye |language=en |at=p. 8, col. 34 |newspaper=The Victoria Advocate |location=Victoria, Texas |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=llhTAAAAIBAJ&pg=3386%2C2513166 |access-date=22 Setyembre 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 Mayo 1953 |title='Miss Universe' Weds Filipino with Shiner |language=en |page=1 |work=The Boston Globe |location=Boston, Massachusetts |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108334666/armi-kuusela-born-1934/ |access-date=22 Setyembre 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Mga kandidata mula sa dalawampu't-anim na mga bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito, ang pinaka-kaunti sa kasaysayan ng Miss Universe. Pinangunahan ni Bob Russel ang kompetisyon. Itinampok rin sa edisyong ito ang ''Metallic Bronze Crown'' na dinisenyo ni Allan Adler, na kilala sa kakulangan ng mga ''gemstone'' at ''rhinestone''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Castelo III |first=Sean |date=14 Nobyembre 2023 |title=Jewels of the Universe: The Elegant History of Miss Universe Crowns |language=en-US |work=MEGA |url=https://mega-asia.com/fashion/jewels-of-the-universe-the-elegant-history-of-miss-universe-crowns/ |access-date=30 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216032630/https://mega-asia.com/fashion/jewels-of-the-universe-the-elegant-history-of-miss-universe-crowns/ |archive-date=16 Pebrero 2025}}</ref> Ang koronang ito ay ginamit para sa edisyong ito lamang.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 Mayo 2021 |title=Miss Universe crowns: Sentimental favorites, all-time greats |url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/miss-universe-crowns-all-time-favorites-greats-rankings/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630024835/https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/miss-universe-crowns-all-time-favorites-greats-rankings/ |archive-date=30 Hunyo 2022 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=[[Rappler]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kasaysayan == [[Talaksan:LBarena.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, ang lokasyon ng Miss Universe 1953]] === Pagpili ng mga kalahok === Ang mga kalahok mula sa dalawampu't-anim na bansa at teritoryo ay napili upang kumalahok sa kompetisyon. Dalawang kandidata ang nailuklok upang kumatawan sa kanilang bansa/teritoryo matapos ang pag-urong ng orihinal na nanalo. ==== Mga pagpalit ==== Matapos piliin ni ''Miss France 1953'' Sylviane Carpentier na huwag sumali sa Miss World o sa Miss Universe upang magpakasal, naganap ang isang kompetisyon upang piliin ang kandidata ng Pransiya sa Miss Universe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 Oktubre 2017 |title=Sylviane Carpentier, Miss France 1953, est décédée |trans-title=Sylviane Carpentier, Miss France 1953, has died |url=https://www.ledauphine.com/france-monde/2017/10/17/sylviane-carpentier-miss-france-1953-est-decedee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201054913/https://www.ledauphine.com/france-monde/2017/10/17/sylviane-carpentier-miss-france-1953-est-decedee |archive-date=1 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=22 Disyembre 2022 |website=Le Dauphine |language=FR-fr}}</ref> Nagwagi bilang ''Miss Cinema 1953'' si Christiane Martel na siyang kumatawan sa Pransiya sa Miss Universe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Hunyo 1953 |title=Miss Cinema is niet mis! |language=nl |trans-title=Miss Cinema is not wrong! |pages=1 |work=Het vrije volk |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010951691:mpeg21:p001 |access-date=25 Abril 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Dapat sanang ipapadala ng Pilipinas ang Miss Philippines 1953 na si Cristina Galang na kinoronahan sa 1953 Philippines International Fair noong 30 Abril 1953.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dolor |first=Danny |date=11 Nobyembre 2018 |title=Distinguished men behind 1953 Philippines International Fair |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2018/11/11/1867478/distinguished-men-behind-1953-philippines-international-fair |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319155140/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2018/11/11/1867478/distinguished-men-behind-1953-philippines-international-fair |archive-date=19 Marso 2025 |access-date=19 Marso 2025 |website=[[Philippine Star]] |language=en}}</ref> Gayunpaman, hindi nagpatuloy ang kanyang paglahok sa Miss Universe dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan at ang ipinadala ng Pilipinas ay ang Miss Philippines 1953 na si Cristina Monson Pacheco na kinoronahan sa Fiesta Pavilion ng [[Manila Hotel]] noong 28 Hunyo 1953. ==== Mga unang pagsali at pag-urong ==== Unang sumali sa edisyong ito ang mga bansang Austrya at Suwisa. Hindi sumali sa edisyong ito ang mga bansang Gran Britanya, Hong Kong, Israel, Kuba, at Tsile matapos na mabigo ang kanilang mga organisasyong pambansa na magdaos ng kompetisyong pambansa o magtalaga ng kalahok. Dapat sanang sasali si Miss India 1953 Peace Kanwal sa edisyong ito. Gayunpaman, bumitiw si Kanwal dahil sa pinansyal na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barua |first=Kriti |date=17 Oktubre 2024 |title=List of Femina Miss India winners (1947-2024) |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-miss-india-winners-1947-2022-1657107467-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123163236/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-miss-india-winners-1947-2022-1657107467-1 |archive-date=23 Enero 2025 |access-date=13 Marso 2025 |website=Jagran Josh |language=en}}</ref> Dapat sanang sasali sa unang pagkakataon ang [[Singapore|Singapura]] sa edisyong ito sa katauhan ni Latifah Omar,<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hunyo 1953 |title=Singapore joins in quest for beauty |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Straits Times |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19530612-1.2.2 |access-date=25 Abril 2023 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> ngunit bumitiw ito dahil sa kakulangan sa oras.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hunyo 1953 |title=The Miss Singapore contest is postponed |language=en |pages=9 |work=The Straits Times |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19530621-1.2.74 |access-date=25 Abril 2023 |via=National Library Board}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 1953 |title=Contest Off |pages=1 |work=Sunday Standard |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/sundaystandard19530621-1.2.18 |access-date=11 May 2023 |via=[[National Library Board]]}}</ref> Hindi nagpatuloy sa kompetisyon sina Miss Argentina 1953 Doris Coll at Miss Korea 1953 Gui-hee Kang dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Victoria |date=31 Mayo 2015 |title=Raison d'etre of models |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2025/02/135_179859.html#:~:text=Korea's%20first%20fashion%20models%20were%20Ha%20Young-ae,,No's%20fashion%20show%20in%201956%20in%20Seoul. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319155458/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2025/02/135_179859.html |archive-date=19 Marso 2025 |access-date=19 Marso 2025 |website=The Korea Times |language=en}}</ref> Dapat din sanang lalahok sa edisyong ito si Miss Syria 1953 Betchamer Minnie, ngunit bumitiw ito dahil sa politikal na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mobayed |first=Samy Marwan |date=30 Marso 2022 |title=Syrian beauty pageants from a long, long time ago |url=https://raseef22.net/english/article/1087129-syrian-beauty-pageants-from-a-long-long-time-ago |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110112124/https://raseef22.net/english/article/1087129-syrian-beauty-pageants-from-a-long-long-time-ago |archive-date=10 Nobyembre 2024 |access-date=11 Enero 2025 |website=Raseef22 |language=en}}</ref>[[Talaksan:Miss Universe 1953 Map.PNG|thumb|250x250px|Mga bansa at teritoryong sumali sa Miss Universe 1953 at ang kanilang mga pagkakalagay.]] == Mga resulta == [[Talaksan:Itou Kinuko et al. Miss Universe 1953.jpg|thumb|Ang Top 5 sa Miss Universe 1953|250x250px]] === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss Universe 1953''' | * '''{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]]''' – '''[[Christiane Martel]]<ref name=":1" />''' |- |1st runner-up | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]] – Myrna Hansen<ref name=":1" /> |- |2nd runner-up | * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] – Kinuko Ito<ref name=":1" /> |- |3rd runner-up | * {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] – [[Ana Bertha Lepe]]<ref name=":1" /> |- |4th runner-up | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]] – Maxine Morgan<ref name=":1" /> |- |Top 16 | * {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] – Lore Felger<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1953 |title=Selection due tonight on Miss Universe |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Victoria Advocate |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=rFtTAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA2&dq=Christel%20Schaack&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q=Christel%20Schaack&f=false |access-date=18 Marso 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> * {{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] – Jytte Olsen<ref name=":4" /> * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] – Rita Stazzi<ref name=":4" /> * {{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}} [[Canada|Kanada]] – Thelma Brewis<ref name=":4" /> * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]]– Christel Schaack<ref name=":4" /> * {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] – Synnove Gulbrandsen<ref name=":4" /> * {{PAN}} – Emita Arosemena<ref name=":4" /> * {{Flag|Peru}} – Mary Ann Sarmiento<ref name=":4" /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg}} [[South Africa|Timog Aprika]] – Ingrid Mills<ref name=":4" /> * {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Turkiya]] – Ayten Akyol<ref name=":4" /> * {{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay]] – Alicia Ibáñez<ref name=":4" /> |} === Mga espesyal na parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable unsortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Parangal !Nagwagi |- |Miss Photogenic | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]] – Myrna Rae Hansen |- |Miss Congeniality | * {{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana]] – Jeanne Thompson<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |date=16 Hulyo 1953 |title=Miss Illinois wins title as top beauty of the nation |language=en |pages=3 |work=Long Beach Press-Telegram |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116575149/long-beach-press-telegram/ |access-date=13 Marso 2025 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |} == Kompetisyon == === Pormat ng kompetisyon === Mula sa sampu noong [[Miss Universe 1952|1952]], labing-anim na mga ''semi-finalist'' ang napili at ibinunyag sa paunang kompetisyon na binubuo ng ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition''. Ang labing-anim na mga ''semi-finalist'' ay magbibigay ng isang maikling talumpati gamit ang kanilang sariling wika. Pagkatapos nito, lumahok sa ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition'' ang mga ''semi-finalist,'' at kalaunan ay napili ang limang pinalista''.''<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1953 |title=Miss Universe Contestants Narrowed to 16 by Judges |language=en |pages=12 |work=Chillicothe Gazette |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chillicothe-gazette-july-17-1953-miss/123711241/ |access-date=29 Abril 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> === Komite sa pagpili === * Jeff Chandler – Amerikanong aktor<ref name=":3" /> * Arlene Dahl – Amerikanang aktres * Rhonda Fleming – Amerikanang aktres at mangaawit<ref name=":3" /> * Deborah Kerr – Ingles na aktres * Akira Kurosawa – Hapones na direktor * Constance Moore – Amerikanang aktres at mangaawit<ref name=":3" /> * Bud Westmore – Amerikanong ''make-up artist'' para sa pelikula<ref name=":3" /> * Gig Young – Amerikanong aktor == Mga kandidata == Dalawampu't-anim na kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Becker |first=Bill |date=12 Hulyo 1953 |title=Beauties vie for "Miss Universe" title |language=en |pages=34 |work=The Knoxville Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55498947/the-knoxville-journal/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1953 |title=Miss Universe pageant Tableau of Beauty |language=en |pages=7 |work=Long Beach Press-Telegram |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/long-beach-press-telegram-july-12-1953/124249098/ |access-date=8 Mayo 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flag|Alaska}} |{{sortname|Muriel|Hagberg|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Hulyo 1953 |title=Miss Alaska now in California; still has parka |language=en |pages=2 |work=Fairbanks Daily News-Miner |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29071349/miss-alaska-now-in-california/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]] |{{sortname|Maxine|Morgan|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 Mayo 1953 |title=N.S.W. Girl as Miss Australia |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Advertiser |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/48287553# |access-date=7 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |20 |[[Sidney|Sydney]] |- |{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] |{{sortname|Lore|Felger|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 Mayo 1953 |title=Miss Austria |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19530516-1.2.88 |access-date=12 Disyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |18 |[[Viena]] |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Elayne|Cortois|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=13 Hulyo 1953 |title=Hopes of 8 Nations |language=en |pages=8 |work=Singapore Standard |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singstandard19530713-1.2.112 |access-date=25 Abril 2023 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |24 |[[Bruselas]] |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |{{sortname|Gisela|Bolaños|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 Nobyembre 2013 |title=Falleció la segunda Miss Venezuela de la historia |trans-title=The second Miss Venezuela in history has passed away. |url=https://www.diariorepublica.com/espectaculos/fallecio-la-segunda-miss-venezuela-de-la-historia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104153240/https://www.diariorepublica.com/espectaculos/fallecio-la-segunda-miss-venezuela-de-la-historia |archive-date=4 Nobyembre 2024 |access-date=13 Marso 2025 |website=Diario Republica |language=es}}</ref> |18 |[[Valencia, Venezuela|Valencia]] |- |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] |{{sortname|Jytte|Olsen|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Hulyo 1953 |title=They Are Seeking 'Miss Universe' Title |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Advertiser |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/48268990?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |18 |[[Gilleleje]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Miss USA|Estados Unidos]] |{{sortname|Myrna|Hansen|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1953 |title=Miss United States |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Day |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ou8gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xnIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4904%2C2666401 |access-date=4 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |18 |[[Chicago]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Doreta|Xirou|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hulyo 1953 |title=World Beauties |language=en |pages=20 |work=Singapore Standard |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singstandard19530714-1.2.121 |access-date=25 Abril 2023 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |19 |[[Atenas]] |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Kinuko|Ito|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 Hunyo 1953 |title=In Kimono |language=en |pages=12 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19530623-1.2.73?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=21&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |20 |[[Tokyo]] |- |{{flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Hawaii]] |{{sortname|Aileen|Stone|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 Hulyo 1953 |title=Queen of the Islands |language=en |pages=5 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35463759/honolulu-star-bulletin/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Honolulu]] |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Rita|Stazzi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 Hulyo 1953 |title=Meet Miss Italy |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19530706-1.2.37?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=21&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |20 |[[Milan]] |- |{{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Thelma|Brewis|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hulyo 1953 |title=Contestant 'shoots' colleagues |language=en |pages=2 |work=Evening Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-wichita-beacon-1953-miss-usa-clippin/121850755/ |access-date=29 Abril 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Toronto]] |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Christel|Schaack|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grieger |first=Von Frank |date=8 Mayo 2020 |title=Bademoden gestern und heute: der Bankrott der Biedermänner |url=https://www.waz.de/thema/sommerkroenung/bankrott-der-biedermaenner-id229079529.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107115346/https://www.waz.de/thema/sommerkroenung/bankrott-der-biedermaenner-id229079529.html |archive-date=7 Nobyembre 2022 |access-date=7 Nobyembre 2022 |website=Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung |language=de-DE}}</ref> |18 |[[Berlin]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|Ana Bertha|Lepe}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Avila |first=Andrea |date=25 Hulyo 2006 |title=Ana Bertha Lepe, una vida trágica |trans-title=Ana Bertha Lepe, a tragic life |url=https://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/estilos/49449.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005213031/https://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/estilos/49449.html |archive-date=5 Oktubre 2022 |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |website=El Universal |language=es}}</ref> |18 |[[Lungsod ng Mehiko]] |- |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{sortname|Synnøve|Gulbrandsen|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2" /> |23 |[[Oslo]] |- |{{PAN}} |{{sortname|Emita|Arosemena Zubieta|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Espino |first=Rolando |date=15 Abril 2012 |title=46 reinas en 60 años |trans-title=46 queens in 60 years |url=http://www.laestrella.com.pa/online/impreso/2012/04/15/46-reinas-en-60-anos.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416093633/http://www.laestrella.com.pa/online/impreso/2012/04/15/46-reinas-en-60-anos.asp |archive-date=16 Abril 2013 |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |website=La Estrella de Panamá |language=es}}</ref> |22 |[[Lungsod ng Panama]] |- |{{PER}} |{{sortname|Mary Ann|Sarmiento|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 Abril 2013 |title=Mary Ann Sarmiento, Miss Perú 1953, falleció a los 77 años |trans-title=Mary Ann Sarmiento, Miss Peru 1953, died at the age of 77 |url=https://elcomercio.pe/luces/moda/mary-ann-sarmiento-miss-peru-1953-fallecio-77-anos-noticia-1562759/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204235439/https://elcomercio.pe/luces/moda/mary-ann-sarmiento-miss-peru-1953-fallecio-77-anos-noticia-1562759/ |archive-date=4 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |website=El Comercio Perú |language=es}}</ref> |19 |[[Lungsod ng Lima]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Cristina|Pacheco|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lo |first=Ricky |date=12 Pebrero 2010 |title=Misses RP for Miss U pageant, 1952-'63 |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130100430/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-date=30 Enero 2025 |access-date=4 Oktubre 2022 |website=[[Philippine Star]]}}</ref> |18 |[[Maynila]] |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{sortname|Teija|Sopanen|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 Oktubre 2011 |title=Teija Sopanen on kuollut |trans-title=Teija Sopanen has died |url=https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000002506684.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219130541/https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000002506684.html |archive-date=19 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=24 Oktubre 2022 |website=Helsingin Sanomat |language=fi}}</ref> |20 |[[Tampere]] |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico]] |{{sortname|Wanda|Irizarry|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodríguez Caraballo |first=Harry |date=11 Agosto 2022 |title=Estos son los pueblos que más han ganado coronas en Miss Puerto Rico |trans-title=These are the towns that have won the most Miss Puerto Rico crowns. |url=https://www.metro.pr/entretenimiento/2022/08/11/estos-son-los-pueblos-que-mas-han-ganado-coronas-en-miss-puerto-rico/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006101208/https://www.metro.pr/entretenimiento/2022/08/11/estos-son-los-pueblos-que-mas-han-ganado-coronas-en-miss-puerto-rico/ |archive-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022 |website=Metro Puerto Rico |language=es}}</ref> |20 |[[Río Piedras]] |- |'''{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]]''' |'''{{sortname|Christiane|Martel}}'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 Hulyo 2015 |title=Miss Univers : l'incroyable destin d'une Piennoise |trans-title=Miss Universe: The incredible destiny of a Piennois |url=https://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/edition-de-briey/2015/07/04/christiane-magnani-miss-univers-pour-la-vie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812021901/https://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/edition-de-briey/2015/07/04/christiane-magnani-miss-univers-pour-la-vie |archive-date=12 Agosto 2024 |access-date=5 Oktubre 2022 |website=Le Républicain Lorrain |language=FR-fr}}</ref> |18 |[[Créteil]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Ulla|Sandkler|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 Hulyo 1953 |title=Miss Sweden |language=en |pages=41 |work=Detroit Free Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-july-2-1953-miss-s/123712204/ |access-date=29 Abril 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Gothenburg]] |- |{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Suwisa]] |{{sortname|Danielle|Oudinet|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Hulyo 1953 |title=Two beauties |language=en |pages=10 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19530710-1.2.61.16?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=21&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |18 |[[Lausanne]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg}} [[South Africa|Timog Aprika]] |{{sortname|Ingrid Rita|Mills|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 Hunyo 1953 |title=The beauty Queens seek the crown of— Miss Universe |language=en |pages=10 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19530630-1.2.66?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=21&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |20 |[[Harare|Salisbury]] |- |{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Turkiya]] |{{sortname|Ayten|Akyol|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Hulyo 1953 |title=Turkey's top beauty guest here |language=en |pages=1 |work=Valley Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84129470/valley-times-north-hollywood-11-july/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |21 |[[Istanbul]] |- |{{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay]] |{{sortname|Ada Alicia|Ibáñez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hulyo 1953 |title=Refresher (toe) |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Courier-Mail |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/51095728?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |23 |[[Montevideo]] |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missuniverse.com}} {{Miss Universe}} [[Kategorya:1953]] [[Kategorya:Miss Universe]] [[Kategorya:Patimpalak ng kagandahan]] n130ey9n13sl0o78a4t37mfpjck8ccj 0 320224 2237835 2192006 2026-10-29T05:14:38Z Allyriana000 119761 2237835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ikatlong edisyon ng Miss Universe}} {{Infobox beauty pageant | winner = '''[[Miriam Stevenson]]''' | photo = Miriam Stevenson Miss Universe 1954.jpg | caption = Miriam Stevenson | represented = '''{{flagu|Estados Unidos}}''' | date = 24 Hulyo 1954 | presenters = Bob Russell | entrants = 33 | placements = 16 | debuts = {{Hlist|Arhentina|Brasil|Costa Rica|El Salvador|Honduras|Kanlurang Indiyas|Nuweba Selandiya|Singapura|Taylandiya|Timog Korea}} | withdraws = {{Hlist|Austrya|Beneswela|Dinamarka|Hawaii|Suwisa|Timog Aprika|Turkiya}} | venue = Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, [[Long Beach, California]], Estados Unidos | congeniality = Efi Androulakakis <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} Gresya | before = [[Miss Universe 1953|1953]] |next=[[Miss Universe 1955|1955]]|returns={{Hlist|Hong Kong|Israel|Kuba|Tsile}} }} Ang '''Miss Universe 1954''' ay ang ikatlong edisyon ng [[Miss Universe]] pageant, na ginanap sa Long Beach Municipal Auditorium sa [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]], [[California]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong 24 Hulyo 1954. Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Armi Kuusela|Christiane Martel]] ng Pransiya si [[Miriam Stevenson]] ng Estados Unidos bilang Miss Universe 1954.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Brazil loses out by a hip bulge |language=en |pages=A-6 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=d3Y_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=3lQMAAAAIBAJ&pg=813%2C2178074 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1954 |title=South Carolina's Miriam Stevenson Wins "Miss Universe"; Miss Brazil Second |language=en |pages=1; 5 |work=Spokane Daily Chronicle |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2M8bAAAAIBAJ&sjid=y1AEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5678,1215300&dq=miss-universe+miriam-stevenson&hl=en |access-date=25 Disyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Ito ang kauna-unahang tagumpay ng Estados Unidos sa kasaysayan ng kompetisyon. Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Martha Rocha ng Brasil, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Virginia June Lee ng Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss USA captures Miss Universe title |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Day |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gBMiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pHQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2121%2C3939328 |access-date=8 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1954 |title=Freckled Southener tops Universe field |language=en |pages=3 |work=Nashville Banner |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55498697/miriam-stevenson/ |access-date=8 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Mga kandidata mula sa tatlumpu't-tatlong bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Bob Russel ang kompetisyon sa ikatlong pagkakataon. Itinampok rin sa edisyong ito ang ''Star of the Universe Crown'' na may isang-libong ''Oriental cultured'' at itim na perlas na nakalagay sa solidong ginto at platino. Ang koronang ito ay ginamit para sa sumunod na anim na edisyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 Mayo 2021 |title=Miss Universe crowns: Sentimental favorites, all-time greats |url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/miss-universe-crowns-all-time-favorites-greats-rankings/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111082743/https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/miss-universe-crowns-all-time-favorites-greats-rankings/ |archive-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=[[Rappler]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kasaysayan == [[Talaksan:LBarena.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, ang lokasyon ng Miss Universe 1954]] === Pagpili ng mga kalahok === Ang mga kalahok mula sa tatlumpu't-tatlong bansa at teritoryo ay napili upang lumahok sa kompetisyon. Isang kandidata ang nailuklok upang kumatawan sa kaniyang bansa matapos na mapatalsik ang orihinal na nanalo. ==== Mga pagpalit ==== Niluklok si Miss Korea 1954 ''first runner-up'' Kae Sun-hee bilang kandidata ng Timog Korea matapos hindi tanggapin ang visa ni Miss Korea 1954 Pu Rak Hi upang makapasok sa Estados Unidos dahil sa mga paratang na mayroon siyang ugnayan sa mga grupong komunista.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Universe entrants prepare for pageant |language=en |pages=22 |work=The Examiner |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/225910049?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1954 |title="Miss Universe" loses her U.N. |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Advocate |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/69855258?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> Ganoon din ang nangyari kay Star Hellas 1954 Rika Dialina kung saan pinalitan siya ng kanyang ''first runner-up'' na si Efi Androulakakis dahil minsan ay umasta si Dialina sa isang libro ng isang komunistang Griyego.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hulyo 1954 |title=America bars another Miss Universe beauty |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Sun |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/229708360?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 Hulyo 1954 |title=Now US bans a beauty |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19540709-1.2.15?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=26&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> Gayunpaman, namagitan sa kaso ni Dialina ang noo'y [[Kalihim ng Estado ng Estados Unidos]] na si John Foster Dulles, at dahil dito, nakakuha ng ''temporary entry permit'' si Dialina. Nakarating si Dialina sa [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]] ilang araw bago ang paunang kompetisyon, dahilan upang magbitiw si Androulakakis sa kompetisyon. Hiniling ng mga ''organizer'' na manatili si Androulakakis sa kompetisyon bilang kinatawan ng [[Creta]], subalit tinanggihan ito ni Androulakakis dahil ayon sa kanya, si Dialina raw ang pinili ng kanyang mga kababayan upang kumatawan sa kompetisyon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Hulyo 1954 |title=Sportieve „miss" in Long Beach |language=nl |trans-title=Sporty "miss" in Long Beach |pages=7 |work=De Telegraaf |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110586150:mpeg21:p007 |access-date=29 Abril 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Bagama't hindi na opisyal na kandidata si Androulakakis, iginawad sa kanya ang parangal na ''Miss Congeniality''.<ref name=":9" /> Niluklok ang Miss Thailand 1953 ''first runner-up'' na si Amara Asavananda bilang kandidata ng kanyang bansa matapos bumitiw si Miss Thailand 1954 Sucheela Srisomboon dahil sa pinansiyal na dahilan.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=6 Mayo 2020 |title=วันนี้ 83 ปี "อมรา อัศวนนท์" สาวไทยคนแรกไป "มิสยูนิเวิร์ส" |trans-title=Today is 83 years old, "Amara Asavanant" is the first Thai woman to go to "Miss Universe". |url=https://www.nationtv.tv/entertainment/378775127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221172502/https://www.nationtv.tv/entertainment/378775127 |archive-date=21 Pebrero 2025 |access-date=19 Marso 2025 |website=Nation TV |language=th}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Hulyo 2022 |title=การประกวดนางสาวไทยประจำปี 2496 ความงาม ความดี และหลักอนามัย |trans-title=Miss Thailand 1953 beauty, goodness and hygiene |url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_37202 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207091138/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_37202 |archive-date=7 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=19 Marso 2025 |website=SILPA-MAG |language=th}}</ref> ==== Mga unang pagsali, pagbalik, at pag-urong sa kompetisyon ==== Unang sumali sa edisyong ito ang Arhentina, Brasil, El Salvador, Honduras, Kanlurang Indiyas, Costa Rica, Nuweba Selandiya, Singapura, Taylandiya, at Timog Korea. Bumalik sa kompetisyon ang Hong Kong, Israel, Kuba, at Tsile na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1952|1952]]. Hindi sumali si Berta Elena Landaeta ng Beneswela dahil bigla na lamang ito nawala at hindi matagpuan ng mga ''pageant organizer'' ang mga pinaroroonan nito.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Venezuela disappears in beauty contest |language=en |pages=35 |work=Courier-Post |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10913081/courier-post/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Hindi sumali sina Felicitas von Goebel ng Austrya, Grete Hoffenblad ng Dinamarka, Gertrude Kapi'olani Miller ng Hawaii, Leela Naidu ng Indiya, at Claudine Chaperon Du Larret ng Suwisa dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 Enero 2019 |title=Miss Austria wird seit 90 Jahren gewählt |url=https://wien.orf.at/v2/news/stories/2961076/ |access-date=1 Enero 2023 |website=Wien |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barua |first=Kriti |date=17 Oktubre 2024 |title=List of Femina Miss India winners (1947-2024) |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-miss-india-winners-1947-2022-1657107467-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123163236/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-miss-india-winners-1947-2022-1657107467-1 |archive-date=23 Enero 2025 |access-date=13 Marso 2025 |website=Jagran Josh |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite news |date=16 Oktubre 1954 |title=Wereldkampioenschap der schoonheid |language=nl |trans-title=Beauty World Championship |pages=3 |work=Het Parool |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010834665:mpeg21:p003 |access-date=18 Abril 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Hindi sumali ang Timog Aprika, at Turkiya matapos na mabigo ang kanilang mga organisasyong pambansa na magdaos ng kompetisyong pambansa o magtalaga ng kalahok. Dapat sanang lalahok ang mga kandidata mula sa [[Guwatemala]] at [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] sa unang pagkakataon, subalit hindi sila pinayagan ng kanilang mga pamahalaan dahil sa sigalot sa [[Gitnang Amerika]].<ref name=":5" /> Hindi nagpatuloy sa kompetisyon si Camila Rego ng British Guiana dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan. == Mga resulta == [[Talaksan:Miss Universe 1954 Map.PNG|thumb|250x250px|Mga bansa at teritoryong sumali sa Miss Universe 1954 at ang kanilang mga pagkakalagay.]] === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss Universe 1954''' | * '''{{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]]''' – '''[[Miriam Stevenson]]<ref name=":4" />''' |- |1st runner-up | * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] – Martha Rocha<ref name=":4" /> |- |2nd runner-up | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Hong Kong (1876–1955).svg}} [[Hong Kong]] – Virginia June Lee<ref name=":4" /> |- |3rd runner-up | * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] – Regina Ernst<ref name=":4" /> |- |4th runner-up | * {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] – Ragnhild Olausson<ref name=":4" /> |- |Top 16 | * {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] – Ivana Kislinger<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=26 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miriam Stevenson (VS) gekozen tot Miss Universe 1954 |language=nl |trans-title=Miriam Stevenson (USA) elected Miss Universe 1954 |pages=1 |work=De locomotief |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011178505:mpeg21:p001 |access-date=29 Abril 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] – Rika Dialina<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] – Maria Paliani<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica]] – Marian Esquivel<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] – Mona Stornes<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flag|Panama}} – Liliana Torre<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flag|Peru}} – Isabella León<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Pilipinas]] – Blesilda Ocampo<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] – Jacqueline Beer<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] – Gloria Leguisos<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay]] – Ana Moreno<ref name=":6" /> |} === Mga espesyal na parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable unsortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Parangal !Nagwagi |- |Miss Congeniality | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] – Efi Androulakakis<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=23 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Universe contest reaches climax tonight |language=en |pages=8 |work=St. Joseph News-Press |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KRpUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3DkNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5871%2C5197452 |access-date=19 Marso 2025 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |- |Most Popular Girl | * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] – Martha Rocha |} == Kompetisyon == === Pormat ng kompetisyon === Tulad noong [[Miss Universe 1953|1953]], labing-anim na ''semi-finalist'' ang napili at ibinunyag sa paunang kompetisyon na binubuo ng ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition''. Ang labing-anim na ''semi-finalist'' ay magbibigay ng isang maikling talumpati gamit ang kanilang sariling wika. Pagkatapos nito, lumahok sa ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition'' ang mga ''semi-finalist,'' at kalaunan ay napili ang limang pinalista''.'' === Komite sa pagpili === * Julia Adams – Amerikanang aktres<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1954 |title=U.S. has Miss Universe |language=en |pages=2 |work=Sunday Times |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/59692706 |access-date=17 Hulyo 2023 |via=Trove}}</ref> * Milo Anderson – Amerikanong tagapag-disenyo * Suzan Ball – Amerikanang aktres<ref name=":7" /> * Tom Kelley – Amerikanong listratista na kilala sa pagkuha sa litrato ni Marilyn Monroe<ref name=":7" /> * Piper Laurie – Amerikanang aktres<ref name=":7" /> * Robert Palmer – Amerikanong direktor sa pagpili ng mga artista mula sa [[Universal Studios]] * Yucca Salamunich – Amerikanong iskulptor * Vincent Trotta – ''Artistic director'' ng [[Paramount Pictures]] * Albert Varga – Amerikanong ilustrador<ref name=":4" /> * Bud Westmore – Amerikanong estilista * Earl Wilson – Amerikanong kolumnista<ref name=":4" /> == Mga kandidata == Tatlumpu't-tatlong kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flag|Alaska}} |{{sortname|Charlein|Lander|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 Hunyo 1954 |title=Royal group set to greet Miss Alaska |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Bulletin |location=Bend, Oregon |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DlJYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=c_cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3616%2C2577690 |access-date=22 Setyembre 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |18 |[[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]] |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Ivana Olga|Kislinger|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martínez |first=Adolfo C. |date=16 Disyembre 2005 |title=Murió Ivana Kislinger, una diva sensual |trans-title=Ivana Kislinger, a sensual diva, has died. |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=765140 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523203623/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=765140 |archive-date=23 May 2009 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=La Nacion |language=es}}</ref> |22 |[[Temperley]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]] |{{sortname|Shirley|Bliss|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1954 |title="Miss Universe" Contest |language=en |pages=5 |work=Cairns Post |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/42832542?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |20 |[[Narrandera]] |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Christiane|Neckaerts|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Hulyo 1954 |title=Ah, go on, try it |language=en |pages=8 |work=Waco Tribune-Herald |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3942164/waco-tribune-herald/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Nodebais]] |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Martha|Rocha|nolink=1}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Belser |first=Emily |date=13 Hulyo 1955 |title="Miss Universe" winners seldom become success |language=en |pages=11 |work=Corsicana Daily Sun |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3942241/corsicana-daily-sun/ |access-date=7 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |21 |[[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica]] |{{sortname|Marian|Esquivel|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2" /> |18 |[[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] |- |{{flagicon|SLV}} [[El Salvador]] |{{sortname|Myrna|Orozco|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=13 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Universe hopefuls arrive |language=en |pages=9 |work=Albuquerque Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31059064/albuquerque-journal/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[San Salvador]] |- |'''{{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]]''' |'''{{sortname|Miriam|Stevenson}}'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1954 |title=American girl |language=en |pages=1; 12 |work=Journal and Courier |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/30479148/journal-and-courier/ |access-date=8 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |21 |[[Winnsboro]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Rika|Dialina|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Strickland |first=Edwin |date=9 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Greece eliminated |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Birmingham News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104456936/7-9-1954-discs-point-to-shepherd/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |22 |[[Creta|Heraklion]] |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Mieko|Kondo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 Agosto 1954 |title=Miss Japan of 1954 |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Beverley Times |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/202766041?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |18 |[[Nagoya]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1949–2022).svg}} [[Honduras]] |{{sortname|Lilliam|Padilla|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Tegucigalpa]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Hong Kong (1876–1955).svg}} [[Hong Kong]] |{{sortname|Virginia June|Lee|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1954 |title=Hong Kong beauty reaches California |language=en |pages=24 |work=Clarion-Ledger |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11494376/parties-for-carolyn-holler/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Hong Kong]] |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Aviva|Pe’er|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Romano |first=Elio |date=30 Hulyo 1954 |title=Israeli entry in Miss Universe contest shows beauty of character |language=en |pages=8 |work=B'nai B'rith Messenger⁩ |url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/bbh/1954/07/30/01/article/58/?srpos=31&e=-------en-20--21--img-txIN%7ctxTI-Miss+Universe-------------1 |access-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |via=National Library of Israel |archive-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210023850/https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/bbh/1954/07/30/01/article/58/?srpos=31&e=-------en-20--21--img-txIN%7CtxTI-Miss+Universe-------------1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |18 |[[Tel-Abib]] |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Maria Teresa|Paliani|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hulyo 1954 |title=Beauty speaks a single language |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Victoria Advocate |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=2VpTAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=Maria%20Teresa%20Paliani&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Maria%20Teresa%20Paliani&f=false |access-date=17 Marso 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |18 |[[Roma]] |- |{{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Joyce|Landry|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Universe? |pages=10 |work=Times Colonist |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-colonist-miss-universe/163099825/ |access-date=19 Enero 2025 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Toronto]] |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Regina|Ernst|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1954 |title=Wie wordt miss Universe 1954? Duits meisje Regina Ernst favoriet |language=nl |trans-title=Who will be Miss Universe 1954? German girl Regina Ernst favorite |pages=1 |work=De vrije pers |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011209145:mpeg21:p001 |access-date=29 Abril 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |18 |[[Talaan ng mga munisipalidad ng Lalawigan ng Pavia|Bremen]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the West Indies Federation (1958–1962).svg}} [[Jamaica|Kanlurang Indiyas]] |{{sortname|Evelyn|Andrade|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Mayo 2013 |title=Former Miss Jamaica dies |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20130530/lead/lead91.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219130608/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20130530/lead/lead91.html |archive-date=19 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=The Gleaner |language=en}}</ref> |18 |[[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] |- |{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] |{{sortname|Isis|Finlay|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Universe pageant brings complications |language=en |pages=3 |work=Belvidere Daily Republican |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10913050/belvidere-daily-republican/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Havana]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|Elvira|Castillo Olivera|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Hulyo 1954 |title="La Srita. Mexico" es una muchacha culta |language=es |trans-title=The "Miss Mexico" is a cultured girl |pages=5B |work=La Opinión |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZWBEAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ILIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3727%2C906901 |access-date=22 Setyembre 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |19 |[[Lungsod ng Mehiko]] |- |{{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |{{sortname|Moana|Manley|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1954 |title=Heat too much for Miss New Zealand |language=en |pages=3 |work=News-Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14491615/news-press/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Auckland]] |- |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{sortname|Mona|Stornes|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Pebrero 1958 |title=Miss Norway of 1954 files suit for divorce |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33255285/the-los-angeles-times/ |access-date=7 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Oslo]] |- |{{PAN}} |{{sortname|Liliana|Torre|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Enero 2015 |title=Estas son las panameñas que participaron de Miss Universo |trans-title=These are the Panamanians who participated in Miss Universe |url=https://www.telemetro.com/noticias/2015/01/07/panamenas-participaron-miss-universo/1656598.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125184302/https://www.telemetro.com/noticias/2015/01/07/panamenas-participaron-miss-universo/1656598.html |archive-date=25 Enero 2025 |access-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |website=Telemetro |language=es-PA}}</ref> |18 |[[Lungsod ng Panama]] |- |{{PER}} |{{sortname|Isabella|León|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2" /> |18 | [[Lungsod ng Lima]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Blesilda|Ocampo|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lo |first=Ricky |date=12 Pebrero 2010 |title=Misses RP for Miss U pageant, 1952-'63 |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130100430/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-date=30 Enero 2025 |access-date=4 Oktubre 2022 |website=[[Philippine Star]] |language=en}}</ref> |18 |[[Maynila]] |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{sortname|Lenita|Airisto|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lehtkanto |first=Katariina |date=6 Disyembre 2018 |title=17-vuotiaana maailmalle lähtenyt Lenita Airisto: Lapsuus sodan varjossa |trans-title=Lenita Airisto, who left the world at the age of 17: Childhood in the shadow of war |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/viihdeuutiset/a/6c065404-58ee-4467-9f79-3bf3ba305d36 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219131008/https://www.iltalehti.fi/viihdeuutiset/a/6c065404-58ee-4467-9f79-3bf3ba305d36 |archive-date=19 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=29 Abril 2023 |website=Iltalehti |language=fi}}</ref> |18 |[[Helsinki]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Jacqueline|Beer|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1954 |title=Here's Jacqueline– the girl that France chose |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19540715-1.2.41?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=27&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |21 |[[Bois-Colombes]] |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico]] |{{sortname|Lucy|Santiago|nolink=1}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Belser |first=Emily |date=16 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Universe candidates draw many wolf calls |language=en |pages=2 |work=Corsicana Daily Sun |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10912835/corsicana-daily-sun/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |23 |[[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Singapore (1952–1959).svg}} [[Singapore|Singapura]] |{{sortname|Marjorie|Wee|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 Hunyo 1954 |title=I was so |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19540630-1.2.10?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=25&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |21 |[[Singapore|Singapura]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Ragnhild|Olausson|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1954 |title=Not As Much ro Whistle At, Europe's Beauties Not As Attractive as American. |language=en |pages=5 |work=Panama City News-Herald |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39742990/not-as-much-ro-whistle-at-europes/ |access-date=29 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Estokolmo]] |- |{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] |{{sortname|Amara|Asavananda|nolink=1}}<ref name=":8" /> |18 |[[Bangkok]] |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Sun-hee|Kae|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1954 |title=Beauty contest peaceful as United Nations meeting |language=en |pages=6 |work=Arizona Republic |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10913147/arizona-republic/ |access-date=8 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Seoul]] |- |{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |{{sortname|Gloria|Leguisos|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 Abril 1954 |title=Miss Chile– Miss Universe |language=en |pages=9 |work=The Daily News |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/266244954?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe# |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |21 |[[Santiago, Tsile|Santiago]] |- |{{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay]] |{{sortname|Ana|Moreno|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nemser |first=Sandra |date=10 Agosto 1954 |title=6 Beauties in contest favor "long hair" |language=en |pages=10 |work=Gettysburg Times |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ASkmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=883%2C2667569 |access-date=5 Disyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |22 |[[Montevideo]] |} == Mga tala == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missuniverse.com}} {{Miss Universe}} kuueuayy4fcke3mf6eo61jmz2n9eak7 2237839 2237835 2026-10-29T06:10:01Z Allyriana000 119761 2237839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ikatlong edisyon ng Miss Universe}} {{Infobox beauty pageant | winner = '''[[Miriam Stevenson]]''' | photo = Miriam Stevenson Miss Universe 1954.jpg | caption = Miriam Stevenson | represented = '''{{flagu|Estados Unidos}}''' | date = 24 Hulyo 1954 | presenters = Bob Russell | entrants = 33 | placements = 16 | debuts = {{Hlist|Arhentina|Brasil|Costa Rica|El Salvador|Honduras|Kanlurang Indiyas|Nuweba Selandiya|Singapura|Taylandiya|Timog Korea}} | withdraws = {{Hlist|Austrya|Beneswela|Dinamarka|Hawaii|Suwisa|Timog Aprika|Turkiya}} | venue = Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, [[Long Beach, California]], Estados Unidos | congeniality = Efi Androulakakis <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} Gresya | before = [[Miss Universe 1953|1953]] |next=[[Miss Universe 1955|1955]]|returns={{Hlist|Hong Kong|Israel|Kuba|Tsile}} }} Ang '''Miss Universe 1954''' ay ang ikatlong edisyon ng [[Miss Universe]] pageant, na ginanap sa Long Beach Municipal Auditorium sa [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]], [[California]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong 24 Hulyo 1954. Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Armi Kuusela|Christiane Martel]] ng Pransiya si [[Miriam Stevenson]] ng Estados Unidos bilang Miss Universe 1954.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Brazil loses out by a hip bulge |language=en |pages=A-6 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=d3Y_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=3lQMAAAAIBAJ&pg=813%2C2178074 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1954 |title=South Carolina's Miriam Stevenson Wins "Miss Universe"; Miss Brazil Second |language=en |pages=1; 5 |work=Spokane Daily Chronicle |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2M8bAAAAIBAJ&sjid=y1AEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5678,1215300&dq=miss-universe+miriam-stevenson&hl=en |access-date=25 Disyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Ito ang kauna-unahang tagumpay ng Estados Unidos sa kasaysayan ng kompetisyon. Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Martha Rocha ng Brasil, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Virginia June Lee ng Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss USA captures Miss Universe title |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Day |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gBMiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pHQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2121%2C3939328 |access-date=8 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1954 |title=Freckled Southener tops Universe field |language=en |pages=3 |work=Nashville Banner |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55498697/miriam-stevenson/ |access-date=8 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Mga kandidata mula sa tatlumpu't-tatlong bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Bob Russel ang kompetisyon sa ikatlong pagkakataon. Itinampok rin sa edisyong ito ang ''Star of the Universe Crown'' na may isang-libong ''Oriental cultured'' at itim na perlas na nakalagay sa solidong ginto at platino. Ang koronang ito ay ginamit para sa sumunod na anim na edisyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 Mayo 2021 |title=Miss Universe crowns: Sentimental favorites, all-time greats |url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/miss-universe-crowns-all-time-favorites-greats-rankings/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111082743/https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/miss-universe-crowns-all-time-favorites-greats-rankings/ |archive-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=[[Rappler]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kasaysayan == [[Talaksan:LBarena.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, ang lokasyon ng Miss Universe 1954]] === Pagpili ng mga kalahok === Ang mga kalahok mula sa tatlumpu't-tatlong bansa at teritoryo ay napili upang lumahok sa kompetisyon. Isang kandidata ang nailuklok upang kumatawan sa kaniyang bansa matapos na mapatalsik ang orihinal na nanalo. ==== Mga pagpalit ==== Niluklok si Miss Korea 1954 ''first runner-up'' Kae Sun-hee bilang kandidata ng Timog Korea matapos hindi tanggapin ang visa ni Miss Korea 1954 Pu Rak Hi upang makapasok sa Estados Unidos dahil sa mga paratang na mayroon siyang ugnayan sa mga grupong komunista.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Universe entrants prepare for pageant |language=en |pages=22 |work=The Examiner |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/225910049?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1954 |title="Miss Universe" loses her U.N. |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Advocate |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/69855258?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> Ganoon din ang nangyari kay Star Hellas 1954 Rika Dialina kung saan pinalitan siya ng kanyang ''first runner-up'' na si Efi Androulakakis dahil minsan ay umasta si Dialina sa isang libro ng isang komunistang Griyego.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hulyo 1954 |title=America bars another Miss Universe beauty |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Sun |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/229708360?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 Hulyo 1954 |title=Now US bans a beauty |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19540709-1.2.15?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=26&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> Gayunpaman, namagitan sa kaso ni Dialina ang noo'y [[Kalihim ng Estado ng Estados Unidos]] na si John Foster Dulles, at dahil dito, nakakuha ng ''temporary entry permit'' si Dialina. Nakarating si Dialina sa [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]] ilang araw bago ang paunang kompetisyon, dahilan upang magbitiw si Androulakakis sa kompetisyon. Hiniling ng mga ''organizer'' na manatili si Androulakakis sa kompetisyon bilang kinatawan ng [[Creta]], subalit tinanggihan ito ni Androulakakis dahil ayon sa kanya, si Dialina raw ang pinili ng kanyang mga kababayan upang kumatawan sa kompetisyon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Hulyo 1954 |title=Sportieve „miss" in Long Beach |language=nl |trans-title=Sporty "miss" in Long Beach |pages=7 |work=De Telegraaf |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110586150:mpeg21:p007 |access-date=29 Abril 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Bagama't hindi na opisyal na kandidata si Androulakakis, iginawad sa kanya ang parangal na ''Miss Congeniality''.<ref name=":9" /> Niluklok ang Miss Thailand 1953 ''first runner-up'' na si Amara Asavananda bilang kandidata ng kanyang bansa matapos bumitiw si Miss Thailand 1954 Sucheela Srisomboon dahil sa pinansiyal na dahilan.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=6 Mayo 2020 |title=วันนี้ 83 ปี "อมรา อัศวนนท์" สาวไทยคนแรกไป "มิสยูนิเวิร์ส" |trans-title=Today is 83 years old, "Amara Asavanant" is the first Thai woman to go to "Miss Universe". |url=https://www.nationtv.tv/entertainment/378775127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221172502/https://www.nationtv.tv/entertainment/378775127 |archive-date=21 Pebrero 2025 |access-date=19 Marso 2025 |website=Nation TV |language=th}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Hulyo 2022 |title=การประกวดนางสาวไทยประจำปี 2496 ความงาม ความดี และหลักอนามัย |trans-title=Miss Thailand 1953 beauty, goodness and hygiene |url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_37202 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207091138/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_37202 |archive-date=7 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=19 Marso 2025 |website=SILPA-MAG |language=th}}</ref> ==== Mga unang pagsali, pagbalik, at pag-urong sa kompetisyon ==== Unang sumali sa edisyong ito ang Arhentina, Brasil, El Salvador, Honduras, Kanlurang Indiyas, Costa Rica, Nuweba Selandiya, Singapura, Taylandiya, at Timog Korea. Bumalik sa kompetisyon ang Hong Kong, Israel, Kuba, at Tsile na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1952|1952]]. Hindi sumali si Berta Elena Landaeta ng Beneswela dahil bigla na lamang ito nawala at hindi matagpuan ng mga ''pageant organizer'' ang mga pinaroroonan nito.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Venezuela disappears in beauty contest |language=en |pages=35 |work=Courier-Post |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10913081/courier-post/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Hindi sumali sina Felicitas von Goebel ng Austrya, Grete Hoffenblad ng Dinamarka, Gertrude Kapi'olani Miller ng Hawaii, Leela Naidu ng Indiya, at Claudine Chaperon Du Larret ng Suwisa dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 Enero 2019 |title=Miss Austria wird seit 90 Jahren gewählt |url=https://wien.orf.at/v2/news/stories/2961076/ |access-date=1 Enero 2023 |website=Wien |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barua |first=Kriti |date=17 Oktubre 2024 |title=List of Femina Miss India winners (1947-2024) |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-miss-india-winners-1947-2022-1657107467-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123163236/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-miss-india-winners-1947-2022-1657107467-1 |archive-date=23 Enero 2025 |access-date=13 Marso 2025 |website=Jagran Josh |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite news |date=16 Oktubre 1954 |title=Wereldkampioenschap der schoonheid |language=nl |trans-title=Beauty World Championship |pages=3 |work=Het Parool |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010834665:mpeg21:p003 |access-date=18 Abril 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Hindi sumali ang Timog Aprika, at Turkiya matapos na mabigo ang kanilang mga organisasyong pambansa na magdaos ng kompetisyong pambansa o magtalaga ng kalahok. Dapat sanang lalahok ang mga kandidata mula sa [[Guwatemala]] at [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] sa unang pagkakataon, subalit hindi sila pinayagan ng kanilang mga pamahalaan dahil sa sigalot sa [[Gitnang Amerika]].<ref name=":5" /> Hindi nagpatuloy sa kompetisyon si Camila Rego ng British Guiana dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan. == Mga resulta == [[Talaksan:Miss Universe 1954 Map.PNG|thumb|250x250px|Mga bansa at teritoryong sumali sa Miss Universe 1954 at ang kanilang mga pagkakalagay.]] === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss Universe 1954''' | * '''{{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]]''' – '''[[Miriam Stevenson]]<ref name=":4" />''' |- |1st runner-up | * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] – Martha Rocha<ref name=":4" /> |- |2nd runner-up | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Hong Kong (1876–1955).svg}} [[Hong Kong]] – Virginia June Lee<ref name=":4" /> |- |3rd runner-up | * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] – Regina Ernst<ref name=":4" /> |- |4th runner-up | * {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] – Ragnhild Olausson<ref name=":4" /> |- |Top 16 | * {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] – Ivana Kislinger<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=26 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miriam Stevenson (VS) gekozen tot Miss Universe 1954 |language=nl |trans-title=Miriam Stevenson (USA) elected Miss Universe 1954 |pages=1 |work=De locomotief |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011178505:mpeg21:p001 |access-date=29 Abril 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] – Rika Dialina<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] – Maria Paliani<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica]] – Marian Esquivel<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] – Mona Stornes<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flag|Panama}} – Liliana Torre<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flag|Peru}} – Isabella León<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Pilipinas]] – Blesilda Ocampo<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] – Jacqueline Beer<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] – Gloria Leguisos<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay]] – Ana Moreno<ref name=":6" /> |} === Mga espesyal na parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable unsortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Parangal !Nagwagi |- |Miss Congeniality | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] – Efi Androulakakis<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=23 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Universe contest reaches climax tonight |language=en |pages=8 |work=St. Joseph News-Press |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KRpUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3DkNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5871%2C5197452 |access-date=19 Marso 2025 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |- |Most Popular Girl | * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] – Martha Rocha |} == Kompetisyon == === Pormat ng kompetisyon === Tulad noong [[Miss Universe 1953|1953]], labing-anim na ''semi-finalist'' ang napili at ibinunyag sa paunang kompetisyon na binubuo ng ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition''. Ang labing-anim na ''semi-finalist'' ay magbibigay ng isang maikling talumpati gamit ang kanilang sariling wika. Pagkatapos nito, lumahok sa ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition'' ang mga ''semi-finalist,'' at kalaunan ay napili ang limang pinalista''.'' === Komite sa pagpili === * Julia Adams – Amerikanang aktres<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1954 |title=U.S. has Miss Universe |language=en |pages=2 |work=Sunday Times |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/59692706 |access-date=17 Hulyo 2023 |via=Trove}}</ref> * Milo Anderson – Amerikanong taga-disenyo ng mga damit * Suzan Ball – Amerikanang aktres<ref name=":7" /> * Tom Kelley – Amerikanong listratista na kilala sa pagkuha sa litrato ni Marilyn Monroe<ref name=":7" /> * Piper Laurie – Amerikanang aktres<ref name=":7" /> * Robert Palmer – Amerikanong direktor sa pagpili ng mga artista mula sa [[Universal Studios]] * Yucca Salamunich – Amerikanong iskulptor * Vincent Trotta – ''Artistic director'' ng [[Paramount Pictures]] * Albert Varga – Amerikanong ilustrador<ref name=":4" /> * Bud Westmore – Amerikanong estilista * Earl Wilson – Amerikanong kolumnista<ref name=":4" /> == Mga kandidata == Tatlumpu't-tatlong kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flag|Alaska}} |{{sortname|Charlein|Lander|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 Hunyo 1954 |title=Royal group set to greet Miss Alaska |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Bulletin |location=Bend, Oregon |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DlJYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=c_cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3616%2C2577690 |access-date=22 Setyembre 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |18 |[[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]] |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Ivana Olga|Kislinger|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martínez |first=Adolfo C. |date=16 Disyembre 2005 |title=Murió Ivana Kislinger, una diva sensual |trans-title=Ivana Kislinger, a sensual diva, has died. |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=765140 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523203623/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=765140 |archive-date=23 May 2009 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=La Nacion |language=es}}</ref> |22 |[[Temperley]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]] |{{sortname|Shirley|Bliss|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1954 |title="Miss Universe" Contest |language=en |pages=5 |work=Cairns Post |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/42832542?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |20 |[[Narrandera]] |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Christiane|Neckaerts|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Hulyo 1954 |title=Ah, go on, try it |language=en |pages=8 |work=Waco Tribune-Herald |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3942164/waco-tribune-herald/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Nodebais]] |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Martha|Rocha|nolink=1}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Belser |first=Emily |date=13 Hulyo 1955 |title="Miss Universe" winners seldom become success |language=en |pages=11 |work=Corsicana Daily Sun |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3942241/corsicana-daily-sun/ |access-date=7 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |21 |[[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica]] |{{sortname|Marian|Esquivel|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2" /> |18 |[[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] |- |{{flagicon|SLV}} [[El Salvador]] |{{sortname|Myrna|Orozco|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=13 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Universe hopefuls arrive |language=en |pages=9 |work=Albuquerque Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31059064/albuquerque-journal/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[San Salvador]] |- |'''{{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]]''' |'''{{sortname|Miriam|Stevenson}}'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1954 |title=American girl |language=en |pages=1; 12 |work=Journal and Courier |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/30479148/journal-and-courier/ |access-date=8 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |21 |[[Winnsboro]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Rika|Dialina|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Strickland |first=Edwin |date=9 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Greece eliminated |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Birmingham News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104456936/7-9-1954-discs-point-to-shepherd/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |22 |[[Creta|Heraklion]] |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Mieko|Kondo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 Agosto 1954 |title=Miss Japan of 1954 |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Beverley Times |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/202766041?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |18 |[[Nagoya]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1949–2022).svg}} [[Honduras]] |{{sortname|Lilliam|Padilla|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Tegucigalpa]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Hong Kong (1876–1955).svg}} [[Hong Kong]] |{{sortname|Virginia June|Lee|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1954 |title=Hong Kong beauty reaches California |language=en |pages=24 |work=Clarion-Ledger |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11494376/parties-for-carolyn-holler/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Hong Kong]] |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Aviva|Pe’er|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Romano |first=Elio |date=30 Hulyo 1954 |title=Israeli entry in Miss Universe contest shows beauty of character |language=en |pages=8 |work=B'nai B'rith Messenger⁩ |url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/bbh/1954/07/30/01/article/58/?srpos=31&e=-------en-20--21--img-txIN%7ctxTI-Miss+Universe-------------1 |access-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |via=National Library of Israel |archive-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210023850/https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/bbh/1954/07/30/01/article/58/?srpos=31&e=-------en-20--21--img-txIN%7CtxTI-Miss+Universe-------------1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |18 |[[Tel-Abib]] |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Maria Teresa|Paliani|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hulyo 1954 |title=Beauty speaks a single language |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Victoria Advocate |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=2VpTAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=Maria%20Teresa%20Paliani&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Maria%20Teresa%20Paliani&f=false |access-date=17 Marso 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |18 |[[Roma]] |- |{{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Joyce|Landry|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Universe? |pages=10 |work=Times Colonist |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-colonist-miss-universe/163099825/ |access-date=19 Enero 2025 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Toronto]] |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Regina|Ernst|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1954 |title=Wie wordt miss Universe 1954? Duits meisje Regina Ernst favoriet |language=nl |trans-title=Who will be Miss Universe 1954? German girl Regina Ernst favorite |pages=1 |work=De vrije pers |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011209145:mpeg21:p001 |access-date=29 Abril 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |18 |[[Talaan ng mga munisipalidad ng Lalawigan ng Pavia|Bremen]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the West Indies Federation (1958–1962).svg}} [[Jamaica|Kanlurang Indiyas]] |{{sortname|Evelyn|Andrade|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Mayo 2013 |title=Former Miss Jamaica dies |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20130530/lead/lead91.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219130608/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20130530/lead/lead91.html |archive-date=19 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=The Gleaner |language=en}}</ref> |18 |[[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] |- |{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] |{{sortname|Isis|Finlay|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Universe pageant brings complications |language=en |pages=3 |work=Belvidere Daily Republican |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10913050/belvidere-daily-republican/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Havana]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|Elvira|Castillo Olivera|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Hulyo 1954 |title="La Srita. Mexico" es una muchacha culta |language=es |trans-title=The "Miss Mexico" is a cultured girl |pages=5B |work=La Opinión |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZWBEAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ILIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3727%2C906901 |access-date=22 Setyembre 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |19 |[[Lungsod ng Mehiko]] |- |{{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |{{sortname|Moana|Manley|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1954 |title=Heat too much for Miss New Zealand |language=en |pages=3 |work=News-Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14491615/news-press/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Auckland]] |- |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{sortname|Mona|Stornes|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Pebrero 1958 |title=Miss Norway of 1954 files suit for divorce |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33255285/the-los-angeles-times/ |access-date=7 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Oslo]] |- |{{PAN}} |{{sortname|Liliana|Torre|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Enero 2015 |title=Estas son las panameñas que participaron de Miss Universo |trans-title=These are the Panamanians who participated in Miss Universe |url=https://www.telemetro.com/noticias/2015/01/07/panamenas-participaron-miss-universo/1656598.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125184302/https://www.telemetro.com/noticias/2015/01/07/panamenas-participaron-miss-universo/1656598.html |archive-date=25 Enero 2025 |access-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |website=Telemetro |language=es-PA}}</ref> |18 |[[Lungsod ng Panama]] |- |{{PER}} |{{sortname|Isabella|León|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2" /> |18 | [[Lungsod ng Lima]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Blesilda|Ocampo|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lo |first=Ricky |date=12 Pebrero 2010 |title=Misses RP for Miss U pageant, 1952-'63 |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130100430/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-date=30 Enero 2025 |access-date=4 Oktubre 2022 |website=[[Philippine Star]] |language=en}}</ref> |18 |[[Maynila]] |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{sortname|Lenita|Airisto|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lehtkanto |first=Katariina |date=6 Disyembre 2018 |title=17-vuotiaana maailmalle lähtenyt Lenita Airisto: Lapsuus sodan varjossa |trans-title=Lenita Airisto, who left the world at the age of 17: Childhood in the shadow of war |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/viihdeuutiset/a/6c065404-58ee-4467-9f79-3bf3ba305d36 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219131008/https://www.iltalehti.fi/viihdeuutiset/a/6c065404-58ee-4467-9f79-3bf3ba305d36 |archive-date=19 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=29 Abril 2023 |website=Iltalehti |language=fi}}</ref> |18 |[[Helsinki]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Jacqueline|Beer|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1954 |title=Here's Jacqueline– the girl that France chose |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19540715-1.2.41?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=27&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |21 |[[Bois-Colombes]] |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico]] |{{sortname|Lucy|Santiago|nolink=1}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Belser |first=Emily |date=16 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Universe candidates draw many wolf calls |language=en |pages=2 |work=Corsicana Daily Sun |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10912835/corsicana-daily-sun/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |23 |[[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Singapore (1952–1959).svg}} [[Singapore|Singapura]] |{{sortname|Marjorie|Wee|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 Hunyo 1954 |title=I was so |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19540630-1.2.10?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=25&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |21 |[[Singapore|Singapura]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Ragnhild|Olausson|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1954 |title=Not As Much ro Whistle At, Europe's Beauties Not As Attractive as American. |language=en |pages=5 |work=Panama City News-Herald |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39742990/not-as-much-ro-whistle-at-europes/ |access-date=29 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Estokolmo]] |- |{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] |{{sortname|Amara|Asavananda|nolink=1}}<ref name=":8" /> |18 |[[Bangkok]] |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Sun-hee|Kae|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1954 |title=Beauty contest peaceful as United Nations meeting |language=en |pages=6 |work=Arizona Republic |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10913147/arizona-republic/ |access-date=8 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Seoul]] |- |{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |{{sortname|Gloria|Leguisos|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 Abril 1954 |title=Miss Chile– Miss Universe |language=en |pages=9 |work=The Daily News |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/266244954?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe# |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |21 |[[Santiago, Tsile|Santiago]] |- |{{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay]] |{{sortname|Ana|Moreno|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nemser |first=Sandra |date=10 Agosto 1954 |title=6 Beauties in contest favor "long hair" |language=en |pages=10 |work=Gettysburg Times |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ASkmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=883%2C2667569 |access-date=5 Disyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |22 |[[Montevideo]] |} == Mga tala == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missuniverse.com}} {{Miss Universe}} tjoqpk916dcasd1cadt4h6yl6vbe14u 2237841 2237839 2026-10-29T06:10:31Z Allyriana000 119761 2237841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ikatlong edisyon ng Miss Universe}} {{Infobox beauty pageant | winner = '''[[Miriam Stevenson]]''' | photo = Miriam Stevenson Miss Universe 1954.jpg | caption = Miriam Stevenson | represented = {{flagu|Estados Unidos}} | date = 24 Hulyo 1954 | presenters = Bob Russell | entrants = 33 | placements = 16 | debuts = {{Hlist|Arhentina|Brasil|Costa Rica|El Salvador|Honduras|Kanlurang Indiyas|Nuweba Selandiya|Singapura|Taylandiya|Timog Korea}} | withdraws = {{Hlist|Austrya|Beneswela|Dinamarka|Hawaii|Suwisa|Timog Aprika|Turkiya}} | venue = Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, [[Long Beach, California]], Estados Unidos | congeniality = Efi Androulakakis <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} Gresya | before = [[Miss Universe 1953|1953]] |next=[[Miss Universe 1955|1955]]|returns={{Hlist|Hong Kong|Israel|Kuba|Tsile}} }} Ang '''Miss Universe 1954''' ay ang ikatlong edisyon ng [[Miss Universe]] pageant, na ginanap sa Long Beach Municipal Auditorium sa [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]], [[California]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong 24 Hulyo 1954. Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Armi Kuusela|Christiane Martel]] ng Pransiya si [[Miriam Stevenson]] ng Estados Unidos bilang Miss Universe 1954.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Brazil loses out by a hip bulge |language=en |pages=A-6 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=d3Y_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=3lQMAAAAIBAJ&pg=813%2C2178074 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1954 |title=South Carolina's Miriam Stevenson Wins "Miss Universe"; Miss Brazil Second |language=en |pages=1; 5 |work=Spokane Daily Chronicle |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2M8bAAAAIBAJ&sjid=y1AEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5678,1215300&dq=miss-universe+miriam-stevenson&hl=en |access-date=25 Disyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Ito ang kauna-unahang tagumpay ng Estados Unidos sa kasaysayan ng kompetisyon. Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Martha Rocha ng Brasil, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Virginia June Lee ng Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss USA captures Miss Universe title |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Day |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gBMiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pHQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2121%2C3939328 |access-date=8 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1954 |title=Freckled Southener tops Universe field |language=en |pages=3 |work=Nashville Banner |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55498697/miriam-stevenson/ |access-date=8 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Mga kandidata mula sa tatlumpu't-tatlong bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Bob Russel ang kompetisyon sa ikatlong pagkakataon. Itinampok rin sa edisyong ito ang ''Star of the Universe Crown'' na may isang-libong ''Oriental cultured'' at itim na perlas na nakalagay sa solidong ginto at platino. Ang koronang ito ay ginamit para sa sumunod na anim na edisyon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 Mayo 2021 |title=Miss Universe crowns: Sentimental favorites, all-time greats |url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/miss-universe-crowns-all-time-favorites-greats-rankings/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111082743/https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/miss-universe-crowns-all-time-favorites-greats-rankings/ |archive-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=[[Rappler]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kasaysayan == [[Talaksan:LBarena.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, ang lokasyon ng Miss Universe 1954]] === Pagpili ng mga kalahok === Ang mga kalahok mula sa tatlumpu't-tatlong bansa at teritoryo ay napili upang lumahok sa kompetisyon. Isang kandidata ang nailuklok upang kumatawan sa kaniyang bansa matapos na mapatalsik ang orihinal na nanalo. ==== Mga pagpalit ==== Niluklok si Miss Korea 1954 ''first runner-up'' Kae Sun-hee bilang kandidata ng Timog Korea matapos hindi tanggapin ang visa ni Miss Korea 1954 Pu Rak Hi upang makapasok sa Estados Unidos dahil sa mga paratang na mayroon siyang ugnayan sa mga grupong komunista.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Universe entrants prepare for pageant |language=en |pages=22 |work=The Examiner |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/225910049?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1954 |title="Miss Universe" loses her U.N. |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Advocate |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/69855258?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> Ganoon din ang nangyari kay Star Hellas 1954 Rika Dialina kung saan pinalitan siya ng kanyang ''first runner-up'' na si Efi Androulakakis dahil minsan ay umasta si Dialina sa isang libro ng isang komunistang Griyego.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hulyo 1954 |title=America bars another Miss Universe beauty |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Sun |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/229708360?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 Hulyo 1954 |title=Now US bans a beauty |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19540709-1.2.15?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=26&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> Gayunpaman, namagitan sa kaso ni Dialina ang noo'y [[Kalihim ng Estado ng Estados Unidos]] na si John Foster Dulles, at dahil dito, nakakuha ng ''temporary entry permit'' si Dialina. Nakarating si Dialina sa [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]] ilang araw bago ang paunang kompetisyon, dahilan upang magbitiw si Androulakakis sa kompetisyon. Hiniling ng mga ''organizer'' na manatili si Androulakakis sa kompetisyon bilang kinatawan ng [[Creta]], subalit tinanggihan ito ni Androulakakis dahil ayon sa kanya, si Dialina raw ang pinili ng kanyang mga kababayan upang kumatawan sa kompetisyon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Hulyo 1954 |title=Sportieve „miss" in Long Beach |language=nl |trans-title=Sporty "miss" in Long Beach |pages=7 |work=De Telegraaf |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110586150:mpeg21:p007 |access-date=29 Abril 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Bagama't hindi na opisyal na kandidata si Androulakakis, iginawad sa kanya ang parangal na ''Miss Congeniality''.<ref name=":9" /> Niluklok ang Miss Thailand 1953 ''first runner-up'' na si Amara Asavananda bilang kandidata ng kanyang bansa matapos bumitiw si Miss Thailand 1954 Sucheela Srisomboon dahil sa pinansiyal na dahilan.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=6 Mayo 2020 |title=วันนี้ 83 ปี "อมรา อัศวนนท์" สาวไทยคนแรกไป "มิสยูนิเวิร์ส" |trans-title=Today is 83 years old, "Amara Asavanant" is the first Thai woman to go to "Miss Universe". |url=https://www.nationtv.tv/entertainment/378775127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221172502/https://www.nationtv.tv/entertainment/378775127 |archive-date=21 Pebrero 2025 |access-date=19 Marso 2025 |website=Nation TV |language=th}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Hulyo 2022 |title=การประกวดนางสาวไทยประจำปี 2496 ความงาม ความดี และหลักอนามัย |trans-title=Miss Thailand 1953 beauty, goodness and hygiene |url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_37202 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207091138/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_37202 |archive-date=7 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=19 Marso 2025 |website=SILPA-MAG |language=th}}</ref> ==== Mga unang pagsali, pagbalik, at pag-urong sa kompetisyon ==== Unang sumali sa edisyong ito ang Arhentina, Brasil, El Salvador, Honduras, Kanlurang Indiyas, Costa Rica, Nuweba Selandiya, Singapura, Taylandiya, at Timog Korea. Bumalik sa kompetisyon ang Hong Kong, Israel, Kuba, at Tsile na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1952|1952]]. Hindi sumali si Berta Elena Landaeta ng Beneswela dahil bigla na lamang ito nawala at hindi matagpuan ng mga ''pageant organizer'' ang mga pinaroroonan nito.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Venezuela disappears in beauty contest |language=en |pages=35 |work=Courier-Post |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10913081/courier-post/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Hindi sumali sina Felicitas von Goebel ng Austrya, Grete Hoffenblad ng Dinamarka, Gertrude Kapi'olani Miller ng Hawaii, Leela Naidu ng Indiya, at Claudine Chaperon Du Larret ng Suwisa dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 Enero 2019 |title=Miss Austria wird seit 90 Jahren gewählt |url=https://wien.orf.at/v2/news/stories/2961076/ |access-date=1 Enero 2023 |website=Wien |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barua |first=Kriti |date=17 Oktubre 2024 |title=List of Femina Miss India winners (1947-2024) |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-miss-india-winners-1947-2022-1657107467-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123163236/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-miss-india-winners-1947-2022-1657107467-1 |archive-date=23 Enero 2025 |access-date=13 Marso 2025 |website=Jagran Josh |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite news |date=16 Oktubre 1954 |title=Wereldkampioenschap der schoonheid |language=nl |trans-title=Beauty World Championship |pages=3 |work=Het Parool |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010834665:mpeg21:p003 |access-date=18 Abril 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Hindi sumali ang Timog Aprika, at Turkiya matapos na mabigo ang kanilang mga organisasyong pambansa na magdaos ng kompetisyong pambansa o magtalaga ng kalahok. Dapat sanang lalahok ang mga kandidata mula sa [[Guwatemala]] at [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] sa unang pagkakataon, subalit hindi sila pinayagan ng kanilang mga pamahalaan dahil sa sigalot sa [[Gitnang Amerika]].<ref name=":5" /> Hindi nagpatuloy sa kompetisyon si Camila Rego ng British Guiana dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan. == Mga resulta == [[Talaksan:Miss Universe 1954 Map.PNG|thumb|250x250px|Mga bansa at teritoryong sumali sa Miss Universe 1954 at ang kanilang mga pagkakalagay.]] === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss Universe 1954''' | * '''{{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]]''' – '''[[Miriam Stevenson]]<ref name=":4" />''' |- |1st runner-up | * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] – Martha Rocha<ref name=":4" /> |- |2nd runner-up | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Hong Kong (1876–1955).svg}} [[Hong Kong]] – Virginia June Lee<ref name=":4" /> |- |3rd runner-up | * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] – Regina Ernst<ref name=":4" /> |- |4th runner-up | * {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] – Ragnhild Olausson<ref name=":4" /> |- |Top 16 | * {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] – Ivana Kislinger<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=26 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miriam Stevenson (VS) gekozen tot Miss Universe 1954 |language=nl |trans-title=Miriam Stevenson (USA) elected Miss Universe 1954 |pages=1 |work=De locomotief |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011178505:mpeg21:p001 |access-date=29 Abril 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] – Rika Dialina<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] – Maria Paliani<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica]] – Marian Esquivel<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] – Mona Stornes<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flag|Panama}} – Liliana Torre<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flag|Peru}} – Isabella León<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Pilipinas]] – Blesilda Ocampo<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] – Jacqueline Beer<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] – Gloria Leguisos<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay]] – Ana Moreno<ref name=":6" /> |} === Mga espesyal na parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable unsortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Parangal !Nagwagi |- |Miss Congeniality | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] – Efi Androulakakis<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=23 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Universe contest reaches climax tonight |language=en |pages=8 |work=St. Joseph News-Press |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KRpUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3DkNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5871%2C5197452 |access-date=19 Marso 2025 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |- |Most Popular Girl | * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] – Martha Rocha |} == Kompetisyon == === Pormat ng kompetisyon === Tulad noong [[Miss Universe 1953|1953]], labing-anim na ''semi-finalist'' ang napili at ibinunyag sa paunang kompetisyon na binubuo ng ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition''. Ang labing-anim na ''semi-finalist'' ay magbibigay ng isang maikling talumpati gamit ang kanilang sariling wika. Pagkatapos nito, lumahok sa ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition'' ang mga ''semi-finalist,'' at kalaunan ay napili ang limang pinalista''.'' === Komite sa pagpili === * Julia Adams – Amerikanang aktres<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1954 |title=U.S. has Miss Universe |language=en |pages=2 |work=Sunday Times |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/59692706 |access-date=17 Hulyo 2023 |via=Trove}}</ref> * Milo Anderson – Amerikanong taga-disenyo ng mga damit * Suzan Ball – Amerikanang aktres<ref name=":7" /> * Tom Kelley – Amerikanong listratista na kilala sa pagkuha sa litrato ni Marilyn Monroe<ref name=":7" /> * Piper Laurie – Amerikanang aktres<ref name=":7" /> * Robert Palmer – Amerikanong direktor sa pagpili ng mga artista mula sa [[Universal Studios]] * Yucca Salamunich – Amerikanong iskulptor * Vincent Trotta – ''Artistic director'' ng [[Paramount Pictures]] * Albert Varga – Amerikanong ilustrador<ref name=":4" /> * Bud Westmore – Amerikanong estilista * Earl Wilson – Amerikanong kolumnista<ref name=":4" /> == Mga kandidata == Tatlumpu't-tatlong kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flag|Alaska}} |{{sortname|Charlein|Lander|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 Hunyo 1954 |title=Royal group set to greet Miss Alaska |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Bulletin |location=Bend, Oregon |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DlJYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=c_cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3616%2C2577690 |access-date=22 Setyembre 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |18 |[[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]] |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Ivana Olga|Kislinger|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martínez |first=Adolfo C. |date=16 Disyembre 2005 |title=Murió Ivana Kislinger, una diva sensual |trans-title=Ivana Kislinger, a sensual diva, has died. |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=765140 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523203623/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=765140 |archive-date=23 May 2009 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=La Nacion |language=es}}</ref> |22 |[[Temperley]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]] |{{sortname|Shirley|Bliss|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1954 |title="Miss Universe" Contest |language=en |pages=5 |work=Cairns Post |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/42832542?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |20 |[[Narrandera]] |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Christiane|Neckaerts|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Hulyo 1954 |title=Ah, go on, try it |language=en |pages=8 |work=Waco Tribune-Herald |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3942164/waco-tribune-herald/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Nodebais]] |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Martha|Rocha|nolink=1}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Belser |first=Emily |date=13 Hulyo 1955 |title="Miss Universe" winners seldom become success |language=en |pages=11 |work=Corsicana Daily Sun |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3942241/corsicana-daily-sun/ |access-date=7 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |21 |[[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica]] |{{sortname|Marian|Esquivel|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2" /> |18 |[[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] |- |{{flagicon|SLV}} [[El Salvador]] |{{sortname|Myrna|Orozco|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=13 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Universe hopefuls arrive |language=en |pages=9 |work=Albuquerque Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31059064/albuquerque-journal/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[San Salvador]] |- |'''{{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]]''' |'''{{sortname|Miriam|Stevenson}}'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1954 |title=American girl |language=en |pages=1; 12 |work=Journal and Courier |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/30479148/journal-and-courier/ |access-date=8 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |21 |[[Winnsboro]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Rika|Dialina|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Strickland |first=Edwin |date=9 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Greece eliminated |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Birmingham News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104456936/7-9-1954-discs-point-to-shepherd/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |22 |[[Creta|Heraklion]] |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Mieko|Kondo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 Agosto 1954 |title=Miss Japan of 1954 |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Beverley Times |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/202766041?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |18 |[[Nagoya]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1949–2022).svg}} [[Honduras]] |{{sortname|Lilliam|Padilla|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Tegucigalpa]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Hong Kong (1876–1955).svg}} [[Hong Kong]] |{{sortname|Virginia June|Lee|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1954 |title=Hong Kong beauty reaches California |language=en |pages=24 |work=Clarion-Ledger |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11494376/parties-for-carolyn-holler/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Hong Kong]] |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Aviva|Pe’er|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Romano |first=Elio |date=30 Hulyo 1954 |title=Israeli entry in Miss Universe contest shows beauty of character |language=en |pages=8 |work=B'nai B'rith Messenger⁩ |url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/bbh/1954/07/30/01/article/58/?srpos=31&e=-------en-20--21--img-txIN%7ctxTI-Miss+Universe-------------1 |access-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |via=National Library of Israel |archive-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210023850/https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/bbh/1954/07/30/01/article/58/?srpos=31&e=-------en-20--21--img-txIN%7CtxTI-Miss+Universe-------------1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |18 |[[Tel-Abib]] |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Maria Teresa|Paliani|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hulyo 1954 |title=Beauty speaks a single language |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Victoria Advocate |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=2VpTAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=Maria%20Teresa%20Paliani&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Maria%20Teresa%20Paliani&f=false |access-date=17 Marso 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |18 |[[Roma]] |- |{{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Joyce|Landry|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Universe? |pages=10 |work=Times Colonist |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-colonist-miss-universe/163099825/ |access-date=19 Enero 2025 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Toronto]] |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Regina|Ernst|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1954 |title=Wie wordt miss Universe 1954? Duits meisje Regina Ernst favoriet |language=nl |trans-title=Who will be Miss Universe 1954? German girl Regina Ernst favorite |pages=1 |work=De vrije pers |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011209145:mpeg21:p001 |access-date=29 Abril 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |18 |[[Talaan ng mga munisipalidad ng Lalawigan ng Pavia|Bremen]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the West Indies Federation (1958–1962).svg}} [[Jamaica|Kanlurang Indiyas]] |{{sortname|Evelyn|Andrade|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Mayo 2013 |title=Former Miss Jamaica dies |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20130530/lead/lead91.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219130608/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20130530/lead/lead91.html |archive-date=19 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=The Gleaner |language=en}}</ref> |18 |[[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] |- |{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] |{{sortname|Isis|Finlay|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Universe pageant brings complications |language=en |pages=3 |work=Belvidere Daily Republican |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10913050/belvidere-daily-republican/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Havana]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|Elvira|Castillo Olivera|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Hulyo 1954 |title="La Srita. Mexico" es una muchacha culta |language=es |trans-title=The "Miss Mexico" is a cultured girl |pages=5B |work=La Opinión |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZWBEAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ILIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3727%2C906901 |access-date=22 Setyembre 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |19 |[[Lungsod ng Mehiko]] |- |{{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |{{sortname|Moana|Manley|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1954 |title=Heat too much for Miss New Zealand |language=en |pages=3 |work=News-Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14491615/news-press/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Auckland]] |- |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{sortname|Mona|Stornes|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Pebrero 1958 |title=Miss Norway of 1954 files suit for divorce |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33255285/the-los-angeles-times/ |access-date=7 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Oslo]] |- |{{PAN}} |{{sortname|Liliana|Torre|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Enero 2015 |title=Estas son las panameñas que participaron de Miss Universo |trans-title=These are the Panamanians who participated in Miss Universe |url=https://www.telemetro.com/noticias/2015/01/07/panamenas-participaron-miss-universo/1656598.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125184302/https://www.telemetro.com/noticias/2015/01/07/panamenas-participaron-miss-universo/1656598.html |archive-date=25 Enero 2025 |access-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |website=Telemetro |language=es-PA}}</ref> |18 |[[Lungsod ng Panama]] |- |{{PER}} |{{sortname|Isabella|León|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2" /> |18 | [[Lungsod ng Lima]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Blesilda|Ocampo|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lo |first=Ricky |date=12 Pebrero 2010 |title=Misses RP for Miss U pageant, 1952-'63 |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130100430/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-date=30 Enero 2025 |access-date=4 Oktubre 2022 |website=[[Philippine Star]] |language=en}}</ref> |18 |[[Maynila]] |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{sortname|Lenita|Airisto|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lehtkanto |first=Katariina |date=6 Disyembre 2018 |title=17-vuotiaana maailmalle lähtenyt Lenita Airisto: Lapsuus sodan varjossa |trans-title=Lenita Airisto, who left the world at the age of 17: Childhood in the shadow of war |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/viihdeuutiset/a/6c065404-58ee-4467-9f79-3bf3ba305d36 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219131008/https://www.iltalehti.fi/viihdeuutiset/a/6c065404-58ee-4467-9f79-3bf3ba305d36 |archive-date=19 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=29 Abril 2023 |website=Iltalehti |language=fi}}</ref> |18 |[[Helsinki]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Jacqueline|Beer|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1954 |title=Here's Jacqueline– the girl that France chose |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19540715-1.2.41?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=27&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |21 |[[Bois-Colombes]] |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico]] |{{sortname|Lucy|Santiago|nolink=1}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Belser |first=Emily |date=16 Hulyo 1954 |title=Miss Universe candidates draw many wolf calls |language=en |pages=2 |work=Corsicana Daily Sun |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10912835/corsicana-daily-sun/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |23 |[[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Singapore (1952–1959).svg}} [[Singapore|Singapura]] |{{sortname|Marjorie|Wee|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 Hunyo 1954 |title=I was so |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19540630-1.2.10?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=25&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |21 |[[Singapore|Singapura]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Ragnhild|Olausson|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1954 |title=Not As Much ro Whistle At, Europe's Beauties Not As Attractive as American. |language=en |pages=5 |work=Panama City News-Herald |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39742990/not-as-much-ro-whistle-at-europes/ |access-date=29 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Estokolmo]] |- |{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] |{{sortname|Amara|Asavananda|nolink=1}}<ref name=":8" /> |18 |[[Bangkok]] |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Sun-hee|Kae|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1954 |title=Beauty contest peaceful as United Nations meeting |language=en |pages=6 |work=Arizona Republic |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10913147/arizona-republic/ |access-date=8 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Seoul]] |- |{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |{{sortname|Gloria|Leguisos|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 Abril 1954 |title=Miss Chile– Miss Universe |language=en |pages=9 |work=The Daily News |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/266244954?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe# |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |21 |[[Santiago, Tsile|Santiago]] |- |{{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay]] |{{sortname|Ana|Moreno|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nemser |first=Sandra |date=10 Agosto 1954 |title=6 Beauties in contest favor "long hair" |language=en |pages=10 |work=Gettysburg Times |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ASkmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=883%2C2667569 |access-date=5 Disyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |22 |[[Montevideo]] |} == Mga tala == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missuniverse.com}} {{Miss Universe}} tpazmn9gl77laygm9l2959xbcowz2ea 0 320240 2237838 2192009 2026-10-29T06:08:49Z Allyriana000 119761 2237838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ikaapat na edisyon ng Miss Universe}} {{Infobox beauty pageant | photo = Hillevi Rombin Miss Universe (cropped).jpg | caption = Hillevi Rombin | winner = '''[[Hillevi Rombin]]''' | represented = {{flagu|Suwesya}} | date = 22 Hulyo 1955 | venue = Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, [[Long Beach, California]], Estados Unidos | broadcaster = [[CBS]] | presenters = Bob Russell | entrants = 33 | placements = 15 | debuts = {{Hlist|Ceylon|Ekwador|Guatemala|Inglatera|Libano|Nikaragwa}} | returns = Beneswela | withdraws = {{Hlist|Australya|Nuweba Silandiya|Hong Kong|Panama|Peru|Singapura|Taylandiya}} | congeniality = Maribel Arrieta <br> {{flagu|El Salvador}} | before = [[Miss Universe 1954|1954]] | next = [[Miss Universe 1956|1956]] }} Ang '''Miss Universe 1955''' ay ang ikaapat na edisyon ng [[Miss Universe]] pageant, na ginanap sa Long Beach Municipal Auditorium sa Long Beach, California, Estados Unidos noong 22 Hulyo 1955.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Hulyo 1955 |title="Miss Universe" crowned tonight |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Pittsburgh Press |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GOwdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0k0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2703%2C1636720 |access-date=10 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Miriam Stevenson]] ng Estados Unidos si [[Hillevi Rombin]] ng Suwesya bilang Miss Universe 1955. Ito ang kauna-unahang tagumpay ng Suwesya sa kasaysayan ng kompetisyon. Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Maribel Arrieta ng El Salvador, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Maureen Hingert ng Ceylon.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Mosby |first=Aline |date=23 Hulyo 1955 |title=Swedish beauty wins "Miss Universe" title |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Pittsburgh Press |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GewdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0k0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2644%2C1801288 |access-date=10 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 Hulyo 1955 |title=They're favored in Miss Universe Contest |language=en |pages=3 |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DptRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AWwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3716%2C3474446 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Mga kandidata mula sa tatlumpu't-tatlong mga bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Bob Russel ang kompetisyon sa ikaapat na pagkakataon. == Kasaysayan == [[Talaksan:LBarena.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, ang lokasyon ng Miss Universe 1955]] === Pagpili ng mga kalahok === Ang mga kalahok mula sa tatlumpu't-tatlong bansa at teritoryo ay napili upang kumalahok sa kompetisyon.<ref name=":32">{{Cite news |date=23 Marso 1952 |title=Pageant of Pulchritude |language=en |pages=50 |work=Long Beach Press-Telegram |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/long-beach-press-telegram-lb-pt-23-mar-1/78107882/ |access-date=25 Abril 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> ==== Mga unang pagsali, pagbalik, at pag-urong sa kompetisyon ==== Unang sumali sa edisyong ito ang Ceylon, Ekwador, Guatemala, Inglatera, Libano, at Nikaragwa. Bumalik ang bansang Beneswela na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1953|1953]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=27 Hunyo 1955 |title=Miss Ceylon is Dutch |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550627-1.2.41?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=32&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> Bumitiw si Elaine Young ng [[Hong Kong]] dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan. Hindi sumali ang mga bansang [[Australia|Australya]], [[Panama|Nuweba Selandiya]][[Panama|, Panama]], [[Peru]], [[Singapore|Singapura]], at [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] sa edisyong ito matapos na mabigo ang kanilang mga organisasyong pambansa na magdaos ng kompetisyong pambansa o magtalaga ng kalahok. Dapat sanang sasali sa edisyong ito sina Consuelo Díaz ng [[Bolivia|Bulibya]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Abril 2017 |title=Consuelo Díaz, la primera Miss Bolivia |trans-title=Consuelo Díaz, the first Miss Bolivia |url=https://www.lostiempos.com/oh/tendencias/20170410/consuelo-diaz-primera-miss-bolivia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113233818/https://www.lostiempos.com/oh/tendencias/20170410/consuelo-diaz-primera-miss-bolivia |archive-date=13 Nobyembre 2019 |access-date=19 Marso 2025 |website=Los Tiempos |language=es}}</ref> Karin Rasmussen ng [[Dinamarka]], Gladir Leopardi ng [[Ehipto]], Audrey Jennie Yvonne Garcia ng [[Hawaii]], Angelina Kalkhoven ng [[Netherlands|Olanda]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Oktubre 1955 |title=Miss Holland |language=nl |pages=9 |work=Het Parool |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010829987:mpeg21:p009 |access-date=18 Abril 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> at Yvette Ribbi ng [[Suwisa]], subalit hindi sumali ang mga ito dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Hunyo 1955 |title=Miss Holland trok aller aandacht |language=nl |pages=3 |work=De Telegraaf |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=%22Angelina+Kalkhoven%22&coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:110586384:mpeg21:a0141&resultsidentifier=ddd:110586384:mpeg21:a0141&rowid=2 |access-date=28 Marso 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Hindi nagpatuloy si Suna Soley ng [[Turkiya]] matapos maging ''first runner-up'' sa Miss Europe 1955.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 Oktubre 2019 |title=Çağla Şıkel'den Miss Turkey itirafı! |trans-title=Miss Turkey confession from Çağla Şıkel! |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/galeri-cagla-sikelden-miss-turkey-itirafi-40181110 |access-date=15 Abril 2025 |website=Hurriyet |language=tr}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=13 Hunyo 1955 |title=Finse Inga de mooiste |language=nl |trans-title=Finnish Inga the most beautiful |pages=1 |work=Het vrije volk |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010952315:mpeg21:a0013 |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Delpher}}</ref> == Mga resulta == [[Talaksan:Miss Universe 1955 Map.PNG|thumb|250x250px|Mga bansa at teritoryong sumali sa Miss Universe 1955 at ang kanilang mga pagkakalagay.]] === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss Universe 1955''' | * '''{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]]''' – '''[[Hillevi Rombin]]<ref name=":5" />''' |- |1st runner-up | * {{flagicon|SLV}} [[El Salvador]] – Maribel Arrieta<ref name=":5" /> |- |2nd runner-up | * {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] – Maureen Hingert<ref name=":5" /> |- |3rd runner-up | * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] – Margit Nünke<ref name=":5" /> |- |4th runner-up | * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] – Keiko Takahashi<ref name=":5" /> |- |Top 15 | * {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] – Isabel Sarli<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=23 Hulyo 1955 |title=Finalists |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Logan Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16092574/the-logan-daily-news/ |access-date=7 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> * {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] – Nicole De Mayer<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] – [[Susana Duijm]]<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] – Emília Lima<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]] – Carlene King Johnson<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|GUA}} [[Guwatemala|Guatemala]] – María del Rosario Molina<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1949–2022).svg}} [[Honduras]] – Pastora Pagán<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] – Margaret Rowe<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}} [[Canada|Kanada]] – Cathy Diggles<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] – Solveig Borstad<ref name=":6" /> |} === Mga espesyal na parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable unsortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Parangal !Nagwagi |- |Miss Congeniality | * {{flagicon|SLV}} [[El Salvador]] – Maribel Arrieta<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 Hulyo 1955 |title=Five finalists in Miss Universe contest |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Tuscaloosa News |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=ISYeAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=Miss%20Popular%20Girl&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Miss%20Popular%20Girl&f=false |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |- |Most Popular Girl | * {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] – Margaret Rowe<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1955 |title=America's prettiest near showdown for beauty title |language=en |pages=4 |work=The Victoria Advocate |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=V1tTAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA4&dq=Miss%20Popular%20Girl&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q=Miss%20Popular%20Girl&f=false |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |- |Best Dressed Girl | * {{flagicon|NIC}} [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] – Rosa Argentina Lacayo |} == Kompetisyon == === Pormat ng kompetisyon === Mula sa labing-anim, labinlimang mga ''semi-finalist'' lang ang napili at ibinunyag sa paunang kompetisyon na binubuo ng ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition''. Ang labinlimang mga ''semi-finalist'' ay magbibigay ng isang maikling talumpati gamit ang kanilang sariling wika. Pagkatapos nito, lumahok sa ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition'' ang mga ''semi-finalist,'' at kalaunan ay napili ang limang pinalista''.'' === Komite sa pagpili === * Milo Anderson – Amerikanong ''movie dress designer''<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Bacon |first=James |date=23 Hulyo 1955 |title=Miss Sweden named Miss Universe in final judging to pick world's most beautiful |pages=5 |work=The Central New Jersey Home News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-central-new-jersey-home-news/145205781/ |access-date=12 Abril 2024 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> * Samuel Heavenrich – Direktor ng Long Beach Municipal Arts Center<ref name=":7" /> * Myrna Hansen – Miss USA 1953 mula sa [[Illinois]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bacon |first=James |date=23 Hulyo 1955 |title=Judges pick Swedish beauty for '55 Miss Universe title |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Day |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8540AAAAIBAJ&sjid=4XEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4202%2C3696144 |access-date=17 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> * Tom Kelley – Amerikanong litratista<ref name=":7" /> * Robert Palmer – Amerikanong ''casting director<ref name=":7" />'' * George Rony – Amerikanong manunulat<ref name=":7" /> * Ginny Simms – Amerikanang aktres at mang-aawit<ref name=":7" /> * Vincent Trotta – ''Artistic director'' ng [[Paramount Pictures]]<ref name=":7" /> * Alberto Vargas – Peruano-Amerikanong pintor<ref name=":7" /> * Earl Wilson – Amerikanong mamamahayag at kolumnista<ref name=":7" /> * Roger Zeiler – miyembro ng komite ng Miss Europe<ref name=":7" /> == Mga kandidata == Tatlumpu't-tatlong kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1955 |title=Here's official list of Miss Universe charmers |language=en |pages=8 |work=Long Beach Press-Telegram |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/long-beach-press-telegram-july-17-1955/123717567/ |access-date=29 Abril 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flag|Alaska}} |{{sortname|Lorna|McLeod|nolink=1}}<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=19 Mayo 1955 |title=First "Universe" aspirants named |language=en |pages=1 |work=Fairbanks Daily News-Miner |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/280996/lorna-mcleod-named-entrant-to-miss/ |access-date=5 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |21 |[[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]] |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Isabel|Sarli|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1955 |title=Beauty seeking guy who bathes |language=en |pages=269 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24800952/daily-news/ |access-date=7 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |25 |[[Concordia, Entre Ríos|Concordia]] |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Nicole|De Mayer|nolink=1}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1955 |title=It might be sex appeal, Sonia says |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19550712-1.2.22?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=32&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |19 |[[Bruselas]] |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1954}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |{{sortname|Susana|Duijm}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roterman |first=Natalie |date=19 Hunyo 2016 |title=Susana Duijm Dead: First Latina To Ever Win Miss Mundo Passes At 79 |url=https://www.latintimes.com/susana-duijm-dead-first-latina-ever-win-miss-mundo-passes-79-391264 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126183838/https://www.latintimes.com/susana-duijm-dead-first-latina-ever-win-miss-mundo-passes-79-391264 |archive-date=26 Nobyembre 2024 |access-date=7 Oktubre 2022 |website=Latin Times |language=en}}</ref> |18 |[[Aragua de Barcelona]] |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Emília|Barreto|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 Pebrero 2022 |title=Corpo de ex-miss Brasil Emília Barreto vai ser cremado neste sábado no Rio |url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2022/02/04/morre-no-rio-ex-miss-brasil-emilia-barreto.ghtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203051418/https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2022/02/04/morre-no-rio-ex-miss-brasil-emilia-barreto.ghtml |archive-date=3 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=10 Oktubre 2022 |website=G1 |language=pt-br}}</ref> |18 |[[Sobral]] |- |{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] |{{sortname|Maureen|Hingert|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hulyo 1955 |title=Ceylonese beau-tea |language=en |pages=10 |work=The News-Dispatch |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=679WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-kENAAAAIBAJ&pg=4928%2C815705 |access-date=21 Oktubre 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |18 |[[Colombo]] |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica]] |{{sortname|Clemencia|Martínez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 Hulyo 1955 |title=Seccion social |language=es |trans-title=Social section |pages=22 |work=La Nacion |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7iUhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=s3kEAAAAIBAJ&pg=986%2C900499 |access-date=21 Oktubre 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |19 |[[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] |- |{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] |{{sortname|Leonor|Carcache|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1955 |title=US and foreign beauties in California for Miss Universe contest |language=en |pages=17 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=y24_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=llQMAAAAIBAJ&pg=735%2C4082527 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022}}</ref> |20 |[[Guayaquil]] |- |{{flagicon|SLV}} [[El Salvador]] |{{sortname|Maribel|Arrieta|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Hulyo 1955 |title=Maribel Arrieta elegida Señorita El Salvador |language=es |trans-title=Maribel Arrieta elected Miss El Salvador |pages=13 |work=La Opinion |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VV9EAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GbIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3682%2C5267064 |access-date=22 Setyembre 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |19 |[[San Salvador]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]] |{{sortname|Carlene King|Johnson|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bacon |first=James |date=21 Hulyo 1955 |title=Miss Vermont named Miss U.S.A. |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Boston Globe |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59068082/miss-vermont-named-miss-usa-carlene/ |access-date=7 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |22 |[[Rutland, Vermont|Rutland]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Sonia|Zoidou|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Disyembre 1955 |title=Life's darkest hour; she has to go home |language=en |pages=165 |work=The Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times/118613323/ |access-date=29 Abril 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Atenas]] |- |{{flagicon|GUA}} [[Guwatemala|Guatemala]] |{{sortname|María del Rosario|Molina|nolink=1}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1955 |title=Beauty queens wilt |language=en |pages=31 |work=The Central Queensland Herald |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/79252072?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |18 |[[Lungsod ng Guatemala]] |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Keiko|Takahashi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1955 |title=Asian misses just miss |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550724-1.2.13?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=33&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |21 |[[Tokyo]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1949–2022).svg}} [[Honduras]] |{{sortname|Pastora|Pagán|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gámez |first=Sabino |date=20 Agosto 2010 |title=Pastora Pagán, 55 años después de la hazaña |trans-title=Pastora Pagán, 55 years after the feat |url=https://www.laprensa.hn/espectaculos/pastora-pagan-55-anos-despues-de-la-hazana-HQLP489529 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119191012/https://www.laprensa.hn/espectaculos/pastora-pagan-55-anos-despues-de-la-hazana-HQLP489529#image-1 |archive-date=19 Enero 2025 |access-date=10 Oktubre 2022 |website=La Prensa |language=es-HN}}</ref> |18 |[[San Pedro Sula]] |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] |{{sortname|Margaret|Rowe|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 Hulyo 1955 |title=Miss England and Sweden favoured |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19550723-1.2.38?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=33&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |18 |[[Londres]] |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Ilana|Carmel|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 Setyembre 1955 |title=Miss Israel gets 29 marriage bids |language=en |pages=1 |work=⁨⁨The American Jewish World |url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/amjwld/1955/09/09/01/article/12/?srpos=67&e=-------en-20--61--img-txIN%7ctxTI-Miss+Universe-------------1 |access-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |via=National Library of Israel |archive-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210024450/https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/amjwld/1955/09/09/01/article/12/?srpos=67&e=-------en-20--61--img-txIN%7CtxTI-Miss+Universe-------------1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |18 |[[Bat Yam]] |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Elena|Fancera|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Hulyo 1955 |title=Italy's choice |language=en |pages=16 |work=Daily Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69869622/daily-press/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Milan]] |- |{{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Cathy|Diggles|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 Hulyo 1955 |title=43 Miss United States candidates start prancing for judges tonight |language=en |pages=10 |work=Panama American |url=http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00010883/00808 |access-date=28 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Digital Library of the Caribbean}}</ref> |20 |[[Toronto]] |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Margit|Nünke|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 Pebrero 2015 |title=Feuilleton Kompakt |url=https://www.welt.de/print/die_welt/kultur/article137838899/Feuilleton-Kompakt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604103957/https://www.welt.de/print/die_welt/kultur/article137838899/Feuilleton-Kompakt.html |archive-date=4 Hunyo 2018 |access-date=10 Oktubre 2022 |website=Die Welt |language=de}}</ref> |24 |[[Munich]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the West Indies Federation (1958–1962).svg}} [[Trinidad at Tobago|Kanlurang Indiyas]] |{{sortname|Noreen|Campbell|nolink=1}} | 18 |[[Puerto Espanya]] |- |{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] |{{sortname|Gilda|Marín|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 Setyembre 1955 |title=Filmará en México la Señorita Cuba 1955, se dijo |language=es |trans-title=Miss Cuba 1955 will be filmed in Mexico, they said |pages=4 |work=La Opinion |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4cdQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GLIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2194%2C4598822 |access-date=22 Setyembre 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |24 |[[Havana]] |- |{{flagicon|LIB}} [[Lebanon|Líbano]] |{{sortname|Hanya|Beydoun|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Agosto 1955 |title=Beauty show chaperon |language=en |pages=96 |work=Life Magazine |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=xlYEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA96&dq=%22Hanya%20Beydoun%22&pg=PA96#v=onepage&q=%22Hanya%20Beydoun%22&f=false |access-date=16 April 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |19 |[[Beirut]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|Yolanda|Mayén|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Hulyo 1955 |title="Miss Universe" beauties on Western film lot |language=en |pages=14 |work=The Enid Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-enid-daily-eagle-1955/123499694/ |access-date=29 Mayo 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Tijuana]] |- |{{flagicon|NIC}} [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] |{{sortname|Rosa Argentina|Lacayo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mendoza |first=Tammy Zoad |date=13 Enero 2013 |title=La primera Miss Nicaragua |url=https://www.laprensa.com.ni/magazine/reportaje/la-primera-miss-nicaragua-2/ |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=La Prensa |language=es |archive-date=11 Disyembre 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211213645/https://www.laprensa.com.ni/magazine/reportaje/la-primera-miss-nicaragua-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |19 |[[Managua]] |- |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{sortname|Solveig|Borstad|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1955 |title=Our secrets–by beauties |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19550721-1.2.27 |access-date=9 Enero 2023 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |23 |[[Oslo]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Miss Universe Philippines|Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Yvonne|de los Reyes|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lo |first=Ricky |date=12 Pebrero 2010 |title=Misses RP for Miss U pageant, 1952-'63 |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130100430/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-date=30 Enero 2025 |access-date=4 Oktubre 2022 |website=[[Philippine Star]]}}</ref> |17 |[[Arayat]] |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{sortname|Sirkku|Talja|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 Setyembre 2006 |title=Sirkku Talja, Suomen Neito 1955 |trans-title=Sirkku Talja, Miss Finland 1955 |url=https://yle.fi/a/20-84990 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412170518/https://yle.fi/a/20-84990 |archive-date=12 Abril 2025 |access-date=19 Marso 2025 |website=Yle |language=fi}}</ref> |18 |[[Helsinki]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Claude|Petit|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 Hunyo 1955 |title=Here come the tears |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Daily News |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/266322800?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |18 |[[Paris]] |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico]] |{{sortname|Carmen Laura|Betancourt|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=English |first=John |date=20 Hulyo 1955 |title=Miss Universe escort finds beauties well chaperoned, interested in economics, sociology, not gay whirl |language=en |pages=13 |work=Oxnard Press-Courier |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=y-tKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BCMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=7219%2C5423273 |access-date=21 Oktubre 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> | 20 |[[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] |- |'''{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]]''' |'''{{sortname|Hillevi|Rombin}}'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Agosto 1955 |title=Beauties' beauty |language=en |pages=21 |work=Life Magazine |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=xlYEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA21&dq=%22Hillevi%20Rombin%22&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q=%22Hillevi%20Rombin%22&f=false |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |21 |[[Uppsala]] |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Mee-chong|Kim|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Hunyo 1955 |title=Meet Miss Korea, 1955 |language=en |pages=7 |work=The Daily News |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/266324054?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |21 |[[Seoul]] |- |{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |{{sortname|Rosa|Merello|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Hulyo 1955 |title=Two are lucky |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Daily News |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/266336868?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |18 |[[Antofagasta]] |- |{{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay]] |{{sortname|Inge|Hoffmann|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1955 |title=Miss Uruguay cut down to size |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Daily News |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/266334618?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |19 |[[Montevideo]] |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missuniverse.com}} {{Miss Universe}} 950avlleagp2owfr4stktd4359ki3cw 2237840 2237838 2026-10-29T06:10:15Z Allyriana000 119761 2237840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ikaapat na edisyon ng Miss Universe}} {{Infobox beauty pageant | photo = Hillevi Rombin Miss Universe (cropped).jpg | caption = Hillevi Rombin | winner = '''[[Hillevi Rombin]]''' | represented = {{flagu|Suwesya}} | date = 22 Hulyo 1955 | venue = Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, [[Long Beach, California]], Estados Unidos | broadcaster = [[CBS]] | presenters = Bob Russell | entrants = 33 | placements = 15 | debuts = {{Hlist|Ceylon|Ekwador|Guatemala|Inglatera|Libano|Nikaragwa}} | returns = Beneswela | withdraws = {{Hlist|Australya|Nuweba Silandiya|Hong Kong|Panama|Peru|Singapura|Taylandiya}} | congeniality = Maribel Arrieta <br> {{flagu|El Salvador}} | before = [[Miss Universe 1954|1954]] | next = [[Miss Universe 1956|1956]] }} Ang '''Miss Universe 1955''' ay ang ikaapat na edisyon ng [[Miss Universe]] pageant, na ginanap sa Long Beach Municipal Auditorium sa Long Beach, California, Estados Unidos noong 22 Hulyo 1955.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Hulyo 1955 |title="Miss Universe" crowned tonight |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Pittsburgh Press |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GOwdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0k0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2703%2C1636720 |access-date=10 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Miriam Stevenson]] ng Estados Unidos si [[Hillevi Rombin]] ng Suwesya bilang Miss Universe 1955. Ito ang kauna-unahang tagumpay ng Suwesya sa kasaysayan ng kompetisyon. Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Maribel Arrieta ng El Salvador, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Maureen Hingert ng Ceylon.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Mosby |first=Aline |date=23 Hulyo 1955 |title=Swedish beauty wins "Miss Universe" title |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Pittsburgh Press |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GewdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0k0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2644%2C1801288 |access-date=10 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 Hulyo 1955 |title=They're favored in Miss Universe Contest |language=en |pages=3 |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DptRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AWwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3716%2C3474446 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Mga kandidata mula sa tatlumpu't-tatlong mga bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Bob Russel ang kompetisyon sa ikaapat na pagkakataon. == Kasaysayan == [[Talaksan:LBarena.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, ang lokasyon ng Miss Universe 1955]] === Pagpili ng mga kalahok === Ang mga kalahok mula sa tatlumpu't-tatlong bansa at teritoryo ay napili upang kumalahok sa kompetisyon.<ref name=":32">{{Cite news |date=23 Marso 1952 |title=Pageant of Pulchritude |language=en |pages=50 |work=Long Beach Press-Telegram |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/long-beach-press-telegram-lb-pt-23-mar-1/78107882/ |access-date=25 Abril 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> ==== Mga unang pagsali, pagbalik, at pag-urong sa kompetisyon ==== Unang sumali sa edisyong ito ang Ceylon, Ekwador, Guatemala, Inglatera, Libano, at Nikaragwa. Bumalik ang bansang Beneswela na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1953|1953]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=27 Hunyo 1955 |title=Miss Ceylon is Dutch |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550627-1.2.41?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=32&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> Bumitiw si Elaine Young ng [[Hong Kong]] dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan. Hindi sumali ang mga bansang [[Australia|Australya]], [[Panama|Nuweba Selandiya]][[Panama|, Panama]], [[Peru]], [[Singapore|Singapura]], at [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] sa edisyong ito matapos na mabigo ang kanilang mga organisasyong pambansa na magdaos ng kompetisyong pambansa o magtalaga ng kalahok. Dapat sanang sasali sa edisyong ito sina Consuelo Díaz ng [[Bolivia|Bulibya]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Abril 2017 |title=Consuelo Díaz, la primera Miss Bolivia |trans-title=Consuelo Díaz, the first Miss Bolivia |url=https://www.lostiempos.com/oh/tendencias/20170410/consuelo-diaz-primera-miss-bolivia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113233818/https://www.lostiempos.com/oh/tendencias/20170410/consuelo-diaz-primera-miss-bolivia |archive-date=13 Nobyembre 2019 |access-date=19 Marso 2025 |website=Los Tiempos |language=es}}</ref> Karin Rasmussen ng [[Dinamarka]], Gladir Leopardi ng [[Ehipto]], Audrey Jennie Yvonne Garcia ng [[Hawaii]], Angelina Kalkhoven ng [[Netherlands|Olanda]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Oktubre 1955 |title=Miss Holland |language=nl |pages=9 |work=Het Parool |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010829987:mpeg21:p009 |access-date=18 Abril 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> at Yvette Ribbi ng [[Suwisa]], subalit hindi sumali ang mga ito dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Hunyo 1955 |title=Miss Holland trok aller aandacht |language=nl |pages=3 |work=De Telegraaf |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=%22Angelina+Kalkhoven%22&coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:110586384:mpeg21:a0141&resultsidentifier=ddd:110586384:mpeg21:a0141&rowid=2 |access-date=28 Marso 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Hindi nagpatuloy si Suna Soley ng [[Turkiya]] matapos maging ''first runner-up'' sa Miss Europe 1955.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 Oktubre 2019 |title=Çağla Şıkel'den Miss Turkey itirafı! |trans-title=Miss Turkey confession from Çağla Şıkel! |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/galeri-cagla-sikelden-miss-turkey-itirafi-40181110 |access-date=15 Abril 2025 |website=Hurriyet |language=tr}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=13 Hunyo 1955 |title=Finse Inga de mooiste |language=nl |trans-title=Finnish Inga the most beautiful |pages=1 |work=Het vrije volk |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010952315:mpeg21:a0013 |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Delpher}}</ref> == Mga resulta == [[Talaksan:Miss Universe 1955 Map.PNG|thumb|250x250px|Mga bansa at teritoryong sumali sa Miss Universe 1955 at ang kanilang mga pagkakalagay.]] === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss Universe 1955''' | * '''{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]]''' – '''[[Hillevi Rombin]]<ref name=":5" />''' |- |1st runner-up | * {{flagicon|SLV}} [[El Salvador]] – Maribel Arrieta<ref name=":5" /> |- |2nd runner-up | * {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] – Maureen Hingert<ref name=":5" /> |- |3rd runner-up | * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] – Margit Nünke<ref name=":5" /> |- |4th runner-up | * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] – Keiko Takahashi<ref name=":5" /> |- |Top 15 | * {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] – Isabel Sarli<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=23 Hulyo 1955 |title=Finalists |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Logan Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16092574/the-logan-daily-news/ |access-date=7 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> * {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] – Nicole De Mayer<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] – [[Susana Duijm]]<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] – Emília Lima<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]] – Carlene King Johnson<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|GUA}} [[Guwatemala|Guatemala]] – María del Rosario Molina<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1949–2022).svg}} [[Honduras]] – Pastora Pagán<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] – Margaret Rowe<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}} [[Canada|Kanada]] – Cathy Diggles<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] – Solveig Borstad<ref name=":6" /> |} === Mga espesyal na parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable unsortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Parangal !Nagwagi |- |Miss Congeniality | * {{flagicon|SLV}} [[El Salvador]] – Maribel Arrieta<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 Hulyo 1955 |title=Five finalists in Miss Universe contest |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Tuscaloosa News |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=ISYeAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=Miss%20Popular%20Girl&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Miss%20Popular%20Girl&f=false |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |- |Most Popular Girl | * {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] – Margaret Rowe<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1955 |title=America's prettiest near showdown for beauty title |language=en |pages=4 |work=The Victoria Advocate |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=V1tTAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA4&dq=Miss%20Popular%20Girl&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q=Miss%20Popular%20Girl&f=false |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |- |Best Dressed Girl | * {{flagicon|NIC}} [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] – Rosa Argentina Lacayo |} == Kompetisyon == === Pormat ng kompetisyon === Mula sa labing-anim, labinlimang mga ''semi-finalist'' lang ang napili at ibinunyag sa paunang kompetisyon na binubuo ng ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition''. Ang labinlimang mga ''semi-finalist'' ay magbibigay ng isang maikling talumpati gamit ang kanilang sariling wika. Pagkatapos nito, lumahok sa ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition'' ang mga ''semi-finalist,'' at kalaunan ay napili ang limang pinalista''.'' === Komite sa pagpili === * Milo Anderson – Amerikanong taga-disenyo ng mga damit<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Bacon |first=James |date=23 Hulyo 1955 |title=Miss Sweden named Miss Universe in final judging to pick world's most beautiful |pages=5 |work=The Central New Jersey Home News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-central-new-jersey-home-news/145205781/ |access-date=12 Abril 2024 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> * Samuel Heavenrich – Direktor ng Long Beach Municipal Arts Center<ref name=":7" /> * Myrna Hansen – Miss USA 1953 mula sa [[Illinois]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bacon |first=James |date=23 Hulyo 1955 |title=Judges pick Swedish beauty for '55 Miss Universe title |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Day |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8540AAAAIBAJ&sjid=4XEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4202%2C3696144 |access-date=17 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> * Tom Kelley – Amerikanong litratista<ref name=":7" /> * Robert Palmer – Amerikanong direktor sa pagpili ng mga artista''<ref name=":7" />'' * George Rony – Amerikanong manunulat<ref name=":7" /> * Ginny Simms – Amerikanang aktres at mang-aawit<ref name=":7" /> * Vincent Trotta – ''Artistic director'' ng [[Paramount Pictures]]<ref name=":7" /> * Alberto Vargas – Peruano-Amerikanong pintor<ref name=":7" /> * Earl Wilson – Amerikanong mamamahayag at kolumnista<ref name=":7" /> * Roger Zeiler – miyembro ng komite ng Miss Europe<ref name=":7" /> == Mga kandidata == Tatlumpu't-tatlong kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1955 |title=Here's official list of Miss Universe charmers |language=en |pages=8 |work=Long Beach Press-Telegram |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/long-beach-press-telegram-july-17-1955/123717567/ |access-date=29 Abril 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flag|Alaska}} |{{sortname|Lorna|McLeod|nolink=1}}<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=19 Mayo 1955 |title=First "Universe" aspirants named |language=en |pages=1 |work=Fairbanks Daily News-Miner |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/280996/lorna-mcleod-named-entrant-to-miss/ |access-date=5 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |21 |[[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]] |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Isabel|Sarli|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1955 |title=Beauty seeking guy who bathes |language=en |pages=269 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24800952/daily-news/ |access-date=7 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |25 |[[Concordia, Entre Ríos|Concordia]] |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Nicole|De Mayer|nolink=1}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1955 |title=It might be sex appeal, Sonia says |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19550712-1.2.22?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=32&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |19 |[[Bruselas]] |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1954}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |{{sortname|Susana|Duijm}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roterman |first=Natalie |date=19 Hunyo 2016 |title=Susana Duijm Dead: First Latina To Ever Win Miss Mundo Passes At 79 |url=https://www.latintimes.com/susana-duijm-dead-first-latina-ever-win-miss-mundo-passes-79-391264 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126183838/https://www.latintimes.com/susana-duijm-dead-first-latina-ever-win-miss-mundo-passes-79-391264 |archive-date=26 Nobyembre 2024 |access-date=7 Oktubre 2022 |website=Latin Times |language=en}}</ref> |18 |[[Aragua de Barcelona]] |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Emília|Barreto|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 Pebrero 2022 |title=Corpo de ex-miss Brasil Emília Barreto vai ser cremado neste sábado no Rio |url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2022/02/04/morre-no-rio-ex-miss-brasil-emilia-barreto.ghtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203051418/https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2022/02/04/morre-no-rio-ex-miss-brasil-emilia-barreto.ghtml |archive-date=3 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=10 Oktubre 2022 |website=G1 |language=pt-br}}</ref> |18 |[[Sobral]] |- |{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] |{{sortname|Maureen|Hingert|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hulyo 1955 |title=Ceylonese beau-tea |language=en |pages=10 |work=The News-Dispatch |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=679WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-kENAAAAIBAJ&pg=4928%2C815705 |access-date=21 Oktubre 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |18 |[[Colombo]] |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica]] |{{sortname|Clemencia|Martínez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 Hulyo 1955 |title=Seccion social |language=es |trans-title=Social section |pages=22 |work=La Nacion |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7iUhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=s3kEAAAAIBAJ&pg=986%2C900499 |access-date=21 Oktubre 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |19 |[[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] |- |{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] |{{sortname|Leonor|Carcache|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1955 |title=US and foreign beauties in California for Miss Universe contest |language=en |pages=17 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=y24_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=llQMAAAAIBAJ&pg=735%2C4082527 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022}}</ref> |20 |[[Guayaquil]] |- |{{flagicon|SLV}} [[El Salvador]] |{{sortname|Maribel|Arrieta|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Hulyo 1955 |title=Maribel Arrieta elegida Señorita El Salvador |language=es |trans-title=Maribel Arrieta elected Miss El Salvador |pages=13 |work=La Opinion |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VV9EAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GbIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3682%2C5267064 |access-date=22 Setyembre 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |19 |[[San Salvador]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]] |{{sortname|Carlene King|Johnson|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bacon |first=James |date=21 Hulyo 1955 |title=Miss Vermont named Miss U.S.A. |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Boston Globe |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59068082/miss-vermont-named-miss-usa-carlene/ |access-date=7 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |22 |[[Rutland, Vermont|Rutland]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Sonia|Zoidou|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Disyembre 1955 |title=Life's darkest hour; she has to go home |language=en |pages=165 |work=The Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times/118613323/ |access-date=29 Abril 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Atenas]] |- |{{flagicon|GUA}} [[Guwatemala|Guatemala]] |{{sortname|María del Rosario|Molina|nolink=1}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1955 |title=Beauty queens wilt |language=en |pages=31 |work=The Central Queensland Herald |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/79252072?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |18 |[[Lungsod ng Guatemala]] |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Keiko|Takahashi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1955 |title=Asian misses just miss |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19550724-1.2.13?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=33&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |21 |[[Tokyo]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Honduras (1949–2022).svg}} [[Honduras]] |{{sortname|Pastora|Pagán|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gámez |first=Sabino |date=20 Agosto 2010 |title=Pastora Pagán, 55 años después de la hazaña |trans-title=Pastora Pagán, 55 years after the feat |url=https://www.laprensa.hn/espectaculos/pastora-pagan-55-anos-despues-de-la-hazana-HQLP489529 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119191012/https://www.laprensa.hn/espectaculos/pastora-pagan-55-anos-despues-de-la-hazana-HQLP489529#image-1 |archive-date=19 Enero 2025 |access-date=10 Oktubre 2022 |website=La Prensa |language=es-HN}}</ref> |18 |[[San Pedro Sula]] |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] |{{sortname|Margaret|Rowe|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 Hulyo 1955 |title=Miss England and Sweden favoured |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19550723-1.2.38?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=33&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |18 |[[Londres]] |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Ilana|Carmel|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 Setyembre 1955 |title=Miss Israel gets 29 marriage bids |language=en |pages=1 |work=⁨⁨The American Jewish World |url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/amjwld/1955/09/09/01/article/12/?srpos=67&e=-------en-20--61--img-txIN%7ctxTI-Miss+Universe-------------1 |access-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |via=National Library of Israel |archive-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210024450/https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/amjwld/1955/09/09/01/article/12/?srpos=67&e=-------en-20--61--img-txIN%7CtxTI-Miss+Universe-------------1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |18 |[[Bat Yam]] |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Elena|Fancera|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Hulyo 1955 |title=Italy's choice |language=en |pages=16 |work=Daily Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69869622/daily-press/ |access-date=6 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Milan]] |- |{{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Cathy|Diggles|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 Hulyo 1955 |title=43 Miss United States candidates start prancing for judges tonight |language=en |pages=10 |work=Panama American |url=http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00010883/00808 |access-date=28 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Digital Library of the Caribbean}}</ref> |20 |[[Toronto]] |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Margit|Nünke|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 Pebrero 2015 |title=Feuilleton Kompakt |url=https://www.welt.de/print/die_welt/kultur/article137838899/Feuilleton-Kompakt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604103957/https://www.welt.de/print/die_welt/kultur/article137838899/Feuilleton-Kompakt.html |archive-date=4 Hunyo 2018 |access-date=10 Oktubre 2022 |website=Die Welt |language=de}}</ref> |24 |[[Munich]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the West Indies Federation (1958–1962).svg}} [[Trinidad at Tobago|Kanlurang Indiyas]] |{{sortname|Noreen|Campbell|nolink=1}} | 18 |[[Puerto Espanya]] |- |{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] |{{sortname|Gilda|Marín|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 Setyembre 1955 |title=Filmará en México la Señorita Cuba 1955, se dijo |language=es |trans-title=Miss Cuba 1955 will be filmed in Mexico, they said |pages=4 |work=La Opinion |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4cdQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GLIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2194%2C4598822 |access-date=22 Setyembre 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |24 |[[Havana]] |- |{{flagicon|LIB}} [[Lebanon|Líbano]] |{{sortname|Hanya|Beydoun|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Agosto 1955 |title=Beauty show chaperon |language=en |pages=96 |work=Life Magazine |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=xlYEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA96&dq=%22Hanya%20Beydoun%22&pg=PA96#v=onepage&q=%22Hanya%20Beydoun%22&f=false |access-date=16 April 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |19 |[[Beirut]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|Yolanda|Mayén|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Hulyo 1955 |title="Miss Universe" beauties on Western film lot |language=en |pages=14 |work=The Enid Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-enid-daily-eagle-1955/123499694/ |access-date=29 Mayo 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Tijuana]] |- |{{flagicon|NIC}} [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] |{{sortname|Rosa Argentina|Lacayo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mendoza |first=Tammy Zoad |date=13 Enero 2013 |title=La primera Miss Nicaragua |url=https://www.laprensa.com.ni/magazine/reportaje/la-primera-miss-nicaragua-2/ |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=La Prensa |language=es |archive-date=11 Disyembre 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211213645/https://www.laprensa.com.ni/magazine/reportaje/la-primera-miss-nicaragua-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |19 |[[Managua]] |- |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{sortname|Solveig|Borstad|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1955 |title=Our secrets–by beauties |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19550721-1.2.27 |access-date=9 Enero 2023 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |23 |[[Oslo]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Miss Universe Philippines|Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Yvonne|de los Reyes|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lo |first=Ricky |date=12 Pebrero 2010 |title=Misses RP for Miss U pageant, 1952-'63 |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130100430/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-date=30 Enero 2025 |access-date=4 Oktubre 2022 |website=[[Philippine Star]]}}</ref> |17 |[[Arayat]] |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{sortname|Sirkku|Talja|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 Setyembre 2006 |title=Sirkku Talja, Suomen Neito 1955 |trans-title=Sirkku Talja, Miss Finland 1955 |url=https://yle.fi/a/20-84990 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412170518/https://yle.fi/a/20-84990 |archive-date=12 Abril 2025 |access-date=19 Marso 2025 |website=Yle |language=fi}}</ref> |18 |[[Helsinki]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Claude|Petit|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 Hunyo 1955 |title=Here come the tears |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Daily News |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/266322800?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |18 |[[Paris]] |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico]] |{{sortname|Carmen Laura|Betancourt|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=English |first=John |date=20 Hulyo 1955 |title=Miss Universe escort finds beauties well chaperoned, interested in economics, sociology, not gay whirl |language=en |pages=13 |work=Oxnard Press-Courier |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=y-tKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BCMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=7219%2C5423273 |access-date=21 Oktubre 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> | 20 |[[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] |- |'''{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]]''' |'''{{sortname|Hillevi|Rombin}}'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Agosto 1955 |title=Beauties' beauty |language=en |pages=21 |work=Life Magazine |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=xlYEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA21&dq=%22Hillevi%20Rombin%22&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q=%22Hillevi%20Rombin%22&f=false |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |21 |[[Uppsala]] |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Mee-chong|Kim|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Hunyo 1955 |title=Meet Miss Korea, 1955 |language=en |pages=7 |work=The Daily News |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/266324054?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |21 |[[Seoul]] |- |{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |{{sortname|Rosa|Merello|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Hulyo 1955 |title=Two are lucky |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Daily News |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/266336868?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |18 |[[Antofagasta]] |- |{{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay]] |{{sortname|Inge|Hoffmann|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1955 |title=Miss Uruguay cut down to size |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Daily News |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/266334618?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |19 |[[Montevideo]] |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missuniverse.com}} {{Miss Universe}} 5tgvq7w5brhxpuquodkx800d9w8atvw 0 320243 2237830 2178310 2026-10-29T05:02:44Z Allyriana000 119761 2237830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant|photo=Carol Morris Miss Universe 1956.jpg|caption=Carol Morris|winner='''[[Carol Morris]]'''|represented='''{{flagu|Estados Unidos|1912}}'''|date=20 Hulyo 1956|presenters=Bob Russell|entrants=30|placements=15|debuts={{Hlist|British Guiana|Islandiya|Olanda|Republikang Dominikano}}|withdraws={{Hlist|Ceylon|El Salvador|Honduras|Kanlurang Indies|Libano|Nikaragwa|Noruwega|Pinlandiya|Timog Korea}}|returns={{Hlist|Peru|[[Turkiya]]}}|venue=Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, [[Long Beach, California]], [[Estados Unidos]]|broadcaster=[[CBS]]|congeniality=Anabella Granados<br> {{flagicon|Costa Rica}} Kosta Rika|photogenic=Marina Orschel <br> {{flagicon|West Germany}} Alemanya|before=[[Miss Universe 1955|1955]]|next=[[Miss Universe 1957|1957]]}} Ang '''Miss Universe 1956''' ay ang ikalimang edisyon ng [[Miss Universe]] pageant, na ginanap sa Long Beach Municipal Auditorium sa Long Beach, California, Estados Unidos noong 20 Hulyo 1956.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 Disyembre 1955 |title=Titles for three |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Daily News |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/266348970?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni Hillevi Rombin ng Suwesya si [[Carol Morris]] ng Estados Unidos bilang Miss Universe 1956.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Hulyo 1956 |title=US girl acclaimed "Miss Universe" |language=en |pages=10 |work=The Central Queensland Herald |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/79266588?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1956 |title=Miss Iowa chosen as Miss Universe; Latin-Americans miffed |language=en |pages=1 |work=Oxnard Press-Courier |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=U8NdAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=%22Miss+Argentina%22&article_id=2432,1700862&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjz5pySvqj_AhUDGogKHXbDDtI4PBDoAXoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Argentina%22&f=false |access-date=4 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Ito ang pangalawang tagumpay ng Estados Unidos sa kasaysayan ng kompetisyon. Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Marina Orschel ng Kanlurang Alemanya, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Ingrid Goude ng Suwesya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Hulyo 1956 |title=Iowa preacher's daughter wins "Miss Universe" |language=en |page=10-A |work=St. Petersburg Times |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iq4xAAAAIBAJ&sjid=J3YDAAAAIBAJ&dq=miss-universe&pg=7439%2C2101984 |access-date=10 Oktubre 2022}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1956 |title=Carol Morris, Iowa entry, wins Miss Universe title |language=en |page=2 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N3E_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=rlQMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3154%2C1183174 |access-date=13 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> Mga kandidata mula sa tatlumpung mga bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Bob Russell ang kompetisyon sa ikalimang pagkakataon. == Kasaysayan == [[Talaksan:LBarena.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, ang lokasyon ng Miss Universe 1956]] === Pagpili ng mga kalahok === Ang mga kalahok mula sa tatlumpung bansa at teritoryo ay napili upang lumahok sa kompetisyon. Dalawang kandidata ang nailuklok upang kumatawan sa kanilang bansa matapos na mapatalsik ang orihinal na nanalo. ==== Mga pagpalit ==== Iniluklok ang isa sa mga runner-up ng Miss Iceland 1956 na si Guðlaug Guðmundsdóttir upang kumatawan sa kanyang bansa dahil kasal na si Miss Iceland 1956 Ágústa Guðmundsdóttir.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Mayo 1985 |title=Islenskar fegurðardrottningar í 34 ar |language=is |trans-title=Icelandic beauty queens for 34 years |pages=4B–5B |work=Morgunblaðið |url=https://timarit.is/page/1612494?iabr=on |access-date=25 Abril 2023 |via=Tímarit.is}}</ref> Iniluklok si Isabel Rodriguez upang kumatawan sa bansang [[Pilipinas]] sa edisyong ito matapos na umurong si Edith Nakpil, Miss Philippines 1956, dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dolor |first=Danny |date=16 Disyembre 2018 |title=Edith Nakpil: ‘Woman of grace and courage’ |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2018/12/16/1877281/edith-nakpil-woman-grace-and-courage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126080212/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2018/12/16/1877281/edith-nakpil-woman-grace-and-courage |archive-date=26 Enero 2025 |access-date=17 Nobyembre 2022 |website=[[Philippine Star]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== Mga unang pagsali, pagbalik, at pag-urong sa kompetisyon ==== Unang sumali sa edisyong ito ang British Guiana, Islandiya, Olanda, at Republikang Dominikano, at bumalik ang Peru at Turkiya. Huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1953|1953]] ang Turkiya, at noong [[Miss Universe 1954|1954]] ang Peru.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 Abril 1956 |title=More nations enter Miss Universe Contest |language=en |pages=16 |work=The Royal Gazette |url=https://bnl.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/BermudaNP02/id/170896/rec/13 |access-date=18 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Bermuda National Library}}</ref> Hindi sumali sina Marlene Milnes-Fenton ng [[Jamaica|Kanlurang Indies]] at Aura Lila Aguilar ng [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]], at Kim-mom Dong ng Timog Korea dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 Abril 2021 |title=Former Miss Jamaica dies at 83 |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20210413/former-miss-jamaica-dies-83 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413143333/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20210413/former-miss-jamaica-dies-83 |archive-date=13 Abril 2021 |access-date=20 Marso 2025 |website=The Gleaner |language=en}}</ref> Hindi sumali si Sirpa Koivu ng [[Pinlandiya]] dahil sa kakulangan sa kalangbahala, at nakuha na ng Miss Suomi ang prangkisa ng Miss Universe mula sa Suomen Neito.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 Setyembre 2006 |title=Sirpa Koivu, vuoden 1956 kaunein |trans-title=Sirpa Koivu, the most beautiful of 1956 |url=http://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2006/09/08/sirpa-koivu-vuoden-1956-kaunein |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412172905/https://yle.fi/a/20-85245 |archive-date=12 Abril 2025 |access-date=30 Enero 2023 |website=Yle |language=fi-FI}}</ref> Hindi sumali ang mga bansang Ceylon, El Salvador, Honduras, Libano, ar Noruwega sa edisyon ito matapos na mabigo ang kanilang mga organisasyong pambansa na magdaos ng kompetisyong pambansa o magtalaga ng kalahok. Dapat sanang lalahok si Louisa Charmaine Benson ng Burma sa edisyong ito, ngunit hindi ito nagpatuloy dahil hindi pasok ang kanyang edad sa ''age requirement'' ng Miss Universe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=French |first=Agatha |date=10 Mayo 2017 |title=Q&A: The inspiration for Charmaine Craig's novel 'Miss Burma': a beauty queen turned revolutionary |url=https://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-ca-jc-charmaine-craig-20170510-htmlstory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209155656/https://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-ca-jc-charmaine-craig-20170510-htmlstory.html |archive-date=9 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=20 Marso 2025 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Dapat din sanang lalahok sina Maureen Kistle ng [[Australya]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 Setyembre 1982 |title='The two events that changed my life' |language=en |pages=30 |work=The Australian Women's Weekly |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/48082606?searchTerm=%22Maureen%20Kistle%22 |access-date=20 Marso 2025 |via=Trove}}</ref> Traudl Eichinger ng [[Austria|Austrya]],<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |date=29 Mayo 1956 |title=Alle „missen” tegelijk op een plaatje |language=nl |trans-title=All "misses" at once in one picture |pages=5 |work=Algemeen Dagblad |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000334047:mpeg21:p00005 |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Anne Rye Nielsen ng [[Dinamarka]], Olan Peltier ng [[Hawaii]], Miriam Edna Golden ng [[Kapuluang Birhenes ng Estados Unidos|Kapuluang Birhen ng Estados Unidos]] at Tania Velia ng [[Yugoslavia]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bunjevac |first=Lana |date=3 Hunyo 2018 |title=EKSKLUZIVNO: TKO JE TANIA VELIA? Bila je seks-bomba '50-ih, Playboyeva ljepotica, glumica iz horor i SF filmova. Njezino pravo ime je Tanja Ivelja |trans-title=EXCLUSIVE: WHO IS TANIA VELIA? She was a sex bomb of the 50s, a Playboy beauty, an actress in horror and science fiction films. Her real name is Tanja Ivelja |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/life/ekskluzivno-tko-je-tania-velia-bila-je-seks-bomba-50-ih-playboyeva-ljepotica-glumica-iz-horor-i-sf-filmova-njezino-pravo-ime-je-tanja-ivelja-7428942 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203015820/https://www.jutarnji.hr/life/ekskluzivno-tko-je-tania-velia-bila-je-seks-bomba-50-ih-playboyeva-ljepotica-glumica-iz-horor-i-sf-filmova-njezino-pravo-ime-je-tanja-ivelja-7428942 |archive-date=3 Disyembre 2021 |access-date=20 Marso 2025 |website=Jutarnji list |language=hr}}</ref> ngunit hindi sila nagpatuloy dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan. == Mga resulta == [[Talaksan:Miss Universe 1956 Map.PNG|thumb|250x250px|Mga bansa at teritoryong sumali sa Miss Universe 1956 at ang kanilang mga pagkakalagay.]] === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Contestant |- |'''Miss Universe 1956''' | * '''{{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]]''' – '''[[Carol Morris]]'''<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1956 |title=Miss United States wins Miss Universe title, too |pages=3 |work=The Free Lance-Star |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=wNNNAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA3&dq=%22Carol%20Morris%22&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=%22Carol%20Morris%22&f=false |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |- |1st runner-up | * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] – Marina Orschel<ref name=":7" /> |- |2nd runner-up | * {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] – Ingrid Goude<ref name=":7" /> |- |3rd runner-up | * {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] – Iris Kathleen Waller<ref name=":7" /> |- |4th runner-up | * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] – Rossana Galli<ref name=":7" /> |- |Top 15 | * {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] – Ileana Carré<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=20 Hulyo 1956 |title=Miss USA gets finalist spot |language=en |pages=1 |work=Lodi News-Sentinel |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=woYzAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=%22Miss+Argentina%22&article_id=6831,2018458&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-1Jbtvqj_AhUP_GEKHQl_ABk4RhDoAXoECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Argentina%22&f=false |access-date=4 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google Books}}</ref> * {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] – Lucienne Auquier<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] – Blanca Heredia<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] – Maria José Cardoso<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] – Rita Gouma<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] – Sara Tal<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] – Marcia Rodríguez<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] – Erna Marta Bauman<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|PER}} [[Peru]] – Lola Sabogal<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] – Anita Treyens<ref name=":6" /> |} === Mga espesyal na parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable unsortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Parangal !Nagwagi |- |Miss Photogenic | * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] – Marina Orschel<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |date=18 Hulyo 1956 |title=Miss America will be named today in world beauty test |language=en |pages=10 |work=Ocala StarBanner |location=Ocala, Florida |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1HRPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wgQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1529%2C2812112 |access-date=13 Marso 2024 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |- |Miss Congeniality | * {{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica]] – Anabella Granados<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=20 Hulyo 1956 |title=She's friendliest |language=en |page=8 |work=Toledo Blade |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cbpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uwAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7521%2C6138838 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |- |Most Popular Girl | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]] – Carol Morris<ref name=":22" /> |} == Kompetisyon == === Pormat ng kompetisyon === Tulad noong [[Miss Universe 1955|1955]], labinlimang mga ''semi-finalist'' lang ang napili at ibinunyag sa paunang kompetisyon na binubuo ng ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition''. Ang labinlimang mga ''semi-finalist'' ay magbibigay ng isang maikling talumpati gamit ang kanilang sariling wika. Pagkatapos nito, lumahok sa ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition'' ang mga ''semi-finalist,'' at kalaunan ay napili ang limang pinalista''.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=7 Hulyo 1956 |title=Judges for Miss Universe named |language=en |pages=12 |work=Lodi News-Sentinel |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=u4YzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1-4HAAAAIBAJ&pg=5337%2C630373 |access-date=13 Marso 2024 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref>'' * Claude Berr – Miyembro ng komite ng Miss Europe''<ref name=":12" />'' * Max Factor – Amerikanong negosyante''<ref name=":12" />'' * Betty Jones – Tagapamahala ng Slenderella International * Tom Kelley – Amerikanong litratista''<ref name=":12" />'' * Dorothy Kirsten – Amerikanang ''opera singer<ref name=":12" />'' * James H. Noguer – Amerikanong propesor ng ''Foreign Languages'' sa Long Beach State College''<ref name=":12" />'' * Robert Palmer – Amerikanong ''casting director'' * Vincent Trotta – ''Artistic director'' ng [[Paramount Pictures]]''<ref name=":12" />'' * Alberto Vargas – Peruano-Amerikanong pintor''<ref name=":12" />'' * Earl Wilson – Amerikanong mamamahayag at kolumnista''<ref name=":12" />'' == Mga kandidata == Tatlumpung kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo.<ref name=":52">{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1956 |title=Globe's Most Beautiful Girls |language=en |pages=8 |work=Long Beach Press-Telegram |location=[[Long Beach, California]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/long-beach-press-telegram-july-15-1956/124707230/ |access-date=13 Marso 2024 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flag|Alaska}} |{{sortname|Barbara|Sellar|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Marso 1956 |title=Barbara Sellar crowned queen |language=en |pages=1 |work=Fairbanks Daily News-Miner |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83628219/newsminer-mar-12-1956/ |access-date=19 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]] |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Ileana |Carré|nolink=1}}<ref name=":52" /> |18 |[[Lungsod ng Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Lucienne |Auquier|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Setyembre 1959 |title=A role in a cast |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Daily Notes |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13352547/the-daily-notes/ |access-date=29 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Bruselas]] |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |{{sortname|Blanca |Heredia|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hidalgo |first=Carla |date=18 Disyembre 2022 |title=Falleció Miss Venezuela 1956, Blanca Heredia, a sus 88 años |url=https://ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/en-boga/fallecio-miss-venezuela-1956-blanca-heredia-a-sus-88-anos/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228034757/https://ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/en-boga/fallecio-miss-venezuela-1956-blanca-heredia-a-sus-88-anos/ |archive-date=28 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=15 Abril 2025 |website=Últimas Noticias |language=es}}</ref> |22 |[[Caracas]] |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Maria José |Cardoso|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lobel |first=Fabrício |date=31 Mayo 2019 |title=Mortes: Miss Brasil de 1956 esteve a dois passos do Universo |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2019/05/mortes-miss-brasil-de-1956-esteve-a-dois-passos-do-universo.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221132237/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2019/05/mortes-miss-brasil-de-1956-esteve-a-dois-passos-do-universo.shtml |archive-date=21 Disyembre 2022 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022 |website=Folha de S. Paulo |language=pt-BR}}</ref> |21 |[[Porto Alegre]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of British Guiana (1955–1966).svg}} [[Guyana|British Guiana]] |{{sortname|Rosalind Iva Joan |Fung|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 Oktubre 2011 |title=Beauty pageants – a look back |url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2011/10/08/the-scene/beauty-pageants-–-a-look-back/ |access-date=12 Disyembre 2022 |website=Stabroek News |language=en-us}}</ref> | 20 |[[Georgetown]] |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica]] |{{sortname|Anabella |Granados|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1956 |title="Miss Costa Rica" en el salon de belleza oriental |language=es |pages=26 |work=La Nación |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RvgcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MHwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2070%2C4633606 |access-date=21 Nobyembre 2022}}</ref> |16 |[[Heredia]] |- |{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] |{{sortname|Mercedes |Flores Espín|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Hulyo 1956 |title=Homenaje a las bellezas Latinoamericanas |language=es |trans-title=Tribute to Latin American beauties |pages=10 |work=La Nacion |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=UvgcAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA10&dq=%22Mercedes%20Flores%22&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q=%22Mercedes%20Flores%22&f=false |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |24 |[[Guayaquil]] |- |'''{{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]]''' |'''{{sortname|Carol |Morris}}<ref name="tolb560719">{{cite news |date=19 Hulyo 1956 |title=Iowa beauty wins title of Miss U.S.A. |language=en |page=2 |newspaper=Toledo Blade |agency=Associated Press |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19560719&id=cLpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uwAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5210,5829290 |access-date=10 Oktubre 2022}}</ref>''' |20 |[[Des Moines]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Rita |Gouma|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hulyo 1956 |title=Miss Argentina will miss opening of Universe contest |language=en |pages=3 |work=Reading Eagle |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=zwQrAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA3&dq=%22Rita%20Gouma%22&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=%22Rita%20Gouma%22&f=false |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |20 |[[Atenas]] |- |{{flagicon|GUA}} [[Guwatemala|Guatemala]] |{{sortname|Ileana |Garlinger|nolink=1}}<ref name=":52" /> | 21 |[[Lungsod ng Guatemala]] |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Yoshie |Baba|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Hulyo 1956 |title=Japanese beauty specifies a tall spouse |language=en |pages=6 |work=The Calgary Herald |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sjBkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=73sNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5449%2C4456328 |access-date=13 Marso 2024 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |19 |[[Aizuwakamatsu]] |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] |{{sortname|Iris Kathleen |Waller|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Hulyo 1956 |title=Teamed up in this act |language=en |page=4 |work=Toledo Blade |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z7pOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uwAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7464%2C3168575 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |21 |[[Gateshead]] |- |{{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Islandiya]] |{{sortname|Guðlaug |Guðmundsdóttir|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Hulyo 1956 |title=International figures pool resources |language=en |page=2 |work=Toledo Blade |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aLpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uwAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7412%2C3378367 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |19 |[[Kópavogur]] |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Sara |Tal|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Hulyo 1956 |title=Choice beauties from Israel |language=en |page=3 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ooc_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=UVUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=810%2C2915639 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |22 |[[Tel-Abib]] |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Rossana |Galli|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Hulyo 1956 |title=Italy's choice for "Miss Universe" - You can see why |language=en |page=A-15 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OIc_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=UVUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=757%2C2137364 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |21 |[[Roma]] |- |{{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Elaine |Bishenden|nolink=1}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=13 Hulyo 1956 |title=Miss Universe hopefuls arrive at California battle site |language=en |page=2 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PYc_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=UVUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=707%2C3700589 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |18 |[[Toronto]] |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Marina |Orschel|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1956 |title=Miss Germany cries |language=en |page=7 |work=The Brownsville Herald |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1410142/mo-w-beauty-con-t/ |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |19 |[[Berlin]] |- |{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] |{{sortname|Marcia |Rodríguez|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=16 Hulyo 1956 |title=Beauties from many lands join in opening Miss Universe Contest |language=en |page=13 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MnE_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=rlQMAAAAIBAJ&pg=687%2C77332 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |19 |[[Havana]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|Erna Marta |Bauman|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Orona |first=Karla |date=17 Marso 2022 |title=Actriz que fue reina de belleza triunfó en el Cine Mexicano como mujer vampiro |url=https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/espectaculos/2022/3/17/actriz-que-fue-reina-de-belleza-triunfo-en-el-cine-mexicano-como-mujer-vampiro-387620.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112043719/https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/espectaculos/2022/3/17/actriz-que-fue-reina-de-belleza-triunfo-en-el-cine-mexicano-como-mujer-vampiro-387620.html |archive-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |website=El Heraldo de México |language=es}}</ref> |18 |[[Lungsod ng Mehiko]] |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |{{sortname|Rita |Schmidt|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1956 |title=Rita Schmidt werd uitgeschakeld |language=nl |pages=2 |work=Friese Koerier |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=%22Rita+Schmidt%22&coll=ddd&page=1&facets%5Bperiode%5D%5B%5D=2%7C20e_eeuw%7C1950-1959%7C1956%7C&identifier=ddd:010687091:mpeg21:a0028&resultsidentifier=ddd:010687091:mpeg21:a0028&rowid=1 |access-date=28 Marso 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |21 |[[Alkmaar]] |- |{{flagicon|PER}} [[Peru]] |{{sortname|Lola |Sabogal|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 Nobyembre 2017 |title=Miss Perú: las peruanas más bellas de las últimas décadas |url=https://elcomercio.pe/tvmas/farandula/miss-peru-peruanas-bellas-ultimas-decadas-noticia-473145-noticia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226180935/https://elcomercio.pe/tvmas/farandula/miss-peru-peruanas-bellas-ultimas-decadas-noticia-473145-noticia/ |archive-date=26 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=El Comercio Perú |language=es}}</ref> |21 |[[Lungsod ng Lima|Lima]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Isabel |Rodriguez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lo |first=Ricky |date=12 Pebrero 2010 |title=Misses RP for Miss U pageant, 1952-'63 |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130100430/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-date=30 Enero 2025 |access-date=4 Oktubre 2022 |website=[[Philippine Star]]}}</ref> |19 |[[Maynila]] |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico|Porto Riko]] |{{sortname|Paquita |Vivo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Hulyo 1956 |title=Universe entrants wear costumes of native lands |language=en |pages=51 |work=The Windsor Daily Star |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=KohhAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA51&dq=%22Paquita%20Vivo%22&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q=%22Paquita%20Vivo%22&f=false |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> | 20 |[[San Lorenzo, Puerto Rico|San Lorenzo]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Anita |Treyens|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Hulyo 1956 |title=Foreign beauties are seeking title of Miss Universe |language=en |page=2 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NHE_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=rlQMAAAAIBAJ&pg=602%2C365485 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |18 |[[Paris]] |- |{{flagicon|DOM}} [[Republikang Dominikano]] |{{sortname|Olga |Fiallo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Hulyo 1956 |title=La Srita. República Dominicana llego ya a Los Angeles |language=es |trans-title=Miss Dominican Republic arrived in Los Angeles |pages=7 |work=La Opinion |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GV5EAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E7IMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5313%2C3620594 |access-date=13 Marso 2024 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> | 22 |[[Santiago de los Caballeros]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Ingrid |Goude|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Hulyo 1957 |title=Lovely blonde |language=en |pages=5 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19570710-1.2.36?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=37&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |19 |[[Sandviken]] |- |{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |{{sortname|Concepción |Obach|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abreu |first=Veronica |date=23 Disyembre 2020 |title=Legendary actress Conchita Obach passed away |url=https://en.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/chevere/fallecio-la-legendaria-actriz-conchita-obach/ |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022 |website=Últimas Noticias |language=en |archive-date=11 Oktubre 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011053454/https://en.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/chevere/fallecio-la-legendaria-actriz-conchita-obach/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |19 |[[Santiago, Tsile|Santiago]] |- |{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Turkiya]] |{{sortname|Can |Uysaloğlu|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=9 Hulyo 1956 |title=European entries in Miss Universe Contest beautify skyline |page=5 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OYc_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=UVUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=687%2C2747836 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |18 |[[Istanbul]] |- |{{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay|Urugway]] |{{sortname|Titina|Aguirre|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Mayo 1956 |title=First arrival |language=en |pages=3 |work=The News-Sentinel |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=bstUAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA3&dq=%22Titina%20Aguirre%22&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=%22Titina%20Aguirre%22&f=false |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |19 |[[Montevideo]] |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missuniverse.com}} {{Miss Universe}} btx8c7un0f46iigt0nq6anco6uas2c1 2237842 2237830 2026-10-29T06:13:03Z Allyriana000 119761 2237842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant|photo=Carol Morris Miss Universe 1956.jpg|caption=Carol Morris|winner='''[[Carol Morris]]'''|represented={{flagu|Estados Unidos|1912}}|date=20 Hulyo 1956|presenters=Bob Russell|entrants=30|placements=15|debuts={{Hlist|British Guiana|Islandiya|Olanda|Republikang Dominikano}}|withdraws={{Hlist|Ceylon|El Salvador|Honduras|Kanlurang Indiyas|Libano|Nikaragwa|Noruwega|Pinlandiya|Timog Korea}}|returns={{Hlist|Peru|Turkiya}}|venue=Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, [[Long Beach, California]], [[Estados Unidos]]|broadcaster=[[CBS]]|congeniality=Anabella Granados<br> {{flagu|Costa Rica}}|photogenic=Marina Orschel <br> {{flagu|Kanlurang Alemanya}}|before=[[Miss Universe 1955|1955]]|next=[[Miss Universe 1957|1957]]}} Ang '''Miss Universe 1956''' ay ang ikalimang edisyon ng [[Miss Universe]] pageant, na ginanap sa Long Beach Municipal Auditorium sa Long Beach, California, Estados Unidos noong 20 Hulyo 1956.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 Disyembre 1955 |title=Titles for three |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Daily News |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/266348970?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni Hillevi Rombin ng Suwesya si [[Carol Morris]] ng Estados Unidos bilang Miss Universe 1956.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Hulyo 1956 |title=US girl acclaimed "Miss Universe" |language=en |pages=10 |work=The Central Queensland Herald |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/79266588?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1956 |title=Miss Iowa chosen as Miss Universe; Latin-Americans miffed |language=en |pages=1 |work=Oxnard Press-Courier |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=U8NdAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=%22Miss+Argentina%22&article_id=2432,1700862&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjz5pySvqj_AhUDGogKHXbDDtI4PBDoAXoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Argentina%22&f=false |access-date=4 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Ito ang pangalawang tagumpay ng Estados Unidos sa kasaysayan ng kompetisyon. Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Marina Orschel ng Kanlurang Alemanya, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Ingrid Goude ng Suwesya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Hulyo 1956 |title=Iowa preacher's daughter wins "Miss Universe" |language=en |page=10-A |work=St. Petersburg Times |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iq4xAAAAIBAJ&sjid=J3YDAAAAIBAJ&dq=miss-universe&pg=7439%2C2101984 |access-date=10 Oktubre 2022}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1956 |title=Carol Morris, Iowa entry, wins Miss Universe title |language=en |page=2 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N3E_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=rlQMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3154%2C1183174 |access-date=13 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> Mga kandidata mula sa tatlumpung mga bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Bob Russell ang kompetisyon sa ikalimang pagkakataon. == Kasaysayan == [[Talaksan:LBarena.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, ang lokasyon ng Miss Universe 1956]] === Pagpili ng mga kalahok === Ang mga kalahok mula sa tatlumpung bansa at teritoryo ay napili upang lumahok sa kompetisyon. Dalawang kandidata ang nailuklok upang kumatawan sa kanilang bansa matapos na mapatalsik ang orihinal na nanalo. ==== Mga pagpalit ==== Iniluklok ang isa sa mga runner-up ng Miss Iceland 1956 na si Guðlaug Guðmundsdóttir upang kumatawan sa kanyang bansa dahil kasal na si Miss Iceland 1956 Ágústa Guðmundsdóttir.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Mayo 1985 |title=Islenskar fegurðardrottningar í 34 ar |language=is |trans-title=Icelandic beauty queens for 34 years |pages=4B–5B |work=Morgunblaðið |url=https://timarit.is/page/1612494?iabr=on |access-date=25 Abril 2023 |via=Tímarit.is}}</ref> Iniluklok si Isabel Rodriguez upang kumatawan sa bansang [[Pilipinas]] sa edisyong ito matapos na umurong si Edith Nakpil, Miss Philippines 1956, dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dolor |first=Danny |date=16 Disyembre 2018 |title=Edith Nakpil: ‘Woman of grace and courage’ |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2018/12/16/1877281/edith-nakpil-woman-grace-and-courage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126080212/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2018/12/16/1877281/edith-nakpil-woman-grace-and-courage |archive-date=26 Enero 2025 |access-date=17 Nobyembre 2022 |website=[[Philippine Star]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== Mga unang pagsali, pagbalik, at pag-urong sa kompetisyon ==== Unang sumali sa edisyong ito ang British Guiana, Islandiya, Olanda, at Republikang Dominikano, at bumalik ang Peru at Turkiya. Huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1953|1953]] ang Turkiya, at noong [[Miss Universe 1954|1954]] ang Peru.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 Abril 1956 |title=More nations enter Miss Universe Contest |language=en |pages=16 |work=The Royal Gazette |url=https://bnl.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/BermudaNP02/id/170896/rec/13 |access-date=18 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Bermuda National Library}}</ref> Hindi sumali sina Marlene Milnes-Fenton ng [[Jamaica|Kanlurang Indiyas]] at Aura Lila Aguilar ng [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]], at Kim-mom Dong ng Timog Korea dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 Abril 2021 |title=Former Miss Jamaica dies at 83 |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20210413/former-miss-jamaica-dies-83 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413143333/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20210413/former-miss-jamaica-dies-83 |archive-date=13 Abril 2021 |access-date=20 Marso 2025 |website=The Gleaner |language=en}}</ref> Hindi sumali si Sirpa Koivu ng [[Pinlandiya]] dahil sa kakulangan sa kalangbahala, at nakuha na ng Miss Suomi ang prangkisa ng Miss Universe mula sa Suomen Neito.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 Setyembre 2006 |title=Sirpa Koivu, vuoden 1956 kaunein |trans-title=Sirpa Koivu, the most beautiful of 1956 |url=http://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2006/09/08/sirpa-koivu-vuoden-1956-kaunein |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412172905/https://yle.fi/a/20-85245 |archive-date=12 Abril 2025 |access-date=30 Enero 2023 |website=Yle |language=fi-FI}}</ref> Hindi sumali ang mga bansang Ceylon, El Salvador, Honduras, Libano, ar Noruwega sa edisyon ito matapos na mabigo ang kanilang mga organisasyong pambansa na magdaos ng kompetisyong pambansa o magtalaga ng kalahok. Dapat sanang lalahok si Louisa Charmaine Benson ng Burma sa edisyong ito, ngunit hindi ito nagpatuloy dahil hindi pasok ang kanyang edad sa ''age requirement'' ng Miss Universe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=French |first=Agatha |date=10 Mayo 2017 |title=Q&A: The inspiration for Charmaine Craig's novel 'Miss Burma': a beauty queen turned revolutionary |url=https://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-ca-jc-charmaine-craig-20170510-htmlstory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209155656/https://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-ca-jc-charmaine-craig-20170510-htmlstory.html |archive-date=9 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=20 Marso 2025 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Dapat din sanang lalahok sina Maureen Kistle ng [[Australya]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 Setyembre 1982 |title='The two events that changed my life' |language=en |pages=30 |work=The Australian Women's Weekly |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/48082606?searchTerm=%22Maureen%20Kistle%22 |access-date=20 Marso 2025 |via=Trove}}</ref> Traudl Eichinger ng [[Austria|Austrya]],<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |date=29 Mayo 1956 |title=Alle „missen” tegelijk op een plaatje |language=nl |trans-title=All "misses" at once in one picture |pages=5 |work=Algemeen Dagblad |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000334047:mpeg21:p00005 |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Anne Rye Nielsen ng [[Dinamarka]], Olan Peltier ng [[Hawaii]], Miriam Edna Golden ng [[Kapuluang Birhenes ng Estados Unidos|Kapuluang Birhen ng Estados Unidos]] at Tania Velia ng [[Yugoslavia]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bunjevac |first=Lana |date=3 Hunyo 2018 |title=EKSKLUZIVNO: TKO JE TANIA VELIA? Bila je seks-bomba '50-ih, Playboyeva ljepotica, glumica iz horor i SF filmova. Njezino pravo ime je Tanja Ivelja |trans-title=EXCLUSIVE: WHO IS TANIA VELIA? She was a sex bomb of the 50s, a Playboy beauty, an actress in horror and science fiction films. Her real name is Tanja Ivelja |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/life/ekskluzivno-tko-je-tania-velia-bila-je-seks-bomba-50-ih-playboyeva-ljepotica-glumica-iz-horor-i-sf-filmova-njezino-pravo-ime-je-tanja-ivelja-7428942 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203015820/https://www.jutarnji.hr/life/ekskluzivno-tko-je-tania-velia-bila-je-seks-bomba-50-ih-playboyeva-ljepotica-glumica-iz-horor-i-sf-filmova-njezino-pravo-ime-je-tanja-ivelja-7428942 |archive-date=3 Disyembre 2021 |access-date=20 Marso 2025 |website=Jutarnji list |language=hr}}</ref> ngunit hindi sila nagpatuloy dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan. == Mga resulta == [[Talaksan:Miss Universe 1956 Map.PNG|thumb|250x250px|Mga bansa at teritoryong sumali sa Miss Universe 1956 at ang kanilang mga pagkakalagay.]] === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Contestant |- |'''Miss Universe 1956''' | * '''{{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]]''' – '''[[Carol Morris]]'''<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1956 |title=Miss United States wins Miss Universe title, too |pages=3 |work=The Free Lance-Star |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=wNNNAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA3&dq=%22Carol%20Morris%22&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=%22Carol%20Morris%22&f=false |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |- |1st runner-up | * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] – Marina Orschel<ref name=":7" /> |- |2nd runner-up | * {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] – Ingrid Goude<ref name=":7" /> |- |3rd runner-up | * {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] – Iris Kathleen Waller<ref name=":7" /> |- |4th runner-up | * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] – Rossana Galli<ref name=":7" /> |- |Top 15 | * {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] – Ileana Carré<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=20 Hulyo 1956 |title=Miss USA gets finalist spot |language=en |pages=1 |work=Lodi News-Sentinel |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=woYzAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=%22Miss+Argentina%22&article_id=6831,2018458&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-1Jbtvqj_AhUP_GEKHQl_ABk4RhDoAXoECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Argentina%22&f=false |access-date=4 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google Books}}</ref> * {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] – Lucienne Auquier<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] – Blanca Heredia<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] – Maria José Cardoso<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] – Rita Gouma<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] – Sara Tal<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] – Marcia Rodríguez<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] – Erna Marta Bauman<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|PER}} [[Peru]] – Lola Sabogal<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] – Anita Treyens<ref name=":6" /> |} === Mga espesyal na parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable unsortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Parangal !Nagwagi |- |Miss Photogenic | * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] – Marina Orschel<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |date=18 Hulyo 1956 |title=Miss America will be named today in world beauty test |language=en |pages=10 |work=Ocala StarBanner |location=Ocala, Florida |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1HRPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wgQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1529%2C2812112 |access-date=13 Marso 2024 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |- |Miss Congeniality | * {{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica]] – Anabella Granados<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=20 Hulyo 1956 |title=She's friendliest |language=en |page=8 |work=Toledo Blade |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cbpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uwAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7521%2C6138838 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |- |Most Popular Girl | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]] – Carol Morris<ref name=":22" /> |} == Kompetisyon == === Pormat ng kompetisyon === Tulad noong [[Miss Universe 1955|1955]], labinlimang mga ''semi-finalist'' lang ang napili at ibinunyag sa paunang kompetisyon na binubuo ng ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition''. Ang labinlimang mga ''semi-finalist'' ay magbibigay ng isang maikling talumpati gamit ang kanilang sariling wika. Pagkatapos nito, lumahok sa ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition'' ang mga ''semi-finalist,'' at kalaunan ay napili ang limang pinalista''.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=7 Hulyo 1956 |title=Judges for Miss Universe named |language=en |pages=12 |work=Lodi News-Sentinel |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=u4YzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1-4HAAAAIBAJ&pg=5337%2C630373 |access-date=13 Marso 2024 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref>'' * Claude Berr – Miyembro ng komite ng Miss Europe''<ref name=":12" />'' * Max Factor – Amerikanong negosyante''<ref name=":12" />'' * Betty Jones – Tagapamahala ng Slenderella International * Tom Kelley – Amerikanong litratista''<ref name=":12" />'' * Dorothy Kirsten – Amerikanang ''opera singer<ref name=":12" />'' * James H. Noguer – Amerikanong propesor ng ''Foreign Languages'' sa Long Beach State College''<ref name=":12" />'' * Robert Palmer – Amerikanong ''casting director'' * Vincent Trotta – ''Artistic director'' ng [[Paramount Pictures]]''<ref name=":12" />'' * Alberto Vargas – Peruano-Amerikanong pintor''<ref name=":12" />'' * Earl Wilson – Amerikanong mamamahayag at kolumnista''<ref name=":12" />'' == Mga kandidata == Tatlumpung kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo.<ref name=":52">{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1956 |title=Globe's Most Beautiful Girls |language=en |pages=8 |work=Long Beach Press-Telegram |location=[[Long Beach, California]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/long-beach-press-telegram-july-15-1956/124707230/ |access-date=13 Marso 2024 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flag|Alaska}} |{{sortname|Barbara|Sellar|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Marso 1956 |title=Barbara Sellar crowned queen |language=en |pages=1 |work=Fairbanks Daily News-Miner |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83628219/newsminer-mar-12-1956/ |access-date=19 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]] |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Ileana |Carré|nolink=1}}<ref name=":52" /> |18 |[[Lungsod ng Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Lucienne |Auquier|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Setyembre 1959 |title=A role in a cast |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Daily Notes |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13352547/the-daily-notes/ |access-date=29 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Bruselas]] |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |{{sortname|Blanca |Heredia|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hidalgo |first=Carla |date=18 Disyembre 2022 |title=Falleció Miss Venezuela 1956, Blanca Heredia, a sus 88 años |url=https://ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/en-boga/fallecio-miss-venezuela-1956-blanca-heredia-a-sus-88-anos/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228034757/https://ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/en-boga/fallecio-miss-venezuela-1956-blanca-heredia-a-sus-88-anos/ |archive-date=28 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=15 Abril 2025 |website=Últimas Noticias |language=es}}</ref> |22 |[[Caracas]] |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Maria José |Cardoso|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lobel |first=Fabrício |date=31 Mayo 2019 |title=Mortes: Miss Brasil de 1956 esteve a dois passos do Universo |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2019/05/mortes-miss-brasil-de-1956-esteve-a-dois-passos-do-universo.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221132237/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2019/05/mortes-miss-brasil-de-1956-esteve-a-dois-passos-do-universo.shtml |archive-date=21 Disyembre 2022 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022 |website=Folha de S. Paulo |language=pt-BR}}</ref> |21 |[[Porto Alegre]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of British Guiana (1955–1966).svg}} [[Guyana|British Guiana]] |{{sortname|Rosalind Iva Joan |Fung|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 Oktubre 2011 |title=Beauty pageants – a look back |url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2011/10/08/the-scene/beauty-pageants-–-a-look-back/ |access-date=12 Disyembre 2022 |website=Stabroek News |language=en-us}}</ref> | 20 |[[Georgetown]] |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica]] |{{sortname|Anabella |Granados|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1956 |title="Miss Costa Rica" en el salon de belleza oriental |language=es |pages=26 |work=La Nación |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RvgcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MHwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2070%2C4633606 |access-date=21 Nobyembre 2022}}</ref> |16 |[[Heredia]] |- |{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] |{{sortname|Mercedes |Flores Espín|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Hulyo 1956 |title=Homenaje a las bellezas Latinoamericanas |language=es |trans-title=Tribute to Latin American beauties |pages=10 |work=La Nacion |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=UvgcAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA10&dq=%22Mercedes%20Flores%22&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q=%22Mercedes%20Flores%22&f=false |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |24 |[[Guayaquil]] |- |'''{{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]]''' |'''{{sortname|Carol |Morris}}<ref name="tolb560719">{{cite news |date=19 Hulyo 1956 |title=Iowa beauty wins title of Miss U.S.A. |language=en |page=2 |newspaper=Toledo Blade |agency=Associated Press |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19560719&id=cLpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uwAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5210,5829290 |access-date=10 Oktubre 2022}}</ref>''' |20 |[[Des Moines]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Rita |Gouma|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hulyo 1956 |title=Miss Argentina will miss opening of Universe contest |language=en |pages=3 |work=Reading Eagle |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=zwQrAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA3&dq=%22Rita%20Gouma%22&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=%22Rita%20Gouma%22&f=false |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |20 |[[Atenas]] |- |{{flagicon|GUA}} [[Guwatemala|Guatemala]] |{{sortname|Ileana |Garlinger|nolink=1}}<ref name=":52" /> | 21 |[[Lungsod ng Guatemala]] |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Yoshie |Baba|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Hulyo 1956 |title=Japanese beauty specifies a tall spouse |language=en |pages=6 |work=The Calgary Herald |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sjBkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=73sNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5449%2C4456328 |access-date=13 Marso 2024 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |19 |[[Aizuwakamatsu]] |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] |{{sortname|Iris Kathleen |Waller|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Hulyo 1956 |title=Teamed up in this act |language=en |page=4 |work=Toledo Blade |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z7pOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uwAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7464%2C3168575 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |21 |[[Gateshead]] |- |{{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Islandiya]] |{{sortname|Guðlaug |Guðmundsdóttir|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Hulyo 1956 |title=International figures pool resources |language=en |page=2 |work=Toledo Blade |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aLpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uwAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7412%2C3378367 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |19 |[[Kópavogur]] |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Sara |Tal|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Hulyo 1956 |title=Choice beauties from Israel |language=en |page=3 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ooc_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=UVUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=810%2C2915639 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |22 |[[Tel-Abib]] |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Rossana |Galli|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Hulyo 1956 |title=Italy's choice for "Miss Universe" - You can see why |language=en |page=A-15 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OIc_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=UVUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=757%2C2137364 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |21 |[[Roma]] |- |{{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Elaine |Bishenden|nolink=1}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=13 Hulyo 1956 |title=Miss Universe hopefuls arrive at California battle site |language=en |page=2 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PYc_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=UVUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=707%2C3700589 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |18 |[[Toronto]] |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Marina |Orschel|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1956 |title=Miss Germany cries |language=en |page=7 |work=The Brownsville Herald |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1410142/mo-w-beauty-con-t/ |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |19 |[[Berlin]] |- |{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] |{{sortname|Marcia |Rodríguez|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=16 Hulyo 1956 |title=Beauties from many lands join in opening Miss Universe Contest |language=en |page=13 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MnE_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=rlQMAAAAIBAJ&pg=687%2C77332 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |19 |[[Havana]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|Erna Marta |Bauman|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Orona |first=Karla |date=17 Marso 2022 |title=Actriz que fue reina de belleza triunfó en el Cine Mexicano como mujer vampiro |url=https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/espectaculos/2022/3/17/actriz-que-fue-reina-de-belleza-triunfo-en-el-cine-mexicano-como-mujer-vampiro-387620.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112043719/https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/espectaculos/2022/3/17/actriz-que-fue-reina-de-belleza-triunfo-en-el-cine-mexicano-como-mujer-vampiro-387620.html |archive-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |website=El Heraldo de México |language=es}}</ref> |18 |[[Lungsod ng Mehiko]] |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |{{sortname|Rita |Schmidt|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1956 |title=Rita Schmidt werd uitgeschakeld |language=nl |pages=2 |work=Friese Koerier |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=%22Rita+Schmidt%22&coll=ddd&page=1&facets%5Bperiode%5D%5B%5D=2%7C20e_eeuw%7C1950-1959%7C1956%7C&identifier=ddd:010687091:mpeg21:a0028&resultsidentifier=ddd:010687091:mpeg21:a0028&rowid=1 |access-date=28 Marso 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |21 |[[Alkmaar]] |- |{{flagicon|PER}} [[Peru]] |{{sortname|Lola |Sabogal|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 Nobyembre 2017 |title=Miss Perú: las peruanas más bellas de las últimas décadas |url=https://elcomercio.pe/tvmas/farandula/miss-peru-peruanas-bellas-ultimas-decadas-noticia-473145-noticia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226180935/https://elcomercio.pe/tvmas/farandula/miss-peru-peruanas-bellas-ultimas-decadas-noticia-473145-noticia/ |archive-date=26 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=El Comercio Perú |language=es}}</ref> |21 |[[Lungsod ng Lima|Lima]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Isabel |Rodriguez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lo |first=Ricky |date=12 Pebrero 2010 |title=Misses RP for Miss U pageant, 1952-'63 |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130100430/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-date=30 Enero 2025 |access-date=4 Oktubre 2022 |website=[[Philippine Star]]}}</ref> |19 |[[Maynila]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Anita |Treyens|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Hulyo 1956 |title=Foreign beauties are seeking title of Miss Universe |language=en |page=2 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NHE_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=rlQMAAAAIBAJ&pg=602%2C365485 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |18 |[[Paris]] |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico]] |{{sortname|Paquita |Vivo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Hulyo 1956 |title=Universe entrants wear costumes of native lands |language=en |pages=51 |work=The Windsor Daily Star |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=KohhAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA51&dq=%22Paquita%20Vivo%22&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q=%22Paquita%20Vivo%22&f=false |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> | 20 |[[San Lorenzo, Puerto Rico|San Lorenzo]] |- |{{flagicon|DOM}} [[Republikang Dominikano]] |{{sortname|Olga |Fiallo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Hulyo 1956 |title=La Srita. República Dominicana llego ya a Los Angeles |language=es |trans-title=Miss Dominican Republic arrived in Los Angeles |pages=7 |work=La Opinion |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GV5EAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E7IMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5313%2C3620594 |access-date=13 Marso 2024 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> | 22 |[[Santiago de los Caballeros]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Ingrid |Goude|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Hulyo 1957 |title=Lovely blonde |language=en |pages=5 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19570710-1.2.36?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=37&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |19 |[[Sandviken]] |- |{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |{{sortname|Concepción |Obach|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abreu |first=Veronica |date=23 Disyembre 2020 |title=Legendary actress Conchita Obach passed away |url=https://en.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/chevere/fallecio-la-legendaria-actriz-conchita-obach/ |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022 |website=Últimas Noticias |language=en |archive-date=11 Oktubre 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011053454/https://en.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/chevere/fallecio-la-legendaria-actriz-conchita-obach/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |19 |[[Santiago, Tsile|Santiago]] |- |{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Turkiya]] |{{sortname|Can |Uysaloğlu|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=9 Hulyo 1956 |title=European entries in Miss Universe Contest beautify skyline |page=5 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OYc_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=UVUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=687%2C2747836 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |18 |[[Istanbul]] |- |{{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay|Urugway]] |{{sortname|Titina|Aguirre|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Mayo 1956 |title=First arrival |language=en |pages=3 |work=The News-Sentinel |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=bstUAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA3&dq=%22Titina%20Aguirre%22&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=%22Titina%20Aguirre%22&f=false |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |19 |[[Montevideo]] |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missuniverse.com}} {{Miss Universe}} ofokdcdkegof2j7r1c86ha3j0p6nznd 0 320304 2237843 2192538 2026-10-29T06:22:46Z Allyriana000 119761 2237843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant|winner='''[[Gladys Zender]]'''|photo=Gladys Zender Miss Universe 1957.jpg|caption=Gladys Zender|represented={{flagu|Peru}}|date=19 Hulyo 1957|presenters=Bob Russell|entrants=32|placements=15|debuts={{Hlist|Martinika|Maruekos|Paraguay}}|withdraws={{Hlist|British Guiana|Estados Unidos|Olanda|Republikang Dominikano|Tsile}}|venue=Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, Long Beach, California, Estados Unidos|congeniality=Mapita Mercado Cordero <br> {{flagu|Puerto Rico|1952}}|before=[[Miss Universe 1956|1956]]|next=[[Miss Universe 1958|1958]]|broadcaster=[[CBS]]|photogenic=Gerti Daub <br> {{flagu|Kanlurang Alemanya}}|returns={{Hlist|Austrya|Ceylon|Hawaii|Timog Korea}}}} Ang '''Miss Universe 1957''' ay ang ikaanim na edisyon ng [[Miss Universe]] pageant, na ginanap sa Long Beach Municipal Auditorium sa [[Talaan ng mga lungsod at bayan sa California|Long Beach, California]], Estados Unidos noong 19 Hulyo 1957. Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Carol Morris]] ng Estados Unidos si [[Gladys Zender]] ng Peru bilang Miss Universe 1957.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1957 |title=The beauty of beauties |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19570724-1.2.24?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=37&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=22 Hulyo 1957 |title=Universe officials happy it's all over |language=en |pages=13 |work=The Spokesman-Review |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=ny9WAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA13&dq=%22Miss%20Universe%22&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22&f=false |access-date=12 Hulyo 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 Hulyo 1957 |title=Peruvian beauty new Miss Universe |language=en |pages=1 |work=Lodi News-Sentinel |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=tXIzAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=%22Miss%20Universe%22&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22&f=false |access-date=12 Hulyo 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Ito ang kauna-unahang tagumpay ng Peru sa kasaysayan ng kompetisyon. Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Terezinha Morango ng Brasil, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Sonia Hamilton ng Inglatera.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1957 |title=New Miss Universe not 18, yet, but harried officials let her keep title |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Tampa Tribune |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22498959/the-tampa-tribune/ |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Ilang araw matapos ang kompetisyon, natuklasan ng mga opisyal ng Miss Universe na si Zender ay 17 taong gulang lamang, isang taon sa ilalim ng edad na kinakailangan upang makalahok ang isang kandidata sa Miss Universe.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 Hulyo 1957 |title=Miss Universe has new rules |language=en |pages=10 |work=The Leader-Post |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=HyFUAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA10&dq=%22Miss%20Universe%22&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22&f=false |access-date=12 Hulyo 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Upang pagpasiyahan ang kahihinatnan nito, ginagabayan ng isang kaugalian ng Peru ang mga opisyal ng Miss Universe na binalangkas sa kanila ng Embahador ng Peru sa Estados Unidos na si Fernando Berckemeyer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Hulyo 1957 |title=Contest judges still dazed |language=en |pages=1 |work=Lewiston Morning Tribune |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=c8ReAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=%22Miss%20Universe%22&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22&f=false |access-date=12 Hulyo 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Ayon kay Berckemeyer, sinuman sa Peru na higit sa 17 taon at 6 na buwan ay itinuturing na 18 taong gulang. Dahil dito, napagpasiya ng mga opisyal ng Miss Universe na panatilihin ang titulo ni Zender bilang Miss Universe.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Beckler |first=John |date=22 Hulyo 1957 |title=Miss Universe pageant ends in headaches |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Lewiston Daily Sun |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=F1ApAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA3&dq=%22Miss%20Universe%22&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22&f=false |access-date=12 Hulyo 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Mga kandidata mula sa tatlumpu't-dalawang bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Bob Russel ang kompetisyon sa ikaanim na pagkakataon. == Kasaysayan == [[Talaksan:LBarena.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, ang lokasyon ng Miss Universe 1957]] === Pagpili ng mga kalahok === Ang mga kalahok mula sa tatlumpu't-dalawang bansa at teritoryo ay napili upang lumahok sa kompetisyon. Isang kandidata ang nailuklok upang kumatawan sa kaniyang bansa matapos na mapatalsik ang orihinal na nanalo. Simula sa edisyong ito, ipinagbabawal na ng organisasyon ang mga babaeng kasal na o mga ina na lumahok sa Miss Universe. Ang pagbabagong ito ang siyang dahilan upang matanggal ang isa sa mga kandidata sa kompetisyon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Hulyo 1957 |title=Miss USA turns out to be a Mrs. |language=en |pages=1 |work=Park City Daily News |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7wgeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=30UEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5120%2C1553698 |access-date=19 Hulyo 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Ang pagbabawal sa mga ina at mga may-anak na lumahok sa kompetisyon ay tinanggal na sa taong [[Miss Universe 2023|2023]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bracamonte |first=Earl D. C. |date=12 Agosto 2022 |title=Miss Universe allows moms, wives to join starting 2023 |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2022/08/12/2202201/miss-universe-allows-moms-wives-join-starting-2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808012050/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2022/08/12/2202201/miss-universe-allows-moms-wives-join-starting-2023 |archive-date=8 Agosto 2024 |access-date=10 Setyembre 2022 |website=[[Philippine Star]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Agosto 2022 |title=Miss Universe announces inclusive change to pageant after more than 70 years |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/miss-universe-2023-mothers-married-women-b2143616.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114161127/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/miss-universe-2023-mothers-married-women-b2143616.html |archive-date=14 Nobyembre 2022 |access-date=25 Abril 2023 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> ==== Mga unang pagsali, pagbalik, at pag-urong sa kompetisyon ==== Unang sumali sa edisyong ito ang Martinika, Maruekos, at Paraguay, at bumalik ang mga bansang Austrya at Hawaii na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1953|1953]]; at Ceylon at Timog Korea na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1955|1955]]. Hindi sumali si [[Corine Rottschäfer]] ng Olanda dahil nanalo na ito bilang Miss Europe 1957.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1957 |title=Beauty queens |language=en |pages=31 |work=The Calgary Herald |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=z2JkAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA31&dq=%22Corine%20Rottsch%C3%A4fer%22&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q=%22Corine%20Rottsch%C3%A4fer%22&f=false |access-date=16 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Gayunpaman, si Rottschäfer ang naatasan upang kumatawan sa Olanda sa [[Miss Universe 1958|susunod na edisyon]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 Setyembre 2020 |title=Nederlands eerste Miss World Corine Spier-Rottschäfer overleden |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2349637-nederlands-eerste-miss-world-corine-spier-rottschafer-overleden |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319215420/https://nos.nl/artikel/2349637-nederlands-eerste-miss-world-corine-spier-rottschafer-overleden |archive-date=19 Marso 2023 |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2022 |website=Nederlandse Omroep Stichting |language=nl}}</ref> Hindi sumali sina Corinne Bettencourt ng British Guiana at Bélgica Margarita Mota ng Republikang Dominikano dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan. Hindi sumali ang bansang Tsile sa edisyong ito matapos na mabigo ang kanilang mga organisasyong pambansa na magdaos ng kompetisyong pambansa o magtalaga ng kalahok. Dapat sanang lalahok sina June Finlayson ng Australya,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Neil |date=10 Hulyo 2011 |title=The way we were |url=https://www.couriermail.com.au/ipad/the-way-we-were/news-story/720d0bf153b16e55e42d0b151b0dc276 |access-date=12 Hulyo 2025 |website=The Courier Mail |language=en}}</ref> Lilian Juul Madsen ng Dinamarka, Yolanda Pulecio Velez ng Kolombya,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vulliamy |first=Ed |date=30 Nobyembre 2008 |title=Interview: Ingrid Betancourt |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/30/ingrid-betancourt-columbia-freedom-interview |access-date=12 Hulyo 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107151617/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/30/ingrid-betancourt-columbia-freedom-interview |archive-date=7 Enero 2025 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Grete Lunder ng Noruwega, Krystyna Łobodzińska ng Polonya, Yolanda Daetwyler ng Suwisa, at Daniele Boublil ng Tunisya,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Elizabeth Ofosuah |date=24 Pebrero 2019 |title=See the first-ever beauty queens from Africa |url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/see-the-first-ever-beauty-queens-from-africa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219055607/https://face2faceafrica.com/article/see-the-first-ever-beauty-queens-from-africa/13 |archive-date=19 Disyembre 2022 |access-date=12 Hulyo 2025 |website=Face2Face Africa |language=en}}</ref> ngunit hindi nagpatuloy ang mga ito sa kompetisyon dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan. ==== Diskuwalipikasyon ni Miss USA ==== Noong 17 Hulyo 1957, kinoronahan si Mary Leona Gage ng [[Maryland]] bilang Miss USA 1957.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Belser |first=Lee |date=18 Hulyo 1957 |title=Green-eyed Miss Maryland is Miss USA in Miss Universe contest |language=en |pages=23 |work=Lebanon Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22499137/lebanon-daily-news/ |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Subalit, pagkatapos ng kanyang pagkapanalo, naglunsad ng imbestigasyon ang mga ''pageant organizer'' tungkol kay Gage matapos lumabas ang mga haka-haka tungkol sa kanyang nakaraan. Matapos magsinungaling sa mga mamamahayag tungkol sa mga balita, ipinagtapat ni Gage ang katotohanan makalipas ang isang araw. Siya ay 18 taong-gulang lamang, at hindi 21, siya ay dalawang beses nang ikinasal, at siya ay ina sa kanyang dalawang anak.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Oktubre 2010 |title=Leona Gage, Who Held Miss USA Crown for a Day, Is Dead at 71 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/11/us/11gage.html |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202220444/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/11/us/11gage.html |archive-date=2 Disyembre 2024 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Dahil ang pagiging asawa at ina ay paglabag sa mga tuntunin ng kompetisyon, kaagad na tinanggalan ng titulo at korona si Gage, at ang titulo ay napunta sa first runner-up na si Charlotte Sheffield ng [[Utah]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Belser |first=Lee |date=20 Hulyo 1957 |title=Utah Queen wins Miss USA– and Peru gets Universe |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Salt Lake Tribune |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85629895/charlotte-sheffield-wins-miss-usa/ |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Hulyo 1957 |title="Miss" USA, mother of 2, dethroned at beauty show |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Vancouver Sun |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86510115/charlotte-sheffield-huge-photo/ |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Huli na para kay Sheffield na sumabak para sa Miss Universe pageant. Sa oras na inamin ni Gage ang katotohanan, kumalahok na ito sa paunang kompetisyon kung saan hinirang siya bilang isa sa labinlimang mga ''semi-finalist.'' Dahil dito, pinalitan ni Mónica Lamas ng Arhentina, ang panlabing-anim sa paunang kompetisyon, si Gage bilang isang ''semifinalist''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Hulyo 1957 |title=Tall beauty revealed as mother of 2 |language=en |pages=1 |work=Concord Transcript |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103120123/leona-gage-miss-usa/ |access-date=27 Disyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 Hulyo 1957 |title=Ideal miss a missus, so U.S. misses out |language=en |pages=2 |work=Star-Phoenix |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86508294/charlotte-sheffield-becomes-miss-usa/ |access-date=19 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> == Mga resulta == [[Talaksan:Miss Universe 1957 Map.PNG|thumb|250x250px|Mga bansa at teritoryong sumali sa Miss Universe 1957 at ang kanilang mga pagkakalagay.]] === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss Universe 1957''' | * '''{{flagicon|PER}} [[Peru]]''' – '''[[Gladys Zender]]<ref name=":4" />''' |- |1st runner-up | * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] – Terezinha Morango<ref name=":4" /> |- |2nd runner-up | * {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] – Sonia Hamilton<ref name=":4" /> |- |3rd runner-up | * {{flagicon|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] – María Rosa Gamio<ref name=":4" /> |- |4th runner-up | * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] – Gerti Daub<ref name=":4" /> |- |Top 15 | * {{Flagicon|Alaska}} [[Alaska]] – Martha Lehmann<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=19 Hulyo 1957 |title=Miss Canada in beauty finals |language=en |page=1 |work=Nanaimo Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86542680/charlotte-sheffield-becomes-miss-usa/ |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> * {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] – Mónica Lamas<ref name=":0" /> * {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] – Hannerl Melcher<ref name=":0" /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] – Ligia Karavia<ref name=":0" /> * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] – Kyoko Otani<ref name=":0" /> * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] – Valeria Fabrizi<ref name=":0" /> * {{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}} [[Canada|Kanada]] – Gloria Noakes<ref name=":0" /> * {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Moroko|Maruekos]] – Jacqueline Bonilla<ref name=":0" /> * {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] – Inger Jonsson<ref name=":0" /> * {{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay]] – Gabriela Pascal<ref name=":0" /> |} === Mga espesyal na parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable unsortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Parangal !Nagwagi |- |Miss Photogenic | * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] – Gerti Daub |- |Miss Congeniality | * {{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico]] – Mapita Mercado<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=31 Disyembre 2010 |title=Recuerdan a Mapita Cortés |trans-title=They remember Mapita Cortés |url=https://www.informador.mx/Entretenimiento/Recuerdan-a-Mapita-Cortes-20101231-0076.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126132350/https://www.informador.mx/Entretenimiento/Recuerdan-a-Mapita-Cortes-20101231-0076.html |archive-date=26 Nobyembre 2024 |access-date=21 Nobyembre 2022 |website=El Informador |language=es-MX}}</ref> |- |Most Popular Girl | * {{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}} [[Canada|Kanada]] – Gloria Noakes |} == Kompetisyon == === Pormat ng kompetisyon === Tulad noong [[Miss Universe 1955|1955]], labinlimang mga ''semi-finalist'' lang ang napili at ibinunyag sa paunang kompetisyon na binubuo ng ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition''. Ang labinlimang mga ''semi-finalist'' ay magbibigay ng isang maikling talumpati gamit ang kanilang sariling wika. Pagkatapos nito, lumahok sa ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition'' ang mga ''semi-finalist,'' at kalaunan ay napili ang limang pinalista''.<ref name=":0" />'' === Komite sa pagpili === * Armando R. Maribona – Kubanong pintor * Dr. Oscar Santa Maria – Brasilenyong manggagamot * Lois J. Swanson – ''Assistant Dean'' ng Long Beach State College * Vincent Trotta – ''Artistic director'' ng [[Paramount Pictures]] * Reinaldo Herrera Uslar – Benesolanong manunulat * Alberto Varga – Peruano-Amerikanong pintor<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Wilson |first=Earl |date=16 Hulyo 1957 |title=Earl making as beauty expert at contest to pick 'Miss Universe' |language=en |pages=15 |work=Beaver Valley Times |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=imAtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NdoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=845%2C2096480 |access-date=14 Marso 2024 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> * Earl Wilson – Amerikanong mamamahayag at kolumnista<ref name=":9" /> * Miyoko Yanagida – Hapones na pintor * Roger Zeiler – miyembro ng komite ng Miss Europe == Mga kandidata == Tatlumpu't-dalawang kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hulyo 1957 |title=Fairest girls in the universe |language=en |pages=4 |work=Press-Telegram |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114846373/press-telegram/ |access-date=13 Enero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon}} !Bayan |- |{{Flagicon|Alaska}} [[Alaska]] |{{sortname|Martha|Lehmann|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1957 |title=Hot sun wilts Alaskan beauty |language=en |pages=26 |work=The Spokesman-Review |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=KDFWAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA26&dq=%22Martha%20Lehmann%22&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q=%22Martha%20Lehmann%22&f=false |access-date=15 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |18 |[[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]] |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Mónica|Lamas|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=19 Hulyo 1957 |title=Thirty-three beauties primp for Miss Universe final |language=en |pages=13 |work=The Royal Gazette |url=https://bnl.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/BermudaNP02/id/177030/rec/32 |access-date=18 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Bermuda National Library}}</ref> |20 |[[Lungsod ng Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] |- |{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] |{{sortname|Hannerl|Melcher|nolink=1}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=10 Hulyo 1957 |title=Beauties surround Gary in real life, too |language=en |page=1 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=k30_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=S1UMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1417%2C2382460 |access-date=13 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |19 |[[Viena]] |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Janine|Hanotiau|nolink=1}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=11 Hulyo 1957 |title=Everything’s In Good Shape |language=en |pages=7 |work=Franklin News-Post |url=https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=FNP19570711.1.7&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------- |access-date=21 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Virginia Chronicle}}</ref> |19 |[[Bruselas]] |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |{{sortname|Consuelo|Nouel|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suárez |first=Orlando |date=27 Hulyo 2022 |title=Misses venezolanas de sangre azul |trans-title=Venezuelan misses of blue blood |url=https://eldiario.com/2022/07/27/misses-venezolanas-de-sangre-azul/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324070528/https://eldiario.com/2022/07/27/misses-venezolanas-de-sangre-azul/ |archive-date=24 Marso 2025 |access-date=5 Pebrero 2023 |website=El Diario |language=es}}</ref> |22 |[[Caracas]] |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Terezinha|Morango|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Marso 2021 |title=Ex-miss Brasil, Therezinha Morango morre aos 84 anos |url=https://g1.globo.com/am/amazonas/noticia/2021/03/14/ex-miss-brasil-therezinha-morango-morre-aos-84-anos.ghtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015235404/https://g1.globo.com/am/amazonas/noticia/2021/03/14/ex-miss-brasil-therezinha-morango-morre-aos-84-anos.ghtml |archive-date=15 Oktubre 2022 |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022 |website=G1 |language=pt-br}}</ref> |20 |São Paulo de Olivença |- |{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] |{{sortname|Camellia Rosalia|Perera|nolink=1}}<ref name=":1" /> |23 |[[Colombo]] |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica]] |{{sortname|Sonia Cristina|Icaza|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 Hulyo 1957 |title=Beauty's treatment |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Napa Valley Register |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36185416/27-jul-1957-miss-costa-rica-visits-napa/ |access-date=17 Enero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] |- |{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] |{{sortname|Patricia|Benítez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 Oktubre 2020 |title=Recuerdos de edificios |trans-title=Memories of buildings |url=https://www.eluniverso.com/opinion/2020/10/19/nota/8018992/recuerdos-edificios |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221115343/https://www.eluniverso.com/opinion/2020/10/19/nota/8018992/recuerdos-edificios/ |archive-date=21 Pebrero 2025 |access-date=21 Nobyembre 2022 |website=El Universo |language=es}}</ref> |19 |Guayaquil |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Ligia|Karavia|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2" /> |18 |[[Atenas]] |- |{{flagicon|GUA}} [[Guwatemala]] |{{sortname|Ana Walda|Olyslager|nolink=1}} | 18 |[[Lungsod ng Guatemala]] |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Kyoko|Otani|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Hulyo 1957 |title=Miss Japan welcomed |language=en |pages=1 |work=Toledo Blade |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WLhOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zAAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7178%2C740104 |access-date=13 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |21 |[[Tokyo]] |- |{{flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Hawaii]] |{{sortname|Ramona|Tong|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Hulyo 1957 |title=Ramona leaves Thursday for contest |language=en |page=3 |work=The Honolulu Advertiser |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50328313/the-honolulu-advertiser/ |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Honolulu]] |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] |{{sortname|Sonia|Hamilton|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Agosto 1957 |title=London beauty plans to make home in U. S. |language=en |pages=9 |work=Suffolk News-Herald |url=https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=SNH19570825.1.9&srpos=141&e=------195-en-20--141--txt-txIN-Miss+Universe----1957--- |access-date=21 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Virginia Chronicle}}</ref> |23 |[[Londres]] |- |{{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Islandiya]] |{{sortname|Bryndís|Schram|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1957 |title=Beauties gather for Miss Universe Contest |language=en |pages=5 |work=The Royal Gazette |url=https://bnl.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/BermudaNP02/id/177196/rec/59 |access-date=18 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Bermuda National Library}}</ref> |19 |Garðabær |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Atara|Barzilay|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1957 |title=Miss Israel here to compete for "Miss Universe" title |language=en |pages=14 |work=⁨⁨B'nai B'rith Messenger⁩ |url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/bbh/1957/07/12/01/article/77/?srpos=22&e=-------en-20--21--img-txIN%7ctxTI-Miss+Universe-------------1 |access-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |via=National Library of Israel |archive-date=10 Disyembre 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210023436/https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/bbh/1957/07/12/01/article/77/?srpos=22&e=-------en-20--21--img-txIN%7CtxTI-Miss+Universe-------------1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |18 |[[Tel-Abib]] |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Valeria|Fabrizi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1957 |title=Introduction to America |language=en |page=5 |work=The Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6449464/the-times/ |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |21 |[[Roma]] |- |{{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Gloria|Noakes|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0" /> |18 |[[Toronto]] |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Gerti|Daub|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1957 |title=First winners |language=en |page=2 |work=Fort Lauderdale News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22500861/fort-lauderdale-news/ |access-date=11 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Utrecht]] |- |{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] |{{sortname|María Rosa|Gamio|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Hulyo 1957 |title=Meet Miss Cuba |language=en |pages=B-3 |work=Franklin News-Post |url=https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=FNP19570718.1.9&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------- |access-date=21 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Virginia Chronicle}}</ref> |19 |[[Havana]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Martinika]] |{{sortname|Ginette|Cidalise-Montaise|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 Hulyo 2019 |title=First Black Miss Universe Contestant: Ginette Cidalise-Montais, “Miss Martinique” |url=https://sigtrib.com/first-black-miss-universe-contestant-ginette-cidalise-montais-miss-martinique/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103032612/https://sigtrib.com/first-black-miss-universe-contestant-ginette-cidalise-montais-miss-martinique/ |archive-date=3 Nobyembre 2021 |access-date=15 Abril 2025 |website=Signal Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> |18 |Port-of-France |- |{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Moroko|Maruekos]] |{{sortname|Jacqueline|Bonilla|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 Hulyo 1957 |title=Personals |language=en |pages=7 |work=Suffolk News-Herald |url=https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=SNH19570728.1.7&srpos=14&e=------195-en-20--1--txt-txIN-Miss+Universe----1957--- |access-date=21 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Virginia Chronicle}}</ref> |19 |[[Casablanca]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|Irma|Arévalo|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2" /> |18 |[[Lungsod ng Mehiko]] |- |{{flagicon|PRY}} [[Paraguay]] |{{sortname|Lucy|Montanero|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coronel |first=Raul |date=15 Oktubre 2021 |title=Te presentamos a todas nuestras representantes en Miss Universe |trans-title=We introduce you to all our representatives at Miss Universe |url=http://www.epa.com.py/2021/10/15/te-presentamos-a-todas-nuestras-representantes-en-miss-universe/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203234725/http://www.epa.com.py/2021/10/15/te-presentamos-a-todas-nuestras-representantes-en-miss-universe/ |archive-date=3 Disyembre 2021 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=Epa! |language=es}}</ref> |19 |[[Asuncion]] |- |'''{{flagicon|PER}} [[Peru]]''' |'''{{sortname|Gladys|Zender}}'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaquero |first=Natalia |date=27 Abril 2014 |title=Gladys Zender "Un jeque árabe me ofreció convertirse al catolicismo para casarse conmigo" |url=https://www.farodevigo.es/vida-y-estilo/gente/2014/09/27/gladys-zender-jeque-arabe-ofrecio-17108732.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612110626/https://www.farodevigo.es/vida-y-estilo/gente/2014/09/27/gladys-zender-jeque-arabe-ofrecio-17108732.html |archive-date=12 Hunyo 2024 |access-date=19 Nobyembre 2022 |website=Faro de Vigo |language=es}}</ref> |17 |[[Lungsod ng Lima|Lima]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1936–1985, 1986–1998).svg}} [[Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Mary Ann Carmen|Corrales|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lo |first=Ricky |date=12 Pebrero 2010 |title=Misses RP for Miss U pageant, 1952-'63 |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130100430/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2010/02/12/548556/misses-rp-miss-u-pageant-1952-63 |archive-date=30 Enero 2025 |access-date=4 Oktubre 2022 |website=[[Philippine Star]]}}</ref> |21 |[[Maynila]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Lisa|Simon|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1957 |title=Beauties Pass In Review |language=en |pages=B-3 |work=Franklin News-Post |url=https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=FNP19570725.1.9&srpos=52&e=------195-en-20--41--txt-txIN-Miss+Universe----1957--- |access-date=21 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Virginia Chronicle}}</ref> |22 |[[Paris]] |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico]] |{{sortname|Mapita|Mercado|nolink=1}}<ref name=":5" /> |18 |Ponce |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Inger|Jonsson|nolink=1}}<ref name=":3" /> |20 |Gothenburg |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Hyun-ok|Park|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1957 |title=Long Beach |language=en |pages=15 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/117270011/miss-universe-1957-clipping/ |access-date=27 Enero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |22 |[[Seoul]] |- |{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Turkiya]] |{{sortname|Güler|Sirmen|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 Oktubre 2019 |title=Çağla Şıkel'den Miss Turkey itirafı! |trans-title=Miss Turkey confession from Çağla Şıkel! |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/galeri-cagla-sikelden-miss-turkey-itirafi-40181110 |access-date=15 Abril 2025 |website=Hurriyet |language=tr}}</ref> |18 |[[Istanbul]] |- |{{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay]] |{{sortname|Gabriela|Pascal|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Hulyo 1957 |title=Miss U.S.A. |language=en |pages=2 |work=Gettysburg Times |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=rU4mAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA2&dq=%22Gabriela%20Pascal%22&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q=%22Gabriela%20Pascal%22&f=false |access-date=15 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |18 |[[Montevideo]] |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missuniverse.com}} {{Miss Universe}} elt2sefevti0ylgnsktb6dhvhjc1s3h 0 320311 2237844 2181917 2026-10-29T06:41:49Z Allyriana000 119761 2237844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant|winner='''[[Luz Marina Zuluaga]]'''|photo=Luz Marina Zuluaga poses for Max Factor of Hollywood.jpg|caption=Luz Marina Zuluaga|represented={{flagu|Kolombya}}|date=25 Hulyo 1958|presenters=Bryon Palmer|entrants=35|placements=15|debuts={{Hlist|Kolombya|Polonya|Suriname}}|withdraws={{Hlist|Austrya|Ceylon|Costa Rica|Islandiya|Martinika|Maruekos|Pilipinas|Porto Riko|Turkiya}}|venue=Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, Long Beach, California, Estados Unidos|congeniality=Tomoko Moritake <br> {{flagu|Hapon}}|before=[[Miss Universe 1957|1957]]|next=[[Miss Universe 1959|1959]]|broadcaster=[[CBS]]|photogenic=[[Corine Rottschäfer]] <br> {{flagu|Olanda}}|returns={{Hlist|Australya|British Guiana|Dinamarka|Estados Unidos|Kanlurang Indiyas|Noruwega|Olanda|Singapura|Tsile}}}} Ang '''Miss Universe 1958''' ay ang ikapitong edisyon ng [[Miss Universe]] pageant, na ginanap sa Long Beach Municipal Auditorium sa [[Long Beach, California]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong 25 Hulyo 1958.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 Hulyo 1958 |title=Miss Universe beauty show begins Thursday |language=en |pages=18 |work=Sarasota Herald-Tribune |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=9jogAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA18&dq=%22Miss%20Universe%22&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22&f=false |access-date=4 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Gladys Zender]] ng Peru si [[Luz Marina Zuluaga]] ng Kolombya bilang Miss Universe 1958.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Hulyo 1958 |title=Luz Marina, "Miss Universo 1958" |language=es |trans-title=Luz Marina, "Miss Universe 1958" |pages=1 |work=El Tiempo |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kWceAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wGgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1180%2C3001616 |access-date=12 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Hulyo 1958 |title=Latin beauty Miss Universe |language=en |pages=1 |work=Times Daily |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=ixYsAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=%22Miss%20Universe%22&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22&f=false |access-date=23 Agosto 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Hulyo 1958 |title=New Miss Universe not kissed for real |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Free Lance-Star |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=eNNNAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=%22Miss%20Universe%22&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22&f=false |access-date=23 Agosto 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Ito ang kauna-unahang tagumpay ng Kolombya sa kasaysayan ng kompetisyon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 Hulyo 1958 |title=Beauty queen hunting for marriage |language=en |pages=23 |work=The Victoria Advocate |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=vRlQAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA23&dq=%22Miss%20Universe%22&pg=PA23#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22&f=false |access-date=4 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Adalgisa Colombo ng Brasil, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Geri Hoo ng Hawaii.'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=26 Hulyo 1958 |title=Elegida por Unanimidad; Miss Brasil Fue Segunda |language=es |trans-title=Unanimously elected; Miss Brazil was second |pages=1 |work=El Tiempo |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kWceAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wGgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1601%2C2999178 |access-date=12 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 Hulyo 1958 |title=New Miss Universe Is Looking for Husband, Not Movie Glamour |language=en |page=3 |work=Lakeland Ledger |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GoEwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=I_oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7335,2541244&dq |access-date=12 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref>''' Mga kandidata mula sa tatlumpu't-limang mga bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Byron Palmer ang kompetisyon. == Kasaysayan == [[Talaksan:LBarena.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, ang lokasyon ng Miss Universe 1958]] === Pagpili ng mga kalahok === Ang mga kalahok mula sa tatlumpu't-limang bansa at teritoryo ay napili upang lumahok sa kompetisyon. Dalawang kandidata ang nailuklok upang kumatawan sa kanilang bansa matapos na mapatalsik ang orihinal na nagwagi. ==== Mga pagpalit ==== Iniluklok ang ''first runner-up'' ng Señorita Colombia 1957 na si [[Luz Marina Zuluaga]] bilang kandidata ng Kolombya sa Miss Universe matapos tanggalan ng titulo si Señorita Colombia 1957, Doris Inés Gil, dahil nagpakasal ito.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Nobyembre 1957 |title=Hoy Eligen Señorita Colombia |language=es |trans-title=Today the choose Señorita Colombia |pages=1 |work=El Tiempo |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Bp8cAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xWgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3095%2C1177136 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Napatalsik si June Cooper bilang kinatawan ng bansang Inglatera matapos na matuklasan na hindi siya nakaabot sa sa limitasyon ng edad ng Miss Universe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 Abril 1958 |title=Mum proves who's queen in her family |language=en |pages=8 |work=The Royal Gazette |url=https://bnl.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/BermudaNP02/id/180197/rec/140 |access-date=18 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Bermuda National Library}}</ref> Dahil sa pagpapatalsik kay Cooper, naganap ang isang kompetisyon upang piliin ang bagong kinatawan ng Inglatera sa Miss Universe, na siyang pinalanunan ni Wendy Peters. Gayunpaman, napatalsik din si Peters sa kaniyang titulo matapos na matuklasan na siya ay kasal na pero hiwalay na sa asawa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Mayo 1958 |title=Beauty Queen promoters are running Henry VIII close |language=en |pages=9 |work=The Royal Gazette |url=https://bnl.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/BermudaNP02/id/181295/rec/115 |access-date=18 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Bermuda National Library}}</ref> Dahil dito, iniluklok si Dorothy Hazeldine bilang kinatawan ng Inglatera.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Mayo 1958 |title=British beauty picked according to pageant rules |language=en |pages=23 |work=The Victoria Advocate |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=xRtQAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=%22Dorothy%20Hazeldine%22&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=%22Dorothy%20Hazeldine%22&f=false |access-date=4 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> ==== Mga unang pagsali, pagbalik, at pag-urong sa kompetisyon ==== Unang sumali sa edisyong ito ang mga bansang Kolombya, Polonya, at Suriname. Bumalik sa edisyong ang mga bansang Dinamarka na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1953|1953]]; Australya at Singapura na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1954|1954]]; Noruwega at Kanlurang Indiyas na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1955|1955]]; at British Guiana, Estados Unidos, Olanda, at Tsile na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1956|1956]]. Hindi sumali si Hanni Ehrenstrasser ng Austrya dahil nanalo na ito bilang Miss Europe 1958.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Markus |first=Georg |date=29 Disyembre 2021 |title=Die schönsten Frauen der Welt |language=de |work=Kurier |url=https://www.pressreader.com/austria/kurier-3402/20211229/281792812359364 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111102045/https://www.pressreader.com/austria/kurier-3402/20211229/281792812359364 |archive-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=PressReader.com}}</ref> Hindi sumali si Eugenia Valverde ng Costa Rica dahil hindi siya nakaabot sa ''minimum age requirement''. Bagama't hindi pinayagang sumali sa kompetisyon, pinayagan pa rin si Valverde na rumampa nang hindi binibigyan ng iskor.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Hulyo 1958 |title=Cutie pageant passes crisis |language=en |pages=17 |work=Los Angeles Mirror |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86445486/charlotte-sheffield-miss-usa-gladys/ |access-date=17 Enero 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Hindi sumali si Carmen Remedios Tuason ng Pilipinas dahil sa pagtutol ng kanyang pamilya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dolor |first=Danny |date=26 Nobyembre 2017 |title=Chuchay Tuason: "Most Beautiful Girl in Phl" |language=en |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/the-philippine-star/20171126/282140701689784 |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=PressReader.com}}</ref> Hindi sumali si Jocelyne Lambin ng Maruekos dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Babas |first=Latifa |date=11 Pebrero 2019 |title=Histoire : Quand le Maroc était représenté dans les concours internationaux de beauté |url=https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/74480/histoire-quand-maroc-etait-represente.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401104217/https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/74480/histoire-quand-maroc-etait-represente.html |archive-date=1 Abril 2025 |access-date=4 Setyembre 2025 |website=Yabiladi |language=fr}}</ref> Hindi rin sumali si Ezel Olcay ng Turkiya dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan at lumahok na lamang sa sumunod na edisyon.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tarihi |first=Güncelleme |date=4 Mayo 2020 |title=Güzeller canlı yayında buluştu |language=Turkish |trans-title=Beauties met on live broadcast |website=Hürriyet |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/galeri-1929dan-gunumuze-turkiye-guzelleri-41508916 |url-status=live |access-date=29 Abril 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102125519/https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/galeri-1929dan-gunumuze-turkiye-guzelleri-41508916 |archive-date=2 Enero 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1959 |title=Miss Universe aspirants catch up on beauty sleep |language=en |pages=5 |work=The Royal Gazette |url=https://bnl.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/BermudaNP02/id/189307/rec/20 |access-date=29 Abril 2025 |via=Bermuda National Library}}</ref> Hindi sumali ang Ceylon, Islandiya, Martinika, at Puerto Rico matapos na mabigo ang kanilang mga organisasyong pambansa na magdaos ng kompetisyong pambansa o magtalaga ng kalahok. Hindi lumahok si Pirkko Mannola ng Pinlandiya dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tainola |first=Rita |date=21 Enero 2018 |title=Miss Suomi Pirkko Mannola antoi Göran Stubbille pakit vuonna 1958 – lempi leimahti 60 vuotta myöhemmin: ”Olin varovainen tyttö” |url=https://www.is.fi/viihde/art-2000005531102.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711134534/https://www.is.fi/viihde/art-2000005531102.html |archive-date=11 Hulyo 2024 |access-date=4 Setyembre 2025 |website=Ilta-Sanomat |language=fi}}</ref> [[Talaksan:Miss Universe 1958 Map.PNG|thumb|250x250px|Mga bansa at teritoryong sumali sa Miss Universe 1958 at ang kanilang mga pagkakalagay.]] == Mga resulta == === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss Universe 1958''' | * '''{{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]]''' – '''[[Luz Marina Zuluaga]]<ref name=":1" />''' |- |1st runner-up | * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] – Adalgisa Colombo'''<ref name=":1" />''' |- |2nd runner-up | * {{flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Hawaii]] – Geri Hoo'''<ref name=":1" />''' |- |3rd runner-up | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]] – Eurlyne Howell'''<ref name=":1" />''' |- |4th runner-up | * {{flagicon|POL}} [[Polonya]] – Alicja Bobrowska'''<ref name=":1" />''' |- |Top 15 | * {{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] – Evy Norlund<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1958 |title=Miss USA garners place among Universe finalists |language=en |page=8 |work=The Salt Lake Tribune |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55497540/eurlyne-howell/ |access-date=14 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] – Marily Kalimopoulou<ref name=":4" /> * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] – Tomoko Moritake<ref name=":4" /> * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] – Marlies Jung Behrens<ref name=":4" /> * {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] – Miriam Hadar<ref name=":4" /> * {{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] – [[Corine Rottschäfer]]<ref name=":4" /> * {{flagicon|PER}} [[Peru]] – Beatriz Boluarte<ref name=":4" /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Suriname (1959–1975).svg}} [[Suriname]] – Gertrud Gummels<ref name=":4" /> * {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] – Birgitta Gårdman<ref name=":4" /> * {{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] – Raquel Molina<ref name=":4" /> |} === Mga espesyal na parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable unsortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Parangal !Nagwagi |- |Miss Photogenic | * {{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] – [[Corine Rottschäfer]]<ref name=":0" /> |- |Miss Congeniality | * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] – Tomoko Moritake |- |Most Popular Girl | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]] – Astrid Lindholm<ref name=":0" /> |} == Kompetisyon == === Pormat ng kompetisyon === Tulad noong [[Miss Universe 1955|1955]], labinlimang mga ''semi-finalist'' lang ang napili at ibinunyag sa paunang kompetisyon na binubuo ng ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Torgerson |first=Dial |date=25 Hulyo 1958 |title=15 still in running for beauty crown |language=en |pages=3 |work=Eugene Register-Guard |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=_RVWAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA3&dq=%22Miss%20Universe%22&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22&f=false |access-date=4 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1958 |title=Miss U.S.A. is in finals for Miss Universe |language=en |pages=7 |work=Gettysburg Times |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=LVAmAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA7&dq=%22Miss%20Universe%22&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22&f=false |access-date=4 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Ang labinlimang mga ''semi-finalist'' ay magbibigay ng isang maikling talumpati gamit ang kanilang sariling wika. Pagkatapos nito, lumahok sa ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition'' ang mga ''semi-finalist,'' at kalaunan ay napili ang limang pinalista''.<ref name=":0" />'' === Komite sa pagpili === * Raul Ferrada – Tsilenong editor sa dyaryo<ref name=":0" /> * Jacob Gaudaur – Kanadyanong manggagaod''<ref name=":0" />'' * David Karasik – Editor ng Cinema Magazine<ref name=":0" /> * Ma Ma Loa – Mang-aawit mula sa Hawaii<ref name=":0" /> * Miyoko Nayagita – Miyembro ng Woman Artists Association<ref name=":0" /> * Vincent Trotta – ''Artistic director'' ng [[Paramount Pictures]]<ref name=":0" /> * Alberto Vargas – Peruano-Amerikanong pintor<ref name=":0" /> * Earl Wilson – Amerikanong mamamahayag at kolumnista<ref name=":0" /> * Miyoko Yanagida – Hapones na pintor * Roger Zeiler – French official from the Miss Europe Committee<ref name=":0" /> == Mga kandidata == Tatlumpu't-limang kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dundon |first=Rian |date=14 Agosto 2017 |title=Photos of early Miss Universe contestants are a strange look at Jet Age ideas of multiculturalism |url=https://timeline.com/photos-early-miss-universe-1c8e0930004d |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=Medium |language=en |archive-date=17 Mayo 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517034133/https://timeline.com/photos-early-miss-universe-1c8e0930004d |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon}} !Bayan |- |{{flag|Alaska}} |{{sortname|Eleanor|Moses|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1958 |title=The problem beauties of Miss Universe pageant |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580721-1.2.10?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=42&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |20 |[[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]] |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Celina Mercedes|Ayala|nolink=1}} |19 |Misiones |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} [[Australia|Australya]] |{{sortname|Astrid|Lindholm|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=23 Hulyo 1958 |title=First honors |language=en |page=20 |work=The Minneapolis Star |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25789590/corine-rottschafer/ |access-date=12 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Adelaide]] |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Liliane|Taelemans|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Marso 1959 |title=With a problem |language=en |pages=15 |work=Daytona Beach Sunday News-Journal |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=s5woAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA15&dq=%22Liliane%20Taelemans%22&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q=%22Liliane%20Taelemans%22&f=false |access-date=2 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |20 |[[Bruselas]] |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |{{sortname|Ida Margarita|Pieri|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 Hulyo 1958 |title=La belleza Venezolana |language=es |trans-title=Venezuelan beauty |pages=8 |work=El Tiempo |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jGceAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wGgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=823%2C2299316 |access-date=22 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |18 |Carúpano |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Adalgisa|Colombo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gerbase |first=Fabiola |date=20 Enero 2013 |title=Morre Adalgisa Colombo, Miss Brasil de 1958 |trans-title=Adalgisa Colombo, Miss Brazil 1958, dies |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/morre-adalgisa-colombo-miss-brasil-de-1958-7350010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204101847/https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/morre-adalgisa-colombo-miss-brasil-de-1958-7350010 |archive-date=4 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=12 Oktubre 2022 |website=O Globo |language=pt-BR}}</ref> |18 |[[Rio de Janeiro]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of British Guiana (1955–1966).svg}} [[Guyana|British Guiana]] |{{sortname|Clyo|Fernandes|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Untitled |pages=15 |work=Noticias de Portugal |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/Noticias_de_Portugal/igVPAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Clyo%20Fernandes%22&dq=%22Clyo%20Fernandes%22&printsec=frontcover |access-date=15 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |18 |[[Georgetown]] |- |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] |{{sortname|Evy|Norlund|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 Disyembre 1959 |title=Hollywood girls are worried |language=en |pages=74 |work=The Australian Women's Weekly |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/52249094?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |20 |[[Copenhague]] |- |{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] |{{sortname|Alicia|Vallejo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 Hulyo 1958 |title=Candidatas a "Miss Universo" |language=es |trans-title="Miss Universe" candidates |pages=1 |work=El Tiempo |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=j2ceAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wGgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1813%2C2670205 |access-date=22 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |22 |Riobamba |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]] |{{sortname|Eurlyne|Howell|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1958 |title=Bossier Girl Wins Miss U.S.A. Title |language=en |page=1 |work=The Monroe News-Star |agency=United Press International |location=Monroe, Louisiana |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8740169/the_monroe_newsstar/ |access-date=3 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |Lungsod ng Bossier |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Marily|Kalimopoulou|nolink=1}} |18 |[[Atenas]] |- |{{flagicon|GUA}} [[Guatemala]] |{{sortname|Maya|Glinz|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Hulyo 1958 |title=Miss Costa Rica, only 17, disqualified for title |language=en |pages=1 |work=Long Beach Independent |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=LBI19580718.1.1 |access-date=26 Setyembre 2025 |via=Californa Digital Newspaper Collection}}</ref> | 19 |[[Lungsod ng Guatemala]] |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Tomoko|Moritake|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Hulyo 1958 |title=Miss Universe hopeful |language=en |page=6 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0Mc_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=_lcMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3158%2C748604 |access-date=12 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |20 |[[Nagasaki]] |- |{{flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Hawaii]] |{{sortname|Geri|Hoo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fruto |first=Ligaya |date=1 Nobyembre 1965 |title=Hawaii's beauty queens: where are they now? |language=en |pages=23 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36690410/65-11-05-hsb/ |access-date=22 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Honolulu]] |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] |{{sortname|Dorothy|Hazeldine|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 Agosto 2007 |title=Opening up the gateway to world of glamour girls |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/local-news/opening-up-the-gateway-to-world-of-glamour-1075108 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250415042244/https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/local-news/opening-up-the-gateway-to-world-of-glamour-1075108 |archive-date=15 Abril 2025 |access-date=22 Nobyembre 2022 |website=Manchester Evening News |language=en}}</ref> |19 |Rochdale |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Miriam|Hadar|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Heiman |first=Leo |date=3 Hulyo 1958 |title=Does beauty have moral and spiritual aspects? |language=en |pages=7 |work=Northern Virginia Sun |url=https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=NVS19580703.1.7&srpos=117&e=------195-en-20--101--txt-txIN-Miss+Universe----1958--- |access-date=21 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Virginia Chronicle}}</ref> |21 |[[Herusalem]] |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Clara|Coppola|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hulyo 1958 |title=Stamane Clara Coppola parte in volo per l'America |language=it |pages=3 |work=Stampa Sera |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,3/articleid,0066_02_1958_0166_0003_16395226/ |access-date=28 Marso 2023 |via=La Stampa}}</ref> |20 |[[Lazio]] |- |{{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Eileen|Conroy|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Hulyo 1958 |title=Warm reception for beauty contestants |language=en |pages=4 |work=The Lewiston Daily Sun |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=kkcpAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA4&dq=%22Eileen%20Conroy%22&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q=%22Eileen%20Conroy%22&f=false |access-date=15 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |21 |[[Toronto]] |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Marlies Jung|Behrens|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 Agosto 1958 |title=Miss Germany in crash |language=en |pages=16 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19580805-1.2.106?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=42&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |19 |[[Munich]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the West Indies Federation (1958–1962).svg}} [[Trinidad at Tobago|Kanlurang Indiyas]] |{{sortname|Angela|Tong|nolink=1}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1958 |title=Lovelies Tell Beauty Secrets of Homeland |language=en |pages=1 |work=Suffolk News-Herald |url=https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=SNH19580724.1.1&srpos=158&e=------195-en-20--141--txt-txIN-Miss+Universe----1958--- |access-date=21 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Virginia Chronicle}}</ref> | 18 |[[Puerto Espanya]], [[Trinidad at Tobago|Trinidad]] |- |'''{{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]]''' |'''{{sortname|Luz Marina|Zuluaga}}'''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Torgerson |first=Dial |date=26 Hulyo 1958 |title="Never-been-kissed" Miss Universe named |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Daily Reporter |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13363950/tree-house-hit-by-auto/ |access-date=14 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |19 |[[Manizales]] |- |{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] |{{sortname|Arminia|Pérez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Marso 1959 |title='Miss Cuba' writes to imprisoned husband |language=en |pages=16 |work=The Herald-Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80560981/the-herald-press/ |access-date=11 Disyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |21 |[[Havana]] |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|Elvira Leticia|Risser|nolink=1}}<ref name=":3" /> |19 |[[Lungsod ng Mehiko]] |- |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{sortname|Greta|Andersen|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Hunyo 1958 |title=Norway chooses a beauty queen |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580610-1.2.4?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=40&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |20 |Stavanger |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |{{sortname|Corine|Rottschäfer}}<ref name=":0" /> |20 |[[Amsterdam]] |- |{{flagicon|PRY}} [[Paraguay]] |{{sortname|Graciela|Scorza|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coronel |first=Raul |date=15 Oktubre 2021 |title=Te presentamos a todas nuestras representantes en Miss Universe |trans-title=We introduce you to all our representatives at Miss Universe |url=http://www.epa.com.py/2021/10/15/te-presentamos-a-todas-nuestras-representantes-en-miss-universe/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203234725/http://www.epa.com.py/2021/10/15/te-presentamos-a-todas-nuestras-representantes-en-miss-universe/ |archive-date=3 Disyembre 2021 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=Epa! |language=es}}</ref> |18 |[[Asuncion]] |- |{{flagicon|PER}} [[Peru]] |{{sortname|Beatriz|Boluarte|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 Nobyembre 2017 |title=Miss Perú: las peruanas más bellas de las últimas décadas |url=https://elcomercio.pe/tvmas/farandula/miss-peru-peruanas-bellas-ultimas-decadas-noticia-473145-noticia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226180935/https://elcomercio.pe/tvmas/farandula/miss-peru-peruanas-bellas-ultimas-decadas-noticia-473145-noticia/ |archive-date=26 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=El Comercio Perú |language=es}}</ref> |19 |[[Lungsod ng Lima]] |- |{{flagicon|POL}} [[Polonya]] |{{sortname|Alicja|Bobrzowska|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Hulyo 1958 |title=Beauty from Poland welcomed |language=en |page=18 |work=The Windsor Star |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86509434/charlotte-sheffield-miss-usa-kisses/ |access-date=12 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |22 |[[Cracovia]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Monique|Boulinguez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Hulyo 1958 |title=Hot dog time |language=en |pages=2A |work=Eugene Register-Guard |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9hVWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=reIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6742%2C2700840 |access-date=5 Disyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |21 |[[Paris]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Singapore (1952–1959).svg}} [[Singapore|Singapura]] |{{sortname|Marion|Willis|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Hunyo 1958 |title=California, here I come |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19580626-1.2.2?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=41&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> | 19 |[[Singapore|Singapura]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Suriname (1959–1975).svg}} [[Suriname]] |{{sortname|Gertrud|Gummels|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 Hunyo 1958 |title=Miss Surinam naar Trinidad |language=nl |pages=1 |work=Het Nieuws |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=%22Miss+Surinam%22&coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:010473541:mpeg21:a0029&resultsidentifier=ddd:010473541:mpeg21:a0029&rowid=4 |access-date=29 Marso 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |20 |[[Paramaribo]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Birgitta Elisabeth|Gårdman|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 Hulyo 1958 |title=Dream come true |language=en |pages=1 |work=St. Joseph News-Press |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=pytUAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=%22Birgitta%20Gardman%22&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=%22Birgitta%20Gardman%22&f=false |access-date=15 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |19 |[[Estokolmo]] |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Geum-soon|Oh|nolink=1}} |19 |[[Seoul]] |- |{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |{{sortname|Raquel|Molina|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1958 |title=Beauties Light Up The Universe |language=en |pages=B-4 |work=Franklin News-Post |url=https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=FNP19580724.1.10&srpos=56&e=------195-en-20--41--txt-txIN-Miss+Universe----1958--- |access-date=21 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Virginia Chronicle}}</ref> |23 |Quilpue |- |{{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay]] |{{sortname|Irene|Augustyniak|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Escalera al cielo |language=es |trans-title=Stairway to heaven |volume=23 |pages=24 |work=Semana |url=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/Semana/8vhGAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Irene%20Augustyniak%22&dq=%22Irene%20Augustyniak%22&printsec=frontcover |access-date=15 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |20 |[[Montevideo]] |} == Mga tala == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missuniverse.com}} {{Miss Universe}} mi65dl868vvj05tmjsiq86gtw83wqlr 0 320647 2237846 2178308 2026-10-29T06:52:17Z Allyriana000 119761 2237846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant|photo=Akiko Kojima (1959).jpg|caption=Akiko Kojima|winner='''[[Akiko Kojima]]'''|represented={{flagu|Hapon|1870}}|date=24 Hulyo 1959|presenters=Byron Palmer|venue=Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, Long Beach, California, Estados Unidos|broadcaster=[[CBS]]|entrants=34|placements=15|debuts={{Hlist|Bulibya|Burma|Luksemburgo}}|withdraws={{Hlist|Alaska|Australya|Beneswela|British Guiana|Kanlurang Indiyas|Paraguay|Singapura|Suriname|Tsile}}|returns={{Hlist|Austrya|Islandiya|Taylandiya|Turkiya}}|congeniality=Sodsai Vanijvadhana <br> {{flagu|Taylandiya}}|photogenic=Pamela Anne Searle <br> {{flagu|Inglatera}}|before=[[Miss Universe 1958|1958]]|next=[[Miss Universe 1960|1960]]}} Ang '''Miss Universe 1959''' ay ang ikawalong edisyon ng [[Miss Universe]] pageant, na ginanap sa Long Beach Municipal Auditorium sa [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]], [[California]], [[Estados Unidos]] noong 24 Hulyo 1959.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Hulyo 1959 |title=76 beauties to vie for world crown |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Deseret News |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=-pQuAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=%22Miss%20Universe%22&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22&f=false |access-date=4 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Luz Marina Zuluaga]] ng Kolombya si [[Akiko Kojima]] ng Hapon bilang Miss Universe 1959.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 Hulyo 1959 |title=Japanese Girl Beauty Queen |language=en |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CfljAAAAIBAJ&pg=4637,1222532&dq=akiko+kojima&hl=en |access-date=24 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1959 |title=Tokyo girl is new Miss Universe |pages=1 |work=The Telegraph |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=4aorAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=%22Miss%20Universe%22&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22&f=false |access-date=4 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Ito ang unang tagumpay ng Hapon sa kasaysayan ng kompetisyon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Hulyo 1959 |title='Oh, my gosh' cries beauty as chosen Miss Universe |language=en |pages=8 |work=Herald-Journal |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=ZnosAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA8&dq=%22Miss%20Universe%22&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22&f=false |access-date=4 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Jorunn Kristjansen ng Noruwega, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Terry Huntingdon ng Estados Unidos.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davidson |first=Garber |date=26 Hulyo 1959 |title=Japanese Beauty wins Miss Universe Title |language=en |pages=1 |work=Park City Daily News |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FP0eAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JEcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1654%2C1750404 |access-date=24 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1959 |title=Japanese "Doll" is Miss Universe |language=en |pages=1 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9bk_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=UVcMAAAAIBAJ&pg=997%2C2476545 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Mga kandidata mula sa tatlumpu't-apat na mga bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Byron Palmer ang kompetisyon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Hulyo 1959 |title=Title of Miss Universe worth $100,000 in year |language=en |pages=44 |work=Reading Eagle |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=EoohAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA44&dq=%22Miss%20Universe%22&pg=PA44#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22&f=false |access-date=4 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> == Kasaysayan == [[Talaksan:LBarena.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Long Beach Municipal Auditorium, ang lokasyon ng Miss Universe 1959]] === Pagpili ng mga kalahok === Ang mga kalahok mula sa tatlumpu't-apat na mga bansa at teritoryo ay napili upang lumahok sa kompetisyon. Isang kandidata ang nailuklok ng mga ''pageant organizer'' upang kumatawan sa kanilang bansa/teritoryo. ==== Mga pagluklok ==== Iniluklok si Sodsai Vanijvadhana, isang ''exchange student'' sa [[Unibersidad ng California, Los Angeles|UCLA]], ng mga ''pageant organizer'' kasama ang koordinasyon mula sa Royal Thai Consulate sa [[Los Angeles]] bilang kandidata ng Taylandiya sa Miss Universe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1959 |title=Miss Friendship |language=en |pages=3 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9Lk_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=UVcMAAAAIBAJ&pg=589%2C2263478 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> ==== Mga unang pagsali, pagbalik, at pag-urong sa kompetisyon ==== Unang sumali sa edisyong ito ang mga bansang Bulibya, Burma, at Luksemburgo, Bumalik sa edisyong ito ang mga bansang Taylandiya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1954|1954]]; at Austrya, Islandiya, at Turkiya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1957|1957]]. Hindi sumali ang mga bansang [[Alaska]], [[Australya]], British Guiana, [[Singapore|Singapura]], at [[Chile|Tsile]] sa edisyong ito matapos na mabigo ang kanilang mga organisasyong pambansa na magdaos ng kompetisyong pambansa o magtalaga ng kalahok.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 Mayo 2003 |title=Miss Venezuela's Out of Miss Universe |url=https://www.ourmidland.com/news/article/Miss-Venezuela-s-Out-of-Miss-Universe-7109422.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105014213/https://www.ourmidland.com/news/article/Miss-Venezuela-s-Out-of-Miss-Universe-7109422.php |archive-date=5 Nobyembre 2022 |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2022 |website=Midland Daily News |language=en-US}}</ref> Inilukok ang ''first runner-up'' ng Miss Venezuela 1957 na si Berta Gisela Dávila upang kumatawan sa Beneswela sa edisyong ito, ngunit hindi ito nagpatuloy dahil sa personal na dahilan. Hindi sumali sina Valerie Hardie ng Kanlurang Indiyas, Elvira Dos Santos ng Paraguay, at Alita Visser ng Suriname sa edisyong ito dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan. Dapat sanang kakalahok sa edisyong ito sina Christine Matias ng [[Pilipinas]], ngunit hindi ito nagpatuloy dahil hindi hinihikayat ng Philippine Women's University, ang unibersidad kung saan nag-aaral si Matias, na magsuot ng damit-panglangoy ang mga estudyante nito sa publiko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 Setyembre 2017 |title=Cristina Matias: Miss Philippines 1959 |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2017/09/16/1739824/cristina-matias-miss-philippines-1959 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219131021/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2017/09/16/1739824/cristina-matias-miss-philippines-1959 |archive-date=19 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2022 |website=[[Philippine Star]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Hunyo 1959 |title=Four Countries Bar Beauty Contest |language=en |pages=21 |work=The Canberra Times |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/114844770?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> Si Aida Kadamani ang dapat sanang kandidata ng Nagkakaisang Republikang Arabe sa kompetisyon. Subalit, bumitiw si Kadamani sa kompetisyon dahil tumanggi siyang magsuot ng damit-panglangoy sa harap ng mga huradong lalaki. Ang kaniyang kapalit na si Nawal Ramli, ay hindi rin sumali dahil nabigong sagutin ng mga ''pageant organizer'' ang mga tanong nito kung siya ay katanggap-tanggap bilang kapalit ni Kadamani.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Hulyo 1959 |title=UAR won't be represented at "Miss Universe" contest |language=en |page=4 |work=The Racine Journal-Times Sunday Bulletin |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10912777/the-racine-journal-times-sunday-bulletin/ |access-date=12 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Hindi rin nagpatuloy sa edisyong ito sina Alice Elizabeth Jones ng Eskosya, Raymonde Valle ng Maruekos,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Babas |first=Latifa |date=11 Pebrero 2019 |title=Histoire : Quand le Maroc était représenté dans les concours internationaux de beauté |url=https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/74480/histoire-quand-maroc-etait-represente.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401104217/https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/74480/histoire-quand-maroc-etait-represente.html |archive-date=1 Abril 2025 |access-date=6 Agosto 2025 |website=Yabiladi |language=fr}}</ref> Marie Jose Azur ng Martinika, Marcia Caldera ng Nikaragwa, at Tarja Nurmi ng Pinlandiya,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heino |first=Mikko |date=6 Pebrero 2017 |title=Outo loppu Miss Suomi 1960 -kisoissa: Yksikään finalisti ei ollut kruunun arvoinen |trans-title=Strange ending to Miss Finland 1960: None of the finalists were worthy of the crown |url=https://www.is.fi/miss-suomi/art-2000005076586.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250628040635/https://www.is.fi/miss-suomi/art-2000005076586.html |archive-date=28 Hunyo 2025 |access-date=6 Agosto 2025 |website=Ilta-Sanomat |language=fi}}</ref> dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan. Inaasahan din ang pagsali ng [[Indonesia|Indonesya]] sa edisyong ito, ngunit hindi ito nakapadala ng kandidata dahil sa mga protesta laban sa paglunsad ng Miss Indonesia sa [[Jakarta]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1959 |title=Beauty contests banned in modest Indonesia; obscene |language=en |pages=B-4 |work=News JournaL |url=https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=NJN19590715-02.1.4&srpos=41&e=------195-en-20--41--txt-txIN-Miss+Universe------- |access-date=29 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Virginia Chronicle}}</ref> == Mga resulta == [[Talaksan:Miss Universe 1959 Map.PNG|thumb|250x250px|Mga bansa at teritoryong sumali sa Miss Universe 1959 at ang kanilang mga pagkakalagay.]] === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss Universe 1959''' | * '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]]''' – '''[[Akiko Kojima]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1959 |title=Akiko Kojima "Miss Universo" |language=es |trans-title=Akiko Kojima "Miss Universe" |pages=1; 8 |work=El Tiempo |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FNweAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SGkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=872%2C3303531 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref>''' |- |1st runner-up | * {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] – Jorunn Kristjansen<ref name=":5" /> |- |2nd runner-up | * {{Flagicon image|US flag 49 stars.svg}} [[Estados Unidos]] – Terry Huntingdon<ref name=":5" /> |- |3rd runner-up | * {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] – Pamela Anne Searle<ref name=":5" /> |- |4th runner-up | * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] – Vera Ribeiro<ref name=":5" /> |- |Top 15<ref name=":5" /> | * {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] – Hélène Savigny * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] – Zoitsa Kouroukli * {{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Islandiya]] – Sigríður Þorvaldsdóttir * {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] – Rina Issacov * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] – Carmela Künzel * {{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] – Olga Pumarejo * {{flagicon|POL}} [[Polonya]] – Zuzanna Cembrowska * {{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] – Françoise Saint-Laurent * {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] – Marie Louise Ekström * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] – Oh Hyun-joo |} === Mga espesyal na parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable unsortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Parangal !Nagwagi |- |Miss Photogenic | * {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] – Pamela Anne Searle<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=22 Hulyo 1959 |title=Miss Universe choice nears; USA finals tonight |language=en |pages=35 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8rk_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=UVcMAAAAIBAJ&pg=472%2C1739112 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |- |Miss Congeniality | * {{flagicon|THA}} [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] – Sodsai Vanijvadhana<ref name=":0" /> |- |Most Popular Girl | * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] – Hyun-joo Oh<ref name=":1" /> |} == Kompetisyon == === Pormat ng kompetisyon === Tulad noong [[Miss Universe 1955|1955]], labinlimang mga ''semi-finalist'' lang ang napili at ibinunyag sa paunang kompetisyon na binubuo ng ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition''. Ang labinlimang mga ''semi-finalist'' ay magbibigay ng isang maikling talumpati gamit ang kanilang sariling wika. Pagkatapos nito, lumahok sa ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition'' ang mga ''semi-finalist,'' at kalaunan ay napili ang limang pinalista''.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Bob |date=24 Hulyo 1959 |title=How do losers feel in Universe tussle? |pages=7B |work=The Evening Independent |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AgRQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YVUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5432%2C4948247 |access-date=15 Marso 2024 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 Hulyo 1959 |title=You, too, can be in Miss Universe event |language=en |pages=4 |work=Daytona Beach Morning Journal |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=SXooAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA4&dq=%22Miss%20Universe%22&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22&f=false |access-date=4 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> === Komite sa pagpili === * Ghislaine Rendon de Amador – Ekwadoryanong iskulptor<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |date=25 Hulyo 1959 |title=Protest |language=en |pages=10 |work=The Press-Courier |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lVNLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lyMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6454%2C5237131 |access-date=15 Marso 2024 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> * Maxwell Arnow – Amerikanong direktor * Claude Berr – Miyembro ng komite ng Miss Europe<ref name=":22" /> * Christy Fox – Amerikanong kolumnista para sa ''Los Angeles Times'' * Palmi Ingvarsson – Islandes na kritiko sa sining * James H. Noguer – Propesor ng wikang banyaga sa ''Long Beach State College'' * Vion Papamichalis – Griyegong diyalohista at prodyuser ng pelikula * Joseph Ruttemberg – Amerikanong mamamahayag-larawan at sinematograpo * Vincent Trotta – ''Artistic director'' ng [[Paramount Pictures]]''<ref name=":12" />'' * Paul Wellmann – Amerikanong mamamahayag == Mga kandidata == Tatlumpu't-apat na kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Hulyo 1959 |title=Bevy of beauties gather for Miss Universe pageant |language=en |page=1 |work=Battle Creek Enquirer |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10912874/battle-creek-enquirer/ |access-date=12 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A|name=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Liana|Cortijo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Hulyo 1959 |title=Solo una Latinoamericana entre las probables vencedoras este ano |language=es |trans-title=Only one Latin American among the probable winners this year |pages=9 |work=El Tiempo |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DdweAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SGkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5061%2C2397947 |access-date=22 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |20 |[[Lungsod ng Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] |- |{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] |{{sortname|Christine|Spatzier|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 Hulyo 1959 |title=She likes U.S. hats |language=en |pages=12 |work=Long Beach Independent |location=Long Beach, California |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=LBI19590723.1.12&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-------- |access-date=30 Abril 2025 |via=California Digital Newspaper Collection}}</ref> |19 |[[Viena]] |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Hélène|Savigny|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1959 |title=Miss Universe aspirants catch up on beauty sleep |language=en |pages=5 |work=The Royal Gazette |url=https://bnl.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/BermudaNP02/id/189307/rec/20 |access-date=18 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Bermuda National Library}}</ref> |24 |[[Bruselas]] |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Vera Regina|Ribeiro|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Hunyo 1959 |title=Miss D.F. e a nova Miss Brasil |language=pt |trans-title=Miss D.F. and the new Miss Brazil |pages=1 |work=Jornal do Brasil |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bPdTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hIwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6763%2C4173571 |access-date=7 Marso 2023 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |19 |[[Rio de Janeiro]] |- |{{flagicon|BOL}} [[Bolivia|Bulibya]] |{{sortname|Corina|Taborga|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peredo Flores |first=Robin David |date=13 Nobyembre 2020 |title=Gala final: El Miss Bolivia entregará tres coronas mañana |url=https://eldeber.com.bo/gente/gala-final-el-miss-bolivia-entregara-tres-coronas-manana_208594 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122154727/https://eldeber.com.bo/gente/gala-final-el-miss-bolivia-entregara-tres-coronas-manana_208594 |archive-date=22 Nobyembre 2022 |access-date=22 Nobyembre 2022 |website=El Deber |language=es-ES}}</ref> |19 |[[La Paz]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Burma (1948–1974).svg}} [[Myanmar|Burma]] |{{sortname|Than Than|Aye|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 Disyembre 2015 |title=မယ္စၾကာ၀ဠာၿပိဳင္ပြဲ၀င္ဖုိ႔ ျမန္မာအလွမယ္ ေမဘရဏီေသာ္ Las Vegas ေရာက္ |trans-title=Miss Myanmar May Barani Thaw arrives in Las Vegas to compete in Miss Universe |url=https://burmese.voanews.com/a/miss-universe-myanmar-may-branithaw/3103315.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323074237/https://burmese.voanews.com/a/miss-universe-myanmar-may-branithaw/3103315.html |archive-date=23 Marso 2025 |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2022 |website=Voice of America |language=my}}</ref> |19 |[[Yangon]] |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica]] |{{sortname|Zianne|Monturiol|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 Setyembre 2009 |title=Hace 50 años, viernes 4 de setiembre de 1959 |trans-title=50 years ago, Friday, September 4, 1959 |url=https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/servicios/hace-50-anos-viernes-4-de-setiembre-de-1959/DCVEDHN7O5BXXKIXPNXHTSGNAM/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122030254/https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/servicios/hace-50-anos-viernes-4-de-setiembre-de-1959/DCVEDHN7O5BXXKIXPNXHTSGNAM/story/ |archive-date=22 Nobyembre 2022 |access-date=22 Nobyembre 2022 |website=La Nación |language=es}}</ref> |20 |Heredia |- |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] |{{sortname|Lisa|Stolberg|nolink=1}}<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=21 Hunyo 1959 |title=Fegurðar drottningar 1959 |language=is |trans-title=Queen's beauty 1959 |pages=6–7 |work=Alþýðublaðið |url=https://timarit.is/page/1990987?iabr=on |access-date=22 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Timarit.is}}</ref> |18 |[[Copenhague]] |- |{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] |{{sortname|Carlota Elena|Ayala|nolink=1}} |19 |Guayaquil |- |{{Flagicon image|US flag 49 stars.svg}} [[Estados Unidos]] |{{sortname|Terry|Huntingdon|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 Hulyo 1959 |title=Californian is Miss USA |language=en |pages=6 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=87k_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=UVcMAAAAIBAJ&pg=704%2C2036279 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |19 |[[Talaan ng mga lungsod at bayan sa California|Mount Shasta]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Zoitsa|Kouroukli|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 Agosto 2017 |title=Zoe Laskari, Actress and Former Miss Greece, Dead at 72 |url=https://www.thenationalherald.com/172426/zoe-laskari-actress-former-miss-greece-dead-72 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012125501/https://www.thenationalherald.com/172426/zoe-laskari-actress-former-miss-greece-dead-72/ |archive-date=12 Oktubre 2018 |access-date=22 Nobyembre 2022 |website=The National Herald |language=en}}</ref> |18 |[[Atenas]] |- |{{flagicon|GUA}} [[Guwatemala|Guatemala]] |{{sortname|Rogelia|Cruz|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Enero 2017 |title=Rogelia Cruz, la reina insurgente |trans-title=Rogelia Cruz, the insurgent queen |url=https://www.prensalibre.com/hemeroteca/rogelia-cruz-la-reina-insurgente/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219130723/https://www.prensalibre.com/hemeroteca/rogelia-cruz-la-reina-insurgente/ |archive-date=19 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2022 |website=Prensa Libre |language=es-GT}}</ref> |18 |[[Lungsod ng Guatemala]] |- |'''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]]''' |'''{{sortname|Akiko|Kojima}}'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 Hulyo 1959 |title=Japanese girl beauty queen |language=en |pages=19 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CfljAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AuUDAAAAIBAJ&dq=akiko%20kojima&pg=4637%2C1222532 |access-date=21 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |22 |[[Tokyo]] |- |{{flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Hawaii]] |{{sortname|Patricia|Visser|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 Hulyo 1960 |title=Miss Patricia Florence Visser |language=en |pages=62 |work=The Indianapolis Star |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29531708/the-indianapolis-star-indianapolis/ |access-date=23 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |21 |[[Honolulu]] |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] |{{sortname|Pamela Anne|Searle|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1959 |title=Miss Universe field cut to 15 |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Evening Independent |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=AgRQAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA2&dq=Pamela%20Anne%20Searle&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q=Pamela%20Anne%20Searle&f=false |access-date=15 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |21 |Surrey |- |{{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Islandiya]] |{{sortname|Sigríður|Þorvaldsdóttir|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hunyo 1958 |title=Sigríður Þorvaldsdóttir kjörin fegurðardrottning Islands 1958 |language=is |pages=16 |work=Tíminn |url=https://timarit.is/page/1033473?iabr=on |access-date=23 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Tímarit.is}}</ref> |18 |[[Reikiavik]] |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Rina|Issacov|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Hulyo 1959 |title=Miss Israel |language=en |pages=5 |work=The Australian Jewish News |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/262358956?searchTerm=Miss%20Universe |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Trove}}</ref> |19 |[[Tel-Abib]] |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Maria Grazia|Buccella|nolink=1}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1959 |title=Bright spots on a rainy day |language=en |page=35 |work=Monroe Morning World |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59819693/bright-spots-on-a-rainy-day/ |access-date=12 Oktubre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Trento]] |- |{{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Eileen|Butter|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 Marso 2014 |title=A reunion as smooth as Butter |language=en |work=The Hamilton Spectator |url=https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2014/03/23/a-reunion-as-smooth-as-butter.html |access-date=23 Nobyembre 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219171027/https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/a-reunion-as-smooth-as-butter/article_34bf6bd0-6a1b-577b-8918-809293da0ba4.html |archive-date=19 Disyembre 2024 |issn=1189-9417}}</ref> |25 |Ancaster |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Carmela|Künzel|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1959 |title=Too skinny! Say Italian loser of fifteen Miss Universe finalists |language=en |pages=8 |work=The Press-Courier |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=lFNLAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA8&dq=Carmela%20Kunzel&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q=Carmela%20Kunzel&f=false |access-date=15 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |19 |[[Berlin]] |- |{{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |{{sortname|Olga Beatriz|Pumarejo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lo |first=Ricky |date=27 Enero 2015 |title=2nd Miss U for Colombia |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2015/01/27/1417092/2nd-miss-u-colombia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219130743/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2015/01/27/1417092/2nd-miss-u-colombia |archive-date=19 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2022 |website=[[Philippine Star]] |language=en}}</ref> |20 |[[Talaan ng mga lungsod sa Colombia|Barranquilla]] |- |{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] |{{sortname|Irma Buesa|Mas|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 Hulyo 1959 |title=Pulchritudinous pyramid |language=en |pages=10 |work=Herald-Journal |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=dHosAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA10&dq=Irma%20Buesa%20Mas&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q=Irma%20Buesa%20Mas&f=false |access-date=15 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |19 |[[Havana]] |- |{{flagicon|LUX}} [[Luxembourg|Luksemburgo]] |{{sortname|Josée|Pundel|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Hulyo 1959 |title=Dýrmætur flutningur loftleiða |language=is |pages=3 |work=Tíminn |url=https://timarit.is/page/1037236?iabr=on |access-date=23 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Tímarit.is}}</ref> |19 |Grevenmacher |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|Mirna Eugenia|García|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Hulyo 1959 |title=Desfilan hoy las beldades en L. Beach |language=es |trans-title=The beauties parade today in L. Beach |pages=1 |work=La Opinion |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=f7JEAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=Mirna%20Garcia&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Mirna%20Garcia&f=false |access-date=15 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |18 |[[Lungsod ng Mehiko]] |- |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{sortname|Jorunn|Kristjansen|nolink=1}}<ref name=":4" /> |18 |Moss |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |{{sortname|Peggy|Erwich|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 Mayo 1958 |title=Miss Holland 1959 |language=nl |pages=4 |work=Het vaderland |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=%22Peggy+Erwich%22&coll=ddd&identifier=MMKB19:000863005:mpeg21:a00056&resultsidentifier=MMKB19:000863005:mpeg21:a00056&rowid=1 |access-date=28 Marso 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |21 |[[Rotterdam]] |- |{{flagicon|PER}} [[Peru]] |{{sortname|Guadalupe|Mariátegui Hawkins|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 Nobyembre 2017 |title=Miss Perú: las peruanas más bellas de las últimas décadas |url=https://elcomercio.pe/tvmas/farandula/miss-peru-peruanas-bellas-ultimas-decadas-noticia-473145-noticia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226180935/https://elcomercio.pe/tvmas/farandula/miss-peru-peruanas-bellas-ultimas-decadas-noticia-473145-noticia/ |archive-date=26 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=El Comercio Perú |language=es}}</ref> |18 |Callao |- |{{flagicon|POL}} [[Polonya]] |{{sortname|Zuzanna|Cembrzowska|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Soliński |first=Janusz |date=15 Pebrero 1959 |title=Rozmawiamy z Zuzanną Cembrowską |language=pl |pages=1 |work=Życie Bytomskie |url=https://www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra/publication/305471/edition/288601/content?ref=desc |access-date=23 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Silesian Digital Library}}</ref> |19 |[[Varsovia]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Françoise|Saint-Laurent|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Hulyo 1959 |title=Views of beauty |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Dispatch |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=lOMeAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=Francoise%20Saint-Laurent&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Francoise%20Saint-Laurent&f=false |access-date=15 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |18 |Neuilly-Plaisance |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Marie Louise|Ekström|nolink=1}}<ref name=":3" /> |20 |Sundsvall |- |{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thailand|Taylandiya]] |{{sortname|Sodsai|Vanijvadhana|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Hulyo 1959 |title=Beauty under hat |language=en |pages=3 |work=Independent |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/independent-1960-miss-usa-clipping/123332145/ |access-date=27 Abril 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |22 |[[Bangkok]] |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Hyun-joo|Oh|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 Hulyo 1959 |title=Aspirantes a "Miss Universo" |language=es |trans-title="Miss Universe" hopefuls |pages=8 |work=El Tiempo |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=D9weAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SGkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=917%2C2696616 |access-date=22 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |19 |[[Seoul]] |- |{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Turkiya]] |{{sortname|Ezel|Olcay|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tarihi |first=Güncelleme |date=4 Mayo 2020 |title=Güzeller canlı yayında buluştu |language=Turkish |trans-title=Beauties met on live broadcast |website=Hürriyet |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/galeri-1929dan-gunumuze-turkiye-guzelleri-41508916 |url-status=live |access-date=29 Abril 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102125519/https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/galeri-1929dan-gunumuze-turkiye-guzelleri-41508916 |archive-date=2 Enero 2023}}</ref> |19 |[[Istanbul]] |- |{{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay]] |{{sortname|Claudia|Bernat|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Hulyo 1959 |title=Beauties reading about themselves |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Telegraph-Herald |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=Ro9FAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA3&dq=Claudia%20Bernat&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=Claudia%20Bernat&f=false |access-date=15 Abril 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |20 |[[Montevideo]] |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missuniverse.com}} {{Miss Universe}} 66wqdanyk3gzrjaakin5hahofapcj60 0 320845 2237847 2181034 2026-10-29T06:55:48Z Allyriana000 119761 2237847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant|image=Linda Bement Detroit News TV Magazine, edited (cropped).jpg|winner='''[[Linda Bement]]'''|date=9 Hulyo 1960|entrants=43|placements=15|debuts={{Hlist|Espanya|Hordan|Portugal|Tunisya}}|withdraws={{Hlist|Guatemala|Hawaii|Mehiko|Polonya|Taylandiya|Turkiya}}|returns={{Hlist|Beneswela|Hong Kong|Libano|Maruekos|Nuweba Selandiya|Paraguay|Pinlandiya|Suriname|Suwisa|Timog Aprika|Tsile}}|venue=Miami Beach Auditorium, Miami Beach, Florida, Estados Unidos|congeniality=Myint Myint May <br> {{flagu|Burma|1948}}|photogenic=Daniela Bianchi <br> {{flagu|Italya}}|before=[[Miss Universe 1959|1959]]|next=[[Miss Universe 1961|1961]]|caption=Linda Bement|hosts=Charles Collingwood|represented={{flagu|Estados Unidos}}}} Ang '''Miss Universe 1960''' ay ang ikasiyam na edisyon ng [[Miss Universe]] pageant, na ginanap sa Miami Beach Auditorium sa Miami Beach, Florida, Estados Unidos 9 noong Hulyo 1960. Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Akiko Kojima]] ng Hapon si [[Linda Bement]] ng Estados Unidos bilang Miss Universe 1960.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Hulyo 1960 |title=Linda's "undecided" on future |language=en |pages=1, A-5 |work=The Deseret News |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IKkuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hUgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1727%2C1877074 |access-date=28 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Hulyo 1960 |title=American teenager is Miss Universe |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Age |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=PZ5VAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA3&dq=%22Miss%20Universe%22&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22&f=false |access-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Hulyo 1960 |title=Miss Universe crown is won by Miss U.S.A. |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Press-Courier |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=rEteAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA3&dq=%22Miss%20Universe%22&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22&f=false |access-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Ito ang pangatlong tagumpay ng Estados Unidos sa kasaysayan ng kompetisyon. Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si Daniela Bianchi ng Italya, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Elizabeth Hodacs ng Austrya.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=11 Hulyo 1960 |title=Miss Universe and Runners-Up |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Spokesman-Review |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xmIzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=x-cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=993%2C3377996 |access-date=28 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Hulyo 1960 |title=La representante de EE.UU. fue elegida "Miss Universo" |language=es |pages=1 |work=El Tiempo |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2bscAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LH4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=1563%2C1353541 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022}}</ref> Mga kandidata mula sa apatnapu't-tatlong bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Hulyo 1960 |title=Miss Universe posed with trophy problem |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Evening Independent |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=MURQAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA2&dq=%22Miss%20Universe%22&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q=%22Miss%20Universe%22&f=false |access-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 Hulyo 1960 |title=Florida as 'hot as a firecracker' over July Fourth weekend |language=en |pages=9 |work=Ocala Star-Banner |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=oYFPAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA9&dq=Louise%20Carrigues&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q=Louise%20Carrigues&f=false |access-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Pinangunahan ni Charles Collingwood ang kompetisyon. == Kasaysayan == [[Talaksan:MBCC WP2.jpg|thumb|Miami Beach Auditorium, ang lokasyon ng Miss Universe 1960|250x250px]] === Lokasyon at petsa ng kompetisyon === Noong 7 Oktubre 1959, inanunsyo ni Hank Meyer, city publicity director ng Miami Beach, na ang ikasampung anibersaryo ng kompetisyon ay gaganapin sa Miami Beach, Florida, imbis na sa Long Beach, California sa Estados Unidos. Ayon sa Long Beach Beauty Congress, "masyadong naging komersyalisado" ang kompetisyon matapos ang kompetisyon noong Hulyo 1959 na napalanunan ni Akiko Kojima ng Hapon, dahilan upang alisin ang kanilang suporta sa ''pageant''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 Setyembre 1959 |title=New International Beauty Congress at Long Beach |language=en |pages=5 |work=The Royal Gazette |url=https://bnl.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/BermudaNP02/id/187474/rec/50 |access-date=18 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Bermuda National Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Oktubre 1959 |title=Miss Universe Contest moving |language=en |pages=5 |work=The Royal Gazette |url=https://bnl.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/BermudaNP02/id/188564/rec/46 |access-date=18 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Bermuda National Library}}</ref> === Pagpili ng mga kalahok === Ang mga kalahok mula sa apatnapu't-tatlong bansa at teritoryo ay napili upang lumahok sa kompetisyon. Isang kandidata ang nailuklok upang kumatawan sa kanilang bansa/teritoryo at isang kandidata ang nailuklok upang kumatawan sa kanilang bansa/teritoryo matapos ang pag-urong ng orihinal na kalahok. ==== Mga pagpalit ==== Iniluklok si Mary Quiróz, Miss Yaracuy 1957, upang kumatawan sa bansang [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] sa edisyong ito dahil ginanap ang Miss Venezuela 1960 ilang linggo pagkatapos ng Miss Universe.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Freitas |first=Alba |date=20 Hulyo 2021 |title=Materán, Miss Universo Venezuela 2021: Mi meta es inspirar a otros |url=https://www.elnacional.com/entretenimiento/luiseth-materan-miss-universo-venezuela-2021-mi-meta-es-inspirar-a-otros/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730223824/https://www.elnacional.com/entretenimiento/luiseth-materan-miss-universo-venezuela-2021-mi-meta-es-inspirar-a-otros/ |archive-date=30 Hulyo 2021 |access-date=2 Disyembre 2022 |website=El Nacional |language=es}}</ref> Dapat sanang kakatawan sa [[Dinamarka]] sa kompetisyong ito si Sonja Menzel.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Abril 1960 |title=Lie costs crown of beauty queen |language=en |pages=17 |work=The Spokesman-Review |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=8aBWAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA17&dq=Miss%20Internacional&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q=Miss%20Internacional&f=false |access-date=12 Oktubre 2024 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Gayunpaman, pinalitan ni Lizzie Ellinor Hess si Menzel matapos palitan ni Menzel si Antje Moeller sa Miss International matapos tuklasan na labing-anim na taong gulang lamang si Moller.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Abril 1960 |title=Quartet of queens |language=en |pages=36 |work=The Windsor Star |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=7SQ_AAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA36&dq=Miss%20Internacional&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q=Miss%20Internacional&f=false |access-date=12 Oktubre 2024 |via=Google Books}}</ref> ==== Mga unang pagsali, pagbalik, at pag-urong sa kompetisyon ==== Unang sumali sa edisyong ito ang mga bansang Espanya, Hordan, Portugal, at Tunisya. Bumalik sa edisyong ito ang mga bansang Suwisa at Timog Aprika na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1953|1953]]; Nuweba Selandiya at Hong Kong na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1954|1954]]; Libano at Pinlandiya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1955|1955]]; Maruekos na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1957|1957]]; at Beneswela, Paraguay, Suriname, at Tsile na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1958|1958]]. Hindi sumali ang Hawaii dahil isa na itong [[estado ng Estados Unidos]], at nagsimula nang magpadala ang Hawaii ng mga kandidata sa Miss USA. Hindi sumali si Marzena Malinowska ng Polonya dahil pinili nitong sumali sa [[Miss International 1960]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=MacFeely |first=F. T. |date=7 Hulyo 1960 |title=Confusion prevails at Miss Universe |language=en |pages=1 |work=Suffolk News-Herald |url=https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=SNH19600707.1.1&srpos=9&e=------196-en-20--1--txt-txIN-Miss+Universe----1960--- |access-date=21 Nobyembre 2022}}</ref> Hindi sumali si Lorena Velázquez ng Mehiko dahil tumanggi siyang katawanin ang Mehiko sa kompetisyon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arreola |first=Estefania |date=11 Nobyembre 2021 |title=Lorena Velázquez era la actriz con la mejor silueta del Cine de Oro y estas FOTOS en traje de baño lo demuestran |url=https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/espectaculos/2021/11/11/lorena-velazquez-era-la-actriz-con-la-mejor-silueta-del-cine-de-oro-estas-fotos-en-traje-de-bano-lo-demuestran-353028.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009162334/https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/espectaculos/2021/11/11/lorena-velazquez-era-la-actriz-con-la-mejor-silueta-del-cine-de-oro-estas-fotos-en-traje-de-bano-lo-demuestran-353028.html |archive-date=9 Oktubre 2024 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2022 |website=El Heraldo de México |language=es}}</ref> Hindi sumali si Figen Özgür ng Turkiya dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan at pinalitan siya ni Nebahat Çehre. Gayunpaman, bumitiw rin siya sa kompetisyon dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tarihi |first=Güncelleme |date=4 Mayo 2020 |title=Güzeller canlı yayında buluştu |language=Turkish |trans-title=Beauties met on live broadcast |website=Hürriyet |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/galeri-1929dan-gunumuze-turkiye-guzelleri-41508916 |url-status=live |access-date=30 Abril 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102125519/https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/galeri-1929dan-gunumuze-turkiye-guzelleri-41508916 |archive-date=2 Enero 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Nobyembre 2016 |title=Yarışmayla ünlü oldular! |trans-title=They became famous through the competition! |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/mahmure/galeri-yarismayla-unlu-oldular-34914444 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313225620/https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/mahmure/galeri-yarismayla-unlu-oldular-34914444 |archive-date=13 Marso 2023 |access-date=15 April 2025 |website=Hürriyet |language=tr}}</ref> Hindi sumali ang mga bansang Guatemala at Taylandiya sa edisyong ito matapos na mabigo ang kanilang mga organisasyong pambansa na magdaos ng kompetisyong pambansa o magtalaga ng kalahok. Dapat rin sanang sasali si Cluadinette Fouchard ng [[Haiti|Hayti]], subalit ito ay bumitiw dahil ito ay ikakasal na.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Mayo 1960 |title=Entrance by Haiti in "Miss World" Contest desireable |language=en |pages=8; 13 |work=Haiti Sun |url=http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00015023/00263 |access-date=28 Nobyembre 2022}}</ref> Hindi sumali sina Julia Adamson ng British Guiana, Wiana Sulastini ng Indonesya, at Christl D’Cruz ng Singapura dahil pinili nilang sumali sa [[Miss International 1960]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Agosto 1960 |title=Playmates |language=en |pages=3 |work=Kentucky New Era |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=GOYrAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA3&dq=%22Julia%20Adamson%22&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=%22Julia%20Adamson%22&f=false |access-date=11 Oktubre 2024 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 Agosto 1960 |title=Djakarta wil „Miss Indonesia" niet erkennen |language=nl |trans-title=Djakarta refuses to recognize Miss Indonesia |pages=3 |work=Algemeen Handelsblad |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=KBNRC01:000036532:mpeg21:p003 |access-date=10 Agosto 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 Abril 1987 |title=Our parade of success |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19870405-1.2.70.6.1 |access-date=16 Hulyo 2024 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> Hindi sumali sina Pat Tudor ng Australya, Sale Assouen ng Kamerun, Rajaobelina Bedovoahangy ng Madagaskar, Jenny Lee Scott ng Rhodesia, at Maria Flohr ng Tahiti dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 Hunyo 2016 |title=Samantha Todivelou Rodriguez crowned Miss World Madagascar 2016 |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/samantha-todivelou-rodriguez-crowned-miss-world-madagascar-2016/articleshow/52973491.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207000854/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/samantha-todivelou-rodriguez-crowned-miss-world-madagascar-2016/articleshow/52973491.cms |archive-date=7 Pebrero 2023 |access-date=6 Agosto 2025 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> == Mga resulta == [[Talaksan:Miss Universe 1960 Map.PNG|thumb|250x250px|Mga bansa at teritoryong sumali sa Miss Universe 1960 at ang kanilang mga pagkakalagay.]] === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss Universe 1960''' | * '''{{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]]''' – '''[[Linda Bement]]<ref name=":7" />''' |- |1st runner-up | * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] – Daniela Bianchi<ref name=":7" /> |- |2nd runner-up | * {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] – Elizabeth Hodacs<ref name=":7" /> |- |3rd runner-up | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg}} [[South Africa|Timog Aprika]] – Nicolette Caras<ref name=":7" /> |- |4th runner-up | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1945–1977).svg}} [[Espanya]] – María Teresa del Río<ref name=":7" /> |- |Top 15 | * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] – Gina MacPherson<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=9 Hulyo 1960 |title=Beauties of five continents vie tonight for Miss Universe |language=en |pages=2 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99274235/beauties-of-five-continents-vie-tonight/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=8 Hulyo 1960 |title=15 gorgeous lasses seek world title |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Spokesman-Review |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w2IzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=x-cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5665%2C2470207 |access-date=28 Nobyembre 2022}}</ref> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] – Magda Passaloglou<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] – Yayoi Furuno<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> * {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] – Joan Boardman<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> * {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] – Aliza Gur<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] – Ingrun Moeckel<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> * {{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] – [[Stella Márquez]]<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> * {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] – Ragnhild Aass<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> * {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Suwisa]] – Elaine Maurath<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] – Sohn Miheeja<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> |} === Mga espesyal na parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable unsortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Parangal !Nagwagi |- |Miss Photogenic | * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] – Daniela Bianchi<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Hulyo 1960 |title=Press favorite |language=en |pages=4 |work=The Victoria Advocate |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=kg1IAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA4&dq=%22Daniela%20Bianchi%22&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q=%22Daniela%20Bianchi%22&f=false |access-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |- |Miss Congeniality | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Burma (1948–1974).svg}} [[Myanmar|Burma]] – Myint Myint May''<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=9 Hulyo 1960 |title=Miss U.S.A. makes Universe finals |language=en |pages=1, 3A |work=Daytona Beach Morning Journal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=inkeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7skEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6882%2C1400051 |url-status= |access-date=15 Marso 2024 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref>'' * {{flag|Louisiana|1912}} – Judy Fletcher''<ref name=":10" />'' |} == Kompetisyon == === Pormat ng kompetisyon === Tulad noong [[Miss Universe 1955|1955]], labinlimang mga ''semi-finalist'' lang ang napili at ibinunyag sa paunang kompetisyon na binubuo ng ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition''. Ang labinlimang mga ''semi-finalist'' ay magbibigay ng isang maikling talumpati gamit ang kanilang sariling wika. Pagkatapos nito, lumahok sa ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition'' ang mga ''semi-finalist,'' at kalaunan ay napili ang limang pinalista''.<ref name=":10" />'' === Komite sa pagpili === * Maxwell Arnow – Amerikanong direktor<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |date=16 Hulyo 1960 |title=El pintor Botero, juez del concurso, relata las intimidades del certamen |language=es |trans-title=The painter Botero, judge of the contest, recounts the intimacies of the competition |pages=13 |work=El Tiempo |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=37scAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA13&dq=%22Roger%20Zeiler%22&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q=%22Roger%20Zeiler%22&f=false |access-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> * Fernando Botero – Kolombyanong pintor<ref name=":11" /> * Jane Fisher – Asawa ng tagapagtatag ng Miami Beach na si Carl Fisher<ref name=":11" /> * Irwin Hansen – Amerikanong kartunista<ref name=":11" /> * Dr. M.M. Hollander – Amerikanong manggagamot<ref name=":11" /> * Russell Patterson – Amerikanong ilustrador para sa mga palabas<ref name=":11" /> * Vuk Vuchinich – Amerikanong pintor at manlililok<ref name=":11" /> * Miyoko Yanagida – Hapones na pintor<ref name=":11" /> * Roger Zeiler – Miyembro ng komite ng Miss Europe<ref name=":11" /> == Mga kandidata == Apatnapu't-tatlong kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 Hulyo 1960 |title=Pageant has its hassles |language=en |pages=11 |newspaper=Reading Eagle |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19600701&id=NYYtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kpwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3077,391040&hl |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A|name=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Rose Marie|Lincke|nolink=1}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=6 Hulyo 1960 |title=Careful makeup job |language=en |pages=2 |work=Toledo Blade |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ab5OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-wAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7387%2C3893129 |access-date=28 Nobyembre 2022}}</ref> |22 |[[Lungsod ng Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] |- |{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] |{{sortname|Elizabeth|Hodacs|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 Hulyo 1960 |title=Miss Universe event beset by high skirt and low age |language=en |pages=37 |work=Daily Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14933462/corrine-huff1960/ |access-date=28 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Viena]] |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Huberte|Box|nolink=1}}<ref name=":82">{{Cite news |date=25 Hunyo 1960 |title=Added beauty for Gotham skyline |language=en |pages=11 |work=The Day |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CZMrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=83IFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2762%2C3526892 |access-date=30 Abril 2025 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |19 |[[Bruselas]] |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |{{sortname|Mary|Quiróz|nolink=1}}<ref name=":6" /> |21 |[[Caracas]] |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Gina|MacPherson|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Biderman |first=Sol |date=1 Agosto 1960 |title=Communism in Cuba doesn't bother average Brazilian |language=en |pages=5 |work=The San Bernardino County Sun |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46085351/earliest-bossa-nova-reference-in-us/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |Guanabara |- |{{flagicon|BOL}} [[Bolivia|Bulibya]] |{{sortname|Nancy|Aguirre|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 Hulyo 1960 |title=Miss Universe contestants |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Greenwood Commonwealth |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113973656/the-greenwood-commonwealth/ |access-date=2 Disyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[La Paz]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Burma (1948–1974).svg}} [[Myanmar|Burma]] |{{sortname|Myint Myint|May|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 Hulyo 1960 |title=Loveliness goes by in a water parade |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19600705-1.2.5?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=48&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |18 |[[Yangon]] |- |{{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica]] |{{sortname|Leila |Rodríguez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=López G. |first=Mauricio |date=1 Disyembre 2003 |title=Leila Rodríguez, servidora a tiempo completo |url=http://wvw.nacion.com/ln_ee/2003/diciembre/01/pais2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703104013/http://wvw.nacion.com/ln_ee/2003/diciembre/01/pais2.html |archive-date=3 Hulyo 2018 |access-date=28 Nobyembre 2022 |website=La Nacion |language=es}}</ref> |18 |[[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] |- |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] |{{sortname|Lizzie Ellinor|Hess|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=5 Hulyo 1960 |title=High temperatures, no breakfast too much for Miss Tunisia |language=en |pages=2 |work=Daytona Beach Morning Journal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hnkeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7skEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1469%2C737452 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2022}}</ref> |20 |[[Copenhague]] |- |{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] |{{sortname|Isabel|Rolando|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=4 Hulyo 1960 |title=Foreign beauties in contest |language=en |pages=2 |work=Daytona Beach Morning Journal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hXkeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7skEAAAAIBAJ&pg=820%2C553836 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2022}}</ref> |21 |[[Quito]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1945–1977).svg}} [[Espanya]] |{{sortname|María Teresa|del Río|nolink=1}}<ref name=":9" /> |21 |[[Madrid]] |- |'''{{Flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} [[Estados Unidos]]''' |'''{{sortname|Linda|Bement}}'''<ref>{{cite news |date=8 Hulyo 1960 |title=Utah Beauty Named New Miss USA |language=en |pages=1 |work=Daytona Beach Morning Journal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iXkeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7skEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4240,1242459&dq=terry-huntingdon&hl=en |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2022}}</ref> |18 |[[Utah|Lungsod ng Salt Lake]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Magda|Passaloglou|nolink=1}}<ref name=":82" /> |24 |[[Atenas]] |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Yayoi|Furuno|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Hunyo 1960 |title=Yayoi is first |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19600611-1.2.16?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=48&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |19 |[[Fukuoka]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Hong Kong (1876–1955).svg}} [[Hong Kong]] |{{sortname|Vivian|Cheung|nolink=1}}<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=7 Hulyo 1960 |title=Wedding bells? Beauties to wait |language=en |pages=1, 68 |work=The Miami Herald |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/44534697/the-miami-herald-miami-florida-7/ |access-date=28 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |[[Hong Kong]] |- |{{flagicon2|Jordan}} [[Jordan|Hordan]] |{{sortname|Helen|Giatanapoulus|nolink=1}}<ref name=":4" /> | 19 |[[Aman]] |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] |{{sortname|Joan |Boardman|nolink=1}}<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=28 Hunyo 1960 |title=Beauty and more beauty |language=en |pages=2 |work=Nanaimo Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113769445/nanaimo-daily-news/ |access-date=28 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |22 |Wallasey |- |{{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Islandiya]] |{{sortname|Svanhildur |Jakobsdóttir|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hunyo 1960 |title=Fegurðardrottning Islands 1960 |language=is |pages=1 |work=Vísir |url=https://timarit.is/page/2351293?iabr=on |access-date=24 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Tímarit.is}}</ref> |19 |[[Reikiavik]] |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Aliza |Gur|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 Hulyo 1960 |title=Thinking about staying abroad |language=en |pages=5 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80006658/fred-wood-kills-6-jul-1960/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Haifa]] |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Daniela |Bianchi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mustara |first=Antonio |date=25 Hunyo 2016 |title=Daniela Bianchi, 10 cose da sapere sulla prima Bond girl italiana |trans-title=Daniela Bianchi: 10 things to know about the first Italian Bond girl. |url=https://www.sorrisi.com/cinema/attori-attrici/daniela-bianchi-bond-girl-10-cose-da-sapere/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213184641/https://www.sorrisi.com/cinema/attori-attrici/daniela-bianchi-bond-girl-10-cose-da-sapere/ |archive-date=13 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=26 Nobyembre 2022 |website=TV Sorrisi e Canzoni |language=it-IT}}</ref> |18 |[[Roma]] |- |{{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Edna |McVicar|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 Nobyembre 1960 |title=Florence fashion show |language=en |pages=5 |work=The Windsor Star |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lyo_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=YFAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4865%2C5666467 |access-date=30 Abril 2025 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |19 |Galt |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Ingrun Helgard |Moeckel|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 Hunyo 1960 |title=Humor in the news |language=en |page=2 |work=The Gazette |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99275751/humor-in-the-news/ |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Düsseldorf|Dusseldorf]] |- |{{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |{{sortname|Stella |Márquez}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Hulyo 1960 |title=Guerra a los "Postizos" en Concurso de Miss Universo |language=es |pages=17 |work=El Tiempo |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=17scAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LH4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=1021%2C1113480 |access-date=24 Nobyembre 2022}}</ref> |21 |[[Talaan ng mga lungsod sa Colombia|Pasto]] |- |{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] |{{sortname|Flora |Lauten|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 Hunyo 1960 |title=Miss Cuba picked |language=en |pages=14 |work=The Austin American |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113766604/miss-cuba-picked/ |access-date=28 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Havana]] |- |{{flagicon|LIB}} [[Libano]] |{{sortname|Gladys |Tabet|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Evans-Smith |first=Eileen |date=26 Hulyo 1960 |title="Miss Lebanon" in Ottawa enjoying enviable tour |language=en |pages=24 |work=The Ottawa Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90066046/the-ottawa-citizen/ |access-date=7 Oktubre 2022}}</ref> |18 |[[Beirut]] |- |{{flagicon|LUX}} [[Luxembourg|Luksemburgo]] |{{sortname|Marie |Venturi|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Lungsod ng Luksemburgo]] |- |{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Maruekos]] |{{sortname|Marilyn |Escobar|nolink=1}}<ref name=":4" /> |19 |[[Rabat]] |- |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{sortname|Ragnhild |Aass|nolink=1}}<ref name=":5" /> |19 |[[Oslo]] |- |{{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |{{sortname|Lorraine Nawa |Jones|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Hulyo 1960 |title=Red-nosed from saying hello |language=en |pages=11 |work=Williamson Daily News |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UbNdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3V0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=5803%2C60349 |access-date=30 Abril 2025 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |21 |Wellington |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |{{sortname|Carina |Verbeek|nolink=1}}<ref name=":5" /> |19 |[[Ang Haya]] |- |{{flagicon|PRY}} [[Paraguay]] |{{sortname|Mercedes Teresa |Ruggia|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coronel |first=Raul |date=15 Oktubre 2021 |title=Te presentamos a todas nuestras representantes en Miss Universe |url=http://www.epa.com.py/2021/10/15/te-presentamos-a-todas-nuestras-representantes-en-miss-universe/ |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=Epa! |language=es |archive-date=3 Disyembre 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203234725/http://www.epa.com.py/2021/10/15/te-presentamos-a-todas-nuestras-representantes-en-miss-universe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 22 |[[Asuncion]] |- |{{flagicon|PER}} [[Peru]] |{{sortname|Medallit |Gallino|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 Nobyembre 2017 |title=Miss Perú: las peruanas más bellas de las últimas décadas |trans-title=Miss Peru: The most beautiful Peruvians of recent decades |url=https://elcomercio.pe/tvmas/farandula/miss-peru-peruanas-bellas-ultimas-decadas-noticia-473145-noticia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226180935/https://elcomercio.pe/tvmas/farandula/miss-peru-peruanas-bellas-ultimas-decadas-noticia-473145-noticia/ |archive-date=26 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=El Comercio Perú |language=es}}</ref> |19 |Lambayeque |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{sortname|Maija-Leena |Manninen|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Junttila |first=Veli |date=1 Pebrero 2010 |title=Tarja Nurmelle jatkoaika Miss Suomena |trans-title=Tarja Nurmi gets an extension as Miss Finland |url=https://www.ts.fi/puheenvuorot/107911 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211214756/https://www.ts.fi/puheenvuorot/107911 |archive-date=11 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=4 Oktubre 2022 |website=Turun Sanomat |language=fi}}</ref> |21 |[[Helsinki]] |- |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Portugal]] |{{sortname|Maria Teresa |Motta Cardoso|nolink=1}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=3 Hulyo 1960 |title=World Beauties gather in Miami for annual Miss Universe Contest |language=en |pages=4A |work=Daytona Beach Morning Journal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hHkeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7skEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3858%2C364149 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2022}}</ref> |19 |[[Lisboa]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Florence |Eyrie|nolink=1}}<ref name=":5" /> |21 |[[Paris]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Suriname (1959–1975).svg}} [[Suriname]] |{{sortname|Christine Jie Sam |Foek|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Hunyo 1960 |title=Christine Jie Sam Foek Miss Suriname 1960 |language=nl |pages=1 |work=Het Nieuws |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=%22Miss+Surinam%22&coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:010473830:mpeg21:a0003&resultsidentifier=ddd:010473830:mpeg21:a0003&rowid=10 |access-date=29 Marso 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |21 |[[Paramaribo]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Birgitta |Öfling|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 Hunyo 1960 |title=Swedish beauty queens |language=en |pages=1 |work=Herald-Journal |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=gnYsAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=Miss%20Internacional&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Miss%20Internacional&f=false |access-date=12 Oktubre 2024 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |22 |Uppsala |- |{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Suwisa]] |{{sortname|Elaine |Maurath|nolink=1}}<ref name=":5" /> |19 |[[Geneva]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg}} [[South Africa|Timog Aprika]] |{{sortname|Nicolette |Caras|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 Hulyo 1960 |title=Untitled |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Royal Gazette |url=https://bnl.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/BermudaNP02/id/193149/rec/103 |access-date=18 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Bermuda National Library}}</ref> |19 |[[Johannesburgo]] |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Mi-hee-ja|Sohn |nolink=1}} |19 |[[Seoul]] |- |{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |{{sortname|Marinka |Polhammer|nolink=1}}<ref name=":3" /> |19 |[[Santiago, Tsile|Santiago]] |- |{{flagicon|TUN}} [[Tunisya]] |{{sortname|Louise Marie|Carrigues|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 Hulyo 1960 |title=Medals, family, trust, inspiring our beauties |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Miami News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-news/181774697/ |access-date=26 Setyembre 2025 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> | 21 |[[Tunis]] |- |{{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay]] |{{sortname|Iris Teresa |Ubal|nolink=1}}<ref name=":1" /> |22 |[[Montevideo]] |} == Mga tala == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missuniverse.com}} {{Miss Universe}} 1z54gp6y4ckxb8cu80rsvdyo53nlecw 0 320872 2237851 2192028 2026-10-29T08:33:31Z Allyriana000 119761 2237851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant|image=Marlene Schmidt (cropped).jpg|winner='''[[Marlene Schmidt]]'''|date=15 Hulyo 1961|entrants=48|placements=15|debuts={{Hlist|Eskosya|Gales|Hamayka|Irlanda|Kapuluang Birhenes ng Estados Unidos|Madagaskar|Republika ng Tsina|Rhodesia}}|withdraws={{Hlist|Costa Rica|Hong Kong|Hordan|Nuweba Selandiya|Portugal|Suriname|Tunisya}}|returns={{Hlist|Ceylon|Guatemala|Puerto Rico|Turkiya}}|venue=Miami Beach Auditorium, Miami Beach, [[Florida]], Estados Unidos|congeniality=Eleftheria Deloutsi <br> {{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} Gresya|photogenic=Sharon Brown <br> {{flagu|Estados Unidos}}|before=[[Miss Universe 1960|1960]]|next=[[Miss Universe 1962|1962]]|caption=Marlene Schmidt|hosts=Johnny Carson|broadcaster=[[CBS]]|represented={{flagu| Kanlurang Alemanya}}}} Ang '''Miss Universe 1961''' ay ang ikasampung edisyon ng [[Miss Universe]] pageant, na ginanap sa Miami Beach Auditorium sa Miami Beach, Florida, Estados Unidos noong 15 Hulyo 1961.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 Hulyo 1961 |title=Beauty contest staging is mammoth task |language=en |pages=12 |work=Sunday Independent |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=5CEuAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA12&dq=Miss%20Universe&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q=Miss%20Universe&f=false |access-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni [[Linda Bement]] ng Estados Unidos si [[Marlene Schmidt]] ng Kanlurang Alemanya bilang Miss Universe 1961.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1961 |title=German engineer starting plush Miss Universe year |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Spokesman-Review |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=22wpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZOcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4873%2C697696 |access-date=6 Disyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1961 |title=German beauty named Miss Universe |language=en |pages=7 |work=The Calgary Herald |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=PGZkAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA7&dq=Miss%20Universe&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q=Miss%20Universe&f=false |access-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1961 |title=German girl engineer named Miss Universe |language=en |pages=10 |work=Saskatoon Star-Phoenix |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=0SxgAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA10&dq=Miss%20Universe&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q=Miss%20Universe&f=false |access-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Ito ang kauna-unahang tagumpay ng Alemanya sa kasaysayan ng kompetisyon. Nagtapos bilang first runner-up si [[Rosemarie Frankland]] ng Gales, habang nagtapos bilang second runner-up si Adriana Gardiazábal ng Arhentina.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Simms |first=Jack |date=17 Hulyo 1961 |title=Willowy, silver-blonde German reigns as new Miss Universe |language=en |pages=7 |work=The Sumter Daily Item |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GxUvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xakFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1951%2C1035245 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1961 |title=Miss Germany wins contest |language=en |pages=1–2A |work=Daytona Beach Morning Journal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7OkoAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kNEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3811%2C2411415 |access-date=6 Disyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> Mga kandidata mula sa apatnapu't-walong bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa kompetisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni Johnny Carson ang kompetisyon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 Hulyo 1961 |title=Miss Alemania, Marlene Schmidt, elegida Miss Universo anoche |language=es |trans-title=Miss Germany, Marlene Schmidt, was elected Miss Universe last night |pages=37 |work=La Nacion |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=L70cAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA37&dq=Miss%20Universe&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q=Miss%20Universe&f=false |access-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> == Kasaysayan == [[Talaksan:MBCC_WP2.jpg|thumb|Miami Beach Auditorium, ang lokasyon ng Miss Universe 1961|250x250px]] === Pagpili ng mga kalahok === Ang mga kalahok mula sa apatnapu't-walong mga bansa at teritoryo ay napili upang lumahok sa kompetisyon. Dalawang kandidata ang nailuklok upang kumatawan sa kanilang bansa/teritoryo matapos ang pag-urong ng orihinal na kalahok. ==== Mga pagpalit ==== Pinalitan nina Ana Griselda Vegas Albornoz ng Beneswela at Pilar Gil Ramos ng Espanya sina Gloria Lilue at Maria del Carmen Cervera Fernández, ayon sa pagkabanggit, dahil pinili nilang lumahok sa [[Miss International 1961]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=De los Rios |first=Elena |date=21 Hunyo 2021 |title=Miss España a los 18, viuda a los 30, madre soltera a los 37 y baronesa Thyssen a los 42: así pasó Carmen Cervera de los concursos de belleza a convertirse en la mujer más poderosa (y rica) del arte en España |trans-title=Miss Spain at 18, widowed at 30, single mother at 37, and Baroness Thyssen at 42: this is how Carmen Cervera went from beauty pageants to becoming the most powerful (and richest) woman in the arts in Spain. |url=https://www.mujerhoy.com/celebrities/202102/03/carmen-cervera-baronesa-thyssen-tragedia-muerte-marido-madre-soltera-coleccion-arte-polemica-museo-20210202205830.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426234225/https://www.mujerhoy.com/celebrities/202102/03/carmen-cervera-baronesa-thyssen-tragedia-muerte-marido-madre-soltera-coleccion-arte-polemica-museo-20210202205830.html |archive-date=26 Abril 2024 |access-date=13 Marso 2023 |website=Mujer Hoy |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Hulyo 1961 |title=What's next? Caribbean crises worry contest |language=en |pages=17 |work=St. Petersburg Times |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=PmBSAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA17&dq=Miss%20Universe&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q=Miss%20Universe&f=false |access-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> ==== Mga unang pagsali, pagbalik, at pag-urong sa kompetisyon ==== Unang sumali sa edisyong ito ang mga bansang Eskosya, Gales, Hamayka, Irlanda, Kapuluang Birhenes ng Estados Unidos, Madagaskar, Republika ng Tsina, at Rhodesia. Bumalik sa edisyong ito ang mga bansang Ceylon at Puerto Rico na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1957|1957]]; at Guatemala at Turkiya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1959|1959]]. Hindi sumali si Leone Mary Main ng Nuweba Sleandiya dahil pinili niyang lumahok sa [[Miss International 1961|Miss International]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 Hulyo 1961 |title=Dutch girl wins title, £4,464 |language=en |pages=11 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=-X1WAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA11&dq=Leone%20Mary%20Main&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q=Leone%20Mary%20Main&f=false |access-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Hindi sumali sina Eriny Emile Sebella ng Hordan at Maria Josabete Silva Santos ng Portugal dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan. Hindi sumali ang mga bansang Costa Rica, Hong Kong, Suriname, at Tunisya sa edisyong ito matapos na mabigo ang kanilang mga organisasyong pambansa na magdaos ng kompetisyong pambansa o magtalaga ng kalahok. Dapat sanang sasali sa edisyong ito sina Helen Tan ng [[Malaysia|Malaya]] at Julie Koh ng [[Singapore|Singapura]], subalit pinili na lamang nila na sumali sa [[Miss International]] sa Long Beach, [[California]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 Hulyo 1961 |title=Beauties on way to US get warm welcome during stop in Manila |language=en |pages=7 |work=The Singapore Free Press |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19610704-1.2.69?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=49&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Mayo 1961 |title=K.L. girl wins the Miss Malaya title |language=en |pages=16 |work=The Straits Times |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19610511-1.2.124 |access-date=9 Disyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> Kalaunan, sumali si Koh sa [[Miss Universe 1962|sumunod na edisyon]] ng kompetisyon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 Mayo 1961 |title=Miss Singapore flies to California next month |language=en |pages=9 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19610520-1.2.101?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=49&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> Hindi rin sumali sina Edna Delinois ng Hayti at Tarita Teriipaia ng Tahiti dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan. == Mga resulta == [[Talaksan:Miss_Universe_1961_Map.PNG|thumb|250x250px|Mga bansa at teritoryong sumali sa Miss Universe 1961 at ang kanilang mga pagkakalagay.]] === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss Universe 1961''' | * '''{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]]''' – '''[[Marlene Schmidt]]<ref name=":5" />''' |- |1st runner-up | * {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Wales|Gales]] – [[Rosemarie Frankland]]<ref name=":5" /> |- |2nd runner-up | * {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] – Adriana Gardiazábal<ref name=":5" /> |- |3rd runner-up | * {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] – Arlette Dobson<ref name=":5" /> |- |4th runner-up | * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] – Sharon Brown<ref name=":5" /> |- |Top 15 | * {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Scotland|Eskosya]] – Susan Jones<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1961 |title=15 girls reach final beauty test |language=en |pages=3 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2oBKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sIYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=706%2C3374763 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> * {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] – Atida Pisanti<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Islandiya]] – Kristjana Magnúsdóttir<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|PER}} [[Peru]] – Carmela Stein<ref name=":6" /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] – Simone Darot<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|ROC}} [[Taiwan|Republika ng Tsina]] – Wang Li-Ling<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] – Gunilla Knutson<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Suwisa]] – Liliane Burnier<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] – Seo Yang-hee<ref name=":6" /> * {{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] – Gloria Silva<ref name=":6" /> |} === Mga espesyal na parangal === {| class="wikitable sortable unsortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Parangal !Nagwagi |- |Miss Photogenic | * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] – Sharon Brown<ref name=":5" /> |- |Miss Congeniality | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] – Eleftheria Deloutsi<ref name=":5" /> |} == Kompetisyon == === Pormat ng kompetisyon === Tulad noong [[Miss Universe 1955|1955]], labinlimang mga ''semi-finalist'' lang ang napili at ibinunyag sa paunang kompetisyon na binubuo ng ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition''. Ang labinlimang mga ''semi-finalist'' ay magbibigay ng isang maikling talumpati gamit ang kanilang sariling wika. Pagkatapos nito, lumahok sa ''swimsuit competition'' at ''evening gown competition'' ang mga ''semi-finalist,'' at kalaunan ay napili ang limang pinalista''.<ref name=":5" />'' === Komite sa pagpili === * Peter Demaerel – Direktor ng Belgian-American Tourist Office sa Estados Unidos * Gustavo Lorca Rojas – Noo'y-alkalde ng lungsod ng Viña del Mar sa Tsile * Raul Manteola – Arhentinong pintor * Russell Patterson – Amerikanong ilustrador para sa mga palabas * Michel Tapié – Pranses na kritiko ng sining at tagapangasiwa * Earl Wilson – Amerikanong mamamahayag at kolumnista<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilson |first=Earl |date=13 Hulyo 1961 |title=It happened last night |language=en |pages=34 |work=Sarasota Herald-Tribune |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=kLscAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA34&dq=%22Earl%20Wilson%22%20Miss%20Universe&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q=%22Earl%20Wilson%22%20Miss%20Universe&f=false |access-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> * Miyoko Yanagida – Hapones na pintor == Mga kandidata == Apatnapu't-walong kandidata ang lumahok para sa titulo. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A|name=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Adriana|Gardiazábal|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1961 |title=Loveliest girl in the world to become "Miss Universe" |language=en |pages=1 |work=Simpson's Leader-Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11984893/simpsons-leader-times/ |access-date=28 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Lungsod ng Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] |- |{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] |{{sortname|Ingrid|Bayer|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 Hulyo 1961 |title=Beauties at the White House |language=en |pages=13 |work=Sarasota Herald-Tribune |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jbscAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RWUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5574%2C936727 |access-date=3 Disyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |20 |Vorarlberg |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Nicole|Ksinozenicki|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Mayo 1961 |title=In Knokke is Nicole Ksinozenicki uit Sint Gillis (Brussel) tot miss België uitgeroepen. |language=nl |trans-title=In Knokke, Nicole Ksinozenicki from Sint Gillis (Brussels) was proclaimed Miss Belgium. |pages=3 |work=Leeuwarder courant |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010615939:mpeg21:p003 |access-date=24 Abril 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |18 |Saint-Gilles |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1930}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |{{sortname|Ana Griselda|Vegas Albornoz|nolink=1}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=13 Hulyo 1961 |title=Nerviosismo Latinoamericano en el torneo de Miss Universo |language=es |trans-title=Latin American nervousness at the Miss Universe tournament |pages=1 |work=El Tiempo |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pishAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CmkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1221%2C1800229 |access-date=8 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |20 |[[Caracas]] |- |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Staël|Abelha|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Enero 2022 |title=Stael Abelha, primeira mineira eleita Miss Brasil, é vítima de Alzheimer |trans-title=Stael Abelha, the first woman from Minas Gerais to be elected Miss Brazil, is a victim of Alzheimer's. |url=https://www.em.com.br/app/colunistas/helvecio-carlos/2022/01/11/interna_helvecio_carlos,1336712/stael-abelha-primeira-mineira-eleita-miss-brasil-e-vitima-de-alzheimer.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111232339/https://www.em.com.br/app/colunistas/helvecio-carlos/2022/01/11/interna_helvecio_carlos,1336712/stael-abelha-primeira-mineira-eleita-miss-brasil-e-vitima-de-alzheimer.shtml |archive-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2022 |website=Estado de Minas |language=pt-BR}}</ref> |19 |Caratinga |- |{{flagicon|BOL}} [[Bolivia|Bulibya]] |{{sortname|Gloria|Soruco|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 Hulyo 2017 |title=El título les dio alegrías, trabajo y fama que aún saborean |url=https://eldeber.com.bo/sociales/el-titulo-les-dio-alegrias-trabajo-y-fama-que-aun-saborean_32650 |access-date=19 Disyembre 2022 |website=El Deber |language=es-ES |archive-date=23 Oktubre 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023090330/https://eldeber.com.bo/sociales/el-titulo-les-dio-alegrias-trabajo-y-fama-que-aun-saborean_32650 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |19 |[[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Burma (1948–1974).svg}} [[Myanmar|Burma]] |{{sortname|Khin|Myint Myint|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ei Ei Htwe |first=Nyein |date=28 Setyembre 2009 |title=Former ‘Miss Burma’ winner passes away |url=https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/6057-former-miss-burma-winner-passes-away.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112021143/https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/6057-former-miss-burma-winner-passes-away.html |archive-date=12 Nobyembre 2017 |access-date=2 Disyembre 2022 |website=Myanmar Times |language=en}}</ref> |18 |Daik-U |- |{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] |{{sortname|Ranjini Nilani|Jayatilleke|nolink=1}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=13 Hulyo 1961 |title=Universal beauty displayed at Miami |language=en |pages=1 |work=Herald-Journal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1XYsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DMwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=850%2C1491804 |access-date=5 Disyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> | 19 |[[Colombo]] |- |{{flagicon|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] |{{sortname|Jyette|Nielsen|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 Hunyo 1961 |title=Untitled |language=kl |pages=28 |work=Atuagagdliutit |url=https://timarit.is/page/3782321 |access-date=6 Disyembre 2022 |via=Tímarit.is}}</ref> |18 |[[Copenhague]] |- |{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] |{{sortname|Yolanda|Palacios|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Hulyo 1961 |title=Candidale ai massimi titoli di bellezza |language=it |trans-title=Nominee for top beauty titles |pages=5 |work=La Stampa |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,5/articleid,1572_02_1961_0156_0005_22009795/ |access-date=24 Abril 2023}}</ref> |18 |Guayaquil |- |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Scotland|Eskosya]] |{{sortname|Susan|Jones|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 Enero 1994 |title=The man who made Churchill beam |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12699077.the-man-who-made-churchill-beam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130212722/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12699077.the-man-who-made-churchill-beam/ |archive-date=30 Nobyembre 2024 |access-date=5 Disyembre 2022 |website=The Herald Scotland |language=en}}</ref> |20 |Aberdeen |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1945–1977).svg}} [[Espanya]] |{{sortname|Pilar Gil|Ramos|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 Hulyo 1961 |title=Miss Universe girls are briefed |language=en |pages=3 |work=Eugene Register-Guard |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=ff9VAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA3&dq=%22Pilar%20Gil%20Ramos%22&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=%22Pilar%20Gil%20Ramos%22&f=false |access-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |19 |[[Madrid]] |- |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] |{{sortname|Sharon Renee|Brown|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hulyo 1961 |title=Louisiana Beauty is Miss USA |language=en |pages=3 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2YBKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sIYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=873%2C3201107 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |18 |Minden |- |{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Wales|Gales]] |{{sortname|Rosemarie|Frankland}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Setyembre 1961 |title=Miss UK 1960 |language=en |pages=16 |work=The Vancouver Sun |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83668173/miss-uk-1960/ |access-date=29 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |Lancashire |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Eleftheria|Deloutsi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1961 |title=Downfall of Greece |language=en |pages=3 |work=Philadelphia Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21361182/death/ |access-date=29 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |[[Atenas]] |- |{{flagicon|GUA}} [[Guwatemala|Guatemala]] |{{sortname|Anabelle|Sáenz|nolink=1}} | 19 |[[Lungsod ng Guatemala]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Jamaica (1957–1962).svg}} [[Jamaica|Hamayka]] |{{sortname|Marguerite|LeWars|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Richard |date=1 Nobyembre 2020 |title=He was a gentleman |url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/he-was-a-gentleman/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130214110/https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2020/10/31/he-was-a-gentleman/ |archive-date=30 Nobyembre 2024 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2022 |website=Jamaica Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> |20 |[[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Akemi|Toyama|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 Hulyo 1961 |title=Meeting the 3 queens |language=en |pages=3 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19610709-1.2.15.1?ST=1&AT=search&SortBy=Oldest&K=Miss+Universe&P=49&Display=0&filterS=0&QT=miss,universe&oref=article |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library Board}}</ref> |20 |[[Tokyo]] |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] |{{sortname|Arlette|Dobson|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Hulyo 1961 |title=Miss Universe winners |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Daily Republic |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-republic-miss-universe-arlet/126162842/ |access-date=30 Abril 2025 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |18 |Surrey |- |{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Republika ng Irlanda|Irlanda]] |{{sortname|Jean|Russell|nolink=1}} |21 |Lisburn |- |{{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Islandiya]] |{{sortname|Kristjana|Magnúsdóttir|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Hunyo 1961 |title=Íslensk fegurð '61 |language=is |pages=18–20 |work=Fálkinn |url=https://timarit.is/page/4376474?iabr=on |access-date=5 Disyembre 2022 |via=Tímarit.is}}</ref> |21 |Reykjanesbær |- |{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Atida|Pisanti|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Hulyo 1961 |title=Untitled |language=en |pages=11 |work=The American Jewish World |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/amjwld/1961/07/21/01/article/52 |access-date=29 Nobyembre 2022 |via=National Library of Israel |archive-date=29 Nobiyembre 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129030256/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/amjwld/1961/07/21/01/article/52 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |19 |[[Haifa]] |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Viviana|Romano|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1961 |title=Everybody in |language=en |pages=48 |work=The Windsor Star |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=Vyo_AAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA48&dq=%22Viviana%20Romano%22&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q=%22Viviana%20Romano%22&f=false |access-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |21 |Lazio |- |{{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Wilda|Reynolds|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Hulyo 1962 |title=Former 'Miss Canada' weds army man here |language=en |pages=12 |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114320701/pittsburgh-post-gazette/ |access-date=9 Disyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Toronto]] |- |'''{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kanlurang Alemanya]]''' |'''{{sortname|Marlene|Schmidt}}'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=14 Hulyo 1961 |title=Beauties parade for title tonight |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Gadsden Times |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WZ4fAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qtUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2834%2C1362751 |access-date=8 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |24 |[[Stuttgart]] |- |{{flagicon|VIR}} [[Kapuluang Birhenes ng Estados Unidos]] |{{sortname|Priscilla|Bonilla|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 Hulyo 1961 |title="Miss V.I." off to Miami Beach |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Virgin Islands Daily News |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iBpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wa0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5275%2C180415 |access-date=8 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> | 18 |Charlotte Amalie |- |{{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |{{sortname|Patricia|Whitman|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Hulyo 1961 |title=Sensación en Miami por Trajes Típicos de Srta. Colombia |language=es |trans-title=Sensation in Miami for Miss Colombia's traditional costumes |pages=1; 21 |work=El Tiempo |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pSshAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CmkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=827%2C1646128 |access-date=8 Oktubre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |21 |Medellín |- |{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] |{{sortname|Marta|García Vieta|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 Hulyo 1961 |title=Cuban beauty |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Tuscaloosa News |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=fvocAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA2&dq=%22Marta%20Garcia%20Vieta%22&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q=%22Marta%20Garcia%20Vieta%22&f=false |access-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |25 |[[Miami, Florida|Miami]] |- |{{flagicon|LIB}} [[Lebanon|Líbano]] |Leila Antaki<ref name=":3" /> |22 |[[Beirut]] |- |{{flagicon|LUX}} [[Luxembourg|Luksemburgo]] |{{sortname|Vicky|Schoos|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 Hulyo 1961 |title=Never mind how they look: just listen to them talk |language=en |pages=15 |work=Times Daily |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=NgosAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA15&dq=%22Vicky+Schoos%22&article_id=3156,1640808&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiZvP2N8q7_AhWG3jgGHU_NDGwQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=%22Vicky%20Schoos%22&f=false |access-date=6 Hunyo 2023 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |18 |[[Lungsod ng Luksemburgo]] |- |{{flagicon|MDG}} [[Madagascar|Madagaskar]] |{{sortname|Jacqueline|Robertson|nolink=1}} |22 |[[Antananarivo]] |- |{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Maruekos]] |{{sortname|Irene|Gorsse|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=28 Oktubre 1961 |title=Le Maroc sera représenté au concours Miss Univers prévu en Israël |trans-title=LifeStyle – Morocco will be represented at the Miss Universe competition planned in Israel |url=https://article19.ma/accueil/archives/147163 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125104431/https://article19.ma/accueil/archives/147163 |archive-date=25 Enero 2025 |access-date=9 Disyembre 2022 |website=Article19 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> | 18 |[[Casablanca]] |- |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{sortname|Rigmor|Trengereid|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 Hunyo 1961 |title=Beauty is universal |language=en |pages=7 |work=The Dispatch |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=duIeAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA7&dq=Rigmor%20Trengereid&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q=Rigmor%20Trengereid&f=false |access-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |19 |Bergen |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |{{sortname|Gita|Kamman|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 1961 |title=Ene miss Holland is voor ons in Florida |language=nl |trans-title=A Miss Holland is in Florida for us |pages=1 |work=Het Parool |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=%22Gita+Kamman%22&coll=ddd&page=1&facets%5Bperiode%5D%5B%5D=2%7C20e_eeuw%7C1960-1969%7C1961%7C&identifier=ABCDDD:010840811:mpeg21:a0131&resultsidentifier=ABCDDD:010840811:mpeg21:a0131&rowid=1 |access-date=28 Marso 2023 |via=Delpher}}</ref> |22 |[[Amsterdam]] |- |{{flagicon|PRY}} [[Paraguay]] |{{sortname|María Cristina|Osnaghi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coronel |first=Raul |date=15 Oktubre 2021 |title=Te presentamos a todas nuestras representantes en Miss Universe |trans-title=We introduce you to all our representatives at Miss Universe |url=http://www.epa.com.py/2021/10/15/te-presentamos-a-todas-nuestras-representantes-en-miss-universe/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203234725/http://www.epa.com.py/2021/10/15/te-presentamos-a-todas-nuestras-representantes-en-miss-universe/ |archive-date=3 Disyembre 2021 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=Epa! |language=es}}</ref> | 18 |[[Asuncion]] |- |{{flagicon|PER}} [[Peru]] |{{sortname|Carmela|Stein|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 Nobyembre 2017 |title=Miss Perú: las peruanas más bellas de las últimas décadas |trans-title=Miss Peru: The most beautiful Peruvians of recent decades |url=https://elcomercio.pe/tvmas/farandula/miss-peru-peruanas-bellas-ultimas-decadas-noticia-473145-noticia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226180935/https://elcomercio.pe/tvmas/farandula/miss-peru-peruanas-bellas-ultimas-decadas-noticia-473145-noticia/ |archive-date=26 Disyembre 2024 |access-date=11 Nobyembre 2022 |website=El Comercio Perú |language=es}}</ref> |20 |[[Lungsod ng Lima|Lima]] |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{sortname|Ritva|Wächter|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Himberg |first=Petra |date=18 Nobyembre 2009 |title=Miss Suomi 1961 Ritva Wächter |trans-title=Miss Finland 1961 Ritva Wächter |url=http://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2009/11/18/miss-suomi-1961-ritva-wachter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415215051/https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2009/11/18/miss-suomi-1961-ritva-wachter |archive-date=15 Abril 2023 |access-date=4 Oktubre 2022 |website=Yle |language=fi-FI}}</ref> |20 |Naantali |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Simone|Darot|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lo |first=Ricky |date=1 Pebrero 2017 |title=France 1st grand slam winner in world beauty pageants |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2017/02/01/1667464/france-1st-grand-slam-winner-world-beauty-pageants |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312135222/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2017/02/01/1667464/france-1st-grand-slam-winner-world-beauty-pageants |archive-date=12 Marso 2025 |access-date=6 Disyembre 2022 |website=[[Philippine Star]] |language=en}}</ref> |19 |[[Paris]] |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico|variant=1952}} [[Puerto Rico]] |{{sortname|Enid|del Valle|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Hunyo 2019 |title=De Aguadilla para el Universo |trans-title=From Aguadilla to the Universe |url=https://prpop.org/2019/06/de-aguadilla-para-el-universo/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130212913/https://prpop.org/2019/06/de-aguadilla-para-el-universo/ |archive-date=30 Nobyembre 2024 |access-date=2 Disyembre 2022 |website=Fundación Nacional para la Cultura Popular |language=es}}</ref> |20 |Aguadilla |- |{{flagicon|ROC}} [[Taiwan|Republika ng Tsina]] |{{sortname|Li-Ling|Wang|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1961 |title=15 girls to compete in finals of Miss Universe pageant |language=en |pages=23 |work=The Bridgeport Post |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11984963/the-bridgeport-post/ |access-date=29 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |19 |[[Taipei]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Southern Rhodesia (1924–1953, 1963–1964).svg}} [[Rhodesia|Rhodesia at Nyasaland]] |{{sortname|Jonee|Sierra|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Makombe |first=Leonard |date=28 Nobyembre 2002 |title=Zimbabwe: Blanchfield Possessed Rare Qualities |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200211300221.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026151620/https://allafrica.com/stories/200211300221.html |archive-date=26 Oktubre 2022 |access-date=26 Oktubre 2022 |website=The Herald |language=en |via=AllAfrica}}</ref> |19 |[[Harare|Salisbury]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Gunilla|Knutsson|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1961 |title=Miss Universe judges go for European girls |language=en |pages=2 |work=The Akron Beacon Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11985055/the-akron-beacon-journal/ |access-date=29 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |20 |Ystad |- |{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Suwisa]] |{{sortname|Liliane|Burnier|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1961 |title=Happy Miss Universe semifinalists join hands |language=en |pages=2 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2oBKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sIYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=874%2C3331026 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |19 |[[Geneva]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1928–1994).svg}} [[South Africa|Timog Aprika]] |{{sortname|Marina|Christelis|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=13 Hulyo 1961 |title=Beauties at a Fountain |language=en |pages=14 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2IBKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sIYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=891%2C3014666 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |20 |[[Johannesburgo]] |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Yang-hee|Seo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Hulyo 1961 |title=Beauties enjoy snack |language=en |pages=1 |work=The Tuscaloosa News |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=gvocAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=Miss%20Universe&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Miss%20Universe&f=false |access-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |21 |[[Seoul]] |- |{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |{{sortname|Gloria|Silva|nolink=1}}<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=7 Hulyo 1961 |title=Latin beauties in native costume |language=en |pages=18 |work=Herald-Journal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zHYsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DMwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=805%2C835384 |access-date=6 Disyembre 2022 |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |22 |[[Santiago, Tsile|Santiago]] |- |{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Turkiya]] |{{sortname|Gülseren|Uysal|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 Hulyo 2014 |title=İşte Türkiye'nin en güzel kadınları... |trans-title=Here are the most beautiful women in Türkiye... |url=https://www.cnnturk.com/yasam/diger/iste-turkiyenin-en-guzel-kadinlari-15-07-2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906041041/https://www.cnnturk.com/yasam/diger/iste-turkiyenin-en-guzel-kadinlari-15-07-2014 |archive-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |access-date=6 Setyembre 2025 |website=CNN Türk |language=tr}}</ref> | 18 |[[Istanbul]] |- |{{flagicon|URY}} [[Uruguay]] |{{sortname|Susanna|Ferrari|nolink=1}}<ref name=":4" /> | 23 |[[Montevideo]] |} == Mga tala == {{notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} == Panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|https://www.missuniverse.com}} {{Miss Universe}} h4pffzi9ykd85ecs0g5pwi9fz42qvug 10 321952 2237827 2164481 2026-10-29T02:10:07Z Allyriana000 119761 2237827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Miss Earth | title = [[Miss Earth]] | state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | bodyclass = hlist | list1 = * [[Miss Earth 2001|2001]] * [[Miss Earth 2002|2002]] * [[Miss Earth 2003|2003]] * [[Miss Earth 2004|2004]] * [[Miss Earth 2005|2005]] * [[Miss Earth 2006|2006]] * [[Miss Earth 2007|2007]] * [[Miss Earth 2008|2008]] * [[Miss Earth 2009|2009]] * [[Miss Earth 2010|2010]] |list2 = * [[Miss Earth 2011|2011]] * [[Miss Earth 2012|2012]] * [[Miss Earth 2013|2013]] * [[Miss Earth 2014|2014]] * [[Miss Earth 2015|2015]] * [[Miss Earth 2016|2016]] * [[Miss Earth 2017|2017]] * [[Miss Earth 2018|2018]] * [[Miss Earth 2019|2019]] * [[Miss Earth 2020|2020]] |list3 = * [[Miss Earth 2021|2021]] * [[Miss Earth 2022|2022]] * [[Miss Earth 2023|2023]] * [[Miss Earth 2024|2024]] * [[Miss Earth 2025|2025]] * [[Miss Earth 2026|2026]] | below = * [[Talaan ng mga Titulado ng Miss Earth]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Miss Earth templates| ]] </noinclude> sjv4znsepeytmkybxwthvzqmrgh1tux 2 331960 2237823 2144078 2026-10-29T01:37:22Z Mfield 157602 Inilipat ni Mfield ang pahinang [[Tagagamit:Spongebob796]] sa [[Tagagamit:TVidentityWatership]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Spongebob796|Spongebob796]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/TVidentityWatership|TVidentityWatership]]" 2144078 wikitext text/x-wiki Hi... Gustong gusto ko nang gumawa ng pahina...! {{User en-4}} {{User tl-3}} Makikita mo ako sa English Wikipedia:<br> [[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Spongebob796]] cu5qfc8z5vanaozn8k5pkng5lh04bqj 0 332428 2237792 2168191 2026-10-28T15:37:56Z Jojit fb 38 ni-redirect na lamang sa kaugnay na artikulo dahil walang sapat na impormasyon sa matagal na panahon 2237792 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Radio Philippines Network]] mzvpc6bwjo0toltud8rrl8fbvvipoja 0 334647 2237752 2237534 2026-10-28T13:24:14Z Allyriana000 119761 2237752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant | name = Miss Earth 2025 | image = Natalie Puskinova.jpg | caption = Si Natálie Puškinová na kinokoronahan ni Jessica Lane bilang Miss Earth 2025 | date = 5 Nobyembre 2025 | presenters = James Deakin | theme = The Silver Lining | venue = Okada Manila, [[Parañaque]], [[Kalakhang Maynila]], Pilipinas | broadcaster = '''Telebisyon''':<br>{{Hlist|[[A2Z (TV channel)|A2Z]]|[[Aliw Channel 23]]|[[Kapamilya Channel]]}}''' | entrants = 78 | placements = 25 | debuts = {{hlist|Usbekistan}} | withdrawals = {{hlist|Alherya|Belhika|Bulibya|Cabo Verde|Eslobenya|Hayti|Honduras|Kamerun|Kapuluang Birhenes ng Estados Unidos|Kosobo|Kosta Rika|Madagaskar|Mawrisyo|Montenegro|Pidyi|Porto Riko|Samoa|Tsina}} | returns = {{hlist|Alemanya|Armenya|Austrya|Ekwador|Eskosya|Estonya|Hamayka|Kapuluang Cayman|Libano|Makaw|Moldabya|Nikaragwa|Pinlandiya|Republikang Tseko|Rumanya|Suwesya|Tansaniya|Turkiya|Ukranya}} | winner = [[Natálie Puškinová]] | represented = {{flagicon|CZE}} Republikang Tseko | congeniality = | before = [[Miss Earth 2024|2024]] | next = [[Miss Earth 2026|2026]] }} Ang '''Miss Earth 2025''' ay ang ika-25 edisyon ng [[Miss Earth]] pageant, na ginanap sa Okada Manila, sa [[Parañaque]], [[Kalakhang Maynila]], Pilipinas noong 5 Nobyembre 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=HIGHLIGHTS: Miss Earth 2025 coronation night |url=https://philstarlife.com/news-and-views/613402-live-updates-miss-earth-2025-coronation-night? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260827105410/https://philstarlife.com/news-and-views/613402-live-updates-miss-earth-2025-coronation-night |archive-date=27 Agosto 2026 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Philstar Life |language=en}}</ref> Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni Jessica Lane of Australya si Natálie Puškinová ng Republikang Tseko bilang Miss Earth 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bracamonte |first=Earl D. C. |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Czech Republic wins Miss Earth 2025, Philippines in Top 8 |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2025/11/05/2485175/czech-republic-wins-miss-earth-2025-philippines-top-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106043905/https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2025/11/05/2485175/czech-republic-wins-miss-earth-2025-philippines-top-8 |archive-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[Philippine Star]] |language=en}}</ref> Ito ang ikalawang pagkakataon na nanalo ang Republikang Tseko sa Miss Earth. Kinoronahan bilang Miss Earth-Air si Sóldís Vala Ívarsdóttir ng Lupangyelo, si Mỹ Anh Trịnh ng Biyetnam bilang Miss Earth-Water, at si Waree Ngamkham ng Taylandiya bilang Miss Earth-Fire. Kalaunan ay bumitiw si Trịnh sa kaniyang titulo upang lumahok sa Miss Universe Vietnam 2026 at pinalitan siya ni Nathalie Briones ng Tsile.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Jefferson |date=3 Oktubre 2026 |title=Miss Earth names new Miss Earth Water 2025 |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2026/10/03/miss-earth-names-new-miss-earth-water-2025 |access-date=4 Oktubre 2026 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en-PH|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261004055601/https://tribune.net.ph/2026/10/03/miss-earth-names-new-miss-earth-water-2025|archive-date=4 Oktubre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Luận |first=Công |date=3 Oktubre 2026 |title=The Chilean beauty queen takes over the Miss Earth Water 2025 title from Trinh My Anh. |url=https://www.vietnam.vn/en/nguoi-dep-chile-dam-nhan-danh-hieu-miss-earth-water-2025-cua-trinh-my-anh |access-date=4 Oktubre 2026 |website=Vietnam.vn |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261027015919/https://www.vietnam.vn/en/nguoi-dep-chile-dam-nhan-danh-hieu-miss-earth-water-2025-cua-trinh-my-anh|archive-date=27 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> Mga kandidata mula sa pitumpu't-walong bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa edisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni James Deakin ang kompetisyon. == Kasaysayan == === Lokasyon at petsa === Noong Setyembre 2025, inanunsyo ng Miss Earth Organization na ang Pilipinas ang mangunguna sa patimpalak. Gaganapin ang panghuling kompetisyon sa 5 Nobyembre 2025 sa Okada Manila sa [[Parañaque]], [[Kalakhang Maynila]], sa dalawang magkasunod na taon. Ang tema ng patimpalak ay "Silver Lining," na tumutukoy sa ika-25 anibersaryo o pilak na anibersaryo ng patimpalak.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Setyembre 2025 |title=Philippines to host Miss Earth's Silver Anniversary |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2025/09/25/philippines-to-host-miss-earths-silver-anniversary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925063637/https://tribune.net.ph/2025/09/25/philippines-to-host-miss-earths-silver-anniversary |archive-date=25 Setyembre 2025 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |language=en|last=Fernando|first=Jefferson|work=Daily Tribune|url-status=live}}</ref> === Pagpili ng mga kandidata === ==== Mga pagpalit ==== Pinalitan ni Ndeshipewa Angula si Miss Earth Namibia 2025 Uatjiri Mbaisa dahil lumagpas na ito sa limitasyon ng edad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Nakaziko |first=Pinehas |date=20 Hulyo 2025 |title=Johanna Swartbooi crowned Miss Namibia 2025 |language=en |website=The Namibian |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/johanna-swartbooi-crowned-miss-namibia-2025/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724122536/https://www.namibian.com.na/johanna-swartbooi-crowned-miss-namibia-2025/ |archive-date=24 Hulyo 2025}}</ref> Pinalitan din ni Valentina Collazos si Laura Isabel González bilang kinatawan ng Kolombya dahil lumagpas na ito sa limitasyon ng edad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duong |first=Hai |date=4 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth Colombia was deprived of the right to compete in the miss contest, the reason for the shock |url=https://vgt.vn/miss-earth-colombia-bi-tuoc-quyen-thi-hoa-hau-ly-do-soc-ihyes-20251004t7547267/?lang=en |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=VGT TV |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107141407/https://vgt.vn/miss-earth-colombia-bi-tuoc-quyen-thi-hoa-hau-ly-do-soc-ihyes-20251004t7547267/?lang=en|archive-date=7 Enero 2026}}</ref> Pinalitan ni India Holder ang orihinal na nagwagi na si Shae Parsons bilang kinatawan ng Nuweba Selandiya dahil sa personal na dahilan.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 Hunyo 2025 |title=East Aucklander crowned Miss Earth NZ 2025 |url=https://www.times.co.nz/business/east-aucklander-crowned-miss-earth-nz-2025/ |access-date=22 Hunyo 2025 |website=Eastern Times |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828142636/https://www.times.co.nz/business/east-aucklander-crowned-miss-earth-nz-2025/|archive-date=28 Agosto 2025}}</ref> Pinalitan din ni Putri Juficha ang orihinal na nagwagi na si Jazmine Rowe bilang kinatawan ng Indonesya dahil sa hindi pagtugon sa mga pangangailangang kontraktuwal at administratibo sa loob ng panahong itinakda ng Miss Earth Organization.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Hunyo 2025 |title=Raih Gelar Miss Earth Indonesia 2025, Jaz Rowe Siap Jadi Suara Perubahan Global |trans-title=Winning the Miss Earth Indonesia 2025 title, Jaz Rowe is ready to be a voice for global change. |url=https://www.kapanlagi.com/foto/berita-foto/indonesia/raih-gelar-miss-earth-indonesia-2025-jaz-rowe-siap-jadi-suara-perubahan-global.html |access-date=15 Hulyo 2025 |website=KapanLagi |language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830144742/https://www.kapanlagi.com/foto/berita-foto/indonesia/raih-gelar-miss-earth-indonesia-2025-jaz-rowe-siap-jadi-suara-perubahan-global.html|archive-date=30 Agosto 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prima |first=Berkat |date=7 October 2025 |title=Jazmine Rowe Batal Wakili Indonesia di Ajang Miss Earth 2025 |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/men-jazmine-rowe-batal-wakili-indonesia-di-ajang-miss-earth-2025-c1c2-01-l8vsm-xhv2mb |access-date=21 October 2025 |website=IDN Times |language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260814141132/https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/men-jazmine-rowe-batal-wakili-indonesia-di-ajang-miss-earth-2025-c1c2-01-l8vsm-xhv2mb|archive-date=14 Agosto 2026|trans-title=Jazmine Rowe Will No Longer Represent Indonesia at the Miss Earth 2025 Pageant}}</ref> Pinalitan nina Reimi Shimizu ng Hapon, Esther Mukoya ng Kenya, Elizaveta Kuznetsova ng Moldabya, at Solange Velásquez ng Nikaragwa sina Emilia Shimanouchi, Mirel Atieno,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=15 Hulyo 2025 |title=Trans‑Nzoia Governor Natembeya Congratulates Ms. Mirel Atieno on Miss Earth Kenya 2025 Victory |url=http://www.vipasho.co.ke/2025/07/transnzoia-governor-natembeya.html |access-date=7 Agosto 2025 |website=Vipasho News |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261027024516/http://www.vipasho.co.ke/2025/07/transnzoia-governor-natembeya.html|archive-date=27 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> Diana Spotarenko, at Ilse Castellanos, ayon sa pagkakabanggit, sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 July 2025 |title=2025ミス・アース：日本代表に早稲田大2年の19歳、島内エミリアさん　世界大会でも「グランプリを狙っていきたい」 |trans-title=Miss Earth 2025: Japan's representative, 19-year-old Waseda University sophomore Emilia Shimauchi, who also aims to win the grand prize at the world competition. |url=https://mainichikirei.jp/article/20250723dog00m100027000c.html |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=Mainichi Kirei |language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919094420/https://mainichikirei.jp/article/20250723dog00m100027000c.html|archive-date=19 Setyembre 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muthee |first=Raymond |date=17 Oktubre 2025 |title=Beauty queen Mirel Atieno Ngesa dethroned as Miss Earth 2025 |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/fashion-beauty/article/2001531342/beauty-queen-mirel-atieno-ngesa-dethroned-as-miss-earth-2025 |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |website=The Standard |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107094139/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/fashion-beauty/article/2001531342/beauty-queen-mirel-atieno-ngesa-dethroned-as-miss-earth-2025|archive-date=7 Enero 2026}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ntoyai |first=Manuel |date=17 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth Kenya 2025 Mirel Atieno Ngesa dethroned, replaced amid pageant controversy |url=https://www.tnx.africa/entertainment/article/2001532029/miss-earth-kenya-2025-mirel-atieno-ngesa-dethroned-replaced-amid-pageant-controversy |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |website=TNX Africa |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111051619/https://www.tnx.africa/entertainment/article/2001532029/miss-earth-kenya-2025-mirel-atieno-ngesa-dethroned-replaced-amid-pageant-controversy|archive-date=11 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 Marso 2025 |title=Angelina Chitaica va reprezenta Republica Moldova la Miss World 2025 |trans-title=Angelina Chitaica will represent the Republic of Moldova at Miss World 2025 |url=https://ziuadeazi.md/stiri/angelina-chitaica-va-reprezenta-republica-moldova-la-miss-world-2025/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415022716/https://ziuadeazi.md/stiri/angelina-chitaica-va-reprezenta-republica-moldova-la-miss-world-2025/ |archive-date=15 Abril 2025 |access-date=23 Marso 2025 |website=Ziuadeazi |language=ro-ro}}</ref> ==== Mga unang pagsali, pagbalik, at pag-urong ==== Lumahok sa unang pagkakataon ang bansang Usbekistan sa edisyong ito. Bumalik sa edisyong ito ang mga bansa at teritoryong Kapuluang Cayman na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2010|2010]]; Nikaragwa na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2012|2012]]; Tansaniya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2014|2014]]; Turkiya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2015|2015]]; Makaw na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2016|2016]]; Hamayka, Moldabya at Pinlandiya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2020|2020]]; Libano at Suwesya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2021|2021]]; Austrya, Eskosya, at Estonya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2022|2022]]; at Alemanya, Armenya, Ekwador, Republikang Tseko, Rumanya, at Ukranya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2023|2023]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolfová |first=Gabriela |date=3 Mayo 2025 |title=Novou Miss Czech Republic je kráska bez jediné plastiky Linda Górecká! Má plné rty a bujné vnady |trans-title=The new Miss Czech Republic is the beauty without a single plastic surgery, Linda Górecká! She has full lips and lush charms |url=https://www.super.cz/clanek/celebrity-novou-miss-czech-republic-je-kraska-bez-jedine-plastiky-linda-gorecka-ma-plne-rty-a-bujne-vnady-1514428 |access-date=11 Hunyo 2025 |website=Super.cz |language=cs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260906051854/https://www.super.cz/clanek/celebrity-novou-miss-czech-republic-je-kraska-bez-jedine-plastiky-linda-gorecka-ma-plne-rty-a-bujne-vnady-1514428|archive-date=6 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> Pinalitan ni Miss Earth Puerto Rico 2026 Cecilia Acosta si Miss Earth Puerto Rico 2025 Valeria Meléndez dahil sa personal na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rifai |date=23 Abril 2025 |title=7 Potret Miss Earth Puerto Riko 2025 Valeria Meléndez |trans-title=7 Portraits of Miss Earth Puerto Rico 2025 Valeria Meléndez, Captivating! |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-miss-earth-puerto-riko-2025-valeria-melendez-c1c2-01-9mwsv-cx3myc |access-date=15 Setyembre 2025 |website=IDN Times |language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261027070246/https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-miss-earth-puerto-riko-2025-valeria-melendez-c1c2-01-9mwsv-cx3myc|archive-date=27 Oktubre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Martínez |first=José Rolón |date=5 Pebrero 2025 |title=VIDEO: Puerto Rico corona tres nuevas reinas |language=es |trans-title=VIDEO: Puerto Rico crowns three new queens |website=El Vocero |url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/video-puerto-rico-corona-tres-nuevas-reinas/article_1c1b38f8-e36d-11ef-83e7-f3c040e9eb53.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304082008/https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/video-puerto-rico-corona-tres-nuevas-reinas/article_1c1b38f8-e36d-11ef-83e7-f3c040e9eb53.html |archive-date=4 Marso 2025}}</ref> Gayunpaman, bumitiw rin si Acosta dahil sa personal na dahilan, dahilan upang bumitiw ang Puerto Rico sa edisyong ito. Bumitiw si Jera Redant ng Belhika dahil sa isang malubhang kalagayan sa kaniyang kalusugan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanden Berghe |first=Filip |date=18 Mayo 2025 |title=KIJK. Jera Redant (18) verkozen tot Miss Exclusive 2025 |url=https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.be/consent?siteKey=Uqxf9TXhjmaG4pbQ&callbackUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hln.be%2Fprivacy-gate%2Faccept-tcf2%3FredirectUri%3D%252Fgeraardsbergen%252Fkijk-jera-redant-18-verkozen-tot-miss-exclusive-2025%7Eaebcfd5a%252F%253Freferrer%253Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252F |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521202442/https://www.hln.be/geraardsbergen/kijk-jera-redant-18-verkozen-tot-miss-exclusive-2025~aebcfd5a/ |archive-date=21 Mayo 2025 |access-date=11 Hunyo 2025 |website=Het Laatste Nieuws |language=nl}}</ref> Bumitiw sina Kristina Milovanović ng Bosnya at Hersegobina, María Victoria Medina ng Espanya,<ref>{{cite web |date=2 Agosto 2025 |title=La modelo de Jaén que representará a España en Filipinas |url=https://lacontradejaen.eldiario.es/maria-victoria-candidata-espana-miss-tierra-jaen/ |access-date=8 Agosto 2025 |website=El Diario |language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260827094232/https://lacontradejaen.eldiario.es/maria-victoria-candidata-espana-miss-tierra-jaen/|archive-date=27 Agosto 2026|trans-title=The model from Jaén who will represent Spain in the Philippines}}</ref> Erline Édouard ng Hayti, Claudia Castañeda ng Honduras,<ref>{{cite web |date=10 Agosto 2025 |title=Claudia Castañeda es coronada Miss Earth Honduras 2025 |trans-title=Claudia Castañeda is crowned Miss Earth Honduras 2025 |url=https://oncenoticias.hn/tendencias/virales/claudia-castaneda-coronacion-miss-earth-honduras-2025-el-progreso-yoro/ |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Once Noticias |language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915174100/https://oncenoticias.hn/tendencias/virales/claudia-castaneda-coronacion-miss-earth-honduras-2025-el-progreso-yoro/|archive-date=15 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> at Jiarong Yang ng Tsina dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref name="delegates">{{cite web |date=19 Mayo 2025 |title=ЈЕЛЕНА ЊЕГОВАН ПРВА ПРАТИЉА "МИС БАЛКАНА 2025." У БАЊА ЛУЦИ |url=https://www.radiodunav.com/jelena-njegovan-prva-pratilja-mis-balkana-2025-u-banja-luci/ |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Radiodunav |language=sr|trans-title=Jelena Njegovan Named First Runner-Up for "Miss Balkans 2025" in Banja Luka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908144508/https://www.radiodunav.com/jelena-njegovan-prva-pratilja-mis-balkana-2025-u-banja-luci/|archive-date=8 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> Dapat sanang lalahok si Abidemi Akannie ng Sierra Leone sa edisyong ito, ngunit hindi ito nagpatuloy dahil sa suliraning pinansiyal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Oktubre 2025 |title=Abidemi Akannie to Represent Sierra Leone at Miss Earth International 2025 in Philippines |url=https://sierraloaded.sl/entertainment/akannie-sierra-leone-miss-earth-philippines/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=Sierraloaded |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260911065126/https://sierraloaded.sl/entertainment/akannie-sierra-leone-miss-earth-philippines/|archive-date=11 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> == Mga resulta == === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss Earth 2025''' | * {{flagicon|CZE}} '''Republikang Tseko''' – '''[[Natálie Puškinová]]'''<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Natalie Puskinova of Czech Republic is Miss Earth 2025 |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/636990/natalie-puskinova-of-czech-republic-is-miss-earth-2025 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref> |- |Miss Earth – Air 2025 | * {{flagicon|ISL}} Lupangyelo – Sóldís Vala Ívarsdóttir<ref name=":02" /> |- | rowspan="2" |Miss Earth – Water 2025 | * {{flagicon|VIE}} ''Biyetnam'' – ''Mỹ Anh Trịnh'' ''(bumitiw)''<ref name=":02" /> |- | * {{flagicon|CHI}} Tsile – Nathalie Briones ''(pumalit)<ref name=":4" />'' |- |Miss Earth – Fire 2025 | * {{Flagdeco|THA}} Taylandiya – Waree Ngamkham<ref name=":02" /> |- |Top 8 (Mga ''runner-up'') | * {{Flagicon|BRA}} Brasil – Laila Frizon<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Layno |first=Karen Flores |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Czech Republic wins Miss Earth 2025; PH's Joy Barcoma finishes as runner-up |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/pageants-beauty-queens/2025/11/5/czech-republic-wins-miss-earth-2025-ph-s-joy-barcoma-finishes-as-runner-up-2152 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=[[ABS-CBN News]] |language=en}}</ref> * {{flagicon|PHI}} Pilipinas – [[Joy Barcoma]]<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|UKR}} Ukranya – Mariia Zheliaskova<ref name=":3" /> |- |Top 12 | * {{flagdeco|ETH}} Etiyopiya – Delina Girma<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|MEX}} Mehiko – Génesis Vera<ref name=":3" />★ * {{flagdeco|POL}} Polonya – Justyna Roguska<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagdeco|RUS}} Rusya – Elizaveta Guryanova<ref name=":3" /> |- |Top 25 | * {{flagicon|ARG}} Arhentina – Florencia Hernández<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|UAE}} Emiratos Arabes Unidos – Ana Zafyra<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|Northern Mariana Islands}} Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana – Aria Keilbach<ref name=":3" /> * {{Flagdeco|IND}} Indiya – Komal Choudhary<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|ITA}} Italya – Natalia Guglielmo<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|CAN}} Kanada – Hailey Wilson<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagu|Makaw}} – Evangeline Chen<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|MDA}} Moldabya – Elizaveta Kuznetsova<ref name=":3" /> * {{Flagdeco|NAM}} Namibya – Ndeshipewa Angula<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Olanda – Sanne-Esmee Walstra<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagu|Peru}} – Massiel Suárez<ref name=":3" /> * {{Flagdeco|ZAF}} Timog Aprika – Jenique Botha<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|KOR}} Timog Korea – Yoon-seo Choi<ref name=":3" /> |} == Mga ''pre-pageant event'' == === ''Media Moments'' === Naganap ang ''media presentation'' ng mga kandidata na pinangalanang "Media Moments" sa Department of Environment and Natural Resources Compound, [[Lungsod Quezon]] noong 22 Oktubre 2025.<ref name="PHILIS1" /> Nakipagtulungan ang Miss Earth Organization sa Designers Circle Philippines sa pagpapakita ng mga [[Terno (kasuotang pambabae)|terno]] at mga kasuotang hango sa Filipiniana upang simulan ang mga gawain bago ang panghuling kompetisyon.<ref name="PHILIS1" /> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parangal ! colspan="4" |Rehiyong Kontinental ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Sang. |- !Kaamerikahan !Aprika !Asia at Oseaniya !Europa |- ! colspan="2" |Best in Terno | align="center" |Haley Poe {{flagu|Estados Unidos}} | align="center" |Marie-Laure Juppin [[Talaksan:Proposed_flag_of_Réunion_(VAR).svg|border|23x23px]] Réunion | align="center" |[[:en:Joy_Barcoma|Joy Barcoma]] {{flagu|Pilipinas}} | align="center" |Sanne-Esmee Walstra {{flagu|Olanda}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bracamonte|first=Earl D. C.|date=5 Nobyembre 2025|title=DENR lauds Miss Earth's sustainability platform, Philippines among Best in Terno winners|url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2025/11/05/2485029/denr-lauds-miss-earths-sustainability-platform-philippines-among-best-terno-winners?fbclid=IwY2xjawN7qHtleHRuA2FlbQIxMQBicmlkETFReElRUnF2RWhjb0xMM05Xc3J0YwZhcHBfaWQQMjIyMDM5MTc4ODIwMDg5MgABHg-09aR7LlAfTy_YODkejHgQyI9kOs7Q0R6PLGbpPN3eMEhgIVljoqJEGmbY_aem_ux9hs_i7IsKhAJBbsQn6ZA|access-date=3 Hunyo 2026|website=[[Philippine Star]]}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parangal ! colspan="3" |Kandidata ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Sang. |- !{{won|place=Gold}} !{{won|place=Silver}} !{{won|place=Bronze}} |- ! colspan="2" |Media Favorites | align="center" | Cherise Asher Ayisi<br>{{Flagdeco|GHA}} Gana | align="center" | Paris Cawich<br>{{flagicon|BLZ}} Belis | align="center" | Alexa Roder<br>{{flagicon|AUS}} Australya |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mallorca |first=Hannah |date=26 Oktubre 2025 |title=PH’s Joy Barcoma among Best in Terno winners at Miss Earth silver show |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/635204/phs-joy-barcoma-among-best-in-terno-winners-at-miss-earth-silver-show |access-date=3 Hunyo 2026 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|language=en}}</ref> |} === ''Talent Competition'' === Naganap ang ''talent competition'' sa apat na iba't-ibang lokasyon para sa apat na grupo: Escuela De Sto. Rosario para sa Grupong Air, St. Dominic College of Asia para sa Grupong Water,<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth: The Silver Lining 2025 at SDCA |url=https://stdominiccollege.edu.ph/Campus_Life/Article/miss-earth-the-silver-lining-2025-at-sdca |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=St. Dominic College of Asia |language=en}}</ref> [[National Teachers College]] para sa Grupong Fire, at [[Pamantasang Arellano]] para sa Grupong Eco.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Jefferson |date=29 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth 2025 Team Eco visits Arellano University Pasig |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2025/10/28/miss-earth-2025-team-eco-visits-arellano-university-pasig |access-date=28 Oktubre 2026 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en-PH}}</ref> Nagwagi sina Elizaveta Guryanova ng Rusya, Haley Poe ng Estados Unidos, Sony Ghale ng Nepal, at Natálie Puškinová ng Republikang Tseko para sa kaganapang ito.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Miss Earth 2025: African bets lead medal tally |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/636861/miss-earth-2025-african-bets-lead-medal-tally |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="row" |Event ! colspan="4" |Elemental Group ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Sang. |- !Air !Eco !Fire !Water |- ! rowspan="3" |''Talent Competition'' ! {{won|place=Gold}} | align="center" | Elizaveta Guryanova<br>{{flagdeco|RUS}} Rusya | align="center" | Haley Poe<br>{{flagdeco|USA}} Estados Unidos | align="center" | Sony Ghale<br>{{flagdeco|NPL}} Nepal | align="center" | [[Natálie Puškinová]]<br>{{flagdeco|CZE}} Republikang Tseko | rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Miss Earth 2025: African bets lead medal tally |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/636861/miss-earth-2025-african-bets-lead-medal-tally |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref> |- ! {{won|place=Silver}} | align="center" | Grace McGregor<br>{{flagdeco|Scotland}} Eskosya | align="center" | Cherise Asher Ayisi<br>{{flagdeco|GHA}} Gana | align="center" | Valentina Collazos<br>{{flagdeco|COL}} Kolombya | align="center" | Shiyuan Luo<br>{{flagu|HKG}}Hong Kong |- ! {{won|place=Bronze}} | align="center" | Marie-Laure Juppin<br>[[Talaksan:Proposed_flag_of_Réunion_(VAR).svg|border|23x23px]] Réunion | align="center" | Sofia Mayers<br>{{flagdeco|England}} Inglatera | align="center" | Smimova Peñafiel<br>{{flagdeco|ECU}} Ekwador | align="center" | Anoushe Kalashyan<br>{{flagdeco|ARM}} Armenya |} == Mga kandidata == Pitumpu't-walong kandidata ang lumahok sa edisyong ito.<ref name="PHILIS1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Miss Earth 2025: African bets lead medal tally |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/636861/miss-earth-2025-african-bets-lead-medal-tally |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon}} !Bayan !Rehiyong Kontinental !Grupo |- |{{flagicon|ALB}} [[Albanya]] |{{sortname|Kleja|Sulejmani|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 Hunyo 2025 |title="Miss Albania", Valentina Gegprifti is declared the most beautiful for 2025 |url=https://pamfleti.net/kulture/miss-shqiperia-valentina-gegprifti-shpallet-me-e-bukura-per-vitin-2025-i285555 |access-date=22 Hunyo 2025 |website=Pamfleti |language=en}}</ref> |20 |[[Tirana]] |Europa |Eco |- |{{flagicon|DEU}} [[Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Melissa|Koutsandreas|nolink=1}}<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Jefferson |date=6 Oktubre 2025 |title=Silver lining: 2025 Miss Earth bets lead the green generation |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2025/10/06/silver-lining-2025-miss-earth-bets-lead-the-green-generation |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en}}</ref> |24 |[[Ratisbona]] |Europa |Water |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Florencia Sol|Hernández|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Enero 2025 |title=Florencia Hernández entre agua y estrellas |trans-title=Florencia Hernández between water and stars |url=https://zonavip.com.ar/florencia-hernandez-entre-agua-y-estrellas/ |access-date=11 Hunyo 2025 |website=Zona VIP |language=es}}</ref> |21 |[[Mendoza, Arhentina|Mendoza]] |Kaamerikahan |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|ARM}} [[Armenya]] |{{sortname|Anoushe|Khalashyan|nolink=1}} |26 |[[Ereban]] |Europa |Water |- |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia|Australya]] |{{sortname|Alexa|Roder|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=8 Setyembre 2025 |title=Fil-Aussies dominate national pageant stage in Australia |language=en |website=ABS-CBN Lifestyle |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/2025/9/8/fil-aussies-dominate-national-pageant-stage-in-australia-1822 |url-status=live |access-date=11 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909104713/https://www.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/2025/9/8/fil-aussies-dominate-national-pageant-stage-in-australia-1822 |archive-date=9 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |24 |[[Melbourne]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Eco |- |{{Flagdeco|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] |{{sortname|Lotte|Diry|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Setyembre 2025 |title=Wienerin Lotte Diry ist Miss Earth Austria 2025 |trans-title=Viennese Lotte Diry is Miss Earth Austria 2025 |url=https://www.oe24.at/leute/oesterreich/wienerin-lotte-diry-ist-miss-earth-austria-2025/648597012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915114100/https://www.oe24.at/leute/oesterreich/wienerin-lotte-diry-ist-miss-earth-austria-2025/648597012 |archive-date=15 Setyembre 2025 |access-date=15 Setyembre 2025 |website=OE24 |publisher=Österreich |language=de}}</ref> |20 |[[Viena]] |Europa |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|BAN}} [[Bangladesh|Bangglades]] |Somaya Harun<ref name="PHILIS1">{{cite news |last1=Bracamonte |first1=Earl D.C. |date=23 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth presents Silver Year delegates in Filipiniana finery |language=en |website=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2025/10/23/2481951/miss-earth-presents-silver-year-delegates-filipiniana-finery |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |24 |[[Dhaka]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{flagicon|BLZ}} [[Belize|Belis]] |{{sortname|Paris|Cawich|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cowo |first=Janelle |date=9 Hulyo 2025 |title=Young Models Celebrate Culture and Fashion at Empow.Her’s Third Annual Show |url=https://www.sanpedrosun.com/fashion/2025/07/09/young-models-celebrate-culture-and-fashion-at-empow-hers-third-annual-show/ |access-date=11 Setyembre 2025 |website=The San Pedro Sun |language=en}}</ref> |20 |[[Belmopan]] |Kaamerikahan |Fire |- |{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Beneswela]] |{{sortname|Roziel|Borges|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obelmejias |first=Yolimer |date=7 Oktubre 2025 |title=Roziel Borges representará a Venezuela en el Miss Earth 2025 |trans-title=Roziel Borges will represent Venezuela at Miss Earth 2025. |url=http://www.eluniversal.com/entretenimiento/217427/roziel-borges-representara-a-venezuela-en-el-miss-earth-2025 |access-date=7 Oktubre 2025 |website=El Universal |language=es}}</ref> |24 |Maracay |Kaamerikahan |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|BLR}} [[Biyelorusya]] |{{sortname|Elizaveta|Moger|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=23 October 2025 |title=Asia Album: Highlights of Miss Earth 2025 in Philippines |website=[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua]] |url=https://english.news.cn/20251023/c608b758c52a46f28830fbd39fb5cd27/c.html |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> |21 |[[Kurgan, Rusya|Kurgan]] |Europa |Air |- |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[Biyetnam]] |{{sortname|Mỹ Anh|Trịnh|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phuong |first=Hai |date=7 Hulyo 2025 |title=Á hậu 3 Trịnh Mỹ Anh được chọn đi thi Hoa hậu Trái đất 2025, gây bất ngờ |trans-title=3rd runner-up Trinh My Anh was chosen to compete in Miss Earth 2025, causing surprise |url=https://tuoitre.vn/a-hau-3-trinh-my-anh-duoc-chon-di-thi-hoa-hau-trai-dat-2025-gay-bat-ngo-20250707132556686.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726235228/https://tuoitre.vn/a-hau-3-trinh-my-anh-duoc-chon-di-thi-hoa-hau-trai-dat-2025-gay-bat-ngo-20250707132556686.htm |archive-date=26 Hulyo 2025 |access-date=7 Agosto 2025 |website=Báo Tuổi Trẻ |language=vi}}</ref> |21 |[[Hanoi]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Laila|Frizon|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=30 Agosto 2025 |title=Laila Frizon, representante do Rio Grande do Sul, é eleita Miss Brasil Terra 2025 |url=https://noticias.r7.com/record-news/laila-frizon-representante-do-rio-grande-do-sul-e-eleita-miss-brasil-terra-30082025/ |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Noticias R7 |language=pt}}</ref> |23 |Rio Grande |Kaamerikahan |Air |- |{{flagicon|BGR}} [[Bulgarya]] |{{sortname|Hrisiana|Hristova|nolink=1}}<ref name="delegates" /> |19 |Stara Zagora |Europa |Eco |- |{{Flagdeco|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] |{{sortname|Smirnova|Peñafiel|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balseca |first=Ingrid |date=3 Oktubre 2025 |title=Smirnova Peñafiel: “Reciclo, cultivo un huerto y le doy nueva vida a la ropa” |trans-title=Smirnova Peñafiel: “I recycle, I grow a garden and I give new life to clothes” |url=https://www.expreso.ec/ocio/smirnova-penafiel-reciclo-cultivo-un-huerto-y-le-doy-nueva-vida-la-ropa-259597.html |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=Diario Expreso |language=es}}</ref> |20 |Naranjal |Kaamerikahan |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|ESA}} [[El Salvador]] |{{sortname|Alejandra|Pérez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=7 July 2025 |title=Alejandra Pérez se convierte en Miss Earth El Salvador 2025 |trans-title=Alejandra Pérez becomes Miss Earth El Salvador 2025 |url=https://xpot.sv/alejandra-perez-se-convierte-en-miss-earth-el-salvador-2025/ |access-date=11 Setyembre 2025 |website=XPOT |language=es}}</ref> |25 |San Vicente |Kaamerikahan |Eco |- |{{flagicon|UAE}} [[Emiratos Arabes Unidos]] |{{sortname|Ana|Zafyra|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Andini |first=Dewi |date=27 October 2025 |title=7 Potret Ana Zafyra Miss Earth Uni Emirat Arab 2025, Bikin Terpukau! |language=id |trans-title=7 Portraits of Zafira's Children, Miss Earth UAE 2025, Will Amaze You! |website=[[IDN Times]] |editor=Wahyu Kurniawan |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-ana-zafyra-miss-earth-uni-emirat-arab-2025-c1c2-01-cw2f3-zn05f1 |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref> |24 |[[Dubai]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|SCO}} [[Scotland|Eskosya]] |{{sortname|Grace|McGregor|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |25 |[[Edinburgh]] |Europa |Air |- |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] |{{sortname|Haley|Poe|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glicklin |first=Harry |date=7 Hulyo 2025 |title=Miss Earth champions unite on Good Morning Washington for environmental awareness |language=en |work=WJLA-TV |url=https://wjla.com/good-morning-washington/national-and-global-miss-earth-titleholders-advocate-for-sustainability-and-conservation |access-date=11 Hulyo 2025}}</ref> |22 |[[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]] |Kaamerikahan |Eco |- |{{Flagicon|EST}} [[Estonya]] |{{sortname|Birgit|Dimitrijev|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=16 Setyembre 2025 |title=Eesti kaunitar Birgit Dimitrijev esindab Eestit Miss Earth 2025 rahvusvahelisel iludusvõistlusel |language=Estonian |trans-title=Estonian beauty Birgit Dimitrijev will represent Estonia at the Miss Earth 2025 international beauty pageant |website=Buduaar - TV3 |url=https://buduaar.tv3.ee/ilu-ja-mood/eesti-kaunitar-birgit-dimitrijev-esindab-eestit-miss-earth-2025-rahvusvahelisel-iludusvoistlusel/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |archive-date=2025-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923103346/https://buduaar.tv3.ee/ilu-ja-mood/eesti-kaunitar-birgit-dimitrijev-esindab-eestit-miss-earth-2025-rahvusvahelisel-iludusvoistlusel/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |21 |Värska |Europa |Fire |- |{{flagdeco|ETH}} [[Ethiopia|Etiyopiya]] |{{sortname|Delina|Girma|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |18 |[[Adis Abeba]] |Aprika |Fire |- |{{Flagicon|WAL}} [[Gales]] |{{sortname|Abigail|Wood|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Birt |first=Elizabeth |date=9 Hunyo 2025 |title=Pembrokeshire penguin keeper crowned Miss Earth Wales 2025 |language=en-GB |work=Western Telegraph |url=https://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/25224932.pembrokeshire-penguin-keeper-crowned-miss-earth-wales-2025/ |access-date=11 Hunyo 2025 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> |25 |Tavernspite |Europa |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|GHA}} [[Ghana|Gana]] |{{sortname|Cherise Asher|Ayisi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Doğan Aziz Demirtaş |date=19 Agosto 2025 |title=Son Ağaç Öldüğünde, Son İnsan da Ölür |language=tr |trans-title=When the Last Tree Dies, the Last Man Dies Too |website=Dadmedya |url=https://dadmedya.com/son-agac-oldugunde-son-insan-da-olur/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901004325/https://dadmedya.com/son-agac-oldugunde-son-insan-da-olur/ |archive-date=1 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |21 |[[Accra]] |Aprika |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|JAM}} [[Jamaica|Hamayka]] |{{sortname|Shanae|Brown|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |19 |[[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] |Kaamerikahan |Eco |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Reimi|Shimizu|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |24 |[[Tokyo]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Eco |- |{{flagicon|Northern Mariana Islands}} [[Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana]] |{{sortname|Aria|Keilbach|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=20 July 2025 |title=Aria Keilbach crowned Miss Earth NMI 2025 |url=https://www.mvariety.com/news/local/aria-keilbach-crowned-miss-earth-nmi-2025/article_9125b37a-4329-49af-ae3e-a5526eea2245.html#:~:text=ARIA%20Keilbach%20was%20crowned%20Miss,place%20in%20Manila%20this%20December. |access-date=20 July 2025 |website=Marianas Variety |language=en}}</ref> |23 |Saipan |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]] |{{sortname|Shiyuan|Luo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Oktubre 2025 |title=Dàn người đẹp đổ bộ Philippines thi Hoa hậu Trái Đất |language=vi |trans-title=Beauties flock to the Philippines to compete in Miss Earth |website=24h |url=https://www.24h.com.vn/thoi-trang/dan-nguoi-dep-do-bo-philippines-thi-hoa-hau-trai-dat-c78a1707602.html |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |20 |[[Suzhou]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{Flagdeco|IND}} [[Indiya]] |{{sortname|Komal|Choudhary|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Miss Earth India 2025 Komal Choudhary and Miss Divine Beauty 2025 Ekta Singh Crowned at a Spectacular Finale |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/miss-earth-india-2025-komal-choudhary-and-miss-divine-beauty-2025-ekta-singh-crowned-at-a-spectacular-finale/ |access-date=29 Setyembre 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en-In}}</ref> |25 |[[Pune]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Eco |- |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Indonesia|Indonesya]] |{{sortname|Putri|Juficha|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Murdianto |first=Muhammad Tarmizi |date=16 Oktubre 2025 |title=Putri Juficha Siap Menyalakan Cahaya Indonesia di Miss Earth 2025 |language=id |trans-title=Putri Juficha Ready to Shine Light on Indonesia at Miss Earth 2025 |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/putri-juficha-siap-menyalakan-cahaya-indonesia-di-miss-earth-2025-00-rqp85-l79ln2 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |25 |Manado |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] |{{sortname|Sofia|Mayers|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=31 Hulyo 2025 |title=7 Potret Sofia Mayers Miss Earth Inggris 2025, Inspiring! |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-sofia-mayers-miss-earth-inggris-2025-c1c2-01-cw2f3-gjyy70 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=IDN Times |language=id}}</ref> |25 |Canterbury |Europa |Eco |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Natalia|Guglielmo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Setyembre 2025 |title=Natalia Guglielmo è la nuova Miss Earth Italy 2025 |language=it |trans-title=Natalia Guglielmo is the new Miss Earth Italy 2025 |website=NotiCaMania Comunicati online |url=https://comunicationline.eu/natalia-guglielmo-e-la-nuova-miss-earth-italy-2025/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |24 |[[Sicilia]] |Europa |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|KHM}} [[Kambodya]] |{{sortname|Saran|Kimlan|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=សារ៉ាន់ គីមឡាង ត្រូវបានតែងតាំងជា Miss Earth Cambodia 2025 |url=https://ams.com.kh/news/infotainment/life-style/saran-kimlan-become-miss-earth-cambodia-2025 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=AMS |language=km}}</ref> |24 |[[Nom Pen]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Hailey|Wilson|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodrunning |first=Deena |date=7 Hulyo 2025 |title=Miss Earth Canada 2025 is Hailey Hamelin-Wilson! |url=https://www.albertanativenews.com/miss-earth-canada-2025-is-hailey-hamelin-wilson/ |access-date=15 Hulyo 2025 |website=Alberta Native News |language=en-US}}</ref> |23 |[[Toronto]] |Kaamerikahan |Fire |- |{{flagicon|CAY}} [[Kapuluang Kayman|Kapuluang Cayman]] |{{sortname|Latecia|Bush|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Durston |first=Laura |date=9 Mayo 2025 |title=What's Hot on camera |language=en-GB |work=Cayman Compass |url=https://www.caymancompass.com/2025/05/09/whats-hot-on-camera-7/ |access-date=11 Hunyo 2025}}</ref> |22 |George Town |Kaamerikahan |Water |- |{{flagicon|KEN}} [[Kenya]] |{{sortname|Esther|Mukoya|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth Kenya 2025, Esther Princess Mukoya, Set for Send-Off Ahead of Miss Earth 2025 in the Philippines |language=en |website=Youth Village Kenya |url=https://youthvillage.co.ke/miss-earth-kenya-2025-esther-princess-mukoya-set-for-send-off-ahead-of-miss-earth-2025-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |26 |Kakamega |Aprika |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |{{sortname|Valentina|Collazos|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Andini |first=Dewi |date=22 Oktubre 2025 |title=7 Potret Valentina Collazos Miss Earth Kolombia 2025, Gorgeous Abis! |language=id |trans-title=7 Portraits of Valentina Collazos Miss Earth Colombia 2025, Absolutely Gorgeous! |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-valentina-collazos-miss-earth-kolombia-2025-gorgeous-abis-c1c2-01-cw2f3-0t6r6j |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |22 |[[Talaan ng mga lungsod sa Colombia|Cali]] |Kaamerikahan |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] |{{sortname|Rachel|Chang|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Agosto 2025 |title=Historic: For the first time, two sisters will represent Cuba in global beauty contests |language=en |website=CiberCuba |url=https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2025-08-24-u194224-e208933-s27065-nid309572-historico-primera-vez-dos-hermanas |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901003350/https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2025-08-24-u194224-e208933-s27065-nid309572-historico-primera-vez-dos-hermanas |archive-date=1 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |26 |[[Havana]] |Kaamerikahan |Fire |- |{{flagdeco|LAO}} [[Laos]] |{{sortname|Parami|Viengmay|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=30 Oktubre 2025 |title=Beauties for a cause: Miss Earth delegates defend pageant’s school events |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/635985/beauties-for-a-cause-miss-earth-delegates-defend-pageants-school-events |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref> |25 |[[Vientian]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|LBN}} [[Libano]] |{{sortname|Aline|Ghanem|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |author=Rochana |first=Nina |date=12 Setyembre 2024 |title=17 Kontestan Miss Earth 2024 dari Berbagai Negara, Stunning Abis! |language=id |trans-title=17 Miss Earth 2024 Contestants from Various Countries, Absolutely Stunning! |website=Jateng IDN Times |url=https://jateng.idntimes.com/life/inspiration/17-kontestan-miss-earth-2024-dari-berbagai-negara-stunning-abis-00-5cf6w-gth3w7 |url-status=live |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923104916/https://jateng.idntimes.com/life/inspiration/17-kontestan-miss-earth-2024-dari-berbagai-negara-stunning-abis-00-5cf6w-gth3w7 |archive-date=23 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |21 |[[Beirut]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|LBR}} [[Liberia|Liberya]] |{{sortname|Monica|Swen|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=4 Agosto 2025 |title=Monica Swen Crowned Miss Earth Liberia 2025 |url=https://www.liberianobserver.com/life/monica-swen-crowned-miss-earth-liberia-2025/article_5712217a-8219-4fd4-833b-16c1331c731d.html |access-date=7 Agosto 2025 |website=Daily Observer |language=en}}</ref> |23 |[[Monrovia]] |Aprika |Eco |- |{{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Lupangyelo]] |{{sortname|Sóldís Vala|Ívarsdóttir|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Guðrún Ósk Guðjónsdóttir |date=20 Marso 2025 |title=Lærði að standa með sjálfri sér |language=is |trans-title=Learned to stand up for herself |website=DV |url=https://www.dv.is/fokus/2025/03/20/soldis-vala-laerdi-ad-standa-med-sjalfri-ser/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521054829/https://www.dv.is/fokus/2025/03/20/soldis-vala-laerdi-ad-standa-med-sjalfri-ser/ |archive-date=21 May 2025}}</ref> |19 |Árbær |Europa |Fire |- |{{flag|Makaw}} |{{sortname|Evangeline|Chen|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=25 Hulyo 2025 |title=陈思蓓：荣获2025澳门地球小姐，冠军荣耀加冕 |trans-title=Sibei Chen: Won the Miss Earth Macau 2025 title, crowned champion |url=https://m.sohu.com/a/917293281_122153156/?pvid=000115_3w_a |access-date=11 Setyembre 2025 |website=Sohu |language=zh}}</ref> |23 |Makaw |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|MYS}} [[Malaysia]] |{{sortname|Vaisnevi|Retnam|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |22 |Selangor |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|Génesis|Vera|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 Setyembre 2025 |title=Génesis Vera Miss Earth México 2025 |trans-title=Génesis Vera Miss Earth Mexico 2025 |url=https://www.notiver.com/sociales/genesis-vera-miss-earth-mexico-2025/ |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Notiver |language=es}}</ref> |24 |[[Veracruz]] |Kaamerikahan |Water |- |{{flagicon|MDA}} [[Moldabya]] |{{sortname|Elizaveta|Kuznetsova|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andini |first=Dewi |date=2 Nobyembre 2025 |title=7 Potret Elizaveta Kuznetsova, Miss Earth Moldova 2025 yang Bikin Terpikat |trans-title=7 Captivating Portraits of Elizaveta Kuznetsova, Miss Earth Moldova 2025 |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-elizaveta-kuznetsova-miss-earth-moldova-2025-yang-bikin-terpikat-c1c2-01-cw2f3-d01zsv |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=IDN Times |language=id}}</ref> |25 |Tiraspol |Europa |Water |- |{{flagdeco|MNG}} [[Mongolya]] |{{sortname|Nomin-Erdene|Bayarkhuu|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |28 |Darkhan |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|MMR}} [[Myanmar]] |{{sortname|Khin Khin|Hlaing|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=13 Agosto 2025 |title=Miss Earth Myanmar 2025 ရဲ့ Winner Crown ကို ပိုင်ဆိုင်ခဲ့တဲ့ စစ်တွေ အလှမယ် |url=https://www.myanmarcelebrity.com/2025/08/miss-earth-myanmar-2025-winner-crown.html?m=1 |access-date=8 Setyembre 2025 |website=Myanmar Celebrity |language=my}}</ref> |19 |Mrauk U |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|NAM}} [[Namibia|Namibya]] |{{sortname|Ndeshipewa |Angula|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0" /> |20 |[[Windhoek]] |Aprika |Air |- |{{NPL}} |{{sortname|Sony|Ghale|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=30 Agosto 2025 |title=Luna Luitel crowned Miss Nepal 2025 |language=en |website=The Kathmandu Post |url=https://kathmandupost.com/art-culture/2025/08/30/luna-luitel-crowned-miss-nepal-2025 |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830160002/https://kathmandupost.com/art-culture/2025/08/30/luna-luitel-crowned-miss-nepal-2025 |archive-date=30 Agosto 2025}}</ref> |26 |[[Katmandu]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|NGR}} [[Nigeria|Niherya]] |{{sortname|Divine|Nelson|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=26 Hulyo 2025 |title=Nelson emerges 24th Miss Earth Nigeria |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/nelson-emerges-24th-miss-earth-nigeria/ |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=The Nation |language=en}}</ref> |22 |Akwa Ibom |Aprika |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|NIC}} [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] |{{sortname|Solange|Velásquez|nolink=1}}<ref name="TPDN1">{{Cite news |last=Nam |first=Duy |date=27 Oktubre 2025 |title=Hậu trường chụp áo tắm của thí sinh Hoa hậu Trái Đất |language=vi |trans-title=In the past, there will be a lot of people in the world |website=Tiền Phong |url=https://tienphong.vn/hau-truong-chup-ao-tam-cua-thi-sinh-hoa-hau-trai-dat-post1790893.tpo |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |23 |Chinandega |Kaamerikahan |Water |- |{{Flagdeco|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{sortname|Julie|Børresen|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |26 |Bjørkelangen |Europa |Air |- |{{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |{{sortname|India|Holder|nolink=1}}<ref name="TPDN1" /> |26 |[[Auckland]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |{{sortname|Sanne-Esmee|Walstra|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Horjus |first=Andre |date=9 Hulyo 2025 |title=Sanne-Esmee (21) uit Sint Jacobiparochie naar Miss Earth-verkiezing: ‘Een droom is uitgekomen’ |trans-title=Sanne-Esmee (21) from Sint Jacobiparochie to Miss Earth pageant: 'A dream has come true' |url=https://lc.nl/friesland/waadhoeke/Sanne-Esmee-21-voor-Nederland-naar-Miss-Earth-verkiezing-%E2%80%98Een-droom-is-uitgekomen%E2%80%99-46803141.html |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Leeuwarder Courant |language=nl}}</ref> |21 |Sint Jacobiparochie |Europa |Water |- |{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan]] |{{sortname|Syeda |Dua-e-Khadija|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotwal |first=Farhan Hashim |date=2 Hulyo 2025 |title=Dua-e-Khadija crowned Miss Pakistan Global 2025 |url=https://www.pakistanstatetime.com/news/duaekhadija-crowned-miss-pakistan-global-2025 |access-date=11 Setyembre 2025 |website=Pakistan State Time |language=en-US}}</ref> |22 |Peshawar |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|PER}} [[Peru]] |{{sortname|Massiel|Suárez|nolink=1}}<ref name=":12" /> |24 |Huancavelica |Kaamerikahan |Water |- |{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Miss Philippines Earth|Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Joy|Barcoma}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Armin P. Adina |date=10 Agosto 2025 |title=Joy Barcoma of Bacoor City is Miss Philippines Earth 2025 |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/623032/joy-barcoma-of-bacoor-city-is-miss-philippines-earth-2025 |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810203815/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/623032/joy-barcoma-of-bacoor-city-is-miss-philippines-earth-2025 |archive-date=10 Agosto 2025}}</ref> |26 |[[Bacoor]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{sortname|Amanda|Niemi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Ly |first=Pia |date=27 Agosto 2025 |title=Riihimäkeläislähtöinen Amanda, 24, on Miss Earth Finland – edustaa Suomea Filippiineillä |language=fi |trans-title=Amanda, 24, originally from Riihimäki, is Miss Earth Finland – representing Finland in the Philippines |website=Hämeen Sanomat |url=https://www.hameensanomat.fi/paikalliset/8798079 |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250827102349/https://www.hameensanomat.fi/paikalliset/8798079 |archive-date=27 Agosto 2025}}</ref> |24 |Riihimäki |Europa |Fire |- |{{flagdeco|POL}} [[Polonya]] |{{sortname|Justyna|Roguska|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Oktubre 2025 |title=Justyna Roguska będzie reprezentować Polskę na Miss Earth 2025! |language=pl |trans-title=Justyna Roguska will represent Poland at Miss Earth 2025! |website=Ciekawe24.pl |url=https://ciekawe24.pl/justyna-roguska-bedzie-reprezentowac-polske-na-miss-earth-2025/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |21 |[[Varsovia]] |Europa |Eco |- |{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]] |{{sortname|Raquel|Camelo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Monica |date=16 Hunyo 2024 |title=Jovem da região conquista título de Miss Queen Portugal |trans-title=Young woman from the region wins the title of Miss Queen Portugal |url=https://www.imediato.pt/jovem-da-regiao-conquista-titulo-de-miss-queen-portugal/ |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Imediato |language=pt}}</ref> |23 |[[Oporto|Porto]] |Europa |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Sandra|Wallet|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |24 |Nouvelle-Aquitaine |Europa |Water |- |{{flagdeco|DOM}} [[Republikang Dominikano]] |{{sortname|Valeria|Conde|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andini |first=Dewi |date=28 Oktubre 2025 |title=7 Potret Valeria Conde Miss Earth Republik Dominika 2025, Seorang Atlet! |trans-title=7 Portraits of Valeria Conde, Miss Earth Dominican Republic 2025, an Athlete! |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-valeria-conde-miss-earth-republik-dominika-2025-c1c2-01-cw2f3-byq57c |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=IDN Times |language=id}}</ref> |20 |[[Santo Domingo, Republikang Dominikano|Santo Domingo]] |Kaamerikahan |Water |- |{{flagicon|CZE}} '''[[Republikang Tseko]]''' |'''{{sortname|Natálie|Puškinová}}'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Mayo 2025 |title=Miss Czech Republic 2025 se stala jedenadvacetiletá studentka Linda Górecká |url=https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/revue/modelky/miss-czech-republic-finale-vitezka-makarenko-anketa-kubiskova.A250428_165107_missamodelky_sub |access-date=11 Hunyo 2025 |website=iDNES.cz |language=cs}}</ref> |21 |[[Praga]] |Europa |Water |- |[[Talaksan:Proposed_flag_of_Réunion_(VAR).svg|border|23x23px]] [[Réunion]] |{{sortname|Marie-Laure|Juppin de Fondaumère|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=18 Setyembre 2025 |title=Miss Earth 2025 : une candidate de Sainte-Rose représentera La Réunion aux Philippines |language=fr |trans-title=Miss Earth 2025: A candidate from Sainte-Rose will represent Reunion Island in the Philippines |website=Le Quotidien de La Réunion |url=https://www.lequotidien.re/article/culture/2025/09/18/miss-earth-2025-une-candidate-de-sainte-rose-representera-la-reunion-aux-philippines |url-status=live |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923110905/https://www.lequotidien.re/article/culture/2025/09/18/miss-earth-2025-une-candidate-de-sainte-rose-representera-la-reunion-aux-philippines |archive-date=23 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |21 |Sainte-Rose |Aprika |Water |- |{{flagdeco|ROU}} [[Rumanya]] |{{sortname|Sabina|Parmac|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dinu |first=Beatrice Lianda |date=27 Oktubre 2025 |title=România, din nou pe harta internațională la Miss Earth |language=ro |trans-title=Romania, back on the international map at Miss Earth |website=Ziarul Pozitiv |url=https://ziarulpozitiv.ro/romania-din-nou-pe-harta-internationala-la-miss-earth/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |19 |[[Bukarest]] |Europa |Fire |- |{{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Rusya]] |{{sortname|Elizaveta|Guryanova|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Andini |first=Dewi |date=22 Oktubre 2025 |title=7 Potret Elizaveta Guryanova Miss Earth Rusia 2025, Bikin Terpikat! |language=id |trans-title=7 Portraits of Elizaveta Guryanova Miss Earth Russia 2025, Make You Captivate! |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-elizaveta-guryanova-miss-earth-rusia-2025-bikin-terpikat-c1c2-01-cw2f3-kjkwkt |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |24 |[[Mosku]] |Europa |Air |- |{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Serbia|Serbiya]] |{{sortname|Nina|Karapešev|nolink=1}}<ref name="delegates" /> |19 |[[Belgrado]] |Europa |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|ZIM}} [[Zimbabwe|Simbabwe]] |{{sortname|Tinewimbo|Dupute|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Oktubre 2025 |title=Tinewimbo Dupute Arrives in Philippines to Represent Zimbabwe at Miss Earth 2025 |language=en |website=Youth Village Zimbabwe |url=https://youthvillage.co.zw/sport-entertainment/celebrity-news/tinewimbo-dupute-arrives-in-philippines-to-represent-zimbabwe-at-miss-earth-2025/#google_vignette |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |24 |Bulawayo |Aprika |Water |- |{{Flagdeco|SGP}} [[Singapore|Singapura]] |{{sortname|Ganga|Kannan|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Andini |first=Dewi |date=24 Oktubre 2025 |title=7 Potret Ganga Kannan Miss Earth Singapura 2025, Sweet Abis! |language=id |trans-title=7 Portraits of Ganga Kannan, Miss Earth Singapore 2025, So Sweet! |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-ganga-kannan-miss-earth-singapura-2025-sweet-abis-c1c2-01-cw2f3-f89d73 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |22 |[[Singapore|Singapura]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{Flagdeco|LKA}} [[Sri Lanka]] |{{sortname|Adithya|Dewmini|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Colombo]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|SWE}} [[Sweden|Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Tilde|Lööw|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |26 |[[Estokolmo]] |Europa |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|TZA}} [[Tanzania|Tansaniya]] |{{sortname|Amina|Jigge|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=19 Agosto 2025 |title=Miss Grand Tanzania competition has ended successfully, here are the 7 winners |url=https://kenyatalk.com/t/miss-grand-tanzania-competition-has-ended-successfully-here-are-the-7-winners/576459 |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Kenya Talk |language=en |archive-date=29 Agosto 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829173204/https://kenyatalk.com/t/miss-grand-tanzania-competition-has-ended-successfully-here-are-the-7-winners/576459 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |26 |Mwanza |Aprika |Water |- |{{Flagdeco|THA}} [[Taylandiya]] |{{sortname|Waree|Ngamkham|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Setyembre 2025 |title=มงลง "น้ำเหนือ วารี" มิสเอิร์ธไทยแลนด์2025 |language=th |trans-title=The crown goes to Namnuea Waree, Miss Earth Thailand 2025 |website=Line Today |url=https://today.line.me/th/v3/article/Kwm2EyR |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901052206/https://today.line.me/th/v3/article/Kwm2EyR |archive-date=1 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |26 |[[Chiang Rai]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|ZAF}} [[Timog Aprika]] |{{sortname|Jenique|Botha|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |author=Phumi Ramalepe |date=18 Setyembre 2025 |title=Environmental advocate Jenique Botha crowned Miss Earth South Africa 2025 |language=en |website=[[News24 (website)|News24]] |url=https://www.news24.com/life/lifestyle-trends/beauty-and-fashion/environmental-advocate-jenique-botha-crowned-miss-earth-south-africa-2025-20250918-0469 |url-status=live |access-date=29 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918125915/https://www.news24.com/life/lifestyle-trends/beauty-and-fashion/environmental-advocate-jenique-botha-crowned-miss-earth-south-africa-2025-20250918-0469 |archive-date=18 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |22 |Edenvale |Aprika |Eco |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Yoon-seo|Choi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Agosto 2025 |title=[S포토] 최윤서, '1등 미스어스~' (미스어스 2025 코리아) |trans-title=[S Photo] Choi Yoon-seo, "Miss Earth 2025 Korea" (Miss Earth 2025 Korea) |url=https://www.stardailynews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=498394 |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Star Daily News |language=ko}}</ref> |24 |[[Busan]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |{{sortname|Nathalie|Briones|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Setyembre 2025 |title=Quién es Nathalie Briones, la joven que se coronó como Miss Earth Chile 2025 |trans-title=Who is Nathalie Briones, the young woman who was crowned Miss Earth Chile 2025? |url=https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/1101597/chile/quien-nathalie-briones-joven-se-corono-como-miss-earth-chile-2025.html |access-date=8 Setyembre 2025 |website=La Gaceta |language=es-CL |archive-date=2025-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907182508/https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/1101597/chile/quien-nathalie-briones-joven-se-corono-como-miss-earth-chile-2025.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |19 |Puente Alto |Kaamerikahan |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|TUR}} [[Turkiya]] |{{sortname|Mira|Atagül|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Andini |first=Dewi |date=27 Oktubre 2025 |title=7 Potret Mira Atagül Miss Earth Turki 2025, Menawan Abis! |language=id |trans-title=7 Portraits of Mira Atagül, Miss Earth Türkiye 2025, Absolutely Stunning! |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-mira-atagul-miss-earth-turki-2025-menawan-abis-c1c2-01-cw2f3-n4yywv |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |26 |[[Istanbul]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ukranya]] |{{sortname|Maria |Zheliaskova|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Andini |first=Dewi |date=28 Oktubre 2025 |title=7 Potret Maria Zheliaskova, Miss Earth Ukraina 2025 yang Bikin Terpikat |language=id |trans-title=7 Captivating Portraits of Maria Zheliaskova, Miss Earth Ukraine 2025 |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-maria-zheliaskova-miss-earth-ukraina-2025-yang-bikin-terpikat-c1c2-01-cw2f3-rq4r9l |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |24 |[[Odessa|Odesa]] |Europa |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|UZB}} [[Usbekistan]] |{{sortname|Shakhrizoda|Madaminova|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Umarova |first=Nigora |date=29 Setyembre 2025 |title=Shaxrizada Madaminova to Represent Uzbekistan at Miss Earth 2025 |language=en |website=Kursiv |url=https://uz.kursiv.media/en/2025-09-29/shaxrizada-madaminova-to-represent-uzbekistan-at-miss-earth-2025/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |21 |[[Taskent]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Eco |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|http://www.missearth.tv}} {{Miss Earth}} [[Kategorya:Patimpalak ng kagandahan sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Miss Earth]] bijt84qq7ap6hbm00w32prjp0uucqwx 2237825 2237752 2026-10-29T01:56:28Z Allyriana000 119761 Dinagdag ang Best in Appearance 2237825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant | name = Miss Earth 2025 | image = Natalie Puskinova.jpg | caption = Si Natálie Puškinová na kinokoronahan ni Jessica Lane bilang Miss Earth 2025 | date = 5 Nobyembre 2025 | presenters = James Deakin | theme = The Silver Lining | venue = Okada Manila, [[Parañaque]], [[Kalakhang Maynila]], Pilipinas | broadcaster = '''Telebisyon''':<br>{{Hlist|[[A2Z (TV channel)|A2Z]]|[[Aliw Channel 23]]|[[Kapamilya Channel]]}}''' | entrants = 78 | placements = 25 | debuts = {{hlist|Usbekistan}} | withdrawals = {{hlist|Alherya|Belhika|Bulibya|Cabo Verde|Eslobenya|Hayti|Honduras|Kamerun|Kapuluang Birhenes ng Estados Unidos|Kosobo|Kosta Rika|Madagaskar|Mawrisyo|Montenegro|Pidyi|Porto Riko|Samoa|Tsina}} | returns = {{hlist|Alemanya|Armenya|Austrya|Ekwador|Eskosya|Estonya|Hamayka|Kapuluang Cayman|Libano|Makaw|Moldabya|Nikaragwa|Pinlandiya|Republikang Tseko|Rumanya|Suwesya|Tansaniya|Turkiya|Ukranya}} | winner = [[Natálie Puškinová]] | represented = {{flagicon|CZE}} Republikang Tseko | congeniality = | before = [[Miss Earth 2024|2024]] | next = [[Miss Earth 2026|2026]] }} Ang '''Miss Earth 2025''' ay ang ika-25 edisyon ng [[Miss Earth]] pageant, na ginanap sa Okada Manila, sa [[Parañaque]], [[Kalakhang Maynila]], Pilipinas noong 5 Nobyembre 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=HIGHLIGHTS: Miss Earth 2025 coronation night |url=https://philstarlife.com/news-and-views/613402-live-updates-miss-earth-2025-coronation-night? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260827105410/https://philstarlife.com/news-and-views/613402-live-updates-miss-earth-2025-coronation-night |archive-date=27 Agosto 2026 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Philstar Life |language=en}}</ref> Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni Jessica Lane of Australya si Natálie Puškinová ng Republikang Tseko bilang Miss Earth 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bracamonte |first=Earl D. C. |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Czech Republic wins Miss Earth 2025, Philippines in Top 8 |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2025/11/05/2485175/czech-republic-wins-miss-earth-2025-philippines-top-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106043905/https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2025/11/05/2485175/czech-republic-wins-miss-earth-2025-philippines-top-8 |archive-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[Philippine Star]] |language=en}}</ref> Ito ang ikalawang pagkakataon na nanalo ang Republikang Tseko sa Miss Earth. Kinoronahan bilang Miss Earth-Air si Sóldís Vala Ívarsdóttir ng Lupangyelo, si Mỹ Anh Trịnh ng Biyetnam bilang Miss Earth-Water, at si Waree Ngamkham ng Taylandiya bilang Miss Earth-Fire. Kalaunan ay bumitiw si Trịnh sa kaniyang titulo upang lumahok sa Miss Universe Vietnam 2026 at pinalitan siya ni Nathalie Briones ng Tsile.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Jefferson |date=3 Oktubre 2026 |title=Miss Earth names new Miss Earth Water 2025 |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2026/10/03/miss-earth-names-new-miss-earth-water-2025 |access-date=4 Oktubre 2026 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en-PH|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261004055601/https://tribune.net.ph/2026/10/03/miss-earth-names-new-miss-earth-water-2025|archive-date=4 Oktubre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Luận |first=Công |date=3 Oktubre 2026 |title=The Chilean beauty queen takes over the Miss Earth Water 2025 title from Trinh My Anh. |url=https://www.vietnam.vn/en/nguoi-dep-chile-dam-nhan-danh-hieu-miss-earth-water-2025-cua-trinh-my-anh |access-date=4 Oktubre 2026 |website=Vietnam.vn |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261027015919/https://www.vietnam.vn/en/nguoi-dep-chile-dam-nhan-danh-hieu-miss-earth-water-2025-cua-trinh-my-anh|archive-date=27 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> Mga kandidata mula sa pitumpu't-walong bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa edisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni James Deakin ang kompetisyon. == Kasaysayan == [[Talaksan:Okada manila.jpg|thumb|Okada Manila, ang lokasyon ng kompetisyon]] === Lokasyon at petsa === Noong Setyembre 2025, inanunsyo ng Miss Earth Organization na ang Pilipinas ang mangunguna sa patimpalak. Gaganapin ang panghuling kompetisyon sa 5 Nobyembre 2025 sa Okada Manila sa [[Parañaque]], [[Kalakhang Maynila]], sa dalawang magkasunod na taon. Ang tema ng patimpalak ay "Silver Lining," na tumutukoy sa ika-25 anibersaryo o pilak na anibersaryo ng patimpalak.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Setyembre 2025 |title=Philippines to host Miss Earth's Silver Anniversary |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2025/09/25/philippines-to-host-miss-earths-silver-anniversary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925063637/https://tribune.net.ph/2025/09/25/philippines-to-host-miss-earths-silver-anniversary |archive-date=25 Setyembre 2025 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |language=en|last=Fernando|first=Jefferson|work=Daily Tribune|url-status=live}}</ref> === Pagpili ng mga kandidata === ==== Mga pagpalit ==== Pinalitan ni Ndeshipewa Angula si Miss Earth Namibia 2025 Uatjiri Mbaisa dahil lumagpas na ito sa limitasyon ng edad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Nakaziko |first=Pinehas |date=20 Hulyo 2025 |title=Johanna Swartbooi crowned Miss Namibia 2025 |language=en |website=The Namibian |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/johanna-swartbooi-crowned-miss-namibia-2025/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724122536/https://www.namibian.com.na/johanna-swartbooi-crowned-miss-namibia-2025/ |archive-date=24 Hulyo 2025}}</ref> Pinalitan din ni Valentina Collazos si Laura Isabel González bilang kinatawan ng Kolombya dahil lumagpas na ito sa limitasyon ng edad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duong |first=Hai |date=4 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth Colombia was deprived of the right to compete in the miss contest, the reason for the shock |url=https://vgt.vn/miss-earth-colombia-bi-tuoc-quyen-thi-hoa-hau-ly-do-soc-ihyes-20251004t7547267/?lang=en |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=VGT TV |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107141407/https://vgt.vn/miss-earth-colombia-bi-tuoc-quyen-thi-hoa-hau-ly-do-soc-ihyes-20251004t7547267/?lang=en|archive-date=7 Enero 2026}}</ref> Pinalitan ni India Holder ang orihinal na nagwagi na si Shae Parsons bilang kinatawan ng Nuweba Selandiya dahil sa personal na dahilan.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 Hunyo 2025 |title=East Aucklander crowned Miss Earth NZ 2025 |url=https://www.times.co.nz/business/east-aucklander-crowned-miss-earth-nz-2025/ |access-date=22 Hunyo 2025 |website=Eastern Times |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828142636/https://www.times.co.nz/business/east-aucklander-crowned-miss-earth-nz-2025/|archive-date=28 Agosto 2025}}</ref> Pinalitan din ni Putri Juficha ang orihinal na nagwagi na si Jazmine Rowe bilang kinatawan ng Indonesya dahil sa hindi pagtugon sa mga pangangailangang kontraktuwal at administratibo sa loob ng panahong itinakda ng Miss Earth Organization.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Hunyo 2025 |title=Raih Gelar Miss Earth Indonesia 2025, Jaz Rowe Siap Jadi Suara Perubahan Global |trans-title=Winning the Miss Earth Indonesia 2025 title, Jaz Rowe is ready to be a voice for global change. |url=https://www.kapanlagi.com/foto/berita-foto/indonesia/raih-gelar-miss-earth-indonesia-2025-jaz-rowe-siap-jadi-suara-perubahan-global.html |access-date=15 Hulyo 2025 |website=KapanLagi |language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830144742/https://www.kapanlagi.com/foto/berita-foto/indonesia/raih-gelar-miss-earth-indonesia-2025-jaz-rowe-siap-jadi-suara-perubahan-global.html|archive-date=30 Agosto 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prima |first=Berkat |date=7 October 2025 |title=Jazmine Rowe Batal Wakili Indonesia di Ajang Miss Earth 2025 |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/men-jazmine-rowe-batal-wakili-indonesia-di-ajang-miss-earth-2025-c1c2-01-l8vsm-xhv2mb |access-date=21 October 2025 |website=IDN Times |language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260814141132/https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/men-jazmine-rowe-batal-wakili-indonesia-di-ajang-miss-earth-2025-c1c2-01-l8vsm-xhv2mb|archive-date=14 Agosto 2026|trans-title=Jazmine Rowe Will No Longer Represent Indonesia at the Miss Earth 2025 Pageant}}</ref> Pinalitan nina Reimi Shimizu ng Hapon, Esther Mukoya ng Kenya, Elizaveta Kuznetsova ng Moldabya, at Solange Velásquez ng Nikaragwa sina Emilia Shimanouchi, Mirel Atieno,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=15 Hulyo 2025 |title=Trans‑Nzoia Governor Natembeya Congratulates Ms. Mirel Atieno on Miss Earth Kenya 2025 Victory |url=http://www.vipasho.co.ke/2025/07/transnzoia-governor-natembeya.html |access-date=7 Agosto 2025 |website=Vipasho News |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261027024516/http://www.vipasho.co.ke/2025/07/transnzoia-governor-natembeya.html|archive-date=27 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> Diana Spotarenko, at Ilse Castellanos, ayon sa pagkakabanggit, sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 July 2025 |title=2025ミス・アース：日本代表に早稲田大2年の19歳、島内エミリアさん　世界大会でも「グランプリを狙っていきたい」 |trans-title=Miss Earth 2025: Japan's representative, 19-year-old Waseda University sophomore Emilia Shimauchi, who also aims to win the grand prize at the world competition. |url=https://mainichikirei.jp/article/20250723dog00m100027000c.html |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=Mainichi Kirei |language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919094420/https://mainichikirei.jp/article/20250723dog00m100027000c.html|archive-date=19 Setyembre 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muthee |first=Raymond |date=17 Oktubre 2025 |title=Beauty queen Mirel Atieno Ngesa dethroned as Miss Earth 2025 |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/fashion-beauty/article/2001531342/beauty-queen-mirel-atieno-ngesa-dethroned-as-miss-earth-2025 |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |website=The Standard |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107094139/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/fashion-beauty/article/2001531342/beauty-queen-mirel-atieno-ngesa-dethroned-as-miss-earth-2025|archive-date=7 Enero 2026}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ntoyai |first=Manuel |date=17 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth Kenya 2025 Mirel Atieno Ngesa dethroned, replaced amid pageant controversy |url=https://www.tnx.africa/entertainment/article/2001532029/miss-earth-kenya-2025-mirel-atieno-ngesa-dethroned-replaced-amid-pageant-controversy |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |website=TNX Africa |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111051619/https://www.tnx.africa/entertainment/article/2001532029/miss-earth-kenya-2025-mirel-atieno-ngesa-dethroned-replaced-amid-pageant-controversy|archive-date=11 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 Marso 2025 |title=Angelina Chitaica va reprezenta Republica Moldova la Miss World 2025 |trans-title=Angelina Chitaica will represent the Republic of Moldova at Miss World 2025 |url=https://ziuadeazi.md/stiri/angelina-chitaica-va-reprezenta-republica-moldova-la-miss-world-2025/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415022716/https://ziuadeazi.md/stiri/angelina-chitaica-va-reprezenta-republica-moldova-la-miss-world-2025/ |archive-date=15 Abril 2025 |access-date=23 Marso 2025 |website=Ziuadeazi |language=ro-ro}}</ref> ==== Mga unang pagsali, pagbalik, at pag-urong ==== Lumahok sa unang pagkakataon ang bansang Usbekistan sa edisyong ito. Bumalik sa edisyong ito ang mga bansa at teritoryong Kapuluang Cayman na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2010|2010]]; Nikaragwa na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2012|2012]]; Tansaniya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2014|2014]]; Turkiya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2015|2015]]; Makaw na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2016|2016]]; Hamayka, Moldabya at Pinlandiya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2020|2020]]; Libano at Suwesya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2021|2021]]; Austrya, Eskosya, at Estonya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2022|2022]]; at Alemanya, Armenya, Ekwador, Republikang Tseko, Rumanya, at Ukranya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2023|2023]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolfová |first=Gabriela |date=3 Mayo 2025 |title=Novou Miss Czech Republic je kráska bez jediné plastiky Linda Górecká! Má plné rty a bujné vnady |trans-title=The new Miss Czech Republic is the beauty without a single plastic surgery, Linda Górecká! She has full lips and lush charms |url=https://www.super.cz/clanek/celebrity-novou-miss-czech-republic-je-kraska-bez-jedine-plastiky-linda-gorecka-ma-plne-rty-a-bujne-vnady-1514428 |access-date=11 Hunyo 2025 |website=Super.cz |language=cs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260906051854/https://www.super.cz/clanek/celebrity-novou-miss-czech-republic-je-kraska-bez-jedine-plastiky-linda-gorecka-ma-plne-rty-a-bujne-vnady-1514428|archive-date=6 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> Pinalitan ni Miss Earth Puerto Rico 2026 Cecilia Acosta si Miss Earth Puerto Rico 2025 Valeria Meléndez dahil sa personal na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rifai |date=23 Abril 2025 |title=7 Potret Miss Earth Puerto Riko 2025 Valeria Meléndez |trans-title=7 Portraits of Miss Earth Puerto Rico 2025 Valeria Meléndez, Captivating! |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-miss-earth-puerto-riko-2025-valeria-melendez-c1c2-01-9mwsv-cx3myc |access-date=15 Setyembre 2025 |website=IDN Times |language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261027070246/https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-miss-earth-puerto-riko-2025-valeria-melendez-c1c2-01-9mwsv-cx3myc|archive-date=27 Oktubre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Martínez |first=José Rolón |date=5 Pebrero 2025 |title=VIDEO: Puerto Rico corona tres nuevas reinas |language=es |trans-title=VIDEO: Puerto Rico crowns three new queens |website=El Vocero |url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/video-puerto-rico-corona-tres-nuevas-reinas/article_1c1b38f8-e36d-11ef-83e7-f3c040e9eb53.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304082008/https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/video-puerto-rico-corona-tres-nuevas-reinas/article_1c1b38f8-e36d-11ef-83e7-f3c040e9eb53.html |archive-date=4 Marso 2025}}</ref> Gayunpaman, bumitiw rin si Acosta dahil sa personal na dahilan, dahilan upang bumitiw ang Puerto Rico sa edisyong ito. Bumitiw si Jera Redant ng Belhika dahil sa isang malubhang kalagayan sa kaniyang kalusugan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanden Berghe |first=Filip |date=18 Mayo 2025 |title=KIJK. Jera Redant (18) verkozen tot Miss Exclusive 2025 |url=https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.be/consent?siteKey=Uqxf9TXhjmaG4pbQ&callbackUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hln.be%2Fprivacy-gate%2Faccept-tcf2%3FredirectUri%3D%252Fgeraardsbergen%252Fkijk-jera-redant-18-verkozen-tot-miss-exclusive-2025%7Eaebcfd5a%252F%253Freferrer%253Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252F |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521202442/https://www.hln.be/geraardsbergen/kijk-jera-redant-18-verkozen-tot-miss-exclusive-2025~aebcfd5a/ |archive-date=21 Mayo 2025 |access-date=11 Hunyo 2025 |website=Het Laatste Nieuws |language=nl}}</ref> Bumitiw sina Kristina Milovanović ng Bosnya at Hersegobina, María Victoria Medina ng Espanya,<ref>{{cite web |date=2 Agosto 2025 |title=La modelo de Jaén que representará a España en Filipinas |url=https://lacontradejaen.eldiario.es/maria-victoria-candidata-espana-miss-tierra-jaen/ |access-date=8 Agosto 2025 |website=El Diario |language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260827094232/https://lacontradejaen.eldiario.es/maria-victoria-candidata-espana-miss-tierra-jaen/|archive-date=27 Agosto 2026|trans-title=The model from Jaén who will represent Spain in the Philippines}}</ref> Erline Édouard ng Hayti, Claudia Castañeda ng Honduras,<ref>{{cite web |date=10 Agosto 2025 |title=Claudia Castañeda es coronada Miss Earth Honduras 2025 |trans-title=Claudia Castañeda is crowned Miss Earth Honduras 2025 |url=https://oncenoticias.hn/tendencias/virales/claudia-castaneda-coronacion-miss-earth-honduras-2025-el-progreso-yoro/ |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Once Noticias |language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915174100/https://oncenoticias.hn/tendencias/virales/claudia-castaneda-coronacion-miss-earth-honduras-2025-el-progreso-yoro/|archive-date=15 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> at Jiarong Yang ng Tsina dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref name="delegates">{{cite web |date=19 Mayo 2025 |title=ЈЕЛЕНА ЊЕГОВАН ПРВА ПРАТИЉА "МИС БАЛКАНА 2025." У БАЊА ЛУЦИ |url=https://www.radiodunav.com/jelena-njegovan-prva-pratilja-mis-balkana-2025-u-banja-luci/ |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Radiodunav |language=sr|trans-title=Jelena Njegovan Named First Runner-Up for "Miss Balkans 2025" in Banja Luka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908144508/https://www.radiodunav.com/jelena-njegovan-prva-pratilja-mis-balkana-2025-u-banja-luci/|archive-date=8 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> Dapat sanang lalahok si Abidemi Akannie ng Sierra Leone sa edisyong ito, ngunit hindi ito nagpatuloy dahil sa suliraning pinansiyal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Oktubre 2025 |title=Abidemi Akannie to Represent Sierra Leone at Miss Earth International 2025 in Philippines |url=https://sierraloaded.sl/entertainment/akannie-sierra-leone-miss-earth-philippines/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=Sierraloaded |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260911065126/https://sierraloaded.sl/entertainment/akannie-sierra-leone-miss-earth-philippines/|archive-date=11 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> == Mga resulta == === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss Earth 2025''' | * {{flagicon|CZE}} '''Republikang Tseko''' – '''[[Natálie Puškinová]]'''<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Natalie Puskinova of Czech Republic is Miss Earth 2025 |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/636990/natalie-puskinova-of-czech-republic-is-miss-earth-2025 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref> |- |Miss Earth – Air 2025 | * {{flagicon|ISL}} Lupangyelo – Sóldís Vala Ívarsdóttir<ref name=":02" /> |- | rowspan="2" |Miss Earth – Water 2025 | * {{flagicon|VIE}} ''Biyetnam'' – ''Mỹ Anh Trịnh'' ''(bumitiw)''<ref name=":02" /> |- | * {{flagicon|CHI}} Tsile – Nathalie Briones ''(pumalit)<ref name=":4" />'' |- |Miss Earth – Fire 2025 | * {{Flagdeco|THA}} Taylandiya – Waree Ngamkham<ref name=":02" /> |- |Top 8 (Mga ''runner-up'') | * {{Flagicon|BRA}} Brasil – Laila Frizon<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Layno |first=Karen Flores |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Czech Republic wins Miss Earth 2025; PH's Joy Barcoma finishes as runner-up |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/pageants-beauty-queens/2025/11/5/czech-republic-wins-miss-earth-2025-ph-s-joy-barcoma-finishes-as-runner-up-2152 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=[[ABS-CBN News]] |language=en}}</ref> * {{flagicon|PHI}} Pilipinas – [[Joy Barcoma]]<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|UKR}} Ukranya – Mariia Zheliaskova<ref name=":3" /> |- |Top 12 | * {{flagdeco|ETH}} Etiyopiya – Delina Girma<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|MEX}} Mehiko – Génesis Vera<ref name=":3" />★ * {{flagdeco|POL}} Polonya – Justyna Roguska<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagdeco|RUS}} Rusya – Elizaveta Guryanova<ref name=":3" /> |- |Top 25 | * {{flagicon|ARG}} Arhentina – Florencia Hernández<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|UAE}} Emiratos Arabes Unidos – Ana Zafyra<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|Northern Mariana Islands}} Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana – Aria Keilbach<ref name=":3" /> * {{Flagdeco|IND}} Indiya – Komal Choudhary<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|ITA}} Italya – Natalia Guglielmo<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|CAN}} Kanada – Hailey Wilson<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagu|Makaw}} – Evangeline Chen<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|MDA}} Moldabya – Elizaveta Kuznetsova<ref name=":3" /> * {{Flagdeco|NAM}} Namibya – Ndeshipewa Angula<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Olanda – Sanne-Esmee Walstra<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagu|Peru}} – Massiel Suárez<ref name=":3" /> * {{Flagdeco|ZAF}} Timog Aprika – Jenique Botha<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|KOR}} Timog Korea – Yoon-seo Choi<ref name=":3" /> |} == Mga ''pre-pageant event'' == === ''Best in Appearance'' === Ang ''Best in Appearance'' ay isang natatanging parangal kung saan ang mga nagwagi ay natukoy sa pamamagitang ng pagboto sa opisyal na plataporma ng Miss Earth 2025 sa Eventista na nagsimula noong 19 Oktubre 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranara |first=John Patrick Magno |date=20 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth Philippines' Joy Barcoma is tickling everyone's funny bone. Here's why |url=https://philstarlife.com/celebrity/181212-trending-miss-earth-philippines-joy-barcoma-funny-posts?page=3 |access-date=29 Oktubre 2026 |website=Philstar Life |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga nagwagi bilang ''Best in Appearance'' sa bawat rehiyong kontinental ay magkakaroon ng dobleng puntos sa pagboto para sa ''People's Choice''. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Awards ! colspan="4" |Rehiyong Kontinental ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Sang. |- !Kaamerikahan !Aprika !Asya at Oseaniya !Europa |- ! colspan="2" |Best Appearance | align="center" |Génesis Vera {{flagicon|MEX}} Mehiko | align="center" |Cherise Asher Ayisi<br>{{Flagdeco|GHA}} Gana | align="center" |Aria Keilbach {{flagicon|Northern Mariana Islands}} Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana | align="center" |Natalia Guglielmo {{flagicon|ITA}} Italya |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 Nobyembre 2025|title=LIVE UPDATES: Miss Earth 2025|url=https://www.inquirer.net/459614/live-updates-miss-earth-2025/|access-date=29 Oktubre 2026|website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|archive-date=19 Enero 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021111/https://www.inquirer.net/459614/live-updates-miss-earth-2025/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> |} === ''Media Moments'' === Naganap ang ''media presentation'' ng mga kandidata na pinangalanang "Media Moments" sa Department of Environment and Natural Resources Compound, [[Lungsod Quezon]] noong 22 Oktubre 2025.<ref name="PHILIS1" /> Nakipagtulungan ang Miss Earth Organization sa Designers Circle Philippines sa pagpapakita ng mga [[Terno (kasuotang pambabae)|terno]] at mga kasuotang hango sa Filipiniana upang simulan ang mga gawain bago ang panghuling kompetisyon.<ref name="PHILIS1" /> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parangal ! colspan="4" |Rehiyong Kontinental ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Sang. |- !Kaamerikahan !Aprika !Asya at Oseaniya !Europa |- ! colspan="2" |Best in Terno | align="center" |Haley Poe<br>{{flagdeco|USA}} Estados Unidos | align="center" |Marie-Laure Juppin<br>[[Talaksan:Proposed_flag_of_Réunion_(VAR).svg|border|23x23px]] Réunion | align="center" |[[:en:Joy_Barcoma|Joy Barcoma]] {{flagicon|PHI}} Pilipinas | align="center" |Sanne-Esmee Walstra {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bracamonte|first=Earl D. C.|date=5 Nobyembre 2025|title=DENR lauds Miss Earth's sustainability platform, Philippines among Best in Terno winners|url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2025/11/05/2485029/denr-lauds-miss-earths-sustainability-platform-philippines-among-best-terno-winners?fbclid=IwY2xjawN7qHtleHRuA2FlbQIxMQBicmlkETFReElRUnF2RWhjb0xMM05Xc3J0YwZhcHBfaWQQMjIyMDM5MTc4ODIwMDg5MgABHg-09aR7LlAfTy_YODkejHgQyI9kOs7Q0R6PLGbpPN3eMEhgIVljoqJEGmbY_aem_ux9hs_i7IsKhAJBbsQn6ZA|access-date=3 Hunyo 2026|website=[[Philippine Star]]}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parangal ! colspan="3" |Kandidata ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Sang. |- !{{won|place=Gold}} !{{won|place=Silver}} !{{won|place=Bronze}} |- ! colspan="2" |Media Favorites | align="center" | Cherise Asher Ayisi<br>{{Flagdeco|GHA}} Gana | align="center" | Paris Cawich<br>{{flagicon|BLZ}} Belis | align="center" | Alexa Roder<br>{{flagicon|AUS}} Australya |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mallorca |first=Hannah |date=26 Oktubre 2025 |title=PH’s Joy Barcoma among Best in Terno winners at Miss Earth silver show |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/635204/phs-joy-barcoma-among-best-in-terno-winners-at-miss-earth-silver-show |access-date=3 Hunyo 2026 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|language=en}}</ref> |} === ''Talent Competition'' === Naganap ang ''talent competition'' sa apat na iba't-ibang lokasyon para sa apat na grupo: Escuela De Sto. Rosario para sa Grupong Air, St. Dominic College of Asia para sa Grupong Water,<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth: The Silver Lining 2025 at SDCA |url=https://stdominiccollege.edu.ph/Campus_Life/Article/miss-earth-the-silver-lining-2025-at-sdca |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=St. Dominic College of Asia |language=en}}</ref> [[National Teachers College]] para sa Grupong Fire, at [[Pamantasang Arellano]] para sa Grupong Eco.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Jefferson |date=29 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth 2025 Team Eco visits Arellano University Pasig |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2025/10/28/miss-earth-2025-team-eco-visits-arellano-university-pasig |access-date=28 Oktubre 2026 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en-PH}}</ref> Nagwagi sina Elizaveta Guryanova ng Rusya, Haley Poe ng Estados Unidos, Sony Ghale ng Nepal, at Natálie Puškinová ng Republikang Tseko para sa kaganapang ito.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Miss Earth 2025: African bets lead medal tally |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/636861/miss-earth-2025-african-bets-lead-medal-tally |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="row" |Event ! colspan="4" |Elemental Group ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Sang. |- !Air !Eco !Fire !Water |- ! rowspan="3" |''Talent Competition'' ! {{won|place=Gold}} | align="center" | Elizaveta Guryanova<br>{{flagdeco|RUS}} Rusya | align="center" | Haley Poe<br>{{flagdeco|USA}} Estados Unidos | align="center" | Sony Ghale<br>{{flagdeco|NPL}} Nepal | align="center" | [[Natálie Puškinová]]<br>{{flagdeco|CZE}} Republikang Tseko | rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Miss Earth 2025: African bets lead medal tally |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/636861/miss-earth-2025-african-bets-lead-medal-tally |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref> |- ! {{won|place=Silver}} | align="center" | Grace McGregor<br>{{flagdeco|Scotland}} Eskosya | align="center" | Cherise Asher Ayisi<br>{{flagdeco|GHA}} Gana | align="center" | Valentina Collazos<br>{{flagdeco|COL}} Kolombya | align="center" | Shiyuan Luo<br>{{flagu|HKG}}Hong Kong |- ! {{won|place=Bronze}} | align="center" | Marie-Laure Juppin<br>[[Talaksan:Proposed_flag_of_Réunion_(VAR).svg|border|23x23px]] Réunion | align="center" | Sofia Mayers<br>{{flagdeco|England}} Inglatera | align="center" | Smimova Peñafiel<br>{{flagdeco|ECU}} Ekwador | align="center" | Anoushe Kalashyan<br>{{flagdeco|ARM}} Armenya |} == Mga kandidata == Pitumpu't-walong kandidata ang lumahok sa edisyong ito.<ref name="PHILIS1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Miss Earth 2025: African bets lead medal tally |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/636861/miss-earth-2025-african-bets-lead-medal-tally |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Jefferson |date=3 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Miss Earth 2025 heats up as rankings, prelims intensify |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2025/11/03/beauty-of-face-worldwide-ranking-heat-up-miss-earth-2025 |access-date=29 Oktubre 2026 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en-PH}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon}} !Bayan !Rehiyong Kontinental !Grupo |- |{{flagicon|ALB}} [[Albanya]] |{{sortname|Kleja|Sulejmani|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 Hunyo 2025 |title="Miss Albania", Valentina Gegprifti is declared the most beautiful for 2025 |url=https://pamfleti.net/kulture/miss-shqiperia-valentina-gegprifti-shpallet-me-e-bukura-per-vitin-2025-i285555 |access-date=22 Hunyo 2025 |website=Pamfleti |language=en}}</ref> |20 |[[Tirana]] |Europa |Eco |- |{{flagicon|DEU}} [[Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Melissa|Koutsandreas|nolink=1}}<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Jefferson |date=6 Oktubre 2025 |title=Silver lining: 2025 Miss Earth bets lead the green generation |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2025/10/06/silver-lining-2025-miss-earth-bets-lead-the-green-generation |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en}}</ref> |24 |[[Ratisbona]] |Europa |Water |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Florencia Sol|Hernández|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Enero 2025 |title=Florencia Hernández entre agua y estrellas |trans-title=Florencia Hernández between water and stars |url=https://zonavip.com.ar/florencia-hernandez-entre-agua-y-estrellas/ |access-date=11 Hunyo 2025 |website=Zona VIP |language=es}}</ref> |21 |[[Mendoza, Arhentina|Mendoza]] |Kaamerikahan |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|ARM}} [[Armenya]] |{{sortname|Anoushe|Khalashyan|nolink=1}} |26 |[[Ereban]] |Europa |Water |- |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia|Australya]] |{{sortname|Alexa|Roder|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=8 Setyembre 2025 |title=Fil-Aussies dominate national pageant stage in Australia |language=en |website=ABS-CBN Lifestyle |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/2025/9/8/fil-aussies-dominate-national-pageant-stage-in-australia-1822 |url-status=live |access-date=11 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909104713/https://www.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/2025/9/8/fil-aussies-dominate-national-pageant-stage-in-australia-1822 |archive-date=9 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |24 |[[Melbourne]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Eco |- |{{Flagdeco|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] |{{sortname|Lotte|Diry|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Setyembre 2025 |title=Wienerin Lotte Diry ist Miss Earth Austria 2025 |trans-title=Viennese Lotte Diry is Miss Earth Austria 2025 |url=https://www.oe24.at/leute/oesterreich/wienerin-lotte-diry-ist-miss-earth-austria-2025/648597012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915114100/https://www.oe24.at/leute/oesterreich/wienerin-lotte-diry-ist-miss-earth-austria-2025/648597012 |archive-date=15 Setyembre 2025 |access-date=15 Setyembre 2025 |website=OE24 |publisher=Österreich |language=de}}</ref> |20 |[[Viena]] |Europa |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|BAN}} [[Bangladesh|Bangglades]] |Somaya Harun<ref name="PHILIS1">{{cite news |last1=Bracamonte |first1=Earl D.C. |date=23 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth presents Silver Year delegates in Filipiniana finery |language=en |website=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2025/10/23/2481951/miss-earth-presents-silver-year-delegates-filipiniana-finery |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |24 |[[Dhaka]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{flagicon|BLZ}} [[Belize|Belis]] |{{sortname|Paris|Cawich|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cowo |first=Janelle |date=9 Hulyo 2025 |title=Young Models Celebrate Culture and Fashion at Empow.Her’s Third Annual Show |url=https://www.sanpedrosun.com/fashion/2025/07/09/young-models-celebrate-culture-and-fashion-at-empow-hers-third-annual-show/ |access-date=11 Setyembre 2025 |website=The San Pedro Sun |language=en}}</ref> |20 |[[Belmopan]] |Kaamerikahan |Fire |- |{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Beneswela]] |{{sortname|Roziel|Borges|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obelmejias |first=Yolimer |date=7 Oktubre 2025 |title=Roziel Borges representará a Venezuela en el Miss Earth 2025 |trans-title=Roziel Borges will represent Venezuela at Miss Earth 2025. |url=http://www.eluniversal.com/entretenimiento/217427/roziel-borges-representara-a-venezuela-en-el-miss-earth-2025 |access-date=7 Oktubre 2025 |website=El Universal |language=es}}</ref> |24 |Maracay |Kaamerikahan |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|BLR}} [[Biyelorusya]] |{{sortname|Elizaveta|Moger|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=23 October 2025 |title=Asia Album: Highlights of Miss Earth 2025 in Philippines |website=[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua]] |url=https://english.news.cn/20251023/c608b758c52a46f28830fbd39fb5cd27/c.html |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> |21 |[[Kurgan, Rusya|Kurgan]] |Europa |Air |- |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[Biyetnam]] |{{sortname|Mỹ Anh|Trịnh|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phuong |first=Hai |date=7 Hulyo 2025 |title=Á hậu 3 Trịnh Mỹ Anh được chọn đi thi Hoa hậu Trái đất 2025, gây bất ngờ |trans-title=3rd runner-up Trinh My Anh was chosen to compete in Miss Earth 2025, causing surprise |url=https://tuoitre.vn/a-hau-3-trinh-my-anh-duoc-chon-di-thi-hoa-hau-trai-dat-2025-gay-bat-ngo-20250707132556686.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726235228/https://tuoitre.vn/a-hau-3-trinh-my-anh-duoc-chon-di-thi-hoa-hau-trai-dat-2025-gay-bat-ngo-20250707132556686.htm |archive-date=26 Hulyo 2025 |access-date=7 Agosto 2025 |website=Báo Tuổi Trẻ |language=vi}}</ref> |21 |[[Hanoi]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Laila|Frizon|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=30 Agosto 2025 |title=Laila Frizon, representante do Rio Grande do Sul, é eleita Miss Brasil Terra 2025 |url=https://noticias.r7.com/record-news/laila-frizon-representante-do-rio-grande-do-sul-e-eleita-miss-brasil-terra-30082025/ |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Noticias R7 |language=pt}}</ref> |23 |Rio Grande |Kaamerikahan |Air |- |{{flagicon|BGR}} [[Bulgarya]] |{{sortname|Hrisiana|Hristova|nolink=1}}<ref name="delegates" /> |19 |Stara Zagora |Europa |Eco |- |{{Flagdeco|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] |{{sortname|Smirnova|Peñafiel|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balseca |first=Ingrid |date=3 Oktubre 2025 |title=Smirnova Peñafiel: “Reciclo, cultivo un huerto y le doy nueva vida a la ropa” |trans-title=Smirnova Peñafiel: “I recycle, I grow a garden and I give new life to clothes” |url=https://www.expreso.ec/ocio/smirnova-penafiel-reciclo-cultivo-un-huerto-y-le-doy-nueva-vida-la-ropa-259597.html |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=Diario Expreso |language=es}}</ref> |20 |Naranjal |Kaamerikahan |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|ESA}} [[El Salvador]] |{{sortname|Alejandra|Pérez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=7 July 2025 |title=Alejandra Pérez se convierte en Miss Earth El Salvador 2025 |trans-title=Alejandra Pérez becomes Miss Earth El Salvador 2025 |url=https://xpot.sv/alejandra-perez-se-convierte-en-miss-earth-el-salvador-2025/ |access-date=11 Setyembre 2025 |website=XPOT |language=es}}</ref> |25 |San Vicente |Kaamerikahan |Eco |- |{{flagicon|UAE}} [[Emiratos Arabes Unidos]] |{{sortname|Ana|Zafyra|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Andini |first=Dewi |date=27 October 2025 |title=7 Potret Ana Zafyra Miss Earth Uni Emirat Arab 2025, Bikin Terpukau! |language=id |trans-title=7 Portraits of Zafira's Children, Miss Earth UAE 2025, Will Amaze You! |website=[[IDN Times]] |editor=Wahyu Kurniawan |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-ana-zafyra-miss-earth-uni-emirat-arab-2025-c1c2-01-cw2f3-zn05f1 |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref> |24 |[[Dubai]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|SCO}} [[Scotland|Eskosya]] |{{sortname|Grace|McGregor|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |25 |[[Edinburgh]] |Europa |Air |- |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] |{{sortname|Haley|Poe|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glicklin |first=Harry |date=7 Hulyo 2025 |title=Miss Earth champions unite on Good Morning Washington for environmental awareness |language=en |work=WJLA-TV |url=https://wjla.com/good-morning-washington/national-and-global-miss-earth-titleholders-advocate-for-sustainability-and-conservation |access-date=11 Hulyo 2025}}</ref> |22 |[[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]] |Kaamerikahan |Eco |- |{{Flagicon|EST}} [[Estonya]] |{{sortname|Birgit|Dimitrijev|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=16 Setyembre 2025 |title=Eesti kaunitar Birgit Dimitrijev esindab Eestit Miss Earth 2025 rahvusvahelisel iludusvõistlusel |language=Estonian |trans-title=Estonian beauty Birgit Dimitrijev will represent Estonia at the Miss Earth 2025 international beauty pageant |website=Buduaar - TV3 |url=https://buduaar.tv3.ee/ilu-ja-mood/eesti-kaunitar-birgit-dimitrijev-esindab-eestit-miss-earth-2025-rahvusvahelisel-iludusvoistlusel/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |archive-date=2025-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923103346/https://buduaar.tv3.ee/ilu-ja-mood/eesti-kaunitar-birgit-dimitrijev-esindab-eestit-miss-earth-2025-rahvusvahelisel-iludusvoistlusel/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |21 |Värska |Europa |Fire |- |{{flagdeco|ETH}} [[Ethiopia|Etiyopiya]] |{{sortname|Delina|Girma|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |18 |[[Adis Abeba]] |Aprika |Fire |- |{{Flagicon|WAL}} [[Gales]] |{{sortname|Abigail|Wood|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Birt |first=Elizabeth |date=9 Hunyo 2025 |title=Pembrokeshire penguin keeper crowned Miss Earth Wales 2025 |language=en-GB |work=Western Telegraph |url=https://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/25224932.pembrokeshire-penguin-keeper-crowned-miss-earth-wales-2025/ |access-date=11 Hunyo 2025 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> |25 |Tavernspite |Europa |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|GHA}} [[Ghana|Gana]] |{{sortname|Cherise Asher|Ayisi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Doğan Aziz Demirtaş |date=19 Agosto 2025 |title=Son Ağaç Öldüğünde, Son İnsan da Ölür |language=tr |trans-title=When the Last Tree Dies, the Last Man Dies Too |website=Dadmedya |url=https://dadmedya.com/son-agac-oldugunde-son-insan-da-olur/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901004325/https://dadmedya.com/son-agac-oldugunde-son-insan-da-olur/ |archive-date=1 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |21 |[[Accra]] |Aprika |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|JAM}} [[Jamaica|Hamayka]] |{{sortname|Shanae|Brown|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |19 |[[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] |Kaamerikahan |Eco |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Reimi|Shimizu|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |24 |[[Tokyo]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Eco |- |{{flagicon|Northern Mariana Islands}} [[Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana]] |{{sortname|Aria|Keilbach|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=20 July 2025 |title=Aria Keilbach crowned Miss Earth NMI 2025 |url=https://www.mvariety.com/news/local/aria-keilbach-crowned-miss-earth-nmi-2025/article_9125b37a-4329-49af-ae3e-a5526eea2245.html#:~:text=ARIA%20Keilbach%20was%20crowned%20Miss,place%20in%20Manila%20this%20December. |access-date=20 July 2025 |website=Marianas Variety |language=en}}</ref> |23 |Saipan |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]] |{{sortname|Shiyuan|Luo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Oktubre 2025 |title=Dàn người đẹp đổ bộ Philippines thi Hoa hậu Trái Đất |language=vi |trans-title=Beauties flock to the Philippines to compete in Miss Earth |website=24h |url=https://www.24h.com.vn/thoi-trang/dan-nguoi-dep-do-bo-philippines-thi-hoa-hau-trai-dat-c78a1707602.html |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |20 |[[Suzhou]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{Flagdeco|IND}} [[Indiya]] |{{sortname|Komal|Choudhary|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Miss Earth India 2025 Komal Choudhary and Miss Divine Beauty 2025 Ekta Singh Crowned at a Spectacular Finale |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/miss-earth-india-2025-komal-choudhary-and-miss-divine-beauty-2025-ekta-singh-crowned-at-a-spectacular-finale/ |access-date=29 Setyembre 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en-In}}</ref> |25 |[[Pune]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Eco |- |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Indonesia|Indonesya]] |{{sortname|Putri|Juficha|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Murdianto |first=Muhammad Tarmizi |date=16 Oktubre 2025 |title=Putri Juficha Siap Menyalakan Cahaya Indonesia di Miss Earth 2025 |language=id |trans-title=Putri Juficha Ready to Shine Light on Indonesia at Miss Earth 2025 |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/putri-juficha-siap-menyalakan-cahaya-indonesia-di-miss-earth-2025-00-rqp85-l79ln2 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |25 |Manado |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] |{{sortname|Sofia|Mayers|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=31 Hulyo 2025 |title=7 Potret Sofia Mayers Miss Earth Inggris 2025, Inspiring! |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-sofia-mayers-miss-earth-inggris-2025-c1c2-01-cw2f3-gjyy70 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=IDN Times |language=id}}</ref> |25 |Canterbury |Europa |Eco |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Natalia|Guglielmo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Setyembre 2025 |title=Natalia Guglielmo è la nuova Miss Earth Italy 2025 |language=it |trans-title=Natalia Guglielmo is the new Miss Earth Italy 2025 |website=NotiCaMania Comunicati online |url=https://comunicationline.eu/natalia-guglielmo-e-la-nuova-miss-earth-italy-2025/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |24 |[[Sicilia]] |Europa |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|KHM}} [[Kambodya]] |{{sortname|Saran|Kimlan|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=សារ៉ាន់ គីមឡាង ត្រូវបានតែងតាំងជា Miss Earth Cambodia 2025 |url=https://ams.com.kh/news/infotainment/life-style/saran-kimlan-become-miss-earth-cambodia-2025 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=AMS |language=km}}</ref> |24 |[[Nom Pen]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Hailey|Wilson|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodrunning |first=Deena |date=7 Hulyo 2025 |title=Miss Earth Canada 2025 is Hailey Hamelin-Wilson! |url=https://www.albertanativenews.com/miss-earth-canada-2025-is-hailey-hamelin-wilson/ |access-date=15 Hulyo 2025 |website=Alberta Native News |language=en-US}}</ref> |23 |[[Toronto]] |Kaamerikahan |Fire |- |{{flagicon|CAY}} [[Kapuluang Kayman|Kapuluang Cayman]] |{{sortname|Latecia|Bush|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Durston |first=Laura |date=9 Mayo 2025 |title=What's Hot on camera |language=en-GB |work=Cayman Compass |url=https://www.caymancompass.com/2025/05/09/whats-hot-on-camera-7/ |access-date=11 Hunyo 2025}}</ref> |22 |George Town |Kaamerikahan |Water |- |{{flagicon|KEN}} [[Kenya]] |{{sortname|Esther|Mukoya|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth Kenya 2025, Esther Princess Mukoya, Set for Send-Off Ahead of Miss Earth 2025 in the Philippines |language=en |website=Youth Village Kenya |url=https://youthvillage.co.ke/miss-earth-kenya-2025-esther-princess-mukoya-set-for-send-off-ahead-of-miss-earth-2025-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |26 |Kakamega |Aprika |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |{{sortname|Valentina|Collazos|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Andini |first=Dewi |date=22 Oktubre 2025 |title=7 Potret Valentina Collazos Miss Earth Kolombia 2025, Gorgeous Abis! |language=id |trans-title=7 Portraits of Valentina Collazos Miss Earth Colombia 2025, Absolutely Gorgeous! |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-valentina-collazos-miss-earth-kolombia-2025-gorgeous-abis-c1c2-01-cw2f3-0t6r6j |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |22 |[[Talaan ng mga lungsod sa Colombia|Cali]] |Kaamerikahan |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] |{{sortname|Rachel|Chang|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Agosto 2025 |title=Historic: For the first time, two sisters will represent Cuba in global beauty contests |language=en |website=CiberCuba |url=https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2025-08-24-u194224-e208933-s27065-nid309572-historico-primera-vez-dos-hermanas |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901003350/https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2025-08-24-u194224-e208933-s27065-nid309572-historico-primera-vez-dos-hermanas |archive-date=1 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |26 |[[Havana]] |Kaamerikahan |Fire |- |{{flagdeco|LAO}} [[Laos]] |{{sortname|Parami|Viengmay|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=30 Oktubre 2025 |title=Beauties for a cause: Miss Earth delegates defend pageant’s school events |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/635985/beauties-for-a-cause-miss-earth-delegates-defend-pageants-school-events |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref> |25 |[[Vientian]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|LBN}} [[Libano]] |{{sortname|Aline|Ghanem|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |author=Rochana |first=Nina |date=12 Setyembre 2024 |title=17 Kontestan Miss Earth 2024 dari Berbagai Negara, Stunning Abis! |language=id |trans-title=17 Miss Earth 2024 Contestants from Various Countries, Absolutely Stunning! |website=Jateng IDN Times |url=https://jateng.idntimes.com/life/inspiration/17-kontestan-miss-earth-2024-dari-berbagai-negara-stunning-abis-00-5cf6w-gth3w7 |url-status=live |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923104916/https://jateng.idntimes.com/life/inspiration/17-kontestan-miss-earth-2024-dari-berbagai-negara-stunning-abis-00-5cf6w-gth3w7 |archive-date=23 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |21 |[[Beirut]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|LBR}} [[Liberia|Liberya]] |{{sortname|Monica|Swen|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=4 Agosto 2025 |title=Monica Swen Crowned Miss Earth Liberia 2025 |url=https://www.liberianobserver.com/life/monica-swen-crowned-miss-earth-liberia-2025/article_5712217a-8219-4fd4-833b-16c1331c731d.html |access-date=7 Agosto 2025 |website=Daily Observer |language=en}}</ref> |23 |[[Monrovia]] |Aprika |Eco |- |{{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Lupangyelo]] |{{sortname|Sóldís Vala|Ívarsdóttir|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Guðrún Ósk Guðjónsdóttir |date=20 Marso 2025 |title=Lærði að standa með sjálfri sér |language=is |trans-title=Learned to stand up for herself |website=DV |url=https://www.dv.is/fokus/2025/03/20/soldis-vala-laerdi-ad-standa-med-sjalfri-ser/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521054829/https://www.dv.is/fokus/2025/03/20/soldis-vala-laerdi-ad-standa-med-sjalfri-ser/ |archive-date=21 May 2025}}</ref> |19 |Árbær |Europa |Fire |- |{{flag|Makaw}} |{{sortname|Evangeline|Chen|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=25 Hulyo 2025 |title=陈思蓓：荣获2025澳门地球小姐，冠军荣耀加冕 |trans-title=Sibei Chen: Won the Miss Earth Macau 2025 title, crowned champion |url=https://m.sohu.com/a/917293281_122153156/?pvid=000115_3w_a |access-date=11 Setyembre 2025 |website=Sohu |language=zh}}</ref> |23 |Makaw |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|MYS}} [[Malaysia]] |{{sortname|Vaisnevi|Retnam|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |22 |Selangor |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|Génesis|Vera|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 Setyembre 2025 |title=Génesis Vera Miss Earth México 2025 |trans-title=Génesis Vera Miss Earth Mexico 2025 |url=https://www.notiver.com/sociales/genesis-vera-miss-earth-mexico-2025/ |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Notiver |language=es}}</ref> |24 |[[Veracruz]] |Kaamerikahan |Water |- |{{flagicon|MDA}} [[Moldabya]] |{{sortname|Elizaveta|Kuznetsova|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andini |first=Dewi |date=2 Nobyembre 2025 |title=7 Potret Elizaveta Kuznetsova, Miss Earth Moldova 2025 yang Bikin Terpikat |trans-title=7 Captivating Portraits of Elizaveta Kuznetsova, Miss Earth Moldova 2025 |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-elizaveta-kuznetsova-miss-earth-moldova-2025-yang-bikin-terpikat-c1c2-01-cw2f3-d01zsv |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=IDN Times |language=id}}</ref> |25 |Tiraspol |Europa |Water |- |{{flagdeco|MNG}} [[Mongolya]] |{{sortname|Nomin-Erdene|Bayarkhuu|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |28 |Darkhan |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|MMR}} [[Myanmar]] |{{sortname|Khin Khin|Hlaing|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=13 Agosto 2025 |title=Miss Earth Myanmar 2025 ရဲ့ Winner Crown ကို ပိုင်ဆိုင်ခဲ့တဲ့ စစ်တွေ အလှမယ် |url=https://www.myanmarcelebrity.com/2025/08/miss-earth-myanmar-2025-winner-crown.html?m=1 |access-date=8 Setyembre 2025 |website=Myanmar Celebrity |language=my}}</ref> |19 |Mrauk U |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|NAM}} [[Namibia|Namibya]] |{{sortname|Ndeshipewa |Angula|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0" /> |20 |[[Windhoek]] |Aprika |Air |- |{{NPL}} |{{sortname|Sony|Ghale|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=30 Agosto 2025 |title=Luna Luitel crowned Miss Nepal 2025 |language=en |website=The Kathmandu Post |url=https://kathmandupost.com/art-culture/2025/08/30/luna-luitel-crowned-miss-nepal-2025 |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830160002/https://kathmandupost.com/art-culture/2025/08/30/luna-luitel-crowned-miss-nepal-2025 |archive-date=30 Agosto 2025}}</ref> |26 |[[Katmandu]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|NGR}} [[Nigeria|Niherya]] |{{sortname|Divine|Nelson|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=26 Hulyo 2025 |title=Nelson emerges 24th Miss Earth Nigeria |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/nelson-emerges-24th-miss-earth-nigeria/ |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=The Nation |language=en}}</ref> |22 |Akwa Ibom |Aprika |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|NIC}} [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] |{{sortname|Solange|Velásquez|nolink=1}}<ref name="TPDN1">{{Cite news |last=Nam |first=Duy |date=27 Oktubre 2025 |title=Hậu trường chụp áo tắm của thí sinh Hoa hậu Trái Đất |language=vi |trans-title=In the past, there will be a lot of people in the world |website=Tiền Phong |url=https://tienphong.vn/hau-truong-chup-ao-tam-cua-thi-sinh-hoa-hau-trai-dat-post1790893.tpo |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |23 |Chinandega |Kaamerikahan |Water |- |{{Flagdeco|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{sortname|Julie|Børresen|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |26 |Bjørkelangen |Europa |Air |- |{{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |{{sortname|India|Holder|nolink=1}}<ref name="TPDN1" /> |26 |[[Auckland]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |{{sortname|Sanne-Esmee|Walstra|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Horjus |first=Andre |date=9 Hulyo 2025 |title=Sanne-Esmee (21) uit Sint Jacobiparochie naar Miss Earth-verkiezing: ‘Een droom is uitgekomen’ |trans-title=Sanne-Esmee (21) from Sint Jacobiparochie to Miss Earth pageant: 'A dream has come true' |url=https://lc.nl/friesland/waadhoeke/Sanne-Esmee-21-voor-Nederland-naar-Miss-Earth-verkiezing-%E2%80%98Een-droom-is-uitgekomen%E2%80%99-46803141.html |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Leeuwarder Courant |language=nl}}</ref> |21 |Sint Jacobiparochie |Europa |Water |- |{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan]] |{{sortname|Syeda |Dua-e-Khadija|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotwal |first=Farhan Hashim |date=2 Hulyo 2025 |title=Dua-e-Khadija crowned Miss Pakistan Global 2025 |url=https://www.pakistanstatetime.com/news/duaekhadija-crowned-miss-pakistan-global-2025 |access-date=11 Setyembre 2025 |website=Pakistan State Time |language=en-US}}</ref> |22 |Peshawar |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|PER}} [[Peru]] |{{sortname|Massiel|Suárez|nolink=1}}<ref name=":12" /> |24 |Huancavelica |Kaamerikahan |Water |- |{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Miss Philippines Earth|Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Joy|Barcoma}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Armin P. Adina |date=10 Agosto 2025 |title=Joy Barcoma of Bacoor City is Miss Philippines Earth 2025 |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/623032/joy-barcoma-of-bacoor-city-is-miss-philippines-earth-2025 |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810203815/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/623032/joy-barcoma-of-bacoor-city-is-miss-philippines-earth-2025 |archive-date=10 Agosto 2025}}</ref> |26 |[[Bacoor]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{sortname|Amanda|Niemi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Ly |first=Pia |date=27 Agosto 2025 |title=Riihimäkeläislähtöinen Amanda, 24, on Miss Earth Finland – edustaa Suomea Filippiineillä |language=fi |trans-title=Amanda, 24, originally from Riihimäki, is Miss Earth Finland – representing Finland in the Philippines |website=Hämeen Sanomat |url=https://www.hameensanomat.fi/paikalliset/8798079 |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250827102349/https://www.hameensanomat.fi/paikalliset/8798079 |archive-date=27 Agosto 2025}}</ref> |24 |Riihimäki |Europa |Fire |- |{{flagdeco|POL}} [[Polonya]] |{{sortname|Justyna|Roguska|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Oktubre 2025 |title=Justyna Roguska będzie reprezentować Polskę na Miss Earth 2025! |language=pl |trans-title=Justyna Roguska will represent Poland at Miss Earth 2025! |website=Ciekawe24.pl |url=https://ciekawe24.pl/justyna-roguska-bedzie-reprezentowac-polske-na-miss-earth-2025/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |21 |[[Varsovia]] |Europa |Eco |- |{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]] |{{sortname|Raquel|Camelo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Monica |date=16 Hunyo 2024 |title=Jovem da região conquista título de Miss Queen Portugal |trans-title=Young woman from the region wins the title of Miss Queen Portugal |url=https://www.imediato.pt/jovem-da-regiao-conquista-titulo-de-miss-queen-portugal/ |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Imediato |language=pt}}</ref> |23 |[[Oporto|Porto]] |Europa |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Sandra|Wallet|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |24 |Nouvelle-Aquitaine |Europa |Water |- |{{flagdeco|DOM}} [[Republikang Dominikano]] |{{sortname|Valeria|Conde|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andini |first=Dewi |date=28 Oktubre 2025 |title=7 Potret Valeria Conde Miss Earth Republik Dominika 2025, Seorang Atlet! |trans-title=7 Portraits of Valeria Conde, Miss Earth Dominican Republic 2025, an Athlete! |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-valeria-conde-miss-earth-republik-dominika-2025-c1c2-01-cw2f3-byq57c |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=IDN Times |language=id}}</ref> |20 |[[Santo Domingo, Republikang Dominikano|Santo Domingo]] |Kaamerikahan |Water |- |{{flagicon|CZE}} '''[[Republikang Tseko]]''' |'''{{sortname|Natálie|Puškinová}}'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Mayo 2025 |title=Miss Czech Republic 2025 se stala jedenadvacetiletá studentka Linda Górecká |url=https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/revue/modelky/miss-czech-republic-finale-vitezka-makarenko-anketa-kubiskova.A250428_165107_missamodelky_sub |access-date=11 Hunyo 2025 |website=iDNES.cz |language=cs}}</ref> |21 |[[Praga]] |Europa |Water |- |[[Talaksan:Proposed_flag_of_Réunion_(VAR).svg|border|23x23px]] [[Réunion]] |{{sortname|Marie-Laure|Juppin de Fondaumère|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=18 Setyembre 2025 |title=Miss Earth 2025 : une candidate de Sainte-Rose représentera La Réunion aux Philippines |language=fr |trans-title=Miss Earth 2025: A candidate from Sainte-Rose will represent Reunion Island in the Philippines |website=Le Quotidien de La Réunion |url=https://www.lequotidien.re/article/culture/2025/09/18/miss-earth-2025-une-candidate-de-sainte-rose-representera-la-reunion-aux-philippines |url-status=live |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923110905/https://www.lequotidien.re/article/culture/2025/09/18/miss-earth-2025-une-candidate-de-sainte-rose-representera-la-reunion-aux-philippines |archive-date=23 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |21 |Sainte-Rose |Aprika |Water |- |{{flagdeco|ROU}} [[Rumanya]] |{{sortname|Sabina|Parmac|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dinu |first=Beatrice Lianda |date=27 Oktubre 2025 |title=România, din nou pe harta internațională la Miss Earth |language=ro |trans-title=Romania, back on the international map at Miss Earth |website=Ziarul Pozitiv |url=https://ziarulpozitiv.ro/romania-din-nou-pe-harta-internationala-la-miss-earth/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |19 |[[Bukarest]] |Europa |Fire |- |{{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Rusya]] |{{sortname|Elizaveta|Guryanova|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Andini |first=Dewi |date=22 Oktubre 2025 |title=7 Potret Elizaveta Guryanova Miss Earth Rusia 2025, Bikin Terpikat! |language=id |trans-title=7 Portraits of Elizaveta Guryanova Miss Earth Russia 2025, Make You Captivate! |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-elizaveta-guryanova-miss-earth-rusia-2025-bikin-terpikat-c1c2-01-cw2f3-kjkwkt |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |24 |[[Mosku]] |Europa |Air |- |{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Serbia|Serbiya]] |{{sortname|Nina|Karapešev|nolink=1}}<ref name="delegates" /> |19 |[[Belgrado]] |Europa |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|ZIM}} [[Zimbabwe|Simbabwe]] |{{sortname|Tinewimbo|Dupute|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Oktubre 2025 |title=Tinewimbo Dupute Arrives in Philippines to Represent Zimbabwe at Miss Earth 2025 |language=en |website=Youth Village Zimbabwe |url=https://youthvillage.co.zw/sport-entertainment/celebrity-news/tinewimbo-dupute-arrives-in-philippines-to-represent-zimbabwe-at-miss-earth-2025/#google_vignette |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |24 |Bulawayo |Aprika |Water |- |{{Flagdeco|SGP}} [[Singapore|Singapura]] |{{sortname|Ganga|Kannan|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Andini |first=Dewi |date=24 Oktubre 2025 |title=7 Potret Ganga Kannan Miss Earth Singapura 2025, Sweet Abis! |language=id |trans-title=7 Portraits of Ganga Kannan, Miss Earth Singapore 2025, So Sweet! |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-ganga-kannan-miss-earth-singapura-2025-sweet-abis-c1c2-01-cw2f3-f89d73 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |22 |[[Singapore|Singapura]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{Flagdeco|LKA}} [[Sri Lanka]] |{{sortname|Adithya|Dewmini|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Colombo]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|SWE}} [[Sweden|Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Tilde|Lööw|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |26 |[[Estokolmo]] |Europa |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|TZA}} [[Tanzania|Tansaniya]] |{{sortname|Amina|Jigge|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=19 Agosto 2025 |title=Miss Grand Tanzania competition has ended successfully, here are the 7 winners |url=https://kenyatalk.com/t/miss-grand-tanzania-competition-has-ended-successfully-here-are-the-7-winners/576459 |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Kenya Talk |language=en |archive-date=29 Agosto 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829173204/https://kenyatalk.com/t/miss-grand-tanzania-competition-has-ended-successfully-here-are-the-7-winners/576459 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |26 |Mwanza |Aprika |Water |- |{{Flagdeco|THA}} [[Taylandiya]] |{{sortname|Waree|Ngamkham|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Setyembre 2025 |title=มงลง "น้ำเหนือ วารี" มิสเอิร์ธไทยแลนด์2025 |language=th |trans-title=The crown goes to Namnuea Waree, Miss Earth Thailand 2025 |website=Line Today |url=https://today.line.me/th/v3/article/Kwm2EyR |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901052206/https://today.line.me/th/v3/article/Kwm2EyR |archive-date=1 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |26 |[[Chiang Rai]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|ZAF}} [[Timog Aprika]] |{{sortname|Jenique|Botha|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |author=Phumi Ramalepe |date=18 Setyembre 2025 |title=Environmental advocate Jenique Botha crowned Miss Earth South Africa 2025 |language=en |website=[[News24 (website)|News24]] |url=https://www.news24.com/life/lifestyle-trends/beauty-and-fashion/environmental-advocate-jenique-botha-crowned-miss-earth-south-africa-2025-20250918-0469 |url-status=live |access-date=29 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918125915/https://www.news24.com/life/lifestyle-trends/beauty-and-fashion/environmental-advocate-jenique-botha-crowned-miss-earth-south-africa-2025-20250918-0469 |archive-date=18 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |22 |Edenvale |Aprika |Eco |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Yoon-seo|Choi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Agosto 2025 |title=[S포토] 최윤서, '1등 미스어스~' (미스어스 2025 코리아) |trans-title=[S Photo] Choi Yoon-seo, "Miss Earth 2025 Korea" (Miss Earth 2025 Korea) |url=https://www.stardailynews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=498394 |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Star Daily News |language=ko}}</ref> |24 |[[Busan]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |{{sortname|Nathalie|Briones|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Setyembre 2025 |title=Quién es Nathalie Briones, la joven que se coronó como Miss Earth Chile 2025 |trans-title=Who is Nathalie Briones, the young woman who was crowned Miss Earth Chile 2025? |url=https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/1101597/chile/quien-nathalie-briones-joven-se-corono-como-miss-earth-chile-2025.html |access-date=8 Setyembre 2025 |website=La Gaceta |language=es-CL |archive-date=2025-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907182508/https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/1101597/chile/quien-nathalie-briones-joven-se-corono-como-miss-earth-chile-2025.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |19 |Puente Alto |Kaamerikahan |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|TUR}} [[Turkiya]] |{{sortname|Mira|Atagül|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Andini |first=Dewi |date=27 Oktubre 2025 |title=7 Potret Mira Atagül Miss Earth Turki 2025, Menawan Abis! |language=id |trans-title=7 Portraits of Mira Atagül, Miss Earth Türkiye 2025, Absolutely Stunning! |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-mira-atagul-miss-earth-turki-2025-menawan-abis-c1c2-01-cw2f3-n4yywv |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |26 |[[Istanbul]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ukranya]] |{{sortname|Maria |Zheliaskova|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Andini |first=Dewi |date=28 Oktubre 2025 |title=7 Potret Maria Zheliaskova, Miss Earth Ukraina 2025 yang Bikin Terpikat |language=id |trans-title=7 Captivating Portraits of Maria Zheliaskova, Miss Earth Ukraine 2025 |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-maria-zheliaskova-miss-earth-ukraina-2025-yang-bikin-terpikat-c1c2-01-cw2f3-rq4r9l |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |24 |[[Odessa|Odesa]] |Europa |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|UZB}} [[Usbekistan]] |{{sortname|Shakhrizoda|Madaminova|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Umarova |first=Nigora |date=29 Setyembre 2025 |title=Shaxrizada Madaminova to Represent Uzbekistan at Miss Earth 2025 |language=en |website=Kursiv |url=https://uz.kursiv.media/en/2025-09-29/shaxrizada-madaminova-to-represent-uzbekistan-at-miss-earth-2025/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |21 |[[Taskent]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Eco |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|http://www.missearth.tv}} {{Miss Earth}} [[Kategorya:Patimpalak ng kagandahan sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Miss Earth]] 4be3x3gh4oia7i2q249yy284kkymioz 2237826 2237825 2026-10-29T01:57:25Z Allyriana000 119761 2237826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant | name = Miss Earth 2025 | image = Natalie Puskinova.jpg | caption = Si Natálie Puškinová na kinokoronahan ni Jessica Lane bilang Miss Earth 2025 | date = 5 Nobyembre 2025 | presenters = James Deakin | theme = The Silver Lining | venue = Okada Manila, [[Parañaque]], [[Kalakhang Maynila]], Pilipinas | broadcaster = '''Telebisyon''':<br>{{Hlist|[[A2Z (TV channel)|A2Z]]|[[Aliw Channel 23]]|[[Kapamilya Channel]]}}''' | entrants = 78 | placements = 25 | debuts = {{hlist|Usbekistan}} | withdrawals = {{hlist|Alherya|Belhika|Bulibya|Cabo Verde|Eslobenya|Hayti|Honduras|Kamerun|Kapuluang Birhenes ng Estados Unidos|Kosobo|Kosta Rika|Madagaskar|Mawrisyo|Montenegro|Pidyi|Porto Riko|Samoa|Tsina}} | returns = {{hlist|Alemanya|Armenya|Austrya|Ekwador|Eskosya|Estonya|Hamayka|Kapuluang Cayman|Libano|Makaw|Moldabya|Nikaragwa|Pinlandiya|Republikang Tseko|Rumanya|Suwesya|Tansaniya|Turkiya|Ukranya}} | winner = [[Natálie Puškinová]] | represented = {{flagicon|CZE}} Republikang Tseko | congeniality = | before = [[Miss Earth 2024|2024]] | next = [[Miss Earth 2026|2026]] }} Ang '''Miss Earth 2025''' ay ang ika-25 edisyon ng [[Miss Earth]] pageant, na ginanap sa Okada Manila, sa [[Parañaque]], [[Kalakhang Maynila]], Pilipinas noong 5 Nobyembre 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=HIGHLIGHTS: Miss Earth 2025 coronation night |url=https://philstarlife.com/news-and-views/613402-live-updates-miss-earth-2025-coronation-night? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260827105410/https://philstarlife.com/news-and-views/613402-live-updates-miss-earth-2025-coronation-night |archive-date=27 Agosto 2026 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Philstar Life |language=en}}</ref> Pagkatapos ng kompetisyon, kinoronahan ni Jessica Lane of Australya si Natálie Puškinová ng Republikang Tseko bilang Miss Earth 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bracamonte |first=Earl D. C. |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Czech Republic wins Miss Earth 2025, Philippines in Top 8 |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2025/11/05/2485175/czech-republic-wins-miss-earth-2025-philippines-top-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106043905/https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2025/11/05/2485175/czech-republic-wins-miss-earth-2025-philippines-top-8 |archive-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[Philippine Star]] |language=en}}</ref> Ito ang ikalawang pagkakataon na nanalo ang Republikang Tseko sa Miss Earth. Kinoronahan bilang Miss Earth-Air si Sóldís Vala Ívarsdóttir ng Lupangyelo, si Mỹ Anh Trịnh ng Biyetnam bilang Miss Earth-Water, at si Waree Ngamkham ng Taylandiya bilang Miss Earth-Fire. Kalaunan ay bumitiw si Trịnh sa kaniyang titulo upang lumahok sa Miss Universe Vietnam 2026 at pinalitan siya ni Nathalie Briones ng Tsile.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Jefferson |date=3 Oktubre 2026 |title=Miss Earth names new Miss Earth Water 2025 |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2026/10/03/miss-earth-names-new-miss-earth-water-2025 |access-date=4 Oktubre 2026 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en-PH|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261004055601/https://tribune.net.ph/2026/10/03/miss-earth-names-new-miss-earth-water-2025|archive-date=4 Oktubre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Luận |first=Công |date=3 Oktubre 2026 |title=The Chilean beauty queen takes over the Miss Earth Water 2025 title from Trinh My Anh. |url=https://www.vietnam.vn/en/nguoi-dep-chile-dam-nhan-danh-hieu-miss-earth-water-2025-cua-trinh-my-anh |access-date=4 Oktubre 2026 |website=Vietnam.vn |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261027015919/https://www.vietnam.vn/en/nguoi-dep-chile-dam-nhan-danh-hieu-miss-earth-water-2025-cua-trinh-my-anh|archive-date=27 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> Mga kandidata mula sa pitumpu't-walong bansa at teritoryo ang lumahok sa edisyong ito. Pinangunahan ni James Deakin ang kompetisyon. == Kasaysayan == [[Talaksan:Okada manila.jpg|thumb|Okada Manila, ang lokasyon ng kompetisyon]] === Lokasyon at petsa === Noong Setyembre 2025, inanunsyo ng Miss Earth Organization na ang Pilipinas ang mangunguna sa patimpalak. Gaganapin ang panghuling kompetisyon sa 5 Nobyembre 2025 sa Okada Manila sa [[Parañaque]], [[Kalakhang Maynila]], sa dalawang magkasunod na taon. Ang tema ng patimpalak ay "Silver Lining," na tumutukoy sa ika-25 anibersaryo o pilak na anibersaryo ng patimpalak.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Setyembre 2025 |title=Philippines to host Miss Earth's Silver Anniversary |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2025/09/25/philippines-to-host-miss-earths-silver-anniversary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925063637/https://tribune.net.ph/2025/09/25/philippines-to-host-miss-earths-silver-anniversary |archive-date=25 Setyembre 2025 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |language=en|last=Fernando|first=Jefferson|work=Daily Tribune|url-status=live}}</ref> === Pagpili ng mga kandidata === ==== Mga pagpalit ==== Pinalitan ni Ndeshipewa Angula si Miss Earth Namibia 2025 Uatjiri Mbaisa dahil lumagpas na ito sa limitasyon ng edad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Nakaziko |first=Pinehas |date=20 Hulyo 2025 |title=Johanna Swartbooi crowned Miss Namibia 2025 |language=en |website=The Namibian |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/johanna-swartbooi-crowned-miss-namibia-2025/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724122536/https://www.namibian.com.na/johanna-swartbooi-crowned-miss-namibia-2025/ |archive-date=24 Hulyo 2025}}</ref> Pinalitan din ni Valentina Collazos si Laura Isabel González bilang kinatawan ng Kolombya dahil lumagpas na ito sa limitasyon ng edad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duong |first=Hai |date=4 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth Colombia was deprived of the right to compete in the miss contest, the reason for the shock |url=https://vgt.vn/miss-earth-colombia-bi-tuoc-quyen-thi-hoa-hau-ly-do-soc-ihyes-20251004t7547267/?lang=en |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=VGT TV |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107141407/https://vgt.vn/miss-earth-colombia-bi-tuoc-quyen-thi-hoa-hau-ly-do-soc-ihyes-20251004t7547267/?lang=en|archive-date=7 Enero 2026}}</ref> Pinalitan ni India Holder ang orihinal na nagwagi na si Shae Parsons bilang kinatawan ng Nuweba Selandiya dahil sa personal na dahilan.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 Hunyo 2025 |title=East Aucklander crowned Miss Earth NZ 2025 |url=https://www.times.co.nz/business/east-aucklander-crowned-miss-earth-nz-2025/ |access-date=22 Hunyo 2025 |website=Eastern Times |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828142636/https://www.times.co.nz/business/east-aucklander-crowned-miss-earth-nz-2025/|archive-date=28 Agosto 2025}}</ref> Pinalitan din ni Putri Juficha ang orihinal na nagwagi na si Jazmine Rowe bilang kinatawan ng Indonesya dahil sa hindi pagtugon sa mga pangangailangang kontraktuwal at administratibo sa loob ng panahong itinakda ng Miss Earth Organization.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Hunyo 2025 |title=Raih Gelar Miss Earth Indonesia 2025, Jaz Rowe Siap Jadi Suara Perubahan Global |trans-title=Winning the Miss Earth Indonesia 2025 title, Jaz Rowe is ready to be a voice for global change. |url=https://www.kapanlagi.com/foto/berita-foto/indonesia/raih-gelar-miss-earth-indonesia-2025-jaz-rowe-siap-jadi-suara-perubahan-global.html |access-date=15 Hulyo 2025 |website=KapanLagi |language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830144742/https://www.kapanlagi.com/foto/berita-foto/indonesia/raih-gelar-miss-earth-indonesia-2025-jaz-rowe-siap-jadi-suara-perubahan-global.html|archive-date=30 Agosto 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prima |first=Berkat |date=7 October 2025 |title=Jazmine Rowe Batal Wakili Indonesia di Ajang Miss Earth 2025 |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/men-jazmine-rowe-batal-wakili-indonesia-di-ajang-miss-earth-2025-c1c2-01-l8vsm-xhv2mb |access-date=21 October 2025 |website=IDN Times |language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260814141132/https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/men-jazmine-rowe-batal-wakili-indonesia-di-ajang-miss-earth-2025-c1c2-01-l8vsm-xhv2mb|archive-date=14 Agosto 2026|trans-title=Jazmine Rowe Will No Longer Represent Indonesia at the Miss Earth 2025 Pageant}}</ref> Pinalitan nina Reimi Shimizu ng Hapon, Esther Mukoya ng Kenya, Elizaveta Kuznetsova ng Moldabya, at Solange Velásquez ng Nikaragwa sina Emilia Shimanouchi, Mirel Atieno,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=15 Hulyo 2025 |title=Trans‑Nzoia Governor Natembeya Congratulates Ms. Mirel Atieno on Miss Earth Kenya 2025 Victory |url=http://www.vipasho.co.ke/2025/07/transnzoia-governor-natembeya.html |access-date=7 Agosto 2025 |website=Vipasho News |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261027024516/http://www.vipasho.co.ke/2025/07/transnzoia-governor-natembeya.html|archive-date=27 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> Diana Spotarenko, at Ilse Castellanos, ayon sa pagkakabanggit, sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 July 2025 |title=2025ミス・アース：日本代表に早稲田大2年の19歳、島内エミリアさん　世界大会でも「グランプリを狙っていきたい」 |trans-title=Miss Earth 2025: Japan's representative, 19-year-old Waseda University sophomore Emilia Shimauchi, who also aims to win the grand prize at the world competition. |url=https://mainichikirei.jp/article/20250723dog00m100027000c.html |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=Mainichi Kirei |language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919094420/https://mainichikirei.jp/article/20250723dog00m100027000c.html|archive-date=19 Setyembre 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muthee |first=Raymond |date=17 Oktubre 2025 |title=Beauty queen Mirel Atieno Ngesa dethroned as Miss Earth 2025 |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/fashion-beauty/article/2001531342/beauty-queen-mirel-atieno-ngesa-dethroned-as-miss-earth-2025 |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |website=The Standard |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107094139/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/fashion-beauty/article/2001531342/beauty-queen-mirel-atieno-ngesa-dethroned-as-miss-earth-2025|archive-date=7 Enero 2026}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ntoyai |first=Manuel |date=17 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth Kenya 2025 Mirel Atieno Ngesa dethroned, replaced amid pageant controversy |url=https://www.tnx.africa/entertainment/article/2001532029/miss-earth-kenya-2025-mirel-atieno-ngesa-dethroned-replaced-amid-pageant-controversy |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |website=TNX Africa |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111051619/https://www.tnx.africa/entertainment/article/2001532029/miss-earth-kenya-2025-mirel-atieno-ngesa-dethroned-replaced-amid-pageant-controversy|archive-date=11 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 Marso 2025 |title=Angelina Chitaica va reprezenta Republica Moldova la Miss World 2025 |trans-title=Angelina Chitaica will represent the Republic of Moldova at Miss World 2025 |url=https://ziuadeazi.md/stiri/angelina-chitaica-va-reprezenta-republica-moldova-la-miss-world-2025/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415022716/https://ziuadeazi.md/stiri/angelina-chitaica-va-reprezenta-republica-moldova-la-miss-world-2025/ |archive-date=15 Abril 2025 |access-date=23 Marso 2025 |website=Ziuadeazi |language=ro-ro}}</ref> ==== Mga unang pagsali, pagbalik, at pag-urong ==== Lumahok sa unang pagkakataon ang bansang Usbekistan sa edisyong ito. Bumalik sa edisyong ito ang mga bansa at teritoryong Kapuluang Cayman na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2010|2010]]; Nikaragwa na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2012|2012]]; Tansaniya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2014|2014]]; Turkiya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2015|2015]]; Makaw na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2016|2016]]; Hamayka, Moldabya at Pinlandiya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2020|2020]]; Libano at Suwesya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2021|2021]]; Austrya, Eskosya, at Estonya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2022|2022]]; at Alemanya, Armenya, Ekwador, Republikang Tseko, Rumanya, at Ukranya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2023|2023]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolfová |first=Gabriela |date=3 Mayo 2025 |title=Novou Miss Czech Republic je kráska bez jediné plastiky Linda Górecká! Má plné rty a bujné vnady |trans-title=The new Miss Czech Republic is the beauty without a single plastic surgery, Linda Górecká! She has full lips and lush charms |url=https://www.super.cz/clanek/celebrity-novou-miss-czech-republic-je-kraska-bez-jedine-plastiky-linda-gorecka-ma-plne-rty-a-bujne-vnady-1514428 |access-date=11 Hunyo 2025 |website=Super.cz |language=cs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260906051854/https://www.super.cz/clanek/celebrity-novou-miss-czech-republic-je-kraska-bez-jedine-plastiky-linda-gorecka-ma-plne-rty-a-bujne-vnady-1514428|archive-date=6 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> Pinalitan ni Miss Earth Puerto Rico 2026 Cecilia Acosta si Miss Earth Puerto Rico 2025 Valeria Meléndez dahil sa personal na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rifai |date=23 Abril 2025 |title=7 Potret Miss Earth Puerto Riko 2025 Valeria Meléndez |trans-title=7 Portraits of Miss Earth Puerto Rico 2025 Valeria Meléndez, Captivating! |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-miss-earth-puerto-riko-2025-valeria-melendez-c1c2-01-9mwsv-cx3myc |access-date=15 Setyembre 2025 |website=IDN Times |language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261027070246/https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-miss-earth-puerto-riko-2025-valeria-melendez-c1c2-01-9mwsv-cx3myc|archive-date=27 Oktubre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Martínez |first=José Rolón |date=5 Pebrero 2025 |title=VIDEO: Puerto Rico corona tres nuevas reinas |language=es |trans-title=VIDEO: Puerto Rico crowns three new queens |website=El Vocero |url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/video-puerto-rico-corona-tres-nuevas-reinas/article_1c1b38f8-e36d-11ef-83e7-f3c040e9eb53.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304082008/https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/video-puerto-rico-corona-tres-nuevas-reinas/article_1c1b38f8-e36d-11ef-83e7-f3c040e9eb53.html |archive-date=4 Marso 2025}}</ref> Gayunpaman, bumitiw rin si Acosta dahil sa personal na dahilan, dahilan upang bumitiw ang Puerto Rico sa edisyong ito. Bumitiw si Jera Redant ng Belhika dahil sa isang malubhang kalagayan sa kaniyang kalusugan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanden Berghe |first=Filip |date=18 Mayo 2025 |title=KIJK. Jera Redant (18) verkozen tot Miss Exclusive 2025 |url=https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.be/consent?siteKey=Uqxf9TXhjmaG4pbQ&callbackUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hln.be%2Fprivacy-gate%2Faccept-tcf2%3FredirectUri%3D%252Fgeraardsbergen%252Fkijk-jera-redant-18-verkozen-tot-miss-exclusive-2025%7Eaebcfd5a%252F%253Freferrer%253Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252F |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521202442/https://www.hln.be/geraardsbergen/kijk-jera-redant-18-verkozen-tot-miss-exclusive-2025~aebcfd5a/ |archive-date=21 Mayo 2025 |access-date=11 Hunyo 2025 |website=Het Laatste Nieuws |language=nl}}</ref> Bumitiw sina Kristina Milovanović ng Bosnya at Hersegobina, María Victoria Medina ng Espanya,<ref>{{cite web |date=2 Agosto 2025 |title=La modelo de Jaén que representará a España en Filipinas |url=https://lacontradejaen.eldiario.es/maria-victoria-candidata-espana-miss-tierra-jaen/ |access-date=8 Agosto 2025 |website=El Diario |language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260827094232/https://lacontradejaen.eldiario.es/maria-victoria-candidata-espana-miss-tierra-jaen/|archive-date=27 Agosto 2026|trans-title=The model from Jaén who will represent Spain in the Philippines}}</ref> Erline Édouard ng Hayti, Claudia Castañeda ng Honduras,<ref>{{cite web |date=10 Agosto 2025 |title=Claudia Castañeda es coronada Miss Earth Honduras 2025 |trans-title=Claudia Castañeda is crowned Miss Earth Honduras 2025 |url=https://oncenoticias.hn/tendencias/virales/claudia-castaneda-coronacion-miss-earth-honduras-2025-el-progreso-yoro/ |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Once Noticias |language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915174100/https://oncenoticias.hn/tendencias/virales/claudia-castaneda-coronacion-miss-earth-honduras-2025-el-progreso-yoro/|archive-date=15 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> at Jiarong Yang ng Tsina dahil sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref name="delegates">{{cite web |date=19 Mayo 2025 |title=ЈЕЛЕНА ЊЕГОВАН ПРВА ПРАТИЉА "МИС БАЛКАНА 2025." У БАЊА ЛУЦИ |url=https://www.radiodunav.com/jelena-njegovan-prva-pratilja-mis-balkana-2025-u-banja-luci/ |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Radiodunav |language=sr|trans-title=Jelena Njegovan Named First Runner-Up for "Miss Balkans 2025" in Banja Luka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908144508/https://www.radiodunav.com/jelena-njegovan-prva-pratilja-mis-balkana-2025-u-banja-luci/|archive-date=8 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> Dapat sanang lalahok si Abidemi Akannie ng Sierra Leone sa edisyong ito, ngunit hindi ito nagpatuloy dahil sa suliraning pinansiyal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Oktubre 2025 |title=Abidemi Akannie to Represent Sierra Leone at Miss Earth International 2025 in Philippines |url=https://sierraloaded.sl/entertainment/akannie-sierra-leone-miss-earth-philippines/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=Sierraloaded |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260911065126/https://sierraloaded.sl/entertainment/akannie-sierra-leone-miss-earth-philippines/|archive-date=11 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> == Mga resulta == === Mga pagkakalagay === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Pagkakalagay !Kandidata |- |'''Miss Earth 2025''' | * {{flagicon|CZE}} '''Republikang Tseko''' – '''[[Natálie Puškinová]]'''<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Natalie Puskinova of Czech Republic is Miss Earth 2025 |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/636990/natalie-puskinova-of-czech-republic-is-miss-earth-2025 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref> |- |Miss Earth – Air 2025 | * {{flagicon|ISL}} Lupangyelo – Sóldís Vala Ívarsdóttir<ref name=":02" /> |- | rowspan="2" |Miss Earth – Water 2025 | * {{flagicon|VIE}} ''Biyetnam'' – ''Mỹ Anh Trịnh'' ''(bumitiw)''<ref name=":02" /> |- | * {{flagicon|CHI}} Tsile – Nathalie Briones ''(pumalit)<ref name=":4" />'' |- |Miss Earth – Fire 2025 | * {{Flagdeco|THA}} Taylandiya – Waree Ngamkham<ref name=":02" /> |- |Top 8 (Mga ''runner-up'') | * {{Flagicon|BRA}} Brasil – Laila Frizon<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Layno |first=Karen Flores |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Czech Republic wins Miss Earth 2025; PH's Joy Barcoma finishes as runner-up |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/pageants-beauty-queens/2025/11/5/czech-republic-wins-miss-earth-2025-ph-s-joy-barcoma-finishes-as-runner-up-2152 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=[[ABS-CBN News]] |language=en}}</ref> * {{flagicon|PHI}} Pilipinas – [[Joy Barcoma]]<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|UKR}} Ukranya – Mariia Zheliaskova<ref name=":3" /> |- |Top 12 | * {{flagdeco|ETH}} Etiyopiya – Delina Girma<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|MEX}} Mehiko – Génesis Vera<ref name=":3" />★ * {{flagdeco|POL}} Polonya – Justyna Roguska<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagdeco|RUS}} Rusya – Elizaveta Guryanova<ref name=":3" /> |- |Top 25 | * {{flagicon|ARG}} Arhentina – Florencia Hernández<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|UAE}} Emiratos Arabes Unidos – Ana Zafyra<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|Northern Mariana Islands}} Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana – Aria Keilbach<ref name=":3" /> * {{Flagdeco|IND}} Indiya – Komal Choudhary<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|ITA}} Italya – Natalia Guglielmo<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|CAN}} Kanada – Hailey Wilson<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagu|Makaw}} – Evangeline Chen<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|MDA}} Moldabya – Elizaveta Kuznetsova<ref name=":3" /> * {{Flagdeco|NAM}} Namibya – Ndeshipewa Angula<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Olanda – Sanne-Esmee Walstra<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagu|Peru}} – Massiel Suárez<ref name=":3" /> * {{Flagdeco|ZAF}} Timog Aprika – Jenique Botha<ref name=":3" /> * {{flagicon|KOR}} Timog Korea – Yoon-seo Choi<ref name=":3" /> |} == Mga ''pre-pageant event'' == === ''Best in Appearance'' === Ang ''Best in Appearance'' ay isang natatanging parangal kung saan ang mga nagwagi ay natukoy sa pamamagitang ng pagboto sa opisyal na plataporma ng Miss Earth 2025 sa Eventista na nagsimula noong 19 Oktubre 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranara |first=John Patrick Magno |date=20 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth Philippines' Joy Barcoma is tickling everyone's funny bone. Here's why |url=https://philstarlife.com/celebrity/181212-trending-miss-earth-philippines-joy-barcoma-funny-posts?page=3 |access-date=29 Oktubre 2026 |website=Philstar Life |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga nagwagi bilang ''Best in Appearance'' sa bawat rehiyong kontinental ay magkakaroon ng dobleng puntos sa pagboto para sa ''People's Choice''. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Awards ! colspan="4" |Rehiyong Kontinental ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Sang. |- !Kaamerikahan !Aprika !Asya at Oseaniya !Europa |- ! colspan="2" |Best Appearance | align="center" |Génesis Vera<br>{{flagicon|MEX}} Mehiko | align="center" |Cherise Asher Ayisi<br>{{Flagdeco|GHA}} Gana | align="center" |Aria Keilbach<br>{{flagicon|Northern Mariana Islands}} Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana | align="center" |Natalia Guglielmo<br>{{flagicon|ITA}} Italya |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 Nobyembre 2025|title=LIVE UPDATES: Miss Earth 2025|url=https://www.inquirer.net/459614/live-updates-miss-earth-2025/|access-date=29 Oktubre 2026|website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|archive-date=19 Enero 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021111/https://www.inquirer.net/459614/live-updates-miss-earth-2025/|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> |} === ''Media Moments'' === Naganap ang ''media presentation'' ng mga kandidata na pinangalanang "Media Moments" sa Department of Environment and Natural Resources Compound, [[Lungsod Quezon]] noong 22 Oktubre 2025.<ref name="PHILIS1" /> Nakipagtulungan ang Miss Earth Organization sa Designers Circle Philippines sa pagpapakita ng mga [[Terno (kasuotang pambabae)|terno]] at mga kasuotang hango sa Filipiniana upang simulan ang mga gawain bago ang panghuling kompetisyon.<ref name="PHILIS1" /> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parangal ! colspan="4" |Rehiyong Kontinental ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Sang. |- !Kaamerikahan !Aprika !Asya at Oseaniya !Europa |- ! colspan="2" |Best in Terno | align="center" |Haley Poe<br>{{flagdeco|USA}} Estados Unidos | align="center" |Marie-Laure Juppin<br>[[Talaksan:Proposed_flag_of_Réunion_(VAR).svg|border|23x23px]] Réunion | align="center" |[[:en:Joy_Barcoma|Joy Barcoma]]<br>{{flagicon|PHI}} Pilipinas | align="center" |Sanne-Esmee Walstra<br>{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bracamonte|first=Earl D. C.|date=5 Nobyembre 2025|title=DENR lauds Miss Earth's sustainability platform, Philippines among Best in Terno winners|url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2025/11/05/2485029/denr-lauds-miss-earths-sustainability-platform-philippines-among-best-terno-winners?fbclid=IwY2xjawN7qHtleHRuA2FlbQIxMQBicmlkETFReElRUnF2RWhjb0xMM05Xc3J0YwZhcHBfaWQQMjIyMDM5MTc4ODIwMDg5MgABHg-09aR7LlAfTy_YODkejHgQyI9kOs7Q0R6PLGbpPN3eMEhgIVljoqJEGmbY_aem_ux9hs_i7IsKhAJBbsQn6ZA|access-date=3 Hunyo 2026|website=[[Philippine Star]]}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parangal ! colspan="3" |Kandidata ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Sang. |- !{{won|place=Gold}} !{{won|place=Silver}} !{{won|place=Bronze}} |- ! colspan="2" |Media Favorites | align="center" | Cherise Asher Ayisi<br>{{Flagdeco|GHA}} Gana | align="center" | Paris Cawich<br>{{flagicon|BLZ}} Belis | align="center" | Alexa Roder<br>{{flagicon|AUS}} Australya |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mallorca |first=Hannah |date=26 Oktubre 2025 |title=PH’s Joy Barcoma among Best in Terno winners at Miss Earth silver show |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/635204/phs-joy-barcoma-among-best-in-terno-winners-at-miss-earth-silver-show |access-date=3 Hunyo 2026 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|language=en}}</ref> |} === ''Talent Competition'' === Naganap ang ''talent competition'' sa apat na iba't-ibang lokasyon para sa apat na grupo: Escuela De Sto. Rosario para sa Grupong Air, St. Dominic College of Asia para sa Grupong Water,<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth: The Silver Lining 2025 at SDCA |url=https://stdominiccollege.edu.ph/Campus_Life/Article/miss-earth-the-silver-lining-2025-at-sdca |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=St. Dominic College of Asia |language=en}}</ref> [[National Teachers College]] para sa Grupong Fire, at [[Pamantasang Arellano]] para sa Grupong Eco.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Jefferson |date=29 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth 2025 Team Eco visits Arellano University Pasig |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2025/10/28/miss-earth-2025-team-eco-visits-arellano-university-pasig |access-date=28 Oktubre 2026 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en-PH}}</ref> Nagwagi sina Elizaveta Guryanova ng Rusya, Haley Poe ng Estados Unidos, Sony Ghale ng Nepal, at Natálie Puškinová ng Republikang Tseko para sa kaganapang ito.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Miss Earth 2025: African bets lead medal tally |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/636861/miss-earth-2025-african-bets-lead-medal-tally |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="row" |Event ! colspan="4" |Elemental Group ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Sang. |- !Air !Eco !Fire !Water |- ! rowspan="3" |''Talent Competition'' ! {{won|place=Gold}} | align="center" | Elizaveta Guryanova<br>{{flagdeco|RUS}} Rusya | align="center" | Haley Poe<br>{{flagdeco|USA}} Estados Unidos | align="center" | Sony Ghale<br>{{flagdeco|NPL}} Nepal | align="center" | [[Natálie Puškinová]]<br>{{flagdeco|CZE}} Republikang Tseko | rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Miss Earth 2025: African bets lead medal tally |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/636861/miss-earth-2025-african-bets-lead-medal-tally |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref> |- ! {{won|place=Silver}} | align="center" | Grace McGregor<br>{{flagdeco|Scotland}} Eskosya | align="center" | Cherise Asher Ayisi<br>{{flagdeco|GHA}} Gana | align="center" | Valentina Collazos<br>{{flagdeco|COL}} Kolombya | align="center" | Shiyuan Luo<br>{{flagu|HKG}}Hong Kong |- ! {{won|place=Bronze}} | align="center" | Marie-Laure Juppin<br>[[Talaksan:Proposed_flag_of_Réunion_(VAR).svg|border|23x23px]] Réunion | align="center" | Sofia Mayers<br>{{flagdeco|England}} Inglatera | align="center" | Smimova Peñafiel<br>{{flagdeco|ECU}} Ekwador | align="center" | Anoushe Kalashyan<br>{{flagdeco|ARM}} Armenya |} == Mga kandidata == Pitumpu't-walong kandidata ang lumahok sa edisyong ito.<ref name="PHILIS1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=5 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Miss Earth 2025: African bets lead medal tally |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/636861/miss-earth-2025-african-bets-lead-medal-tally |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Jefferson |date=3 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Miss Earth 2025 heats up as rankings, prelims intensify |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2025/11/03/beauty-of-face-worldwide-ranking-heat-up-miss-earth-2025 |access-date=29 Oktubre 2026 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en-PH}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon}} !Bayan !Rehiyong Kontinental !Grupo |- |{{flagicon|ALB}} [[Albanya]] |{{sortname|Kleja|Sulejmani|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 Hunyo 2025 |title="Miss Albania", Valentina Gegprifti is declared the most beautiful for 2025 |url=https://pamfleti.net/kulture/miss-shqiperia-valentina-gegprifti-shpallet-me-e-bukura-per-vitin-2025-i285555 |access-date=22 Hunyo 2025 |website=Pamfleti |language=en}}</ref> |20 |[[Tirana]] |Europa |Eco |- |{{flagicon|DEU}} [[Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Melissa|Koutsandreas|nolink=1}}<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Jefferson |date=6 Oktubre 2025 |title=Silver lining: 2025 Miss Earth bets lead the green generation |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2025/10/06/silver-lining-2025-miss-earth-bets-lead-the-green-generation |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en}}</ref> |24 |[[Ratisbona]] |Europa |Water |- |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{sortname|Florencia Sol|Hernández|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Enero 2025 |title=Florencia Hernández entre agua y estrellas |trans-title=Florencia Hernández between water and stars |url=https://zonavip.com.ar/florencia-hernandez-entre-agua-y-estrellas/ |access-date=11 Hunyo 2025 |website=Zona VIP |language=es}}</ref> |21 |[[Mendoza, Arhentina|Mendoza]] |Kaamerikahan |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|ARM}} [[Armenya]] |{{sortname|Anoushe|Khalashyan|nolink=1}} |26 |[[Ereban]] |Europa |Water |- |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia|Australya]] |{{sortname|Alexa|Roder|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=8 Setyembre 2025 |title=Fil-Aussies dominate national pageant stage in Australia |language=en |website=ABS-CBN Lifestyle |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/2025/9/8/fil-aussies-dominate-national-pageant-stage-in-australia-1822 |url-status=live |access-date=11 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909104713/https://www.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/2025/9/8/fil-aussies-dominate-national-pageant-stage-in-australia-1822 |archive-date=9 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |24 |[[Melbourne]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Eco |- |{{Flagdeco|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] |{{sortname|Lotte|Diry|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Setyembre 2025 |title=Wienerin Lotte Diry ist Miss Earth Austria 2025 |trans-title=Viennese Lotte Diry is Miss Earth Austria 2025 |url=https://www.oe24.at/leute/oesterreich/wienerin-lotte-diry-ist-miss-earth-austria-2025/648597012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915114100/https://www.oe24.at/leute/oesterreich/wienerin-lotte-diry-ist-miss-earth-austria-2025/648597012 |archive-date=15 Setyembre 2025 |access-date=15 Setyembre 2025 |website=OE24 |publisher=Österreich |language=de}}</ref> |20 |[[Viena]] |Europa |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|BAN}} [[Bangladesh|Bangglades]] |Somaya Harun<ref name="PHILIS1">{{cite news |last1=Bracamonte |first1=Earl D.C. |date=23 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth presents Silver Year delegates in Filipiniana finery |language=en |website=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2025/10/23/2481951/miss-earth-presents-silver-year-delegates-filipiniana-finery |access-date=5 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |24 |[[Dhaka]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{flagicon|BLZ}} [[Belize|Belis]] |{{sortname|Paris|Cawich|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cowo |first=Janelle |date=9 Hulyo 2025 |title=Young Models Celebrate Culture and Fashion at Empow.Her’s Third Annual Show |url=https://www.sanpedrosun.com/fashion/2025/07/09/young-models-celebrate-culture-and-fashion-at-empow-hers-third-annual-show/ |access-date=11 Setyembre 2025 |website=The San Pedro Sun |language=en}}</ref> |20 |[[Belmopan]] |Kaamerikahan |Fire |- |{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Beneswela]] |{{sortname|Roziel|Borges|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obelmejias |first=Yolimer |date=7 Oktubre 2025 |title=Roziel Borges representará a Venezuela en el Miss Earth 2025 |trans-title=Roziel Borges will represent Venezuela at Miss Earth 2025. |url=http://www.eluniversal.com/entretenimiento/217427/roziel-borges-representara-a-venezuela-en-el-miss-earth-2025 |access-date=7 Oktubre 2025 |website=El Universal |language=es}}</ref> |24 |Maracay |Kaamerikahan |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|BLR}} [[Biyelorusya]] |{{sortname|Elizaveta|Moger|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=23 October 2025 |title=Asia Album: Highlights of Miss Earth 2025 in Philippines |website=[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua]] |url=https://english.news.cn/20251023/c608b758c52a46f28830fbd39fb5cd27/c.html |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> |21 |[[Kurgan, Rusya|Kurgan]] |Europa |Air |- |{{flagicon|VIE}} [[Biyetnam]] |{{sortname|Mỹ Anh|Trịnh|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phuong |first=Hai |date=7 Hulyo 2025 |title=Á hậu 3 Trịnh Mỹ Anh được chọn đi thi Hoa hậu Trái đất 2025, gây bất ngờ |trans-title=3rd runner-up Trinh My Anh was chosen to compete in Miss Earth 2025, causing surprise |url=https://tuoitre.vn/a-hau-3-trinh-my-anh-duoc-chon-di-thi-hoa-hau-trai-dat-2025-gay-bat-ngo-20250707132556686.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726235228/https://tuoitre.vn/a-hau-3-trinh-my-anh-duoc-chon-di-thi-hoa-hau-trai-dat-2025-gay-bat-ngo-20250707132556686.htm |archive-date=26 Hulyo 2025 |access-date=7 Agosto 2025 |website=Báo Tuổi Trẻ |language=vi}}</ref> |21 |[[Hanoi]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Laila|Frizon|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=30 Agosto 2025 |title=Laila Frizon, representante do Rio Grande do Sul, é eleita Miss Brasil Terra 2025 |url=https://noticias.r7.com/record-news/laila-frizon-representante-do-rio-grande-do-sul-e-eleita-miss-brasil-terra-30082025/ |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Noticias R7 |language=pt}}</ref> |23 |Rio Grande |Kaamerikahan |Air |- |{{flagicon|BGR}} [[Bulgarya]] |{{sortname|Hrisiana|Hristova|nolink=1}}<ref name="delegates" /> |19 |Stara Zagora |Europa |Eco |- |{{Flagdeco|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] |{{sortname|Smirnova|Peñafiel|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balseca |first=Ingrid |date=3 Oktubre 2025 |title=Smirnova Peñafiel: “Reciclo, cultivo un huerto y le doy nueva vida a la ropa” |trans-title=Smirnova Peñafiel: “I recycle, I grow a garden and I give new life to clothes” |url=https://www.expreso.ec/ocio/smirnova-penafiel-reciclo-cultivo-un-huerto-y-le-doy-nueva-vida-la-ropa-259597.html |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=Diario Expreso |language=es}}</ref> |20 |Naranjal |Kaamerikahan |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|ESA}} [[El Salvador]] |{{sortname|Alejandra|Pérez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=7 July 2025 |title=Alejandra Pérez se convierte en Miss Earth El Salvador 2025 |trans-title=Alejandra Pérez becomes Miss Earth El Salvador 2025 |url=https://xpot.sv/alejandra-perez-se-convierte-en-miss-earth-el-salvador-2025/ |access-date=11 Setyembre 2025 |website=XPOT |language=es}}</ref> |25 |San Vicente |Kaamerikahan |Eco |- |{{flagicon|UAE}} [[Emiratos Arabes Unidos]] |{{sortname|Ana|Zafyra|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Andini |first=Dewi |date=27 October 2025 |title=7 Potret Ana Zafyra Miss Earth Uni Emirat Arab 2025, Bikin Terpukau! |language=id |trans-title=7 Portraits of Zafira's Children, Miss Earth UAE 2025, Will Amaze You! |website=[[IDN Times]] |editor=Wahyu Kurniawan |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-ana-zafyra-miss-earth-uni-emirat-arab-2025-c1c2-01-cw2f3-zn05f1 |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref> |24 |[[Dubai]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|SCO}} [[Scotland|Eskosya]] |{{sortname|Grace|McGregor|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |25 |[[Edinburgh]] |Europa |Air |- |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] |{{sortname|Haley|Poe|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glicklin |first=Harry |date=7 Hulyo 2025 |title=Miss Earth champions unite on Good Morning Washington for environmental awareness |language=en |work=WJLA-TV |url=https://wjla.com/good-morning-washington/national-and-global-miss-earth-titleholders-advocate-for-sustainability-and-conservation |access-date=11 Hulyo 2025}}</ref> |22 |[[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]] |Kaamerikahan |Eco |- |{{Flagicon|EST}} [[Estonya]] |{{sortname|Birgit|Dimitrijev|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=16 Setyembre 2025 |title=Eesti kaunitar Birgit Dimitrijev esindab Eestit Miss Earth 2025 rahvusvahelisel iludusvõistlusel |language=Estonian |trans-title=Estonian beauty Birgit Dimitrijev will represent Estonia at the Miss Earth 2025 international beauty pageant |website=Buduaar - TV3 |url=https://buduaar.tv3.ee/ilu-ja-mood/eesti-kaunitar-birgit-dimitrijev-esindab-eestit-miss-earth-2025-rahvusvahelisel-iludusvoistlusel/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |archive-date=2025-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923103346/https://buduaar.tv3.ee/ilu-ja-mood/eesti-kaunitar-birgit-dimitrijev-esindab-eestit-miss-earth-2025-rahvusvahelisel-iludusvoistlusel/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |21 |Värska |Europa |Fire |- |{{flagdeco|ETH}} [[Ethiopia|Etiyopiya]] |{{sortname|Delina|Girma|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |18 |[[Adis Abeba]] |Aprika |Fire |- |{{Flagicon|WAL}} [[Gales]] |{{sortname|Abigail|Wood|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Birt |first=Elizabeth |date=9 Hunyo 2025 |title=Pembrokeshire penguin keeper crowned Miss Earth Wales 2025 |language=en-GB |work=Western Telegraph |url=https://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/25224932.pembrokeshire-penguin-keeper-crowned-miss-earth-wales-2025/ |access-date=11 Hunyo 2025 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> |25 |Tavernspite |Europa |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|GHA}} [[Ghana|Gana]] |{{sortname|Cherise Asher|Ayisi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Doğan Aziz Demirtaş |date=19 Agosto 2025 |title=Son Ağaç Öldüğünde, Son İnsan da Ölür |language=tr |trans-title=When the Last Tree Dies, the Last Man Dies Too |website=Dadmedya |url=https://dadmedya.com/son-agac-oldugunde-son-insan-da-olur/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901004325/https://dadmedya.com/son-agac-oldugunde-son-insan-da-olur/ |archive-date=1 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |21 |[[Accra]] |Aprika |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|JAM}} [[Jamaica|Hamayka]] |{{sortname|Shanae|Brown|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |19 |[[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] |Kaamerikahan |Eco |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Reimi|Shimizu|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |24 |[[Tokyo]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Eco |- |{{flagicon|Northern Mariana Islands}} [[Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana]] |{{sortname|Aria|Keilbach|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=20 July 2025 |title=Aria Keilbach crowned Miss Earth NMI 2025 |url=https://www.mvariety.com/news/local/aria-keilbach-crowned-miss-earth-nmi-2025/article_9125b37a-4329-49af-ae3e-a5526eea2245.html#:~:text=ARIA%20Keilbach%20was%20crowned%20Miss,place%20in%20Manila%20this%20December. |access-date=20 July 2025 |website=Marianas Variety |language=en}}</ref> |23 |Saipan |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]] |{{sortname|Shiyuan|Luo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Oktubre 2025 |title=Dàn người đẹp đổ bộ Philippines thi Hoa hậu Trái Đất |language=vi |trans-title=Beauties flock to the Philippines to compete in Miss Earth |website=24h |url=https://www.24h.com.vn/thoi-trang/dan-nguoi-dep-do-bo-philippines-thi-hoa-hau-trai-dat-c78a1707602.html |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |20 |[[Suzhou]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{Flagdeco|IND}} [[Indiya]] |{{sortname|Komal|Choudhary|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Miss Earth India 2025 Komal Choudhary and Miss Divine Beauty 2025 Ekta Singh Crowned at a Spectacular Finale |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/miss-earth-india-2025-komal-choudhary-and-miss-divine-beauty-2025-ekta-singh-crowned-at-a-spectacular-finale/ |access-date=29 Setyembre 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en-In}}</ref> |25 |[[Pune]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Eco |- |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Indonesia|Indonesya]] |{{sortname|Putri|Juficha|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Murdianto |first=Muhammad Tarmizi |date=16 Oktubre 2025 |title=Putri Juficha Siap Menyalakan Cahaya Indonesia di Miss Earth 2025 |language=id |trans-title=Putri Juficha Ready to Shine Light on Indonesia at Miss Earth 2025 |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/putri-juficha-siap-menyalakan-cahaya-indonesia-di-miss-earth-2025-00-rqp85-l79ln2 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |25 |Manado |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] |{{sortname|Sofia|Mayers|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=31 Hulyo 2025 |title=7 Potret Sofia Mayers Miss Earth Inggris 2025, Inspiring! |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-sofia-mayers-miss-earth-inggris-2025-c1c2-01-cw2f3-gjyy70 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=IDN Times |language=id}}</ref> |25 |Canterbury |Europa |Eco |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Natalia|Guglielmo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Setyembre 2025 |title=Natalia Guglielmo è la nuova Miss Earth Italy 2025 |language=it |trans-title=Natalia Guglielmo is the new Miss Earth Italy 2025 |website=NotiCaMania Comunicati online |url=https://comunicationline.eu/natalia-guglielmo-e-la-nuova-miss-earth-italy-2025/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |24 |[[Sicilia]] |Europa |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|KHM}} [[Kambodya]] |{{sortname|Saran|Kimlan|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=សារ៉ាន់ គីមឡាង ត្រូវបានតែងតាំងជា Miss Earth Cambodia 2025 |url=https://ams.com.kh/news/infotainment/life-style/saran-kimlan-become-miss-earth-cambodia-2025 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=AMS |language=km}}</ref> |24 |[[Nom Pen]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Hailey|Wilson|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodrunning |first=Deena |date=7 Hulyo 2025 |title=Miss Earth Canada 2025 is Hailey Hamelin-Wilson! |url=https://www.albertanativenews.com/miss-earth-canada-2025-is-hailey-hamelin-wilson/ |access-date=15 Hulyo 2025 |website=Alberta Native News |language=en-US}}</ref> |23 |[[Toronto]] |Kaamerikahan |Fire |- |{{flagicon|CAY}} [[Kapuluang Kayman|Kapuluang Cayman]] |{{sortname|Latecia|Bush|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Durston |first=Laura |date=9 Mayo 2025 |title=What's Hot on camera |language=en-GB |work=Cayman Compass |url=https://www.caymancompass.com/2025/05/09/whats-hot-on-camera-7/ |access-date=11 Hunyo 2025}}</ref> |22 |George Town |Kaamerikahan |Water |- |{{flagicon|KEN}} [[Kenya]] |{{sortname|Esther|Mukoya|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Oktubre 2025 |title=Miss Earth Kenya 2025, Esther Princess Mukoya, Set for Send-Off Ahead of Miss Earth 2025 in the Philippines |language=en |website=Youth Village Kenya |url=https://youthvillage.co.ke/miss-earth-kenya-2025-esther-princess-mukoya-set-for-send-off-ahead-of-miss-earth-2025-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |26 |Kakamega |Aprika |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |{{sortname|Valentina|Collazos|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Andini |first=Dewi |date=22 Oktubre 2025 |title=7 Potret Valentina Collazos Miss Earth Kolombia 2025, Gorgeous Abis! |language=id |trans-title=7 Portraits of Valentina Collazos Miss Earth Colombia 2025, Absolutely Gorgeous! |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-valentina-collazos-miss-earth-kolombia-2025-gorgeous-abis-c1c2-01-cw2f3-0t6r6j |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |22 |[[Talaan ng mga lungsod sa Colombia|Cali]] |Kaamerikahan |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] |{{sortname|Rachel|Chang|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Agosto 2025 |title=Historic: For the first time, two sisters will represent Cuba in global beauty contests |language=en |website=CiberCuba |url=https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2025-08-24-u194224-e208933-s27065-nid309572-historico-primera-vez-dos-hermanas |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901003350/https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2025-08-24-u194224-e208933-s27065-nid309572-historico-primera-vez-dos-hermanas |archive-date=1 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |26 |[[Havana]] |Kaamerikahan |Fire |- |{{flagdeco|LAO}} [[Laos]] |{{sortname|Parami|Viengmay|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=30 Oktubre 2025 |title=Beauties for a cause: Miss Earth delegates defend pageant’s school events |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/635985/beauties-for-a-cause-miss-earth-delegates-defend-pageants-school-events |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref> |25 |[[Vientian]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|LBN}} [[Libano]] |{{sortname|Aline|Ghanem|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |author=Rochana |first=Nina |date=12 Setyembre 2024 |title=17 Kontestan Miss Earth 2024 dari Berbagai Negara, Stunning Abis! |language=id |trans-title=17 Miss Earth 2024 Contestants from Various Countries, Absolutely Stunning! |website=Jateng IDN Times |url=https://jateng.idntimes.com/life/inspiration/17-kontestan-miss-earth-2024-dari-berbagai-negara-stunning-abis-00-5cf6w-gth3w7 |url-status=live |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923104916/https://jateng.idntimes.com/life/inspiration/17-kontestan-miss-earth-2024-dari-berbagai-negara-stunning-abis-00-5cf6w-gth3w7 |archive-date=23 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |21 |[[Beirut]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|LBR}} [[Liberia|Liberya]] |{{sortname|Monica|Swen|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=4 Agosto 2025 |title=Monica Swen Crowned Miss Earth Liberia 2025 |url=https://www.liberianobserver.com/life/monica-swen-crowned-miss-earth-liberia-2025/article_5712217a-8219-4fd4-833b-16c1331c731d.html |access-date=7 Agosto 2025 |website=Daily Observer |language=en}}</ref> |23 |[[Monrovia]] |Aprika |Eco |- |{{flagicon|ISL}} [[Iceland|Lupangyelo]] |{{sortname|Sóldís Vala|Ívarsdóttir|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Guðrún Ósk Guðjónsdóttir |date=20 Marso 2025 |title=Lærði að standa með sjálfri sér |language=is |trans-title=Learned to stand up for herself |website=DV |url=https://www.dv.is/fokus/2025/03/20/soldis-vala-laerdi-ad-standa-med-sjalfri-ser/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521054829/https://www.dv.is/fokus/2025/03/20/soldis-vala-laerdi-ad-standa-med-sjalfri-ser/ |archive-date=21 May 2025}}</ref> |19 |Árbær |Europa |Fire |- |{{flag|Makaw}} |{{sortname|Evangeline|Chen|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=25 Hulyo 2025 |title=陈思蓓：荣获2025澳门地球小姐，冠军荣耀加冕 |trans-title=Sibei Chen: Won the Miss Earth Macau 2025 title, crowned champion |url=https://m.sohu.com/a/917293281_122153156/?pvid=000115_3w_a |access-date=11 Setyembre 2025 |website=Sohu |language=zh}}</ref> |23 |Makaw |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|MYS}} [[Malaysia]] |{{sortname|Vaisnevi|Retnam|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |22 |Selangor |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|Génesis|Vera|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 Setyembre 2025 |title=Génesis Vera Miss Earth México 2025 |trans-title=Génesis Vera Miss Earth Mexico 2025 |url=https://www.notiver.com/sociales/genesis-vera-miss-earth-mexico-2025/ |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Notiver |language=es}}</ref> |24 |[[Veracruz]] |Kaamerikahan |Water |- |{{flagicon|MDA}} [[Moldabya]] |{{sortname|Elizaveta|Kuznetsova|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andini |first=Dewi |date=2 Nobyembre 2025 |title=7 Potret Elizaveta Kuznetsova, Miss Earth Moldova 2025 yang Bikin Terpikat |trans-title=7 Captivating Portraits of Elizaveta Kuznetsova, Miss Earth Moldova 2025 |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-elizaveta-kuznetsova-miss-earth-moldova-2025-yang-bikin-terpikat-c1c2-01-cw2f3-d01zsv |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=IDN Times |language=id}}</ref> |25 |Tiraspol |Europa |Water |- |{{flagdeco|MNG}} [[Mongolya]] |{{sortname|Nomin-Erdene|Bayarkhuu|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |28 |Darkhan |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|MMR}} [[Myanmar]] |{{sortname|Khin Khin|Hlaing|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=13 Agosto 2025 |title=Miss Earth Myanmar 2025 ရဲ့ Winner Crown ကို ပိုင်ဆိုင်ခဲ့တဲ့ စစ်တွေ အလှမယ် |url=https://www.myanmarcelebrity.com/2025/08/miss-earth-myanmar-2025-winner-crown.html?m=1 |access-date=8 Setyembre 2025 |website=Myanmar Celebrity |language=my}}</ref> |19 |Mrauk U |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|NAM}} [[Namibia|Namibya]] |{{sortname|Ndeshipewa |Angula|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0" /> |20 |[[Windhoek]] |Aprika |Air |- |{{NPL}} |{{sortname|Sony|Ghale|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=30 Agosto 2025 |title=Luna Luitel crowned Miss Nepal 2025 |language=en |website=The Kathmandu Post |url=https://kathmandupost.com/art-culture/2025/08/30/luna-luitel-crowned-miss-nepal-2025 |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830160002/https://kathmandupost.com/art-culture/2025/08/30/luna-luitel-crowned-miss-nepal-2025 |archive-date=30 Agosto 2025}}</ref> |26 |[[Katmandu]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|NGR}} [[Nigeria|Niherya]] |{{sortname|Divine|Nelson|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=26 Hulyo 2025 |title=Nelson emerges 24th Miss Earth Nigeria |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/nelson-emerges-24th-miss-earth-nigeria/ |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=The Nation |language=en}}</ref> |22 |Akwa Ibom |Aprika |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|NIC}} [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] |{{sortname|Solange|Velásquez|nolink=1}}<ref name="TPDN1">{{Cite news |last=Nam |first=Duy |date=27 Oktubre 2025 |title=Hậu trường chụp áo tắm của thí sinh Hoa hậu Trái Đất |language=vi |trans-title=In the past, there will be a lot of people in the world |website=Tiền Phong |url=https://tienphong.vn/hau-truong-chup-ao-tam-cua-thi-sinh-hoa-hau-trai-dat-post1790893.tpo |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |23 |Chinandega |Kaamerikahan |Water |- |{{Flagdeco|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{sortname|Julie|Børresen|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |26 |Bjørkelangen |Europa |Air |- |{{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |{{sortname|India|Holder|nolink=1}}<ref name="TPDN1" /> |26 |[[Auckland]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |{{sortname|Sanne-Esmee|Walstra|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Horjus |first=Andre |date=9 Hulyo 2025 |title=Sanne-Esmee (21) uit Sint Jacobiparochie naar Miss Earth-verkiezing: ‘Een droom is uitgekomen’ |trans-title=Sanne-Esmee (21) from Sint Jacobiparochie to Miss Earth pageant: 'A dream has come true' |url=https://lc.nl/friesland/waadhoeke/Sanne-Esmee-21-voor-Nederland-naar-Miss-Earth-verkiezing-%E2%80%98Een-droom-is-uitgekomen%E2%80%99-46803141.html |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Leeuwarder Courant |language=nl}}</ref> |21 |Sint Jacobiparochie |Europa |Water |- |{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan]] |{{sortname|Syeda |Dua-e-Khadija|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotwal |first=Farhan Hashim |date=2 Hulyo 2025 |title=Dua-e-Khadija crowned Miss Pakistan Global 2025 |url=https://www.pakistanstatetime.com/news/duaekhadija-crowned-miss-pakistan-global-2025 |access-date=11 Setyembre 2025 |website=Pakistan State Time |language=en-US}}</ref> |22 |Peshawar |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|PER}} [[Peru]] |{{sortname|Massiel|Suárez|nolink=1}}<ref name=":12" /> |24 |Huancavelica |Kaamerikahan |Water |- |{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Miss Philippines Earth|Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Joy|Barcoma}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Armin P. Adina |date=10 Agosto 2025 |title=Joy Barcoma of Bacoor City is Miss Philippines Earth 2025 |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/623032/joy-barcoma-of-bacoor-city-is-miss-philippines-earth-2025 |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810203815/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/623032/joy-barcoma-of-bacoor-city-is-miss-philippines-earth-2025 |archive-date=10 Agosto 2025}}</ref> |26 |[[Bacoor]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{sortname|Amanda|Niemi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Ly |first=Pia |date=27 Agosto 2025 |title=Riihimäkeläislähtöinen Amanda, 24, on Miss Earth Finland – edustaa Suomea Filippiineillä |language=fi |trans-title=Amanda, 24, originally from Riihimäki, is Miss Earth Finland – representing Finland in the Philippines |website=Hämeen Sanomat |url=https://www.hameensanomat.fi/paikalliset/8798079 |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250827102349/https://www.hameensanomat.fi/paikalliset/8798079 |archive-date=27 Agosto 2025}}</ref> |24 |Riihimäki |Europa |Fire |- |{{flagdeco|POL}} [[Polonya]] |{{sortname|Justyna|Roguska|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Oktubre 2025 |title=Justyna Roguska będzie reprezentować Polskę na Miss Earth 2025! |language=pl |trans-title=Justyna Roguska will represent Poland at Miss Earth 2025! |website=Ciekawe24.pl |url=https://ciekawe24.pl/justyna-roguska-bedzie-reprezentowac-polske-na-miss-earth-2025/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |21 |[[Varsovia]] |Europa |Eco |- |{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]] |{{sortname|Raquel|Camelo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Monica |date=16 Hunyo 2024 |title=Jovem da região conquista título de Miss Queen Portugal |trans-title=Young woman from the region wins the title of Miss Queen Portugal |url=https://www.imediato.pt/jovem-da-regiao-conquista-titulo-de-miss-queen-portugal/ |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Imediato |language=pt}}</ref> |23 |[[Oporto|Porto]] |Europa |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Sandra|Wallet|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |24 |Nouvelle-Aquitaine |Europa |Water |- |{{flagdeco|DOM}} [[Republikang Dominikano]] |{{sortname|Valeria|Conde|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andini |first=Dewi |date=28 Oktubre 2025 |title=7 Potret Valeria Conde Miss Earth Republik Dominika 2025, Seorang Atlet! |trans-title=7 Portraits of Valeria Conde, Miss Earth Dominican Republic 2025, an Athlete! |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-valeria-conde-miss-earth-republik-dominika-2025-c1c2-01-cw2f3-byq57c |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |website=IDN Times |language=id}}</ref> |20 |[[Santo Domingo, Republikang Dominikano|Santo Domingo]] |Kaamerikahan |Water |- |{{flagicon|CZE}} '''[[Republikang Tseko]]''' |'''{{sortname|Natálie|Puškinová}}'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Mayo 2025 |title=Miss Czech Republic 2025 se stala jedenadvacetiletá studentka Linda Górecká |url=https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/revue/modelky/miss-czech-republic-finale-vitezka-makarenko-anketa-kubiskova.A250428_165107_missamodelky_sub |access-date=11 Hunyo 2025 |website=iDNES.cz |language=cs}}</ref> |21 |[[Praga]] |Europa |Water |- |[[Talaksan:Proposed_flag_of_Réunion_(VAR).svg|border|23x23px]] [[Réunion]] |{{sortname|Marie-Laure|Juppin de Fondaumère|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=18 Setyembre 2025 |title=Miss Earth 2025 : une candidate de Sainte-Rose représentera La Réunion aux Philippines |language=fr |trans-title=Miss Earth 2025: A candidate from Sainte-Rose will represent Reunion Island in the Philippines |website=Le Quotidien de La Réunion |url=https://www.lequotidien.re/article/culture/2025/09/18/miss-earth-2025-une-candidate-de-sainte-rose-representera-la-reunion-aux-philippines |url-status=live |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923110905/https://www.lequotidien.re/article/culture/2025/09/18/miss-earth-2025-une-candidate-de-sainte-rose-representera-la-reunion-aux-philippines |archive-date=23 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |21 |Sainte-Rose |Aprika |Water |- |{{flagdeco|ROU}} [[Rumanya]] |{{sortname|Sabina|Parmac|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dinu |first=Beatrice Lianda |date=27 Oktubre 2025 |title=România, din nou pe harta internațională la Miss Earth |language=ro |trans-title=Romania, back on the international map at Miss Earth |website=Ziarul Pozitiv |url=https://ziarulpozitiv.ro/romania-din-nou-pe-harta-internationala-la-miss-earth/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |19 |[[Bukarest]] |Europa |Fire |- |{{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Rusya]] |{{sortname|Elizaveta|Guryanova|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Andini |first=Dewi |date=22 Oktubre 2025 |title=7 Potret Elizaveta Guryanova Miss Earth Rusia 2025, Bikin Terpikat! |language=id |trans-title=7 Portraits of Elizaveta Guryanova Miss Earth Russia 2025, Make You Captivate! |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-elizaveta-guryanova-miss-earth-rusia-2025-bikin-terpikat-c1c2-01-cw2f3-kjkwkt |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |24 |[[Mosku]] |Europa |Air |- |{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Serbia|Serbiya]] |{{sortname|Nina|Karapešev|nolink=1}}<ref name="delegates" /> |19 |[[Belgrado]] |Europa |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|ZIM}} [[Zimbabwe|Simbabwe]] |{{sortname|Tinewimbo|Dupute|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Oktubre 2025 |title=Tinewimbo Dupute Arrives in Philippines to Represent Zimbabwe at Miss Earth 2025 |language=en |website=Youth Village Zimbabwe |url=https://youthvillage.co.zw/sport-entertainment/celebrity-news/tinewimbo-dupute-arrives-in-philippines-to-represent-zimbabwe-at-miss-earth-2025/#google_vignette |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |24 |Bulawayo |Aprika |Water |- |{{Flagdeco|SGP}} [[Singapore|Singapura]] |{{sortname|Ganga|Kannan|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Andini |first=Dewi |date=24 Oktubre 2025 |title=7 Potret Ganga Kannan Miss Earth Singapura 2025, Sweet Abis! |language=id |trans-title=7 Portraits of Ganga Kannan, Miss Earth Singapore 2025, So Sweet! |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-ganga-kannan-miss-earth-singapura-2025-sweet-abis-c1c2-01-cw2f3-f89d73 |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |22 |[[Singapore|Singapura]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{Flagdeco|LKA}} [[Sri Lanka]] |{{sortname|Adithya|Dewmini|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Colombo]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|SWE}} [[Sweden|Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Tilde|Lööw|nolink=1}}<ref name="PHILIS1" /> |26 |[[Estokolmo]] |Europa |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|TZA}} [[Tanzania|Tansaniya]] |{{sortname|Amina|Jigge|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=19 Agosto 2025 |title=Miss Grand Tanzania competition has ended successfully, here are the 7 winners |url=https://kenyatalk.com/t/miss-grand-tanzania-competition-has-ended-successfully-here-are-the-7-winners/576459 |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Kenya Talk |language=en |archive-date=29 Agosto 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829173204/https://kenyatalk.com/t/miss-grand-tanzania-competition-has-ended-successfully-here-are-the-7-winners/576459 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |26 |Mwanza |Aprika |Water |- |{{Flagdeco|THA}} [[Taylandiya]] |{{sortname|Waree|Ngamkham|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Setyembre 2025 |title=มงลง "น้ำเหนือ วารี" มิสเอิร์ธไทยแลนด์2025 |language=th |trans-title=The crown goes to Namnuea Waree, Miss Earth Thailand 2025 |website=Line Today |url=https://today.line.me/th/v3/article/Kwm2EyR |url-status=live |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901052206/https://today.line.me/th/v3/article/Kwm2EyR |archive-date=1 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |26 |[[Chiang Rai]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Air |- |{{Flagdeco|ZAF}} [[Timog Aprika]] |{{sortname|Jenique|Botha|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |author=Phumi Ramalepe |date=18 Setyembre 2025 |title=Environmental advocate Jenique Botha crowned Miss Earth South Africa 2025 |language=en |website=[[News24 (website)|News24]] |url=https://www.news24.com/life/lifestyle-trends/beauty-and-fashion/environmental-advocate-jenique-botha-crowned-miss-earth-south-africa-2025-20250918-0469 |url-status=live |access-date=29 Setyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918125915/https://www.news24.com/life/lifestyle-trends/beauty-and-fashion/environmental-advocate-jenique-botha-crowned-miss-earth-south-africa-2025-20250918-0469 |archive-date=18 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> |22 |Edenvale |Aprika |Eco |- |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Yoon-seo|Choi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Agosto 2025 |title=[S포토] 최윤서, '1등 미스어스~' (미스어스 2025 코리아) |trans-title=[S Photo] Choi Yoon-seo, "Miss Earth 2025 Korea" (Miss Earth 2025 Korea) |url=https://www.stardailynews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=498394 |access-date=3 Setyembre 2025 |website=Star Daily News |language=ko}}</ref> |24 |[[Busan]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Fire |- |{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |{{sortname|Nathalie|Briones|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Setyembre 2025 |title=Quién es Nathalie Briones, la joven que se coronó como Miss Earth Chile 2025 |trans-title=Who is Nathalie Briones, the young woman who was crowned Miss Earth Chile 2025? |url=https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/1101597/chile/quien-nathalie-briones-joven-se-corono-como-miss-earth-chile-2025.html |access-date=8 Setyembre 2025 |website=La Gaceta |language=es-CL |archive-date=2025-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907182508/https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/1101597/chile/quien-nathalie-briones-joven-se-corono-como-miss-earth-chile-2025.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |19 |Puente Alto |Kaamerikahan |Eco |- |{{flagdeco|TUR}} [[Turkiya]] |{{sortname|Mira|Atagül|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Andini |first=Dewi |date=27 Oktubre 2025 |title=7 Potret Mira Atagül Miss Earth Turki 2025, Menawan Abis! |language=id |trans-title=7 Portraits of Mira Atagül, Miss Earth Türkiye 2025, Absolutely Stunning! |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-mira-atagul-miss-earth-turki-2025-menawan-abis-c1c2-01-cw2f3-n4yywv |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |26 |[[Istanbul]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Water |- |{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ukranya]] |{{sortname|Maria |Zheliaskova|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Andini |first=Dewi |date=28 Oktubre 2025 |title=7 Potret Maria Zheliaskova, Miss Earth Ukraina 2025 yang Bikin Terpikat |language=id |trans-title=7 Captivating Portraits of Maria Zheliaskova, Miss Earth Ukraine 2025 |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-maria-zheliaskova-miss-earth-ukraina-2025-yang-bikin-terpikat-c1c2-01-cw2f3-rq4r9l |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |24 |[[Odessa|Odesa]] |Europa |Fire |- |{{Flagdeco|UZB}} [[Usbekistan]] |{{sortname|Shakhrizoda|Madaminova|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |author=Umarova |first=Nigora |date=29 Setyembre 2025 |title=Shaxrizada Madaminova to Represent Uzbekistan at Miss Earth 2025 |language=en |website=Kursiv |url=https://uz.kursiv.media/en/2025-09-29/shaxrizada-madaminova-to-represent-uzbekistan-at-miss-earth-2025/ |access-date=6 Nobyembre 2025}}</ref> |21 |[[Taskent]] |Asya at Oseaniya |Eco |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|http://www.missearth.tv}} {{Miss Earth}} [[Kategorya:Patimpalak ng kagandahan sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Miss Earth]] 1p81nmddsk0ksdhopgxis9t8zehql67 0 336226 2237794 2226021 2026-10-28T17:19:04Z ~2026-57547-34 168126 2237794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kinukumpuni}} Ang '''wikang neutral sa kasarian''' ([[Wikang Ingles|Ingles]]: ''gender-neutral language)'' ay istilo ng paggamit ng wika na sinasadyang hindi tumutukoy sa partikular na kasarian. Kabilang dito ang paggamit ng mga pangngalan na hindi partikular sa kasarian upang tumukoy sa mga tungkulin o propesyon, <ref name="Fowler 2015 gender-neutral language">{{Cite book |last=Fowler |first=H.W. |title=Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage |url=https://archive.org/details/fowlersdictionar00unse |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-966135-0 |editor-last=Butterfield |editor-first=Jeremy}}</ref> pagbuo ng mga parirala sa magkatulad na paraan, at paghinto ng paggamit ng mga lalaki o babaeng termino bilang pangkalahatan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarrasin |first=Oriane |last2=Gabriel |first2=Ute |last3=Gygax |first3=Pascal |date=2012-01-01 |title=Sexism and Attitudes Toward Gender-Neutral Language |url=https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1024/1421-0185/a000078 |journal=[[Swiss Journal of Psychology]] |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=113–4 |doi=10.1024/1421-0185/a000078 |issn=1421-0185 |url-access=subscription |via=}}</ref> Halimbawa sa wikang Tagalog, ang mga salitang ''doktora'' at ''tindera'' ay mga titulo ng trabahong partikular sa kasarian ng babae; ang mga kaukulang katagang neutral sa kasarian ay ''doktor (''o ''manggagamot)'' at ''manininda''. Ang ilang kataga sa Tagalog na [[Salitang hiram|hiram]] mula sa [[wikang Espanyol]] (na orihinal na panlalaki), gaya ng ''abogado, inhinyero'' at ''empleyado'', na nagtatapos sa "-''o"'' ay tinatanggap na neutral ang kasarian, samantalang ang mga katagang pambabae ay pinananatiling natatangi para sa babae. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lowry |first=Howard |title=Tone: A Matter of Attitude |url=http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/unbiased.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627020259/http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/GRAMMAR/unbiased.htm |archive-date=2015-06-27 |access-date=2015-01-28 |publisher=Grammar.ccc.commnet.edu}}</ref> Ito ay pagsasakatutubong impluwensya ng wikang Tagalog bilang [[wikang walang kasarian]] (hindi dahil sa preskriptibong estilo o pagtatakda sa wika upang gawing neutral) kaya't ang mga katagang panlalaki na nagtatapos "-''o"'' ay likas na naging kolektibong katawagan. Upang maging tiyak sa kasarian sa mga salitang walang kasarian, nilalapatan ng katagang "lalaki" o "babae" ang salitang tinutukoy (halimbawa: babaeng inhinyero o lalaking inhinyero). == Kasaysayan at Impluwensyang Kanluranin (Wikang Ingles) == Ang modernong kilusan para sa wikang neutral sa kasarian sa Ingles ay nagsimulang maging malawak noong dekada 1960–1970, kasabay ng second-wave feminism sa Estados Unidos at United Kingdom. Ayon sa mga feministang kritiko, ang tradisyunal na Ingles ay may androcentric bias (pagsentro sa kalalakihan). Ipinunto nila na ang wika ay ginagamit bilang mekanismo upang gawing "invisible" ang kababaihan. Upang tugunan ito, isinulong ang mga sumusunod na pagtatakda sa paggamit ng wika: * Pagtanggal sa generic masculine (''man''/''mankind'' → ''humanity'') * Neutralisasyon ng mga trabaho (''chairman'' → ''chairperson'', ''fireman'' → ''firefighter'') * Paglipat mula generic ''he'' patungo sa "he or she" at kalaunan ay singular ''they/them''. Sa ika-21 siglo, kasabay ng ''queer theory'' at ''transgender movements'', lalong naging radikal ang diskurso. Hindi na lang ito sa pagbibigay-puwang sa kababaihan, kundi sa tuluyang pagtanggi sa binaryong konsepto ng kasarian batay sa biyolohiya. Ito ay humantong sa ''preferred pronouns'' (gustong panghalip), ''neopronouns'' (''ze/zir, xe/xem''), at pag-iwas sa sex-based terms sa ilang konteksto. Itinataguyod ng mga nagsusulong na ang kahulugan sa "babae" gamit ang biyolohiya ay ''reductive'' (nakakababa). Upang maiwasan ang pagtukoy sa tiyak na kasarian, isinusulong ang neutral na wika gaya ng "''birthing persons''", "''people who menstruate" atbp.'' kapalit ng "''woman''" o "''girl".'' Gayunpaman, tinutuligsa ng mga kritiko ang argumentong ito. Ayon sa kanila, ang ideyang "''reductive''" ang biyolohikal na depinisyon ay may [[Palasya|depektong lohika]]. Ang pagtatakda ng depinisyon ay siyentipikong pagkilala sa isang observable biological category — halimbawa, ang katawang nakaayos para sa paggawa ng malalaking gameto (egg cells) — at hindi nangangahulugang binabawasan ang iba pang aspeto ng pagkatao ng isang babae. Ipinapunto nila na ang ganitong lohika ay hindi inilalapat sa iba pang kategorya, tulad ng pagtukoy sa tao batay sa ''species'' (tao) o sa ''adult'' batay sa edad. Bukod dito, ang labis na pag-neutralize sa wika sa pamamagitan ng mga euphemism ay nagdudulot ng kawalan ng katumpakan, lalo na sa [[medisina]], [[batas]], at [[estadistika]]. Ang ganitong neutralisasyon ay kinokondena rin ni [[Reem Alsalem]], ''UN Special Rapporteur on violence against women and girls''. Sa kanyang report na A/HRC/59/47 (2025), binigyang-diin niya, na ang "''erasure of sex-specific language and categories''" ay nagdudulot ng bagong anyo ng karahasan laban sa kababaihan. Tinawag niya itong "''coercive inclusion''" at binanggit ang dehumanizing terms tulad ng "''birthing persons''", "''menstruators''", at "''vagina havers''" bilang halimbawa ng suppression ng women in language and law.<ref name="OHCHR2025">Alsalem, Reem. "Sex-based violence against women and girls: new frontiers and emerging challenges" (A/HRC/59/47), United Nations Human Rights Council, 2025.</ref> Dahil opisyal na wika ang Ingles sa Pilipinas, direktang nakakaapekto ang mga Western guidelines sa edukasyon, batas, at media sa bansa.<ref name="PHSC">Philippine Supreme Court. Guidelines on gender-fair language (2022–2023).</ref> == Ang Ideolohikal na Kontrobersya sa Pilipinas == Dahil ang ideolohiya ng wikang-neutral ay nagmula sa kulturang [[Mundong Kanluranin|Kanluranin]] at [[wikang Ingles]], nagdudulot ng debate ang pagpapatupad nito sa kontekstong Pilipino: === Argumento para sa Inklusyon === Naniniwala ang mga lokal na tagataguyod na kailangang iakma ang Tagalog upang maging mas inklusibo sa may ''queer'' na identitad. Upang maiwasan ang kasarian, iminumungkahi ang paggamit ng mga kolektibong katutubong salita (hal. "mga magulang" sa halip na "ama at ina", o "kapatid" sa halip na "kuya at ate"). Sa mga akademikong sirkulo sa labas ng Pilipinas (lalo na sa Estados Unidos), umusbong din ang neologismo o bagong salita tulad ng ''Filipinx'' o ''Pinxy'' na kopya sa ''Latinx'' bilang neutral na katumbas ng ''Latino/Latina''. === Argumento ng mga Kritiko at Lingguwista === Maraming kritiko, kabilang ang mga lokal na lingguwista at mga tagapagtanggol ng wika, ang tumututol sa pagpilit ng mga Kanluraning konsepto sa Tagalog. Ayon sa kanila: Ang pagpilit ng mga terminong may ''-x'' (tulad ng ''Filipinx'') ay isang anyo ng imperyalismong lingguwistiko at kulturang Amerikano na hindi umaangkop sa ponolohiya (tunog) at kalikasan ng wikang Tagalog. Likas nang inklusibo ang wikang Tagalog sa estruktura nito (gaya ng paggamit ng "siya"), kaya hindi makatwirang hiramin ang mga solusyong pangkasarian na ginawa para sa Ingles o Espanyol. Ang labis na pag-iwas o pagbubura sa mga katutubong salitang may kasarian sa ngalan ng "neutralidad" ay nagpapahina sa yaman ng kultura at bokabularyo ng wika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Golangco |first=Lauren |title=The Controversy Behind "Filipinx": What Does it Mean and Why Is it So Contentious? |url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/power-purpose/ideas-education/fiilpinx-definition-and-controversy |access-date=2026-07-08 |website=Tatler Asia |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Cruz2023">Cruz, Y. F. B. D. (2023). "Siya nga ba’y Gender Neutral?" ''UP Working Papers in Linguistics''.</ref> Ang debate na ito ay bahagi ng mas malawak na tensyon sa pagitan ng global na mga uso sa wika at pagpapanatili ng katutubong lingwistiko at kultural na integridad. == Tingnan din == * [[Wikang walang kasarian]] == Mga sanggunian == {{reflist}} p9gkl0lam8qelqnl03khzlkfbeobs2n 0 338281 2237804 2237744 2026-10-29T00:14:31Z Vaijskaskha (Fyksian) 167555 /* Talasalitaan */ 2237804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox wika | name = Fyksian | nativename = Vaijskäskhä | creator = James Wong | created = 1996 | script = Alpabetong Latin | dialect = Ikstic (dating ''Isfjordic'') }} Ang '''Fyksian''' (Fyksian: ''Vaijskäskhä'') ay isang [[proyektong wikang gawa-gawa]] (''constructed language'' o ''conlang'') na sinimulan ni James Wong, ang manlilikha ng kathang-isip na bansa na Fyksland, noong 1996. Ito ay nabuo batay sa isang alternatibong kasaysayan ng daigdig kung saan umiiral ang kathang-isip na islang-bansa ng Fyksland. Dahil sa heograpiya at kasaysayan ng Fyksland, ang bokabularyo ng Fyksian ay labis na naimpluwensiyahan ng mga wikang [[Mga wikang Hermaniko|Hermaniko]] at [[Mga wikang Keltiko|Keltiko]], bagamat hindi ito tuwirang may kaugnayang etimolohiko sa alinmang umiiral na likas na wika. Bilang isang wikang nakabukod (''isolated''), nagtataglay ang balarila nito ng mga katangiang hawig sa [[Wikang Pinlandes|Pinlandes]] (tulad ng masalimuot na sistema ng kaso) at [[Wikang Tsino|Tsino]] (tulad ng partikular na pagtatangi ng mga panghalip). Ang Fyksian ay isang wikang aglutinatibo na kinatatangian ng napaka-regular na balangkas ng balarila na sistematikong binabago ng isang ponetikong proseso na tinatawag na ''gradasyon'' (''gradation''). Hindi tulad ng maraming wikang Indo-Europeo, walang pambalarilang kasarian (''grammatical gender'') ang mga pangngalan sa Fyksian. Ang mga bahagi ng pananalita ay madaling napapalitan gamit ang mga karaniwang hulapi, at ang mga kaso ng pangngalan ay maaaring magkapatong-patong sa pamamagitan ng prosesong tinatawag na ''suffixaufnahme''. May isang diyalekto ang Fyksian na tinatawag na '''Ikstic''' (dating tinawag na ''Isfjordic'' hanggang noong 18 Pebrero 2008) na nilikha rin ni James Wong noong 2002. Dahil hindi gaanong nadodokumento ang Ikstic kumpara sa Karaniwang Fyksian, iminumungkahi ang transliterasyon para dito. == Ortograpiya == Naglalaman ang alpabeto ng Fyksian ng 24 na titik, kung saan 18 dito ay karaniwang titik sa alpabetong Latin. Ayon sa manlilikhang si James Wong: {{quote|"Noong kasibulan nito, ibinatay ang Fyksian sa Pinlandes, kabilang na ang alpabeto nito."}} Ang ilang titik na wala sa opisyal na alpabeto ay lumilitaw lamang sa mga salitang hiram. === Kasalukuyang Ayos ng Alpabeto === Mula noong 7 Mayo 2013, ang opisyal na pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga titik ay: :'''A, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, Þ, Æ, Ø, Å, Ä, Ö''' === Nakaraang Ayos ng Alpabeto === Mula noong Abril 2004 hanggang 7 Mayo 2013, ang dating ayos ay: :'''A, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, Æ, Å, Ä, Ö, Ø, Þ''' == Balarila == === Pagbubuo ng Salita at Deribasyon === Maaaring ilipat ang mga salita sa iba't ibang bahagi ng pananalita gamit ang mga tiyak na panlapi: * '''Pangngalan patungong Pang-uri:''' Idinurugtong ang hulaping ''-sk'' sa ugat ng pangngalan (hal., ang pangngalang ''vrim'' "sigla" ay nagiging pang-uring ''vrimskä'' "masigla"). * '''Pang-uri patungong Pangngalan:''' Idinurugtong ang hulaping ''-heid'' sa pang-uri (hal., ang pang-uring ''däp'' "malungkot" ay nagiging pangngalang ''däþeid'' "kalungkutan"). * '''Pang-abay mula sa Pang-uri:''' Idinurugtong ang hulaping ''-ling'' sa ugat ng pang-uri (hal., ang ''vrimskä'' ay nagiging pang-abay na ''vrimskäling'' "nang buong sigla", at ang ''däp'' ay nagiging ''däpling'' "nang may kalungkutan"). * '''Pandiwa mula sa Pangngalan/Pang-uri:''' Idinurugtong ang hulaping ''-ö'' sa ugat (hal., mula sa ''vrim'' ay mabubuo ang pandiwang ''vrimö'' "magpasigla", at mula sa ''däp'' ay ''däpö'' "magpalungkot"). * '''Pang-uri mula sa Pawatas/Gerundio:''' Idinurugtong ang hulaping ''-gølskä'' (hal., mula sa pandiwang ''vrimö'' ay nagiging ''vrimögølskä'' "nakapagpapasigla"). * '''Paghahambing (Pahambing / Comparative):''' Idinurugtong ang hulaping ''-ur'' sa pang-uri o pang-abay (hal., ''vrimskäur'' "mas masigla" at ''vrimskälingur'' "nang mas masigla"). * '''Pasukdol (Superlative):''' Idinurugtong ang hulaping ''-aþ'' sa pang-uri o pang-abay (hal., ''vrimskäaþ'' "pinakamasigla" at ''vrimskälingaþ'' "nang pinakamasigla"). * '''Pagtanggi / Negatibo:''' Idinurugtong ang unlaping ''ö-'' sa mga pang-uri, pang-abay, o pandiwa (hal., ''övrimskä'' "di-masigla" at ''övrimö'' "alisan ng sigla"). * '''Hulaping -vå:''' Nangangahulugang "puno ng" (hal., ''vrimvå'' "puno ng sigla"). * '''Hulaping -lug:''' Nangangahulugang "kapos sa" o "walang" (hal., ''vrimlug'' "walang-sigla"). === Mga Kaso ng Pangngalan at Deklinasyon === Nagtataglay ang Fyksian ng 19 na regular na kaso ng pangngalan. Regular ang deklinasyon maliban sa mga pagbabagong dulot ng gradasyon. Ang panlaping pmarami na ''-en'' ay laging inilalagay sa pinakadulo ng lahat ng panlaping pangkaso. Sa pamamagitan ng ''suffixaufnahme'', maaaring magkakasunod na ikabit ang maramihang panlapi ng kaso sa anyong nominatibo. Ang pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga hulapi mula una hanggang huli ay: # Akusatibo / Datibo # Partitibo # Henitibo # Lokasyon (Locative) # Gamit (Functional) # Panahon (Temporal) # Bilang (Kailanan/Number) {| class="wikitable" ! Kaso !! Gamit at Kahulugan !! Pagbubuo !! Halimbawa |- | '''Nominatibo''' || Tiyak na simuno (ang salitang-ugat) || — || ''plaum'' ("ang bulaklak") |- | '''Akusatibo''' || Tuwirang layon || Pag-uulit ng huling patinig o katinig ng ugat || ''plaummä'' |- | '''Datibo''' || Di-tuwirang layon || Pag-uulit ng unang patinig o katinig ng ugat || ''plaumpä'' |- | '''Partitibo''' || Di-tiyak, alinman, o bahagi ng pangngalan || Pagdaragdag ng ''-i'' sa nominatibo || ''plaumi'' ("isang bulaklak") |- | '''Henitibo''' || Pagmamay-ari || Pagdaragdag ng ''-e'' (kung nagtatapos sa katinig) o ''-r'' (kung patinig) || ''plaume'' ("ng bulaklak") |- | '''Ilatibo''' || Paggalaw papasok sa loob || Pagdaragdag ng ''-de'' (kasabay ng anyong datibo) || ''huisde'' / ''huishde'' ("papasok sa bahay") |- | '''Elatibo''' || Paggalaw palabas || Pagdaragdag ng ''-uit'' || ''huisuit'' ("palabas ng bahay") |- | '''Inesibo''' || Pananatili sa loob || Pagdaragdag ng ''-r'' sa anyong partitibo || ''huisir'' ("nasa loob ng bahay") |- | '''Adesibo''' || Nasa paligid, ibabaw, tabi, o pagitan || Pagdaragdag ng ''-m'' o ''-i'' sa henitibo (nagiging ''-em'' o ''-ri'') || ''huisøm'' ("malapit sa bahay") |- | '''Alatibo''' || Paggalaw patungo sa / paakyat || Pagdaragdag ng ''-an'' (kasabay ng datibo) || ''huishan'' ("patungo sa bahay") |- | '''Ablatibo''' || Paggalaw palayo mula sa || Pagdaragdag ng ''-na'' || ''huisna'' ("mula sa bahay") |- | '''Komitatibo''' || Kasama ang || Pagdaragdag ng ''-ku'' || ''huisku'' ("kasama ang bahay") |- | '''Abesibo''' || Wala / kapos sa || Pagdaragdag ng ''-ki'' (kasabay ng partitibo) || ''plaumikien'' ("nang walang mga bulaklak") |- | '''Instrumental''' || Sa pamamagitan ng || Pagdaragdag ng ''-l'' o ''-lä'' || ''plaumlä'' ("sa pamamagitan ng bulaklak") |- | '''Kawsatibo''' || Dahil sa / para sa || Pagdaragdag ng ''-or'' o ''-å'' || ''huisor'' ("dahil sa bahay") |- | '''Esibo''' || Sa tiyak na araw, kalagayan, o panahon || Pagdaragdag ng ''-um'' || ''Söhnädagiumøn'' ("tuwing mga Linggo") |- | '''Translatibo''' || Pagiging o pagbabagong-anyo tungo sa || Pagdaragdag ng ''-am'' (kasabay ng partitibo) || ''huisiam'' ("naging isang bahay") |- | '''Temporal''' || Sa panahon ng, habang, o sa loob ng || Pagdaragdag ng ''-is'' || ''nöloigis'' ("tuwing Pasko") |- | '''Terminatibo''' || Hanggang sa || Pagdaragdag ng ''-ur'' || ''nöloigur'' ("hanggang Pasko") |} === Ang Sistema ng Gradasyon === Ang gradasyon ay isang 8-hakbang na proseso ng pagbabagong-tunog na ipinapataw sa pagdedeklina ng kaso, pagbabanghay ng pandiwa, at pagbubuo ng tambalang salita. Kapag naisaaktibo ang mga Hakbang 4 hanggang 6, itinuturing na di-regular (''irregular'') ang gradasyon: * '''Hakbang 0:''' Lahat ng titik ''ø'' ay nagiging ''e'' bago ang gradasyon. Anumang titik ''ä'' sa dulo na hindi bahagi ng ugat ng salita ay tinatanggal. * '''Hakbang 1:''' Ang tambalang patinig na ''ae'' ay nagiging ''æ''. Ang kumpol ng katinig na ''vh'' ay nagiging ''þ''. Ang pagkakasunod na ''or'' ay nagiging ''å'' kapag ang ''o'' ay hindi pinangungunahan ng isa pang patinig. * '''Hakbang 2:''' Idinaragdag ang titik ''ä'' sa dulo ng salita kung ito ay nagtatapos sa dalawa o higit pang katinig. * '''Hakbang 3:''' Kung ang salita ay nagtatapos sa saradong patinig, ang mga payak at walang-diin na patinig na ''a'' o ''o'' sa unang pantig ay nagiging ''ä'' at ''ö''. Sa kabilang banda, kung nagtatapos sa patinig ang salita, ang ''ä'' o ''ö'' sa unang pantig ay nagiging may-diin na ''a'' at ''o''. * '''Hakbang 4:''' Ang tatlong magkakasunod na patinig ay pinapapayak sa pamamagitan ng pagpapaikli at paglilipat ng mga pinahabang (kambal) patinig: ''aa'' &rarr; ''e'', ''ee'' &rarr; ''i'', ''ii'' &rarr; ''o'', ''oo'' &rarr; ''u'', at ''uu'' &rarr; ''a''. Inuulit ang hakbang na ito hanggang wala nang mapapayak na grupo ng patinig. * '''Hakbang 5:''' Kung apat o higit pang patinig ang magkakatabi, isinisingit ang titik ''j'' upang paghiwalayin ang mga ito sa mga pangkat ng tig-dadalawa. * '''Hakbang 6:''' May mga natatanging pagbabagong ginagawa sa mga pares ng patinig na hindi diptonggo at sa mga triptonggo. * '''Hakbang 7:''' Ang nag-iisang patinig ay pinapahaba (dinodoble) kung ito ay napapagitnaan ng magkaparehong katinig na parehong nagbubukas at nagsasara sa salita. * '''Hakbang 8:''' Ang bawat isahang titik ''e'' ay nagiging ''ø'' kung may gansal (''odd'') na bilang ng titik ''e'' sa loob ng salita. Nagsisimula ang pagbabagong ito sa unang ''e'' at sa bawat iba pang isahang ''e''. Hindi ito nagaganap kung ang puntiryang ''e'' ay bahagi ng pangkat ng maraming patinig o kung nagtatapos sa ''e'' ang salita. === Pagbabanghay at Sistema ng Pandiwa === Nahahati ang mga pandiwa sa Fyksian sa dalawang uri: '''mahina''' (''weak'') at '''malakas''' (''strong''). Ang mga malakas na pandiwa ay kadalasang nagpapahayag ng paggalaw, pagbabago, o kalagayan. * '''Pantulong na Pandiwa:''' Ginagamit ng mga mahinang pandiwa ang ''häveel'' ("magkaroon") bilang pantulong, samantalang ang mga malakas na pandiwa ay gumagamit ng ''ørlaa'' ("maging"). * '''Pang-ugnay (Copula):''' Ginagamit ang ''pølaa'' para sa mga permanenteng katangian at permanenteng lokasyon; ang ''ørlaa'' naman ay para sa pansamantalang kalagayan, damdamin, posisyon, o bilang pandiwang pantulong. * '''Inbersyon ng Malakas na Pandiwa:''' Upang maibanghay ang malakas na pandiwa, ikinakabit ang regular na hulapi ng mahinang pandiwa ngunit pabaligtad ang pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga titik ng hulapi. Kasama sa pagbabaligtad na ito maging ang mga titik na naitakda ng proseso ng gradasyon. ==== Pangkasalukuyang Pagbabanghay ng Mahinang Pandiwa (''eetaal'' – kumain) ==== * Unang panauhan isahan panlalaki: ''ik eetnä'' * Unang panauhan isahan pambabae: ''ik eetne'' * Ikatlong panauhan isahan panlalaki: ''hij eettä'' * Ikatlong panauhan isahan pambabae: ''sij eette'' * Unang panauhan maramihan panlalaki: ''vør eetnen'' * Unang panauhan maramihan pambabae: ''vør eetneen'' * Ikatlong panauhan maramihan panlalaki: ''hijsä eetten'' * Ikatlong panauhan maramihan pambabae: ''sijsä eetteen'' ==== Pangkasalukuyang Pagbabanghay ng Malakas na Pandiwa (''ørlaa'' – maging) ==== * Unang panauhan isahan panlalaki: ''ik ørän'' * Unang panauhan isahan pambabae: ''ik eren'' * Ikatlong panauhan isahan panlalaki: ''hij ørät'' * Ikatlong panauhan isahan pambabae: ''sij eret'' * Unang panauhan maramihan panlalaki: ''vør ernen'' * Unang panauhan maramihan pambabae: ''vør erneen'' * Ikatlong panauhan maramihan panlalaki: ''hijsä ernet'' * Ikatlong panauhan maramihan pambabae: ''sijsä erneet'' ==== Mga Panahunan ng Pandiwa ==== Ipinapakita sa ibaba gamit ang ikatlong panauhang isahang panlalaki (''hij'') para sa mahinang pandiwang ''eetaal'', at ikatlong panauhang isahang pambabae (''sij'') para sa malakas na pandiwang ''ørlaa'': * '''Pangkasalukuyan (Present):''' ''hij eettä'' ("siya ay kumakain") / ''sij eret'' ("siya ay") * '''Pangkasalukuyang Kasalukuyan (Present Progressive):''' ''hij eetter'' / ''sij erreet'' * '''Pangnagdaan (Past):''' ''hij eetton'' ("siya ay kumain") / ''sij ernoet'' ("siya ay naging") * '''Kasalukuyang Perpekto (Past Perfect):''' ''hij eettut'' / ''sij ertuet'' * '''Kaganapang Pangnagdaan (Pluperfect):''' ''hij hävøton eeton'' / ''sij erteon ørno'' * '''Pangnagdaang Di-perpekto (Past Imperfect):''' ''hij hävøton eeter'' / ''sij erteon erre'' * '''Kasalukuyang Perpektong Progresibo:''' ''hij hävøtut eeter'' / ''sij erteut erre'' * '''Pangnagdaang Perpektong Progresibo:''' ''hij hävøtut häveon eeter'' / ''sij erteut häveon erre'' * '''Panghinaharap (Future):''' ''hij eettig'' ("siya ay kakain") / ''sij ergiet'' ("siya ay magiging") * '''Panghinaharap na Perpekto:''' ''hij hävøtig eeton'' / ''sij erteig ørno'' * '''Panghinaharap na Progresibo:''' ''hij hävøtig eeter'' / ''sij erteig erre'' ==== Mga Anyong Tinig ==== * '''Tinig Balintiyak (Passive Voice):''' Nabubuo sa pamamagitan ng hulaping ''-in'' (hal., ''hij eettin'' "siya ay kinakain", ''hij eetterin'' "siya ay kasalukuyang kinakain"). * '''Gitnang Tinig (Middle Voice):''' Nagpapahiwatig ng kilos na repleksibo (sa sarili). Nabubuo sa pamamagitan ng unlaping ''t'-'' (o ''te'-'' / ''tøn'-'') (hal., ''hij t'västät'' "pinaliliguan niya ang kanyang sarili"). ==== Anyong Pautos (Imperative) ==== Ang anyong pautos ay nasa ikalawang panauhan para sa mga utos o tagubilin. Nabubuo ito sa pamamagitan ng pagsingit ng titik ''o'' pagkatapos ng ugat ng pandiwa at bago ang partikulong pangkasarian-kapanahunan: * Isahang panlalaki: ''eeton'' * Isahang pambabae: ''eetone'' * Maramihang panlalaki: ''eetonen'' * Maramihang pambabae: ''eetoneen'' === Notasyon ng Petsa at Oras === Sumusunod ang pagsusulat ng petsa sa Fyksian sa ayos na '''Araw-Buwan-Taon (DMY)'''. Sa pamantayang pasulat na Fyksian, ang araw ay laging isinusulat bilang bilang na ordinal gamit ang hulaping ''-a'' na tuwirang ikinakabit sa mga tambilang, at hinihiwalay sa taon sa pamamagitan ng kuwit: :Halimbawa: '''5a Hutieku, 2002''' Gumagamit din ang wika ng pormat na 24-oras para sa pasulat at pang-araw-araw na notasyon ng oras. === Ayos ng Pangngalan at Pantukoy ng Dami (Quantifier) === Sa mga pariralang pangngalan ng Fyksian, ang lahat ng pantukoy ng dami (''quantifiers'') ay kailangang ilagay '''PAGKATAPOS''' ng pangngalan at ng mga hulapi nitong pangkaso o pangmarami: :[Pangngalan + Panlaping Pangkaso/Pangmarami] + [Pantukoy ng Dami] * ''Mali (Nauna ang pantukoy):'' ''alsøn ræktäinøn'' * ''Tama (Nakahuli ang pantukoy):'' ''ræktäinøn alæn'' Mga Tuntunin sa Paggamit ng "Lahat": * '''alæn:''' Karaniwang pamuno pagkatapos ng maramihang pangngalan ("lahat ng mga [pangngalan]"). * '''alsøn:''' Ginagamit lamang bilang independiyente at nakatayong neutral na panghalip ("silang lahat" / "bawat isa" nang walang kasamang binabagong pangngalan). Halimbawang Pangungusap: :''Kopiveuræktä. Ræktäinøn alæn røkæpænin.'' :(Literal: Karapatang-ari. Mga karapatan lahat nakalaan.) :("Karapatang-ari. Nakalaan ang lahat ng karapatan.") === Tambalang Pang-ukol sa Panahon === Kapag ang ''sød'' ("mula noong") at ''na'' ("mula") ay pinagsama bilang tambalang pang-ukol na '''sød na''' ("simula noong / magmula"), tahasan nitong ipinapahayag ang isang nagpapatuloy na kalagayan, pangyayari, o tuloy-tuloy na pagbibilang na nagsimula sa isang tiyak na punto ng nakaraang panahon. == Talasalitaan == Nasa ibaba ang listahan ng mga salita sa Karaniwang Fyksian, kalakip ang anyo nito sa diyalektong Ikstic (Isfjordic) kung mayroon, kasama ang pagbigkas sa [[Pandaigdigang Ponetikong Alpabeto]] (IPA) at ang kahulugan nito sa Tagalog: {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Fyksian !! Ikstic / Isfjordic !! IPA !! Kahulugan (Tagalog) |- | a || — || — || ito |- | aasn || aasn || — || arseniko |- | ad || — || — || espiritu, kal、uwala |- | adile || ídil || — || ukol sa espiritu / espirituwal |- | airg || yrg || — || pilak |- | aisisøn || — || [aisisø] || mga mananayaw |- | aisøt || — || — || sumasayaw |- | aktim || aktim || — || aktinyo |- | aktimiden || aktimiden || — || mga aktinido |- | al || — || — || lahat |- | alsøn || alsýn || — || lahat (panghalip na maramihan) |- | alum || alum || — || aluminyo |- | alþigkvøvnana || — || — || Punong Ministro (pambabae) |- | alþigman || — || — || Punong Ministro (panlalaki) |- | alþigupaartä || — || — || kawanihan / ministeryo |- | alþigupaartäen || — || — || mga kawanihan / mga ministeryo |- | alæn || — || — || lahat (panuring) |- | amerikim || amærikim || — || amerisyo |- | an || — || — || sa / patungo sa |- | Angtia || — || — || Inglatera |- | Angtiaskhä || — || — || wikang Ingles |- | Angtiaskhäl || — || — || sa Ingles |- | antimon || antimon || — || antimonyo |- | aoropim || aoropim || — || ewropyo |- | argon || argon || — || argon |- | arpänia || — || — || puno (partitibo) |- | astat || astat || — || astato |- | Auropaa || — || — || Europa |- | autoi || — || — || kotse / sasakyan (partitibo) |- | autoo || — || — || kotse / sasakyan |- | avesen || afesen || — || nakapapansin / napapansin |- | avøgläa || — || — || bulag |- | barim || barim || — || baryo |- | berkelim || berkelim || — || berkelyo |- | beryllim || beryllim || — || berilyo |- | bohrim || bohrim || — || bohryo |- | brom || brom || — || bromo |- | californium || californim || — || kalipornyo |- | curim || curim || — || kuryo |- | dage || — || — || ng araw |- | darmstadtim || darmstadtim || — || darmstadyo |- | dubnim || dubnim || — || dubnyo |- | dui || — || — || ito |- | dvo || dvo || — || dalawa |- | dvoa || — || — || ikalawa / pangalawa |- | dysprosim || dysprosim || — || disprosyo |- | däg || — || — || araw / kumusta |- | Dänmark || — || — || Dinamarka |- | däp || — || — || malungkot |- | däpling || — || — || nang may kalungkutan / malungkot |- | däpö || — || — || magpalungkot |- | däpögølskä || — || — || nakalulungkot |- | däþeid || — || — || kalungkutan |- | e || — || — || ito |- | eetaal || — || — || kumain |- | eetne || — || — || kumakain ako (pambabae) |- | eetneen || — || — || kumakain kami/tayo (pambabae) |- | eetnen || — || — || kumakain kami/tayo (panlalaki) |- | eetnä || — || — || kumakain ako (panlalaki) |- | eeton || — || — || kumain / kinain |- | eetone || — || — || kumain ka! (pambabae) |- | eetoneen || — || — || kumain kayo! (pambabae) |- | eetonen || — || — || kumain kayo! (panlalaki) |- | eetonin || — || — || kinain |- | eette || — || — || kumakain (pambabae) |- | eetteen || — || — || kumakain sila (pambabae) |- | eetten || — || — || kumakain sila (panlalaki) |- | eetter || — || — || kumakain |- | eetterin || — || — || kinakain |- | eetterinka-hij? || — || — || kinakain ba siya? |- | eetterka || — || — || kumakain ba (siya)? |- | eettig || — || — || kakain |- | eettigin || — || — || kakainin |- | eettigki || — || — || kakain (subhuntibo) |- | eettin || — || — || kinakain |- | eettonki || — || — || kumain (subhuntibo) |- | eettut || — || — || kumain na |- | eettutin || — || — || kinain na |- | eettutinki || — || — || kinain na (subhuntibo) |- | eettä || — || — || kumakain |- | eettäka || — || — || kumakain ba (siya)? |- | eettäka-hij? || — || — || kumakain ba siya? |- | ein || yn || — || isa |- | eina || — || — || isang, una |- | einhen || — || — || unyon / pagkakaisa |- | Einhen Auropaa || — || — || Unyong Europeo |- | einoina || — || — || magkasama / pinagsama |- | einsteinium || einsteinim || — || einsteinyo |- | ejen || — || [ejə] || mga mata |- | erbim || erbim || — || erbyo |- | eren || — || — || ako ay / ay (pambabae) |- | ergiet || — || — || magiging (pambabae) |- | erneen || — || — || kami/tayo ay (pambabae) |- | erneet || — || — || sila ay (pambabae) |- | ernen || — || — || kami/tayo ay (panlalaki) |- | ernet || — || — || sila ay (panlalaki) |- | ernoet || — || — || noon ay / naging (pambabae) |- | erre || — || — || pagiging |- | erreet || — || — || nagiging (pambabae) |- | erteig || — || — || magkakaroon |- | erteon || — || — || nagkaroon / naging |- | erteut || — || — || naging |- | ertuet || — || — || naging (pambabae) |- | fermim || fermim || — || permyo |- | flerovim || flerovim || — || plerobyo |- | gaanlaa || — || — || pumunta / magpunta |- | gaanto || — || — || pumunta kayo / humayo kayo |- | gaarvenklije || — || — || pamahalaan / gobyerno |- | gadolinim || gadolinim || — || gadolinyo |- | givøto || — || — || magbigay! / ibigay! |- | gjømanim || gjýmanim || — || hermanyo |- | gløjmos || — || — || masaya / maligaya |- | goed || — || — || mabuti / maganda |- | goeda || — || — || masaya / mabuti |- | goedstea || — || — || pinakamahusay / pinakamabuti (makaluma) |- | goedte || — || — || mabuti (pambabae) |- | goedtä || — || — || mabuti (panlalaki) |- | goedur || goedur || — || mas mabuti / pinakamabuti |- | graagnä || — || — || magustuhan / masiyahan |- | graagte || — || — || nagugustuhan / nasisiyahan |- | groena || — || — || berde / luntian |- | gævti || — || — || magkaloob / biyayaan |- | gævtisønin || gúftisýnin || — || pinagkalooban |- | gällim || gállim || — || galyo |- | haarsør || — || — || ng kanyang sarili / sarili niya |- | hantäel / häntäel || hántául || — || makitungo / tratuhin |- | hassim || hássim || — || hasyo |- | haud || — || — || magustuhan / mahalin |- | heel || — || — || napaka- / lubha |- | helim || helim || — || helyo |- | herteerinki || — || — || narinig |- | hier || — || — || dito |- | hij || — || — || siya (lalaki) |- | hijsä || — || — || sila (panlalaki) |- | hjemen || — || [hjemə] || mga tahanan |- | hjøm || — || [hjøm] || tahanan |- | huignon || — || — || nag-isip / inisip |- | huignut || — || — || nakapag-isip na |- | huignä || — || — || mag-isip |- | huigør || — || — || nag-iisip |- | huis || — || — || bahay |- | huisde || — || — || papasok sa bahay |- | huishan || — || — || patungo sa bahay |- | huishde || — || — || papasok sa bahay |- | huisiam || — || — || patungo sa pagiging bahay |- | huisir || — || — || nasa loob ng bahay |- | huisku || — || — || kasama ang bahay |- | huisna || — || — || mula sa bahay |- | huisor || — || — || dahil sa bahay |- | huisuit || — || — || palabas sa bahay |- | huisøm || — || — || malapit sa bahay |- | Hutieku || — || — || Abril |- | hvam || birn || — || boro |- | hvassevni || hvasývni || — || hidroheno |- | hveraner || — || — || bawat isa / isa't isa |- | hveranerran || hveranerran || — || sa isa't isa |- | hvildenak || — || — || kapasiyahan / resolusyon |- | hvildønil || hfildýnil || — || kapasiyahan / resolusyon |- | hvismut || bismut || — || bismuto |- | hvolvram || hvolfram || — || tungsten |- | hølmim || hölmim || — || holmyo |- | hørvigtä || — || — || mga dukado |- | høtæn || — || — || mainit / sikat / tanyag |- | häveel || — || — || magkaroon |- | häveon || — || — || nagkaroon |- | hävnim || háfnim || — || hapnyo |- | hävnäk || — || — || dalampasigan / baybay-dagat |- | hävønon || — || — || noon ay / naging |- | hävøtig || — || — || magkakaroon |- | hävøtigin || — || — || magkakaroon na / magiging |- | hävøton || — || — || magkaroon |- | hävøtonki || — || — || nagkaroon (subhuntibo) |- | hävøtut || — || — || mayroon / nagkaroon |- | hävøtutka || — || — || mayroon ba? |- | höpeel || hópal || — || lumaktaw / lumukso |- | i || i || — || at / sa |- | ik || — || — || ako |- | ike || — || — || aking / akin |- | Iksfjordskhä || Iksfjorskhá || — || wikang Isfjordic |- | Ikstiskhä || Ikstiskhá || — || wikang Ikstic |- | im || im || — || sa / sa loob |- | indim || indim || — || indyo |- | Internetkä || — || — || sa Internet |- | iod || iod || — || yodo |- | iridim || iridim || — || iridyo |- | Iskti || — || — || Lupangyelo (Iceland) |- | jaake || — || — || dyaket |- | Jaakot || — || — || Jacob |- | jen || jyn || — || bakal |- | kaantori || — || — || kawanihan / tanggapan |- | kaantoria || kuntoria || — || lagusan / portal |- | karaigpuim || klor || — || kloro |- | Kemevniukæv || Kemefniukúf || — || talahanayang peryodiko |- | kiesel || kiesel || — || silikon |- | kirka || — || — || simbahan |- | kllsaavklljer || — || — || impormasyon / kabatiran |- | kohnäa || — || — || makahari / maharlika |- | kohnäkijke || — || — || monarkiya, kaharian |- | kokoa || — || [ˈkoko.a] || tsokolate |- | kolsä || — || [kols] || kastilyo |- | kopiveuræktä || — || — || karapatang-ari |- | krom || krom || — || kromyo |- | krypton || krypton || — || kripton |- | kunsti || — || [kunsti] || sining |- | kunstiuslese || — || — || likhang-sining |- | kupar || kupar || — || tanso |- | kuusør || — || — || humahalik / naghahalikan |- | kvenæn || — || [kwenæn] || mga kababaihan / mga babae |- | kvikairg || kvikyrg || — || merkuryo / asoge |- | kvæløvni || kvúlýfni || — || nitroheno |- | kvøna || — || [kwøna] || babae |- | kædmin || kúdmin || — || kadmyo |- | kælsim || külsim || — || kalsyo |- | kälim || kálim || — || potasyo |- | köhl || kóhl || — || karbon |- | köhvolt || kóhvolt || — || kobalt |- | kökoal || — || — || gawa sa tsokolate |- | kölm || kólm || — || tatlo |- | kölma || — || — || ikatlo / pangatlo |- | köpønikim || kópýnikim || — || kopernisyo |- | lantan || lantan || — || lantano |- | lantaniden || lantaniden || — || mga lantanido |- | lawrencim || lawrencim || — || lorensyo |- | lijkä || — || — || kawing / link |- | lijkäen || — || — || mga kawing / mga link |- | liskhiede || — || — || kasaysayan |- | litim || litim || — || lityo |- | livermorim || livermorim || — || libermoryo |- | loegter || — || — || nagdiriwang / nagloloko |- | lornä || — || — || umalis / lumisan |- | lutisim || jutisim || — || lutesyo |- | läänton || — || — || mga bansa |- | löpeel || — || — || tumakbo / tumatakbo |- | löv || — || — || pag-ibig / pagmamahal |- | maa || — || — || ngunit / subalit |- | maaktäina || — || — || ginawa / itinayo |- | magnesim || magnesim || — || magnesyo |- | me || — || — || akin / sa akin |- | meitnerim || meitnerim || — || meitneryo |- | mendelevim || mendelievin || — || mendelebyo |- | miema || — || — || gitna / sentral |- | mina || — || — || akin |- | mit || mit || — || kasama / may |- | moehtren däg || — || — || Araw ng mga Ina |- | molybdon || molybdom || — || molibdeno |- | monda || — || — || daigdig / mundo |- | mød || mýd || — || kasama / may |- | mørkäk || — || — || sa dilim |- | mågan || mágan || — || mangganeso |- | määnien || máánien || — || mga tao / mga kalalakihan |- | Mätlentika || — || — || Atlantiko |- | na || — || — || mula sa |- | nátrim || nátrim || — || sodyo |- | negen || negen || — || siyam |- | negena || — || — || ikasiyam / pang-siyam |- | neodym || neodym || — || neodimyo |- | neon || neon || — || neon |- | nikl || nikl || — || nikel |- | niobim || niobim || — || niobyo |- | Njørdrir || — || — || Njord |- | nobelim || nobelim || — || nobelyo |- | Norije || — || — || Noruwega |- | næptunim || næptunim || — || neptunyo |- | nætugåm || nútugíem || — || sapot / network |- | nør || — || — || hindi |- | Nådene || — || — || Nordiko |- | Nölaig / Nöloig || — || [noˈlaix] || Pasko |- | nöloigis || — || — || tuwing Pasko |- | nöloigur || — || — || hanggang Pasko |- | og || og || — || o |- | oir || oir || — || ginto |- | op || — || — || sa ibabaw / sa / tungkol sa |- | opgaartä || — || — || pagpapanatili |- | orde || — || — || salita |- | ormfarneel || — || — || yumakap |- | osmim || osmim || — || osmyo |- | Paap || — || — || Tatay / Itay / Papa |- | paasi || — || — || pasaporte |- | pea || — || — || ay (pansamantalang kalagayan) |- | platina || platina || — || platino |- | plaum || — || — || bulaklak |- | plaume || — || — || ng bulaklak |- | plaumi || — || — || isang bulaklak / ilang bulaklak |- | plaumikien || — || — || walang mga bulaklak |- | plaumlä || — || — || sa pamamagitan ng bulaklak |- | plaummä || — || — || bulaklak (tuwirang layon) |- | plaumpä || — || — || para sa bulaklak |- | pliu || pliu || — || tingga |- | plutonim || plutonim || — || plutonyo |- | pólonim || pólonim || — || polonyo |- | poste || — || — || paskil |- | postite || — || — || nagpapaskil |- | praseodym || praseodym || — || praseodimyo |- | prerheid || prerheide || — || kapatiran |- | promeþim || promedim || — || prometisyo |- | protaktim || protaktim || — || protaktinyo |- | præstatnøn || prístatýn || — || magtamo / maabot |- | pølaa || — || — || maging (likas na katangian) |- | pøvaig || — || — || magiging |- | pälladim || pálladim || — || paladyo |- | raidim || rydim || — || radyo |- | radon || rydon || — || radon |- | rangua || — || — || mali |- | reijnim || rýynim || — || renyo |- | rhodim || rhodim || — || rodyo |- | ruhvdim || rubidim || — || rubidyo |- | rutherfordim || rutherfordim || — || rutherfordyo |- | ruþanim || rudanim || — || rutenyo |- | ræktä || — || — || karapatan |- | ræktäemen || rúktáemen || — || mga karapatan |- | ræktäinøn || — || — || mga karapatan |- | røkæpænin || — || — || nakalaan / reserbado |- | röntgenim || röntgenim || — || roentgenyo |- | samarim || samarim || — || samaryo |- | sange || — || [sanxə] || awit / kanta |- | sangte || — || — || umaawit / kumakanta |- | seaborgim || seaborgim || — || seaborgyo |- | seen || — || — || nakita |- | seen || sán || — || sampu |- | seena || — || — || ikasampu / pansampu |- | seit || syt || — || pito |- | seita || — || — || ikapito / pampito |- | selen || selen || — || selenyo |- | sente || — || — || parirala |- | side || — || — || sayt / pook-sapot |- | sider || — || — || sayt / pook-sapot |- | sigtaal / sigtäel || sigtáel || — || manood / tumingin |- | sij || — || — || siya (babae) |- | sijsä || — || — || sila (pambabae) |- | sink || sink || — || sink |- | sintä || sintá || — || Sukdulan / Pinakatangi |- | Sintä Klaus || — || — || Santa Klaus |- | sirim || sirim || — || seryo |- | sirkon || sirkon || — || sirkonyo |- | sisim || sisim || — || sesyo |- | skandim || skandim || — || iskandyo |- | skhä || — || [ʃka] || wika |- | skhäen || — || [ʃɡə] || mga wika |- | skoen || — || [skuːn] || sapatos |- | skoenen || — || [skuːnə] || mga sapatos |- | skomorgnäm || — || — || bukas |- | skooli || — || — || paaralan |- | skulesen || — || — || dapat (maramihan) |- | slæksøn || — || — || masama (maramihan) |- | spejen || — || [spejə] || mga salamin |- | spreijked || — || — || nagsasalita |- | spreijktä || — || — || nagsasalita (panlalaki) |- | spøj || — || [spøj] || salamin |- | staandæt || — || — || pamantayan / istandard |- | Staandætutijma || — || — || Pamantayang Oras |- | stila || — || — || tahimik |- | stopaal || — || — || tumigil / huminto |- | stovning || — || — || surian / instituto |- | strontim || strontim || — || istronsyo |- | ståmulstømaal || — || [ˈstoːmulstømaːl] || manabik / pumukaw / humalina |- | ståmulstømæn || — || — || kapana-panabik / nakapupukaw |- | surøvni || suryfni || — || oksiheno |- | svemreet || — || — || lumalangoy |- | Sverije || — || — || Suwesya |- | svæv || kárygpuim || — || asupre |- | sød || — || — || mula noong / simula |- | sød na || — || — || simula noong / magmula |- | søg || — || — || maghanap / paghahanap |- | søgall || — || — || maghanap |- | søgoa! || — || — || maghanap ka! |- | søk || — || — || lawa |- | sømvis || sýmfis || — || budhi / konsensiya |- | søn'skaulseen || sýn'skaulseen || — || dapat sana (maramihan) |- | søs || sýs || — || anim |- | søsa || — || — || ikaanim / pang-anim |- | sämeseen || sámeseen || — || pareho / magkatulad (maramihan) |- | Söhnädagiumøn || — || — || tuwing Linggo |- | t'hävøtig || — || — || magkakaroon |- | t'hävøton || — || — || nagkaroon |- | t'hävøtut || — || — || mayroon / nagkaroon |- | t'västät || — || — || maghugas sa sarili |- | t'västätig || — || — || maghuhugas sa sarili |- | t'västäton || — || — || naghugas sa sarili |- | t'västätut || — || — || nakapaghugas na sa sarili |- | t'västätør || — || — || naghuhugas sa sarili |- | tallim || tallim || — || talyo |- | taløn || — || — || mga numero / mga bilang |- | tantalum || tantalum || — || tantalo |- | teel || — || — || hanggang |- | teillurim || teillurim || — || teluryo |- | terbim || terbim || — || terbyo |- | tijv || tyf || — || panlima / ikalima |- | tijva || — || — || panlima / ikalima |- | tin || tin || — || lata / tin |- | titanim || titanim || — || titanyo |- | tuulim || tuulim || — || tulyo |- | tuuskä || — || [tuːsk] || bakalaw (isda) |- | tæknitim || túknitim || — || teknesyo |- | um || um || — || sa / patungo sa |- | unskiud || — || — || paumanhin / patawad |- | ununoctium || ununoctium || — || oganeson |- | ununpentium || ununpentium || — || moskobyo |- | ununseptium || ununseptium || — || tenesino |- | ununtrium || ununtrium || — || nihonyo |- | uraanim || uraanim || — || uranyo |- | utijmä || — || — || oras / panahon |- | vaarlaa || — || — || pumunta / humayo |- | vaarnia || — || — || nakaalis na / nawala |- | Vaijskä || Fáyská / Fayská || — || Fyksland |- | Vaijskär || Fáyskár || — || Fyksian (mamamayan / pang-uri) |- | Vaijskäskhä || — || — || wikang Fyksian |- | Vaijskäskhäl || — || — || sa Fyksian |- | Velkomen || — || — || maligayang pagdating |- | Velkominoe || Felkominoe || — || malugod kang tinatanggap |- | verde || — || — || daigdig / mundo |- | vesegisien || — || — || mga panauhin / mga bisita |- | vigtigæn || figtigún || — || mahalaga |- | Vinlant || — || — || Pinlandiya |- | virdig || firdig || — || dignidad / karangalan |- | vitvanlig || vitfanlig || — || pambihira |- | vluor || fluor || — || plurina |- | vonnä || — || — || pag-asa |- | vorande || — || — || pagbabago |- | vosvå || fosfi || — || posporo |- | vrankim || frankim || — || pransyo |- | vrijsøn || vrysýn || — || nagpapalaya |- | vrim || — || — || sigla |- | vrimlug || — || — || walang sigla / matamlay |- | vrimlugling || — || — || nang walang sigla |- | vrimskä || — || — || masigla |- | vrimskäaþ || — || — || pinakamasigla |- | vrimskäling || — || — || nang masigla |- | vrimskälingaþ || — || — || nang pinakamasigla |- | vrimskälingur || — || — || nang mas masigla |- | vrimskäur || — || — || mas masigla |- | vrimvå || — || — || lipos ng sigla |- | vrimvåling || — || — || nang buong sigla |- | vrimö || — || — || magpasigla |- | vrimögølskä || — || — || nakapagpapasigla |- | vrimögølskäaþ || — || — || pinakanakapagpapasigla |- | vrimögølskäling || — || — || sa paraang nakapagpapasigla |- | vrimögølskälingaþ || — || — || sa pinakanakapagpapasiglang paraan |- | vrimögølskälingur || — || — || sa higit na nakapagpapasiglang paraan |- | vrimögølskäur || — || — || higit na nakapagpapasigla |- | vråke || — || [vroːkə] || amerikana / kapote |- | Væriskøn || — || — || Kapuluang Faro |- | Vølkomosinki || Fýlkomosinki || — || maligayang pagdating |- | vør || — || — || kami / tayo, ako |- | vå || ví || — || apat |- | våa || — || — || ikaapat / pang-apat |- | våleneet || — || — || bumabagsak sila / nahuhulog sila |- | vånuut || fornot || — || katwiran / talino |- | vänadim || vánadim || — || banadyo |- | västäel || — || — || maghugas / maglinis |- | västäon || — || — || hinugasan / nahugasan |- | västør || — || — || naghuhugas |- | vörveentenen || fónfantenen || — || umasa / maghintay |- | Webe || — || — || web / sapot |- | xenon || xenon || — || senon |- | ytterbim || ytterbim || — || iterbyo |- | yttrim || yttrim || — || itryo |- | þi || — || — || iyon / yaon |- | þjilde || — || [bjild] || larawan |- | þjildeiden || — || — || mga larawan |- | þjolaa || — || — || maisilang / ipanganak |- | þjoninøs || fjoninýs || — || mga kapanganakan |- | þorim || dorim || — || toryo |- | þöson || — || [θoˈson] || isda |- | æposit || — || — || presentasyon / pagtatanghal |- | øj || — || [øj] || mata |- | ørlaa || — || — || maging |- | ørno || — || — || naging |- | ørän || — || — || ako ay / ay (panlalaki) |- | ørät || — || — || ay (panlalaki) |- | Ålant || — || — || Kapuluang Åland |- | åv || ív || — || walo |- | åva || — || — || ikawalo / pangwalo |- | övrimskä || — || — || hindi masigla |- | övrimö || — || — || mag-alis ng sigla |} == Halimbawa == Ito ay isang halimbawa ng salin ng Artikulo 1 ng Pangkalahatang Pagpapahayag ng Karapatang Pantao. {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Fyksian ! Ikstic / Isfjordic ! Tagalog |- | Alsøn määnien þjoninøs vrijsøn i sämeseen op virdigøm i ræktäemen. Gævtisønin mød vånuutku i sømvisku, i søn'skaulseen hveranerran im prerheide ådil häntäel. | Alsýn máánien fjoninýs vrysýn i sámeseen op firdigým i rúktáemen. Gúftisýnin mýd fornotku i sýmfisku, i sýn'skaulseen hveranerran im prerheide ídil hántául. | Ang lahat ng tao'y isinilang na malaya at pantay-pantay sa karangalan at mga karapatan. Sila'y pinagkalooban ng katwiran at budhi at dapat magpalagayan ang isa't isa sa diwa ng pagkakapatiran. |} itm9mcd0lv9a0yp6j63k4njx2vr7a1b 2237854 2237804 2026-10-29T10:08:10Z Vaijskaskha (Fyksian) 167555 Nilipat ni Vaijskaskha (Fyksian) ang pahinang [[Wikang Fyksian]] sa [[Fyksian]] mula sa redirect 2237804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox wika | name = Fyksian | nativename = Vaijskäskhä | creator = James Wong | created = 1996 | script = Alpabetong Latin | dialect = Ikstic (dating ''Isfjordic'') }} Ang '''Fyksian''' (Fyksian: ''Vaijskäskhä'') ay isang [[proyektong wikang gawa-gawa]] (''constructed language'' o ''conlang'') na sinimulan ni James Wong, ang manlilikha ng kathang-isip na bansa na Fyksland, noong 1996. Ito ay nabuo batay sa isang alternatibong kasaysayan ng daigdig kung saan umiiral ang kathang-isip na islang-bansa ng Fyksland. Dahil sa heograpiya at kasaysayan ng Fyksland, ang bokabularyo ng Fyksian ay labis na naimpluwensiyahan ng mga wikang [[Mga wikang Hermaniko|Hermaniko]] at [[Mga wikang Keltiko|Keltiko]], bagamat hindi ito tuwirang may kaugnayang etimolohiko sa alinmang umiiral na likas na wika. Bilang isang wikang nakabukod (''isolated''), nagtataglay ang balarila nito ng mga katangiang hawig sa [[Wikang Pinlandes|Pinlandes]] (tulad ng masalimuot na sistema ng kaso) at [[Wikang Tsino|Tsino]] (tulad ng partikular na pagtatangi ng mga panghalip). Ang Fyksian ay isang wikang aglutinatibo na kinatatangian ng napaka-regular na balangkas ng balarila na sistematikong binabago ng isang ponetikong proseso na tinatawag na ''gradasyon'' (''gradation''). Hindi tulad ng maraming wikang Indo-Europeo, walang pambalarilang kasarian (''grammatical gender'') ang mga pangngalan sa Fyksian. Ang mga bahagi ng pananalita ay madaling napapalitan gamit ang mga karaniwang hulapi, at ang mga kaso ng pangngalan ay maaaring magkapatong-patong sa pamamagitan ng prosesong tinatawag na ''suffixaufnahme''. May isang diyalekto ang Fyksian na tinatawag na '''Ikstic''' (dating tinawag na ''Isfjordic'' hanggang noong 18 Pebrero 2008) na nilikha rin ni James Wong noong 2002. Dahil hindi gaanong nadodokumento ang Ikstic kumpara sa Karaniwang Fyksian, iminumungkahi ang transliterasyon para dito. == Ortograpiya == Naglalaman ang alpabeto ng Fyksian ng 24 na titik, kung saan 18 dito ay karaniwang titik sa alpabetong Latin. Ayon sa manlilikhang si James Wong: {{quote|"Noong kasibulan nito, ibinatay ang Fyksian sa Pinlandes, kabilang na ang alpabeto nito."}} Ang ilang titik na wala sa opisyal na alpabeto ay lumilitaw lamang sa mga salitang hiram. === Kasalukuyang Ayos ng Alpabeto === Mula noong 7 Mayo 2013, ang opisyal na pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga titik ay: :'''A, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, Þ, Æ, Ø, Å, Ä, Ö''' === Nakaraang Ayos ng Alpabeto === Mula noong Abril 2004 hanggang 7 Mayo 2013, ang dating ayos ay: :'''A, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, Æ, Å, Ä, Ö, Ø, Þ''' == Balarila == === Pagbubuo ng Salita at Deribasyon === Maaaring ilipat ang mga salita sa iba't ibang bahagi ng pananalita gamit ang mga tiyak na panlapi: * '''Pangngalan patungong Pang-uri:''' Idinurugtong ang hulaping ''-sk'' sa ugat ng pangngalan (hal., ang pangngalang ''vrim'' "sigla" ay nagiging pang-uring ''vrimskä'' "masigla"). * '''Pang-uri patungong Pangngalan:''' Idinurugtong ang hulaping ''-heid'' sa pang-uri (hal., ang pang-uring ''däp'' "malungkot" ay nagiging pangngalang ''däþeid'' "kalungkutan"). * '''Pang-abay mula sa Pang-uri:''' Idinurugtong ang hulaping ''-ling'' sa ugat ng pang-uri (hal., ang ''vrimskä'' ay nagiging pang-abay na ''vrimskäling'' "nang buong sigla", at ang ''däp'' ay nagiging ''däpling'' "nang may kalungkutan"). * '''Pandiwa mula sa Pangngalan/Pang-uri:''' Idinurugtong ang hulaping ''-ö'' sa ugat (hal., mula sa ''vrim'' ay mabubuo ang pandiwang ''vrimö'' "magpasigla", at mula sa ''däp'' ay ''däpö'' "magpalungkot"). * '''Pang-uri mula sa Pawatas/Gerundio:''' Idinurugtong ang hulaping ''-gølskä'' (hal., mula sa pandiwang ''vrimö'' ay nagiging ''vrimögølskä'' "nakapagpapasigla"). * '''Paghahambing (Pahambing / Comparative):''' Idinurugtong ang hulaping ''-ur'' sa pang-uri o pang-abay (hal., ''vrimskäur'' "mas masigla" at ''vrimskälingur'' "nang mas masigla"). * '''Pasukdol (Superlative):''' Idinurugtong ang hulaping ''-aþ'' sa pang-uri o pang-abay (hal., ''vrimskäaþ'' "pinakamasigla" at ''vrimskälingaþ'' "nang pinakamasigla"). * '''Pagtanggi / Negatibo:''' Idinurugtong ang unlaping ''ö-'' sa mga pang-uri, pang-abay, o pandiwa (hal., ''övrimskä'' "di-masigla" at ''övrimö'' "alisan ng sigla"). * '''Hulaping -vå:''' Nangangahulugang "puno ng" (hal., ''vrimvå'' "puno ng sigla"). * '''Hulaping -lug:''' Nangangahulugang "kapos sa" o "walang" (hal., ''vrimlug'' "walang-sigla"). === Mga Kaso ng Pangngalan at Deklinasyon === Nagtataglay ang Fyksian ng 19 na regular na kaso ng pangngalan. Regular ang deklinasyon maliban sa mga pagbabagong dulot ng gradasyon. Ang panlaping pmarami na ''-en'' ay laging inilalagay sa pinakadulo ng lahat ng panlaping pangkaso. Sa pamamagitan ng ''suffixaufnahme'', maaaring magkakasunod na ikabit ang maramihang panlapi ng kaso sa anyong nominatibo. Ang pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga hulapi mula una hanggang huli ay: # Akusatibo / Datibo # Partitibo # Henitibo # Lokasyon (Locative) # Gamit (Functional) # Panahon (Temporal) # Bilang (Kailanan/Number) {| class="wikitable" ! Kaso !! Gamit at Kahulugan !! Pagbubuo !! Halimbawa |- | '''Nominatibo''' || Tiyak na simuno (ang salitang-ugat) || — || ''plaum'' ("ang bulaklak") |- | '''Akusatibo''' || Tuwirang layon || Pag-uulit ng huling patinig o katinig ng ugat || ''plaummä'' |- | '''Datibo''' || Di-tuwirang layon || Pag-uulit ng unang patinig o katinig ng ugat || ''plaumpä'' |- | '''Partitibo''' || Di-tiyak, alinman, o bahagi ng pangngalan || Pagdaragdag ng ''-i'' sa nominatibo || ''plaumi'' ("isang bulaklak") |- | '''Henitibo''' || Pagmamay-ari || Pagdaragdag ng ''-e'' (kung nagtatapos sa katinig) o ''-r'' (kung patinig) || ''plaume'' ("ng bulaklak") |- | '''Ilatibo''' || Paggalaw papasok sa loob || Pagdaragdag ng ''-de'' (kasabay ng anyong datibo) || ''huisde'' / ''huishde'' ("papasok sa bahay") |- | '''Elatibo''' || Paggalaw palabas || Pagdaragdag ng ''-uit'' || ''huisuit'' ("palabas ng bahay") |- | '''Inesibo''' || Pananatili sa loob || Pagdaragdag ng ''-r'' sa anyong partitibo || ''huisir'' ("nasa loob ng bahay") |- | '''Adesibo''' || Nasa paligid, ibabaw, tabi, o pagitan || Pagdaragdag ng ''-m'' o ''-i'' sa henitibo (nagiging ''-em'' o ''-ri'') || ''huisøm'' ("malapit sa bahay") |- | '''Alatibo''' || Paggalaw patungo sa / paakyat || Pagdaragdag ng ''-an'' (kasabay ng datibo) || ''huishan'' ("patungo sa bahay") |- | '''Ablatibo''' || Paggalaw palayo mula sa || Pagdaragdag ng ''-na'' || ''huisna'' ("mula sa bahay") |- | '''Komitatibo''' || Kasama ang || Pagdaragdag ng ''-ku'' || ''huisku'' ("kasama ang bahay") |- | '''Abesibo''' || Wala / kapos sa || Pagdaragdag ng ''-ki'' (kasabay ng partitibo) || ''plaumikien'' ("nang walang mga bulaklak") |- | '''Instrumental''' || Sa pamamagitan ng || Pagdaragdag ng ''-l'' o ''-lä'' || ''plaumlä'' ("sa pamamagitan ng bulaklak") |- | '''Kawsatibo''' || Dahil sa / para sa || Pagdaragdag ng ''-or'' o ''-å'' || ''huisor'' ("dahil sa bahay") |- | '''Esibo''' || Sa tiyak na araw, kalagayan, o panahon || Pagdaragdag ng ''-um'' || ''Söhnädagiumøn'' ("tuwing mga Linggo") |- | '''Translatibo''' || Pagiging o pagbabagong-anyo tungo sa || Pagdaragdag ng ''-am'' (kasabay ng partitibo) || ''huisiam'' ("naging isang bahay") |- | '''Temporal''' || Sa panahon ng, habang, o sa loob ng || Pagdaragdag ng ''-is'' || ''nöloigis'' ("tuwing Pasko") |- | '''Terminatibo''' || Hanggang sa || Pagdaragdag ng ''-ur'' || ''nöloigur'' ("hanggang Pasko") |} === Ang Sistema ng Gradasyon === Ang gradasyon ay isang 8-hakbang na proseso ng pagbabagong-tunog na ipinapataw sa pagdedeklina ng kaso, pagbabanghay ng pandiwa, at pagbubuo ng tambalang salita. Kapag naisaaktibo ang mga Hakbang 4 hanggang 6, itinuturing na di-regular (''irregular'') ang gradasyon: * '''Hakbang 0:''' Lahat ng titik ''ø'' ay nagiging ''e'' bago ang gradasyon. Anumang titik ''ä'' sa dulo na hindi bahagi ng ugat ng salita ay tinatanggal. * '''Hakbang 1:''' Ang tambalang patinig na ''ae'' ay nagiging ''æ''. Ang kumpol ng katinig na ''vh'' ay nagiging ''þ''. Ang pagkakasunod na ''or'' ay nagiging ''å'' kapag ang ''o'' ay hindi pinangungunahan ng isa pang patinig. * '''Hakbang 2:''' Idinaragdag ang titik ''ä'' sa dulo ng salita kung ito ay nagtatapos sa dalawa o higit pang katinig. * '''Hakbang 3:''' Kung ang salita ay nagtatapos sa saradong patinig, ang mga payak at walang-diin na patinig na ''a'' o ''o'' sa unang pantig ay nagiging ''ä'' at ''ö''. Sa kabilang banda, kung nagtatapos sa patinig ang salita, ang ''ä'' o ''ö'' sa unang pantig ay nagiging may-diin na ''a'' at ''o''. * '''Hakbang 4:''' Ang tatlong magkakasunod na patinig ay pinapapayak sa pamamagitan ng pagpapaikli at paglilipat ng mga pinahabang (kambal) patinig: ''aa'' &rarr; ''e'', ''ee'' &rarr; ''i'', ''ii'' &rarr; ''o'', ''oo'' &rarr; ''u'', at ''uu'' &rarr; ''a''. Inuulit ang hakbang na ito hanggang wala nang mapapayak na grupo ng patinig. * '''Hakbang 5:''' Kung apat o higit pang patinig ang magkakatabi, isinisingit ang titik ''j'' upang paghiwalayin ang mga ito sa mga pangkat ng tig-dadalawa. * '''Hakbang 6:''' May mga natatanging pagbabagong ginagawa sa mga pares ng patinig na hindi diptonggo at sa mga triptonggo. * '''Hakbang 7:''' Ang nag-iisang patinig ay pinapahaba (dinodoble) kung ito ay napapagitnaan ng magkaparehong katinig na parehong nagbubukas at nagsasara sa salita. * '''Hakbang 8:''' Ang bawat isahang titik ''e'' ay nagiging ''ø'' kung may gansal (''odd'') na bilang ng titik ''e'' sa loob ng salita. Nagsisimula ang pagbabagong ito sa unang ''e'' at sa bawat iba pang isahang ''e''. Hindi ito nagaganap kung ang puntiryang ''e'' ay bahagi ng pangkat ng maraming patinig o kung nagtatapos sa ''e'' ang salita. === Pagbabanghay at Sistema ng Pandiwa === Nahahati ang mga pandiwa sa Fyksian sa dalawang uri: '''mahina''' (''weak'') at '''malakas''' (''strong''). Ang mga malakas na pandiwa ay kadalasang nagpapahayag ng paggalaw, pagbabago, o kalagayan. * '''Pantulong na Pandiwa:''' Ginagamit ng mga mahinang pandiwa ang ''häveel'' ("magkaroon") bilang pantulong, samantalang ang mga malakas na pandiwa ay gumagamit ng ''ørlaa'' ("maging"). * '''Pang-ugnay (Copula):''' Ginagamit ang ''pølaa'' para sa mga permanenteng katangian at permanenteng lokasyon; ang ''ørlaa'' naman ay para sa pansamantalang kalagayan, damdamin, posisyon, o bilang pandiwang pantulong. * '''Inbersyon ng Malakas na Pandiwa:''' Upang maibanghay ang malakas na pandiwa, ikinakabit ang regular na hulapi ng mahinang pandiwa ngunit pabaligtad ang pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga titik ng hulapi. Kasama sa pagbabaligtad na ito maging ang mga titik na naitakda ng proseso ng gradasyon. ==== Pangkasalukuyang Pagbabanghay ng Mahinang Pandiwa (''eetaal'' – kumain) ==== * Unang panauhan isahan panlalaki: ''ik eetnä'' * Unang panauhan isahan pambabae: ''ik eetne'' * Ikatlong panauhan isahan panlalaki: ''hij eettä'' * Ikatlong panauhan isahan pambabae: ''sij eette'' * Unang panauhan maramihan panlalaki: ''vør eetnen'' * Unang panauhan maramihan pambabae: ''vør eetneen'' * Ikatlong panauhan maramihan panlalaki: ''hijsä eetten'' * Ikatlong panauhan maramihan pambabae: ''sijsä eetteen'' ==== Pangkasalukuyang Pagbabanghay ng Malakas na Pandiwa (''ørlaa'' – maging) ==== * Unang panauhan isahan panlalaki: ''ik ørän'' * Unang panauhan isahan pambabae: ''ik eren'' * Ikatlong panauhan isahan panlalaki: ''hij ørät'' * Ikatlong panauhan isahan pambabae: ''sij eret'' * Unang panauhan maramihan panlalaki: ''vør ernen'' * Unang panauhan maramihan pambabae: ''vør erneen'' * Ikatlong panauhan maramihan panlalaki: ''hijsä ernet'' * Ikatlong panauhan maramihan pambabae: ''sijsä erneet'' ==== Mga Panahunan ng Pandiwa ==== Ipinapakita sa ibaba gamit ang ikatlong panauhang isahang panlalaki (''hij'') para sa mahinang pandiwang ''eetaal'', at ikatlong panauhang isahang pambabae (''sij'') para sa malakas na pandiwang ''ørlaa'': * '''Pangkasalukuyan (Present):''' ''hij eettä'' ("siya ay kumakain") / ''sij eret'' ("siya ay") * '''Pangkasalukuyang Kasalukuyan (Present Progressive):''' ''hij eetter'' / ''sij erreet'' * '''Pangnagdaan (Past):''' ''hij eetton'' ("siya ay kumain") / ''sij ernoet'' ("siya ay naging") * '''Kasalukuyang Perpekto (Past Perfect):''' ''hij eettut'' / ''sij ertuet'' * '''Kaganapang Pangnagdaan (Pluperfect):''' ''hij hävøton eeton'' / ''sij erteon ørno'' * '''Pangnagdaang Di-perpekto (Past Imperfect):''' ''hij hävøton eeter'' / ''sij erteon erre'' * '''Kasalukuyang Perpektong Progresibo:''' ''hij hävøtut eeter'' / ''sij erteut erre'' * '''Pangnagdaang Perpektong Progresibo:''' ''hij hävøtut häveon eeter'' / ''sij erteut häveon erre'' * '''Panghinaharap (Future):''' ''hij eettig'' ("siya ay kakain") / ''sij ergiet'' ("siya ay magiging") * '''Panghinaharap na Perpekto:''' ''hij hävøtig eeton'' / ''sij erteig ørno'' * '''Panghinaharap na Progresibo:''' ''hij hävøtig eeter'' / ''sij erteig erre'' ==== Mga Anyong Tinig ==== * '''Tinig Balintiyak (Passive Voice):''' Nabubuo sa pamamagitan ng hulaping ''-in'' (hal., ''hij eettin'' "siya ay kinakain", ''hij eetterin'' "siya ay kasalukuyang kinakain"). * '''Gitnang Tinig (Middle Voice):''' Nagpapahiwatig ng kilos na repleksibo (sa sarili). Nabubuo sa pamamagitan ng unlaping ''t'-'' (o ''te'-'' / ''tøn'-'') (hal., ''hij t'västät'' "pinaliliguan niya ang kanyang sarili"). ==== Anyong Pautos (Imperative) ==== Ang anyong pautos ay nasa ikalawang panauhan para sa mga utos o tagubilin. Nabubuo ito sa pamamagitan ng pagsingit ng titik ''o'' pagkatapos ng ugat ng pandiwa at bago ang partikulong pangkasarian-kapanahunan: * Isahang panlalaki: ''eeton'' * Isahang pambabae: ''eetone'' * Maramihang panlalaki: ''eetonen'' * Maramihang pambabae: ''eetoneen'' === Notasyon ng Petsa at Oras === Sumusunod ang pagsusulat ng petsa sa Fyksian sa ayos na '''Araw-Buwan-Taon (DMY)'''. Sa pamantayang pasulat na Fyksian, ang araw ay laging isinusulat bilang bilang na ordinal gamit ang hulaping ''-a'' na tuwirang ikinakabit sa mga tambilang, at hinihiwalay sa taon sa pamamagitan ng kuwit: :Halimbawa: '''5a Hutieku, 2002''' Gumagamit din ang wika ng pormat na 24-oras para sa pasulat at pang-araw-araw na notasyon ng oras. === Ayos ng Pangngalan at Pantukoy ng Dami (Quantifier) === Sa mga pariralang pangngalan ng Fyksian, ang lahat ng pantukoy ng dami (''quantifiers'') ay kailangang ilagay '''PAGKATAPOS''' ng pangngalan at ng mga hulapi nitong pangkaso o pangmarami: :[Pangngalan + Panlaping Pangkaso/Pangmarami] + [Pantukoy ng Dami] * ''Mali (Nauna ang pantukoy):'' ''alsøn ræktäinøn'' * ''Tama (Nakahuli ang pantukoy):'' ''ræktäinøn alæn'' Mga Tuntunin sa Paggamit ng "Lahat": * '''alæn:''' Karaniwang pamuno pagkatapos ng maramihang pangngalan ("lahat ng mga [pangngalan]"). * '''alsøn:''' Ginagamit lamang bilang independiyente at nakatayong neutral na panghalip ("silang lahat" / "bawat isa" nang walang kasamang binabagong pangngalan). Halimbawang Pangungusap: :''Kopiveuræktä. Ræktäinøn alæn røkæpænin.'' :(Literal: Karapatang-ari. Mga karapatan lahat nakalaan.) :("Karapatang-ari. Nakalaan ang lahat ng karapatan.") === Tambalang Pang-ukol sa Panahon === Kapag ang ''sød'' ("mula noong") at ''na'' ("mula") ay pinagsama bilang tambalang pang-ukol na '''sød na''' ("simula noong / magmula"), tahasan nitong ipinapahayag ang isang nagpapatuloy na kalagayan, pangyayari, o tuloy-tuloy na pagbibilang na nagsimula sa isang tiyak na punto ng nakaraang panahon. == Talasalitaan == Nasa ibaba ang listahan ng mga salita sa Karaniwang Fyksian, kalakip ang anyo nito sa diyalektong Ikstic (Isfjordic) kung mayroon, kasama ang pagbigkas sa [[Pandaigdigang Ponetikong Alpabeto]] (IPA) at ang kahulugan nito sa Tagalog: {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Fyksian !! Ikstic / Isfjordic !! IPA !! Kahulugan (Tagalog) |- | a || — || — || ito |- | aasn || aasn || — || arseniko |- | ad || — || — || espiritu, kal、uwala |- | adile || ídil || — || ukol sa espiritu / espirituwal |- | airg || yrg || — || pilak |- | aisisøn || — || [aisisø] || mga mananayaw |- | aisøt || — || — || sumasayaw |- | aktim || aktim || — || aktinyo |- | aktimiden || aktimiden || — || mga aktinido |- | al || — || — || lahat |- | alsøn || alsýn || — || lahat (panghalip na maramihan) |- | alum || alum || — || aluminyo |- | alþigkvøvnana || — || — || Punong Ministro (pambabae) |- | alþigman || — || — || Punong Ministro (panlalaki) |- | alþigupaartä || — || — || kawanihan / ministeryo |- | alþigupaartäen || — || — || mga kawanihan / mga ministeryo |- | alæn || — || — || lahat (panuring) |- | amerikim || amærikim || — || amerisyo |- | an || — || — || sa / patungo sa |- | Angtia || — || — || Inglatera |- | Angtiaskhä || — || — || wikang Ingles |- | Angtiaskhäl || — || — || sa Ingles |- | antimon || antimon || — || antimonyo |- | aoropim || aoropim || — || ewropyo |- | argon || argon || — || argon |- | arpänia || — || — || puno (partitibo) |- | astat || astat || — || astato |- | Auropaa || — || — || Europa |- | autoi || — || — || kotse / sasakyan (partitibo) |- | autoo || — || — || kotse / sasakyan |- | avesen || afesen || — || nakapapansin / napapansin |- | avøgläa || — || — || bulag |- | barim || barim || — || baryo |- | berkelim || berkelim || — || berkelyo |- | beryllim || beryllim || — || berilyo |- | bohrim || bohrim || — || bohryo |- | brom || brom || — || bromo |- | californium || californim || — || kalipornyo |- | curim || curim || — || kuryo |- | dage || — || — || ng araw |- | darmstadtim || darmstadtim || — || darmstadyo |- | dubnim || dubnim || — || dubnyo |- | dui || — || — || ito |- | dvo || dvo || — || dalawa |- | dvoa || — || — || ikalawa / pangalawa |- | dysprosim || dysprosim || — || disprosyo |- | däg || — || — || araw / kumusta |- | Dänmark || — || — || Dinamarka |- | däp || — || — || malungkot |- | däpling || — || — || nang may kalungkutan / malungkot |- | däpö || — || — || magpalungkot |- | däpögølskä || — || — || nakalulungkot |- | däþeid || — || — || kalungkutan |- | e || — || — || ito |- | eetaal || — || — || kumain |- | eetne || — || — || kumakain ako (pambabae) |- | eetneen || — || — || kumakain kami/tayo (pambabae) |- | eetnen || — || — || kumakain kami/tayo (panlalaki) |- | eetnä || — || — || kumakain ako (panlalaki) |- | eeton || — || — || kumain / kinain |- | eetone || — || — || kumain ka! (pambabae) |- | eetoneen || — || — || kumain kayo! (pambabae) |- | eetonen || — || — || kumain kayo! (panlalaki) |- | eetonin || — || — || kinain |- | eette || — || — || kumakain (pambabae) |- | eetteen || — || — || kumakain sila (pambabae) |- | eetten || — || — || kumakain sila (panlalaki) |- | eetter || — || — || kumakain |- | eetterin || — || — || kinakain |- | eetterinka-hij? || — || — || kinakain ba siya? |- | eetterka || — || — || kumakain ba (siya)? |- | eettig || — || — || kakain |- | eettigin || — || — || kakainin |- | eettigki || — || — || kakain (subhuntibo) |- | eettin || — || — || kinakain |- | eettonki || — || — || kumain (subhuntibo) |- | eettut || — || — || kumain na |- | eettutin || — || — || kinain na |- | eettutinki || — || — || kinain na (subhuntibo) |- | eettä || — || — || kumakain |- | eettäka || — || — || kumakain ba (siya)? |- | eettäka-hij? || — || — || kumakain ba siya? |- | ein || yn || — || isa |- | eina || — || — || isang, una |- | einhen || — || — || unyon / pagkakaisa |- | Einhen Auropaa || — || — || Unyong Europeo |- | einoina || — || — || magkasama / pinagsama |- | einsteinium || einsteinim || — || einsteinyo |- | ejen || — || [ejə] || mga mata |- | erbim || erbim || — || erbyo |- | eren || — || — || ako ay / ay (pambabae) |- | ergiet || — || — || magiging (pambabae) |- | erneen || — || — || kami/tayo ay (pambabae) |- | erneet || — || — || sila ay (pambabae) |- | ernen || — || — || kami/tayo ay (panlalaki) |- | ernet || — || — || sila ay (panlalaki) |- | ernoet || — || — || noon ay / naging (pambabae) |- | erre || — || — || pagiging |- | erreet || — || — || nagiging (pambabae) |- | erteig || — || — || magkakaroon |- | erteon || — || — || nagkaroon / naging |- | erteut || — || — || naging |- | ertuet || — || — || naging (pambabae) |- | fermim || fermim || — || permyo |- | flerovim || flerovim || — || plerobyo |- | gaanlaa || — || — || pumunta / magpunta |- | gaanto || — || — || pumunta kayo / humayo kayo |- | gaarvenklije || — || — || pamahalaan / gobyerno |- | gadolinim || gadolinim || — || gadolinyo |- | givøto || — || — || magbigay! / ibigay! |- | gjømanim || gjýmanim || — || hermanyo |- | gløjmos || — || — || masaya / maligaya |- | goed || — || — || mabuti / maganda |- | goeda || — || — || masaya / mabuti |- | goedstea || — || — || pinakamahusay / pinakamabuti (makaluma) |- | goedte || — || — || mabuti (pambabae) |- | goedtä || — || — || mabuti (panlalaki) |- | goedur || goedur || — || mas mabuti / pinakamabuti |- | graagnä || — || — || magustuhan / masiyahan |- | graagte || — || — || nagugustuhan / nasisiyahan |- | groena || — || — || berde / luntian |- | gævti || — || — || magkaloob / biyayaan |- | gævtisønin || gúftisýnin || — || pinagkalooban |- | gällim || gállim || — || galyo |- | haarsør || — || — || ng kanyang sarili / sarili niya |- | hantäel / häntäel || hántául || — || makitungo / tratuhin |- | hassim || hássim || — || hasyo |- | haud || — || — || magustuhan / mahalin |- | heel || — || — || napaka- / lubha |- | helim || helim || — || helyo |- | herteerinki || — || — || narinig |- | hier || — || — || dito |- | hij || — || — || siya (lalaki) |- | hijsä || — || — || sila (panlalaki) |- | hjemen || — || [hjemə] || mga tahanan |- | hjøm || — || [hjøm] || tahanan |- | huignon || — || — || nag-isip / inisip |- | huignut || — || — || nakapag-isip na |- | huignä || — || — || mag-isip |- | huigør || — || — || nag-iisip |- | huis || — || — || bahay |- | huisde || — || — || papasok sa bahay |- | huishan || — || — || patungo sa bahay |- | huishde || — || — || papasok sa bahay |- | huisiam || — || — || patungo sa pagiging bahay |- | huisir || — || — || nasa loob ng bahay |- | huisku || — || — || kasama ang bahay |- | huisna || — || — || mula sa bahay |- | huisor || — || — || dahil sa bahay |- | huisuit || — || — || palabas sa bahay |- | huisøm || — || — || malapit sa bahay |- | Hutieku || — || — || Abril |- | hvam || birn || — || boro |- | hvassevni || hvasývni || — || hidroheno |- | hveraner || — || — || bawat isa / isa't isa |- | hveranerran || hveranerran || — || sa isa't isa |- | hvildenak || — || — || kapasiyahan / resolusyon |- | hvildønil || hfildýnil || — || kapasiyahan / resolusyon |- | hvismut || bismut || — || bismuto |- | hvolvram || hvolfram || — || tungsten |- | hølmim || hölmim || — || holmyo |- | hørvigtä || — || — || mga dukado |- | høtæn || — || — || mainit / sikat / tanyag |- | häveel || — || — || magkaroon |- | häveon || — || — || nagkaroon |- | hävnim || háfnim || — || hapnyo |- | hävnäk || — || — || dalampasigan / baybay-dagat |- | hävønon || — || — || noon ay / naging |- | hävøtig || — || — || magkakaroon |- | hävøtigin || — || — || magkakaroon na / magiging |- | hävøton || — || — || magkaroon |- | hävøtonki || — || — || nagkaroon (subhuntibo) |- | hävøtut || — || — || mayroon / nagkaroon |- | hävøtutka || — || — || mayroon ba? |- | höpeel || hópal || — || lumaktaw / lumukso |- | i || i || — || at / sa |- | ik || — || — || ako |- | ike || — || — || aking / akin |- | Iksfjordskhä || Iksfjorskhá || — || wikang Isfjordic |- | Ikstiskhä || Ikstiskhá || — || wikang Ikstic |- | im || im || — || sa / sa loob |- | indim || indim || — || indyo |- | Internetkä || — || — || sa Internet |- | iod || iod || — || yodo |- | iridim || iridim || — || iridyo |- | Iskti || — || — || Lupangyelo (Iceland) |- | jaake || — || — || dyaket |- | Jaakot || — || — || Jacob |- | jen || jyn || — || bakal |- | kaantori || — || — || kawanihan / tanggapan |- | kaantoria || kuntoria || — || lagusan / portal |- | karaigpuim || klor || — || kloro |- | Kemevniukæv || Kemefniukúf || — || talahanayang peryodiko |- | kiesel || kiesel || — || silikon |- | kirka || — || — || simbahan |- | kllsaavklljer || — || — || impormasyon / kabatiran |- | kohnäa || — || — || makahari / maharlika |- | kohnäkijke || — || — || monarkiya, kaharian |- | kokoa || — || [ˈkoko.a] || tsokolate |- | kolsä || — || [kols] || kastilyo |- | kopiveuræktä || — || — || karapatang-ari |- | krom || krom || — || kromyo |- | krypton || krypton || — || kripton |- | kunsti || — || [kunsti] || sining |- | kunstiuslese || — || — || likhang-sining |- | kupar || kupar || — || tanso |- | kuusør || — || — || humahalik / naghahalikan |- | kvenæn || — || [kwenæn] || mga kababaihan / mga babae |- | kvikairg || kvikyrg || — || merkuryo / asoge |- | kvæløvni || kvúlýfni || — || nitroheno |- | kvøna || — || [kwøna] || babae |- | kædmin || kúdmin || — || kadmyo |- | kælsim || külsim || — || kalsyo |- | kälim || kálim || — || potasyo |- | köhl || kóhl || — || karbon |- | köhvolt || kóhvolt || — || kobalt |- | kökoal || — || — || gawa sa tsokolate |- | kölm || kólm || — || tatlo |- | kölma || — || — || ikatlo / pangatlo |- | köpønikim || kópýnikim || — || kopernisyo |- | lantan || lantan || — || lantano |- | lantaniden || lantaniden || — || mga lantanido |- | lawrencim || lawrencim || — || lorensyo |- | lijkä || — || — || kawing / link |- | lijkäen || — || — || mga kawing / mga link |- | liskhiede || — || — || kasaysayan |- | litim || litim || — || lityo |- | livermorim || livermorim || — || libermoryo |- | loegter || — || — || nagdiriwang / nagloloko |- | lornä || — || — || umalis / lumisan |- | lutisim || jutisim || — || lutesyo |- | läänton || — || — || mga bansa |- | löpeel || — || — || tumakbo / tumatakbo |- | löv || — || — || pag-ibig / pagmamahal |- | maa || — || — || ngunit / subalit |- | maaktäina || — || — || ginawa / itinayo |- | magnesim || magnesim || — || magnesyo |- | me || — || — || akin / sa akin |- | meitnerim || meitnerim || — || meitneryo |- | mendelevim || mendelievin || — || mendelebyo |- | miema || — || — || gitna / sentral |- | mina || — || — || akin |- | mit || mit || — || kasama / may |- | moehtren däg || — || — || Araw ng mga Ina |- | molybdon || molybdom || — || molibdeno |- | monda || — || — || daigdig / mundo |- | mød || mýd || — || kasama / may |- | mørkäk || — || — || sa dilim |- | mågan || mágan || — || mangganeso |- | määnien || máánien || — || mga tao / mga kalalakihan |- | Mätlentika || — || — || Atlantiko |- | na || — || — || mula sa |- | nátrim || nátrim || — || sodyo |- | negen || negen || — || siyam |- | negena || — || — || ikasiyam / pang-siyam |- | neodym || neodym || — || neodimyo |- | neon || neon || — || neon |- | nikl || nikl || — || nikel |- | niobim || niobim || — || niobyo |- | Njørdrir || — || — || Njord |- | nobelim || nobelim || — || nobelyo |- | Norije || — || — || Noruwega |- | næptunim || næptunim || — || neptunyo |- | nætugåm || nútugíem || — || sapot / network |- | nør || — || — || hindi |- | Nådene || — || — || Nordiko |- | Nölaig / Nöloig || — || [noˈlaix] || Pasko |- | nöloigis || — || — || tuwing Pasko |- | nöloigur || — || — || hanggang Pasko |- | og || og || — || o |- | oir || oir || — || ginto |- | op || — || — || sa ibabaw / sa / tungkol sa |- | opgaartä || — || — || pagpapanatili |- | orde || — || — || salita |- | ormfarneel || — || — || yumakap |- | osmim || osmim || — || osmyo |- | Paap || — || — || Tatay / Itay / Papa |- | paasi || — || — || pasaporte |- | pea || — || — || ay (pansamantalang kalagayan) |- | platina || platina || — || platino |- | plaum || — || — || bulaklak |- | plaume || — || — || ng bulaklak |- | plaumi || — || — || isang bulaklak / ilang bulaklak |- | plaumikien || — || — || walang mga bulaklak |- | plaumlä || — || — || sa pamamagitan ng bulaklak |- | plaummä || — || — || bulaklak (tuwirang layon) |- | plaumpä || — || — || para sa bulaklak |- | pliu || pliu || — || tingga |- | plutonim || plutonim || — || plutonyo |- | pólonim || pólonim || — || polonyo |- | poste || — || — || paskil |- | postite || — || — || nagpapaskil |- | praseodym || praseodym || — || praseodimyo |- | prerheid || prerheide || — || kapatiran |- | promeþim || promedim || — || prometisyo |- | protaktim || protaktim || — || protaktinyo |- | præstatnøn || prístatýn || — || magtamo / maabot |- | pølaa || — || — || maging (likas na katangian) |- | pøvaig || — || — || magiging |- | pälladim || pálladim || — || paladyo |- | raidim || rydim || — || radyo |- | radon || rydon || — || radon |- | rangua || — || — || mali |- | reijnim || rýynim || — || renyo |- | rhodim || rhodim || — || rodyo |- | ruhvdim || rubidim || — || rubidyo |- | rutherfordim || rutherfordim || — || rutherfordyo |- | ruþanim || rudanim || — || rutenyo |- | ræktä || — || — || karapatan |- | ræktäemen || rúktáemen || — || mga karapatan |- | ræktäinøn || — || — || mga karapatan |- | røkæpænin || — || — || nakalaan / reserbado |- | röntgenim || röntgenim || — || roentgenyo |- | samarim || samarim || — || samaryo |- | sange || — || [sanxə] || awit / kanta |- | sangte || — || — || umaawit / kumakanta |- | seaborgim || seaborgim || — || seaborgyo |- | seen || — || — || nakita |- | seen || sán || — || sampu |- | seena || — || — || ikasampu / pansampu |- | seit || syt || — || pito |- | seita || — || — || ikapito / pampito |- | selen || selen || — || selenyo |- | sente || — || — || parirala |- | side || — || — || sayt / pook-sapot |- | sider || — || — || sayt / pook-sapot |- | sigtaal / sigtäel || sigtáel || — || manood / tumingin |- | sij || — || — || siya (babae) |- | sijsä || — || — || sila (pambabae) |- | sink || sink || — || sink |- | sintä || sintá || — || Sukdulan / Pinakatangi |- | Sintä Klaus || — || — || Santa Klaus |- | sirim || sirim || — || seryo |- | sirkon || sirkon || — || sirkonyo |- | sisim || sisim || — || sesyo |- | skandim || skandim || — || iskandyo |- | skhä || — || [ʃka] || wika |- | skhäen || — || [ʃɡə] || mga wika |- | skoen || — || [skuːn] || sapatos |- | skoenen || — || [skuːnə] || mga sapatos |- | skomorgnäm || — || — || bukas |- | skooli || — || — || paaralan |- | skulesen || — || — || dapat (maramihan) |- | slæksøn || — || — || masama (maramihan) |- | spejen || — || [spejə] || mga salamin |- | spreijked || — || — || nagsasalita |- | spreijktä || — || — || nagsasalita (panlalaki) |- | spøj || — || [spøj] || salamin |- | staandæt || — || — || pamantayan / istandard |- | Staandætutijma || — || — || Pamantayang Oras |- | stila || — || — || tahimik |- | stopaal || — || — || tumigil / huminto |- | stovning || — || — || surian / instituto |- | strontim || strontim || — || istronsyo |- | ståmulstømaal || — || [ˈstoːmulstømaːl] || manabik / pumukaw / humalina |- | ståmulstømæn || — || — || kapana-panabik / nakapupukaw |- | surøvni || suryfni || — || oksiheno |- | svemreet || — || — || lumalangoy |- | Sverije || — || — || Suwesya |- | svæv || kárygpuim || — || asupre |- | sød || — || — || mula noong / simula |- | sød na || — || — || simula noong / magmula |- | søg || — || — || maghanap / paghahanap |- | søgall || — || — || maghanap |- | søgoa! || — || — || maghanap ka! |- | søk || — || — || lawa |- | sømvis || sýmfis || — || budhi / konsensiya |- | søn'skaulseen || sýn'skaulseen || — || dapat sana (maramihan) |- | søs || sýs || — || anim |- | søsa || — || — || ikaanim / pang-anim |- | sämeseen || sámeseen || — || pareho / magkatulad (maramihan) |- | Söhnädagiumøn || — || — || tuwing Linggo |- | t'hävøtig || — || — || magkakaroon |- | t'hävøton || — || — || nagkaroon |- | t'hävøtut || — || — || mayroon / nagkaroon |- | t'västät || — || — || maghugas sa sarili |- | t'västätig || — || — || maghuhugas sa sarili |- | t'västäton || — || — || naghugas sa sarili |- | t'västätut || — || — || nakapaghugas na sa sarili |- | t'västätør || — || — || naghuhugas sa sarili |- | tallim || tallim || — || talyo |- | taløn || — || — || mga numero / mga bilang |- | tantalum || tantalum || — || tantalo |- | teel || — || — || hanggang |- | teillurim || teillurim || — || teluryo |- | terbim || terbim || — || terbyo |- | tijv || tyf || — || panlima / ikalima |- | tijva || — || — || panlima / ikalima |- | tin || tin || — || lata / tin |- | titanim || titanim || — || titanyo |- | tuulim || tuulim || — || tulyo |- | tuuskä || — || [tuːsk] || bakalaw (isda) |- | tæknitim || túknitim || — || teknesyo |- | um || um || — || sa / patungo sa |- | unskiud || — || — || paumanhin / patawad |- | ununoctium || ununoctium || — || oganeson |- | ununpentium || ununpentium || — || moskobyo |- | ununseptium || ununseptium || — || tenesino |- | ununtrium || ununtrium || — || nihonyo |- | uraanim || uraanim || — || uranyo |- | utijmä || — || — || oras / panahon |- | vaarlaa || — || — || pumunta / humayo |- | vaarnia || — || — || nakaalis na / nawala |- | Vaijskä || Fáyská / Fayská || — || Fyksland |- | Vaijskär || Fáyskár || — || Fyksian (mamamayan / pang-uri) |- | Vaijskäskhä || — || — || wikang Fyksian |- | Vaijskäskhäl || — || — || sa Fyksian |- | Velkomen || — || — || maligayang pagdating |- | Velkominoe || Felkominoe || — || malugod kang tinatanggap |- | verde || — || — || daigdig / mundo |- | vesegisien || — || — || mga panauhin / mga bisita |- | vigtigæn || figtigún || — || mahalaga |- | Vinlant || — || — || Pinlandiya |- | virdig || firdig || — || dignidad / karangalan |- | vitvanlig || vitfanlig || — || pambihira |- | vluor || fluor || — || plurina |- | vonnä || — || — || pag-asa |- | vorande || — || — || pagbabago |- | vosvå || fosfi || — || posporo |- | vrankim || frankim || — || pransyo |- | vrijsøn || vrysýn || — || nagpapalaya |- | vrim || — || — || sigla |- | vrimlug || — || — || walang sigla / matamlay |- | vrimlugling || — || — || nang walang sigla |- | vrimskä || — || — || masigla |- | vrimskäaþ || — || — || pinakamasigla |- | vrimskäling || — || — || nang masigla |- | vrimskälingaþ || — || — || nang pinakamasigla |- | vrimskälingur || — || — || nang mas masigla |- | vrimskäur || — || — || mas masigla |- | vrimvå || — || — || lipos ng sigla |- | vrimvåling || — || — || nang buong sigla |- | vrimö || — || — || magpasigla |- | vrimögølskä || — || — || nakapagpapasigla |- | vrimögølskäaþ || — || — || pinakanakapagpapasigla |- | vrimögølskäling || — || — || sa paraang nakapagpapasigla |- | vrimögølskälingaþ || — || — || sa pinakanakapagpapasiglang paraan |- | vrimögølskälingur || — || — || sa higit na nakapagpapasiglang paraan |- | vrimögølskäur || — || — || higit na nakapagpapasigla |- | vråke || — || [vroːkə] || amerikana / kapote |- | Væriskøn || — || — || Kapuluang Faro |- | Vølkomosinki || Fýlkomosinki || — || maligayang pagdating |- | vør || — || — || kami / tayo, ako |- | vå || ví || — || apat |- | våa || — || — || ikaapat / pang-apat |- | våleneet || — || — || bumabagsak sila / nahuhulog sila |- | vånuut || fornot || — || katwiran / talino |- | vänadim || vánadim || — || banadyo |- | västäel || — || — || maghugas / maglinis |- | västäon || — || — || hinugasan / nahugasan |- | västør || — || — || naghuhugas |- | vörveentenen || fónfantenen || — || umasa / maghintay |- | Webe || — || — || web / sapot |- | xenon || xenon || — || senon |- | ytterbim || ytterbim || — || iterbyo |- | yttrim || yttrim || — || itryo |- | þi || — || — || iyon / yaon |- | þjilde || — || [bjild] || larawan |- | þjildeiden || — || — || mga larawan |- | þjolaa || — || — || maisilang / ipanganak |- | þjoninøs || fjoninýs || — || mga kapanganakan |- | þorim || dorim || — || toryo |- | þöson || — || [θoˈson] || isda |- | æposit || — || — || presentasyon / pagtatanghal |- | øj || — || [øj] || mata |- | ørlaa || — || — || maging |- | ørno || — || — || naging |- | ørän || — || — || ako ay / ay (panlalaki) |- | ørät || — || — || ay (panlalaki) |- | Ålant || — || — || Kapuluang Åland |- | åv || ív || — || walo |- | åva || — || — || ikawalo / pangwalo |- | övrimskä || — || — || hindi masigla |- | övrimö || — || — || mag-alis ng sigla |} == Halimbawa == Ito ay isang halimbawa ng salin ng Artikulo 1 ng Pangkalahatang Pagpapahayag ng Karapatang Pantao. {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Fyksian ! Ikstic / Isfjordic ! Tagalog |- | Alsøn määnien þjoninøs vrijsøn i sämeseen op virdigøm i ræktäemen. Gævtisønin mød vånuutku i sømvisku, i søn'skaulseen hveranerran im prerheide ådil häntäel. | Alsýn máánien fjoninýs vrysýn i sámeseen op firdigým i rúktáemen. Gúftisýnin mýd fornotku i sýmfisku, i sýn'skaulseen hveranerran im prerheide ídil hántául. | Ang lahat ng tao'y isinilang na malaya at pantay-pantay sa karangalan at mga karapatan. Sila'y pinagkalooban ng katwiran at budhi at dapat magpalagayan ang isa't isa sa diwa ng pagkakapatiran. |} itm9mcd0lv9a0yp6j63k4njx2vr7a1b 0 338862 2237750 2237225 2026-10-28T12:33:21Z Allyriana000 119761 Bumitiw si Aminath Yuin Mohamed ng Maldibas upang pagtuunan ang kaniyang pag-aaral 2237750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant | date = 24 Nobyembre 2026 | venue = José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum, San Juan, Puerto Rico | broadcaster = {{Hlist|[[Roku]]|[[Telemundo]]|[[TV Azteca]]}} | debuts = {{Hlist|Kolektibidad ng San Martin|Malawi|Republika ng Konggo|Timog Sudan|Uganda}} | returns= {{Hlist|Albanya|Alemanya|Austrya|Hamayka|Hordan|Kamerun|Kenya|Litwanya|Lupangyelo|Maldibas|Maruekos|Mongolya|Montenegro|Réunion|Sierra Leone|Suriname|Tunisya|Usbekistan}} | before = [[Miss Universe 2025|2025]] |withdrawals={{Hlist|Biyetnam|Indonesya|Laos|Malaysia|Singapura|Taylandiya}}}} Ang '''Miss Universe 2026''' ang magiging ika-75 edisyon ng [[Miss Universe]] pageant, na nakatakdang gaganapin sa José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum sa [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]], sa 24 Nobyembre 2026.<ref name=":1" /> Kokoronahan ni [[Fátima Bosch]] ng Mehiko ang kaniyang papalit sa pagtatapos ng kaganapan. Papangunahan ni [[Miss Universe 1993]] Dayanara Torres ang kompetisyon.<ref>{{cite news|title=VIDEO: Dayanara Torres confirma que será parte de Miss Universe 2026 en Puerto Rico|trans-title=VIDEO: Dayanara Torres confirms she will be part of Miss Universe 2026 in Puerto Rico|url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/video-dayanara-torres-confirma-que-ser-la-animadora-de-miss-universe-2026-en-puerto-rico/article_94b5f92c-14ed-487b-9d9b-afbc0bc1842d.html|url-status=live|website=El Vocero|language=es|date=18 Oktubre 2026|access-date=21 Oktubre 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261019052640/https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/video-dayanara-torres-confirma-que-ser-la-animadora-de-miss-universe-2026-en-puerto-rico/article_94b5f92c-14ed-487b-9d9b-afbc0bc1842d.html#google_vignette|archive-date=19 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> == Kaligiran == === Lokasyon at petsa ng kompetisyon === [[Talaksan:Coliseum_of_Puerto_Rico_(03).jpg|thumb|José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum, ang lokasyon ng Miss Universe 2026]] Noong 23 Setyembre 2025, inanunsyo ng [[Miss Universe|Miss Universe Organization]] na gaganapin ang edisyong ito sa Puerto Rico sa ikaapat na pagkakataon, pagkatapos ng [[Miss Universe 1972|1972]], [[Miss Universe 2001|2001]], at [[Miss Universe 2002|2002.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=24 Setyembre 2025 |title=Puerto Rico to host 75th Miss Universe pageant next year |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/630357/puerto-rico-to-host-75th-miss-universe-pageant-next-year |access-date=21 Hulyo 2026 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cosulich |first=Bianca |date=23 Setyembre 2025 |title=Miss Universo en Puerto Rico: lo que debes saber del aniversario 75 |trans-title=Miss Universe in Puerto Rico: What you need to know about the 75th anniversary |url=https://marieclaire.com.mx/miss-universo-2026-puerto-rico/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923204633/https://marieclaire.com.mx/miss-universo-2026-puerto-rico/ |archive-date=23 Setyembre 2025 |access-date=21 Hulyo 2026 |website=Marie Claire |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramos Rosado |first=Víctor |date=23 Setyembre 2025 |title=Miss Universe 2026 se celebrará en Puerto Rico |language=es |trans-title=Miss Universe 2026 will be held in Puerto Rico |work=El Nuevo Día |url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/entretenimiento/farandula/notas/miss-universe-2026-se-celebrara-en-puerto-rico/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928045010/https://www.elnuevodia.com/entretenimiento/farandula/notas/miss-universe-2026-se-celebrara-en-puerto-rico/ |archive-date=28 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> Kinumpirma ni Jennifer González-Colón, ang Gobernador ng Puerto Rico, ang pagpili at inanunsyo na sumang-ayon ang kaniyang administrasyon na maglaan ng kabuuang {{US$|9 million}} sa pampublikong pondo upang pondohan ang pangunguna nito ng kompetisyon, na pangangasiwaan ng Puerto Rico Tourism Company at Discover Puerto Rico.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 Setyembre 2025 |title=Puerto Rico To Host Miss Universe 2026 In A Celebration Of Latino Pride |url=https://belatina.com/puerto-rico-miss-universe-2026-celebration-latino-pride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260307001204/https://belatina.com/puerto-rico-miss-universe-2026-celebration-latino-pride/ |archive-date=7 Marso 2026 |access-date=21 Hulyo 2026 |website=BeLatina |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muchacho |first=Enrique |date=21 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Economic and Tourism opportunity with Miss Universe 2026 |url=https://www.wjournalpr.com/top-stories/economic-and-tourism-opportunity-with-miss-universe-2026/article_45866058-ed3b-4e24-9a40-926a73a8ea9f.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121221746/https://www.wjournalpr.com/top-stories/economic-and-tourism-opportunity-with-miss-universe-2026/article_45866058-ed3b-4e24-9a40-926a73a8ea9f.html |archive-date=21 Nobyembre 2025 |access-date=21 Hulyo 2026 |website=WJournal |language=en}}</ref> Itinalaga ng mga tagapag-ayos ang José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum sa San Juan, Puerto Rico, bilang ang lokasyon ng kompetisyon, na nakatakdang gaganapin sa Nobyembre 2026.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 Setyembre 2025 |title=Miss Universe 2026 se llevará a cabo en Puerto Rico |language=es |trans-title=Miss Universe 2026 will be held in Puerto Rico |website=Metro Puerto Rico |url=https://www.metro.pr/entretenimiento/2025/09/23/miss-universe-2026-se-llevara-a-cabo-en-puerto-rico/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923202932/https://www.metro.pr/entretenimiento/2025/09/23/miss-universe-2026-se-llevara-a-cabo-en-puerto-rico/ |archive-date=23 Setyembre 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Valdez |first=Cynthia |date=23 Setyembre 2025 |title=Miss Universe 2026: Puerto Rico será la sede de la 75a edición del certamen en su aniversario de diamante |trans-title=Miss Universe 2026: Puerto Rico will host the 75th edition of the pageant on its diamond anniversary |url=https://www.hola.com/us-es/celebrities/20250923857526/miss-universe-2026-sede-puerto-rico-75-edicion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923201347/https://www.hola.com/us-es/celebrities/20250923857526/miss-universe-2026-sede-puerto-rico-75-edicion/ |archive-date=23 Setyembre 2025 |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |website=¡Hola! |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=24 Setyembre 2025 |title=Puerto Rico to host 75th Miss Universe pageant next year |language=en |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/630357/puerto-rico-to-host-75th-miss-universe-pageant-next-year |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260517042411/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/630357/puerto-rico-to-host-75th-miss-universe-pageant-next-year |archive-date=17 Mayo 2026}}</ref> Noong 18 Disyembre, ipinatigil ni Willianette Robles Cancel, ang direktor ehekutibo ng Puerto Rico Tourism Company, ang mga pagbabayad nito sa Miss Universe at nanawagan ng isang pagpupulong sa pagitan ng kanilang mga delegasyon upang talakayin ang "ilang nakabinbing isyu at mga bagong kinakailangan para sa pagdaraos ng kompetisyon".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purnell |first=Kristofer |date=12 Disyembre 2025 |title=Puerto Rico gov't halts funds disbursement for Miss Universe 2026 — report |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/business-life/2025/12/12/2493745/puerto-rico-govt-halts-funds-disbursement-miss-universe-2026-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260420032723/https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/business-life/2025/12/12/2493745/puerto-rico-govt-halts-funds-disbursement-miss-universe-2026-report |archive-date=20 Abril 2026 |access-date=21 Hulyo 2026 |website=[[The Philippine Star]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Figueroa Roqué |first=Jan |date=10 Disyembre 2025 |title=Gobierno detiene desembolso de fondos a Miss Universe |trans-title=Government halts disbursement of funds to Miss Universe |url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/gobierno-detiene-desembolso-de-fondos-a-miss-universe/article_2d2e76f4-3377-4691-8632-0792e4198d62.html |access-date=21 Hulyo 2026 |website=El Vocero de Puerto Rico |language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260828175404/https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/gobierno-detiene-desembolso-de-fondos-a-miss-universe/article_2d2e76f4-3377-4691-8632-0792e4198d62.html|archive-date=28 Agosto 2026}}</ref> Nangyari ang suspensyon matapos humarap sa ilang mga isyu ang kompetisyon, kabilang ang [[Miss Universe 2025|mga iregularidad sa resulta]] ng nakaraang edisyon at ang paglulunsad ng pamahalaan ng Mehiko ng imbestigasyon sa pangulo ng Miss Universe na si Raúl Rocha sa mga kaso ng droga, gasolina, at pagpupuslit ng armas.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanchez |first=Fabiola |date=5 Disyembre 2025 |title=Mexico freezes Miss Universe co-owner's bank accounts during organized crime investigation |url=https://apnews.com/article/mexico-miss-universe-organized-crime-probe-68da9ec3acfb656446b901df2306f152 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228131125/https://apnews.com/article/mexico-miss-universe-organized-crime-probe-68da9ec3acfb656446b901df2306f152 |archive-date=28 Disyembre 2025 |access-date=21 Hulyo 2026 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=25 Abril 2026 |title=Puerto Rico’s hosting of 75th Miss Universe pageant is pushing through |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/665476/puerto-ricos-hosting-of-75th-miss-universe-pageant-is-pushing-through |access-date=21 Hulyo 2026 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260828150033/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/665476/puerto-ricos-hosting-of-75th-miss-universe-pageant-is-pushing-through|archive-date=28 Agosto 2026}}</ref> Pagsapit ng Marso 2026, napagkasunduan na ng delegasyon na ipagpatuloy ang pangunguna ng kompetisyon sa teritoryo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menéndez Sanabria |first=Pedro |date=4 Marso 2026 |title=En su etapa final negociación entre gobierno y Miss Universe |trans-title=In its final stage, negotiations between the government and Miss Universe |url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/en-su-etapa-final-negociaci-n-entre-gobierno-y-miss-universe/article_add00e58-73ce-4543-a307-86259aa6dd65.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260307213532/https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/en-su-etapa-final-negociaci-n-entre-gobierno-y-miss-universe/article_add00e58-73ce-4543-a307-86259aa6dd65.html |archive-date=7 Marso 2026 |access-date=21 Hulyo 2026 |website=El Vocero de Puerto Rico |language=es}}</ref> Kabilang sa mga kundisyong ipinataw ng pamahalaan ng Puerto Rico sa kasunduan ay ang pagbawi ni Rocha sa kaniyang pakikilahok sa pangunguna ng edisyon upang "pangalagaan ang imahe ng Puerto Rico". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Figueroa Roqué |first=Jan |last2=Aponte Inostroza |first2=Carlos |date=19 Pebrero 2026 |title=¿Qué condiciones está imponiendo el gobierno para la celebración de Miss Universe en Puerto Rico? |url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/qu-condiciones-est-imponiendo-el-gobierno-para-la-celebraci-n-de-miss-universe-en-puerto/article_a684dbda-62d5-4b62-bf06-573453e07fd6.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260307181719/https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/qu-condiciones-est-imponiendo-el-gobierno-para-la-celebraci-n-de-miss-universe-en-puerto/article_a684dbda-62d5-4b62-bf06-573453e07fd6.html |archive-date=7 Marso 2026 |access-date=21 Hulyo 2026 |website=El Vocero de Puerto Rico |language=es}}</ref> Pagsapit ng Abril 2026, natapos ng pamahalaan ng Puerto Rico ang pagbayad nito sa Miss Universe.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Figueroa Roqué |first=Jan |date=28 Abril 2026 |title=Gobierno finaliza pagos para la celebración de Miss Universe 2026 en la Isla |trans-title=Government finalizes payments for the Miss Universe 2026 pageant on the island |url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/gobierno-finaliza-pagos-para-la-celebraci-n-de-miss-universe-2026-en-la-isla/article_63dd3de8-5ff6-42c2-aa52-02a694991a2c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260505154733/https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/gobierno-finaliza-pagos-para-la-celebraci-n-de-miss-universe-2026-en-la-isla/article_63dd3de8-5ff6-42c2-aa52-02a694991a2c.html |archive-date=5 Mayo 2026 |access-date=21 Hulyo 2026 |website=El Vocero de Puerto Rico |language=es}}</ref> Noong 22 Hulyo 2026, inanunsyo ng Miss Universe Organization na ang opisyal na petsa ng kompetisyon ay sa 24 Nobyembre 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santiago |first=Camille |date=23 Hulyo 2026 |title=75th Miss Universe coronation night to be held on November 24 in Puerto Rico |url=https://philstarlife.com/news-and-views/828719-miss-universe-coronation-night-nov-24?page=2 |access-date=23 Hulyo 2026 |website=Philstar Life |language=en}}</ref> Ayon kay Cancel, inaasahang mag-aakit ng humigit-kumulang 65,000 bisita ang kompetisyon sa pulo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Figueroa Roqué |first=Jan |date=8 Oktubre 2026 |title=Miss Universe 2026 atraerá unos 65,000 visitantes a la Isla |trans-title=Miss Universe 2026 will attract approximately 65,000 visitors to the island. |url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/miss-universe-2026-atraer-unos-65-000-visitantes-a-la-isla/article_5b334ba0-4c79-49e0-b612-d92c7a448284.html |access-date=15 Oktubre 2026 |website=El Vocero de Puerto Rico |language=es}}</ref> === Pagpili ng mga kandidata === Mula sa mga kandidatang itinalaga noong 21 Hulyo 2026, Labing-isang kandidata ang nailuklok upang kumatawan sa kanilang mga bansa/teritoryo matapos maging isang runner-up sa kanilang kompetisyong pambansa,{{Efn|Si Aliya Karotkaya ng Biyelorusya ang first runner-up sa Miss Belarus 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alena Kucheruk from Polotsk wins Miss Belarus 2025 beauty pageant|url=https://www.belarus.by/en/press-center/news/alena-kucheruk-from-polotsk-wins-miss-belarus-2025-beauty-pageant_i_197941.html|url-status=live|website=Belarus.by|date=12 Setyembre 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260830114140/https://www.belarus.by/en/press-center/news/alena-kucheruk-from-polotsk-wins-miss-belarus-2025-beauty-pageant_i_197941.html|archivedate=30 Agosto 2026|accessdate=22 Setyembre 2026}}</ref><br/>Si Dabilo Moses ng Botswana ang first runner-up sa Miss Universe Botswana 2025.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shabani|first=Thamani|date=1 Setyembre 2025|title=Andries new Miss Universe Botswana|url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/88410|url-status=live|website=Daily News Botswana|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904031135/https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/88410|archivedate=4 Setyembre 2025|accessdate=22 Setyembre 2026}}</ref><br/>Si Danielle Yablonka ng Israel ang first runner-up sa Miss Universe Israel 2025.<ref>{{cite news|last=Taylor|first=Ezra|date=19 Hulyo 2025|title=Melanie Shiraz wins Miss Universe Israel 2025 crown, vows to use platform for meaningful change|url=https://www.jpost.com/j-spot/article-861514|url-status=live|website=The Jerusalem Post|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719185733/https://www.jpost.com/j-spot/article-861514|archivedate=19 Hulyo 2025|accessdate=22 Setyembre 2026}}</ref><br/>Si Selena Grant ng Kapuluang Turks at Caicos ang first runner-up sa Miss Universe Turks and Caicos 2025.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tyson|first=Vivian|date=2 Agosto 2025|title=Bereniece Dickenson Crowned Miss Universe Turks and Caicos 2025|url=https://www.newslinetci.com/post/bereniece-dickenson-crowned-miss-universe-turks-and-caicos-2025|url-status=live|website=Newsline TCI|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802073600/https://www.newslinetci.com/post/bereniece-dickenson-crowned-miss-universe-turks-and-caicos-2025|archivedate=2 Agosto 2025|accessdate=22 Setyembre 2026}}</ref><br/>Si Bruk Belete ng Etiyopiya ang first runner-up sa Miss Universe Spain 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Espí |first=Aarón |date=12 Hulyo 2026 |title=Las historias que llegan a Miss Universo España 2026 y demuestran que ya no existe una candidata tipo: madres, mujeres de 40 años y cuerpos alejados del canon tradicional |url=https://www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com/famosos/2026-07-12/historias-miss-universo-espana-demuestran-no-existe-una-candidata-tipo_4387269/ |access-date=5 Oktubre 2026 |website=El Confidencial|language=es}}</ref>}} o matapos mapili sa isang ''casting process'',{{Efn|Representatives from Armenia, Aruba, the British Virgin Islands, Egypt, Jordan, Latvia, Martinique, Mayotte, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, and Uruguay, were each selected through a casting process conducted by their respective organizations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arena Zeynalian Crowned Miss Universe Armenia 2026|url=https://edgar.id/blog-posts/arena-zeynalian-crowned-miss-universe-armenia-2026|url-status=live|website=Edgar Entertainment|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260827123000/https://edgar.id/blog-posts/arena-zeynalian-crowned-miss-universe-armenia-2026|archivedate=27 August 2026|accessdate=27 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Elizabeth Johnson Crowned Miss Universe Aruba 2026|url=https://arubanews.ca/elizabeth-johnson-crowned-miss-universe-aruba-2026/|url-status=live|website=Aruba News|date=31 August 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260901142936/https://arubanews.ca/elizabeth-johnson-crowned-miss-universe-aruba-2026/|archivedate=1 September 2026|accessdate=16 September 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Adina|first=Armin P.|date=18 August 2026|title=Filipino Miss Universe licensee Josh Yugen picks Egypt's bet anew|url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/680855/filipino-miss-universe-licensee-josh-yugen-picks-egypts-bet-anew|url-status=live|website=Philippine Daily Inquirer|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260821171537/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/680855/filipino-miss-universe-licensee-josh-yugen-picks-egypts-bet-anew|archivedate=21 August 2026|accessdate=23 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Larissa Ségarel est la nouvelle Miss Univers Martinique|trans-title=Larissa Ségarel is the new Miss Universe Martinique|url=https://rci.fm/martinique/infos/Culture/Larissa-Segarel-est-la-nouvelle-Miss-Univers-Martinique|url-status=live|website=RCI|language=fr|date=22 August 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260822231659/https://rci.fm/martinique/infos/Culture/Larissa-Segarel-est-la-nouvelle-Miss-Univers-Martinique|archivedate=22 August 2026|accessdate=23 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Maeva Toumbou Dani portera Mayotte à Miss Universe|trans-title=Maeva Toumbou Dani will represent Mayotte at Miss Universe|url=https://www.linfokwezi.fr/maeva-toumbou-dani-portera-mayotte-a-miss-universe/|url-status=live|website=L'info Kwezi|language=fr|date=25 May 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260525080044/https://www.linfokwezi.fr/maeva-toumbou-dani-portera-mayotte-a-miss-universe/|archivedate=25 May 2026|accessdate=25 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Oriz|first=Karina|date=5 September 2026|title=Jasmine Blandford is crowned Miss Universe Nicaragua 2026 and will represent the country in Puerto Rico|url=https://100noticias.tv/farandula/149604-jasmine-blandford-miss-universe-nicaragua-2026/|url-status=live|website=[[100% Noticias]]|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260916120329/https://100noticias.tv/farandula/149604-jasmine-blandford-miss-universe-nicaragua-2026/|archivedate=16 September 2026|accessdate=16 September 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=(VIDEO) ¡Atendé lo que le pidieron a esta modelo para ser Miss Universo Paraguay!|trans-title=(VIDEO) Check out what they asked of this model to become Miss Universe Paraguay!|url=https://www.popular.com.py/2026/03/23/video-atende-lo-que-le-pidieron-a-esta-modelo-para-ser-miss-universo-paraguay/|url-status=live|website=Popular.com.py|language=es|date=23 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260324013405/https://www.popular.com.py/2026/03/23/video-atende-lo-que-le-pidieron-a-esta-modelo-para-ser-miss-universo-paraguay/|archivedate=24 March 2026|accessdate=24 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Napa|first=Renzo|date=14 April 2026|title=Miss Perú 2026: cuándo, dónde y cómo ver en vivo la coronación de la sucesora de Karla Bacigalupo con Fátima Bosch|trans-title=Miss Peru 2026: When, where and how to watch live the coronation of Karla Bacigalupo's successor with Fátima Bosch|url=https://rpp.pe/famosos/farandula/miss-peru-2026-cuando-donde-y-como-ver-en-vivo-la-coronacion-de-la-sucesora-de-karla-bacigalupo-con-miss-universo-2025-fatima-bosch-noticia-1684301|url-status=live|website=Radio Programas del Perú|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260415102922/https://rpp.pe/famosos/farandula/miss-peru-2026-cuando-donde-y-como-ver-en-vivo-la-coronacion-de-la-sucesora-de-karla-bacigalupo-con-miss-universo-2025-fatima-bosch-noticia-1684301|archivedate=15 April 2026|accessdate=15 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Napa|first=Renzo|date=15 April 2026|title=Luren Márquez: quién es la nueva Miss Perú 2026, conductora y promotora cultural rumbo al Miss Universo|trans-title=Luren Márquez: who is the new Miss Peru 2026, host and cultural promoter on her way to Miss Universe|url=https://rpp.pe/famosos/farandula/miss-peru-2026-quien-es-luren-marquez-nueva-reina-de-belleza-y-su-trayectoria-noticia-1684485|url-status=live|website=[[Radio Programas del Perú]]|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260416032509/https://rpp.pe/famosos/farandula/miss-peru-2026-cuando-donde-y-como-ver-en-vivo-la-coronacion-de-la-sucesora-de-karla-bacigalupo-con-miss-universo-2025-fatima-bosch-noticia-1684301?itlk=iksiguiente|archivedate=16 April 2026|accessdate=16 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=García Retamal|first=Brenda|date=13 August 2026|title=Luren Márquez ya no es Miss Perú 2026: organización retiró su título y no participará en el Miss Universo|trans-title=Luren Márquez is no longer Miss Peru 2026: the organization withdrew her title and she will not participate in Miss Universe|url=https://rpp.pe/famosos/farandula/luren-marquez-ya-no-es-miss-peru-2026-organizacion-retiro-su-titulo-y-no-participara-en-el-miss-universo-noticia-1701458|url-status=live|website=Radio Programas del Perú|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260814024504/https://rpp.pe/famosos/celebridades/miss-universo-2026-confirman-fecha-de-la-gran-final-en-puerto-rico-noticia-1698418?itlk=iksiguiente|archivedate=14 August 2026|accessdate=14 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=De Young al mundo: Lucía Piñeyro Lima es la nueva Miss Universo Uruguay|trans-title=From Young to the world: Lucía Piñeyro Lima is the new Miss Universe Uruguay|url=https://uruguaydigital365.com/de-young-al-mundo-lucia-pineyro-lima-es-la-nueva-miss-universo-uruguay/|url-status=live|website=Uruguay Digital 365|language=es|date=31 May 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260601052440/https://uruguaydigital365.com/de-young-al-mundo-lucia-pineyro-lima-es-la-nueva-miss-universo-uruguay/|archivedate=1 June 2026|accessdate=1 June 2026}}</ref>|name=b}} at anim na kandidata ang iniluklok matapos ang pag-urong ng orihinal na nagwagi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Maeva Toumbou Dani portera Mayotte à Miss Universe|trans-title=Maeva Toumbou Dani will represent Mayotte at Miss Universe|url=https://www.linfokwezi.fr/maeva-toumbou-dani-portera-mayotte-a-miss-universe/|url-status=live|website=L'info Kwezi|language=fr|date=25 Mayo 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260525080044/https://www.linfokwezi.fr/maeva-toumbou-dani-portera-mayotte-a-miss-universe/|archive-date=25 Mayo 2026|access-date=21 Hulyo 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=(VIDEO) ¡Atendé lo que le pidieron a esta modelo para ser Miss Universo Paraguay!|trans-title=(VIDEO) Check out what they asked of this model to become Miss Universe Paraguay!|url=https://www.popular.com.py/2026/03/23/video-atende-lo-que-le-pidieron-a-esta-modelo-para-ser-miss-universo-paraguay/|url-status=live|website=Popular.com.py|language=es|date=23 Marso 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260324013405/https://www.popular.com.py/2026/03/23/video-atende-lo-que-le-pidieron-a-esta-modelo-para-ser-miss-universo-paraguay/|archive-date=24 Marso 2026|access-date=21 Hulyo 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Napa|first=Renzo|date=14 Abril 2026|title=Miss Perú 2026: cuándo, dónde y cómo ver en vivo la coronación de la sucesora de Karla Bacigalupo con Fátima Bosch|trans-title=Miss Peru 2026: When, where and how to watch live the coronation of Karla Bacigalupo's successor with Fátima Bosch|url=https://rpp.pe/famosos/farandula/miss-peru-2026-cuando-donde-y-como-ver-en-vivo-la-coronacion-de-la-sucesora-de-karla-bacigalupo-con-miss-universo-2025-fatima-bosch-noticia-1684301|url-status=live|website=Radio Programas del Perú|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260415102922/https://rpp.pe/famosos/farandula/miss-peru-2026-cuando-donde-y-como-ver-en-vivo-la-coronacion-de-la-sucesora-de-karla-bacigalupo-con-miss-universo-2025-fatima-bosch-noticia-1684301|archive-date=15 Abril 2026|access-date=21 Hulyo 2026}}</ref> ==== Pagbubukod sa mga bansa sa Timog-Silangang Asya sa kompetisyon ==== Noong Setyembre 2026, nagkaroon ng alitan sa pagitan ng mga grupong namamahala sa Miss Universe Organization na nakaapekto sa kuwalipikasyon ng mga kinatawan mula sa anim na bansa sa [[Timog-silangang Asya]] para sa edisyong ito: Biyetnam, Indonesya, Laos, Malaysia, Singapura, at Taylandiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Setyembre 2026 |title=Thailand at heart of Miss Universe turmoil |language=en |work=Bangkok Post |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/3321995/thailand-at-heart-of-miss-universe-turmoil |access-date=22 Setyembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 Setyembre 2026 |title=MUO declares six nations’ delegates ineligible for Miss Universe 2026 |url=https://www.nationthailand.com/news/general/40071208 |access-date=22 Setyembre 2026 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref> Nagsimula ang alitan sa magkasalungat na posisyon tungkol sa bisa ng mga kasunduan sa pambansang prangkisa na hawak ng Miss Universe Eastern Pte. Ltd., na pinamumunuan ni Nawat Itsaragrisil, at ng mga pambansang may-hawak ng prangkisa sa mga naturang bansa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Setyembre 2026 |title=Miss Universe Organization says 6 countries barred from 75th competition amid franchise dispute |language=en |work=[[GMA News Online]] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/1002825/miss-universe-organization-says-6-countries-barred-from-75th-competition-amid-franchise-dispute/story/ |access-date=22 Setyembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Purnell |first=Kristofer |date=18 Setyembre 2026 |title=Miss Universe eligibility of 6 SEA delegates in limbo after new Nawat Itsaragrisil clash |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2026/09/18/2557164/miss-universe-eligibility-6-sea-delegates-limbo-after-new-nawat-itsaragrisil-clash |access-date=22 Setyembre 2026 |website=[[Philippine Star]] |language=en}}</ref> Noong 18 Setyembre 2026, inihayag ng Miss Universe Organization na gumagamit ng pangalang JKN Universe LLC, na hindi nito kinikilala ang mga kasunduan sa prangkisa at lisensya na sinasabing pinasok ng Miss Universe Eastern at mga entidad na kaugnay kay Itsaragrisil. Ayon sa pahayag, walang kapangyarihan ang Miss Universe Eastern na magbigay, maglipat, o magtalaga ng mga karapatan sa tatak ng Miss Universe dahil wala itong umiiral na kasunduan sa prangkisa at lisensya o iba pang mga legal na instrumento sa paglilisensya sa JKN Universe LLC. Dahil dito, inihayag ng organisasyon na ang mga kasunduan para sa Biyetnam, Indonesya, Laos, Malaysia, Singapura, at Taylandiya ay hindi awtorisado at hindi kikilalanin, at ang mga kinatawan ng mga bansang ito ay hindi magiging kuwalipikadong lumahok sa kompetisyon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yasmin |first=Shahana |date=21 Setyembre 2026 |title=Miss Universe says six Southeast Asian contestants cannot compete in 2026 pageant |url=https://www.the-independent.com/life-style/miss-universe-southeast-asia-2026-pageant-b3053567.html |access-date=22 Setyembre 2026 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 Setyembre 2026 |title=Thai pageant director insists 6 nations, including S’pore, remain eligible for Miss Universe 2026 |language=en |work=The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/life/singapore-among-6-nations-declared-ineligible-for-miss-universe-2026-over-franchise-dispute |access-date=22 Setyembre 2026 |issn=0585-3923}}</ref> Sa kasalukuyan, apat sa mga pinag-aagawang prangkisa ang nakapili na ng mga kinatawan para sa kompetisyon: Quỳnh Anh Nguyễn ng Biyetnam,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anh |first=Thạch |date=3 Oktubre 2026 |title=Nguyễn Quỳnh Anh đăng quang Miss Universe Vietnam 2026 |trans-title=Nguyen Quynh Anh crowned Miss Universe Vietnam 2026 |url=https://thanhnien.vn/nguyen-quynh-anh-dang-quang-miss-universe-vietnam-2026-18526100222363228.htm |access-date=3 Oktubre 2026 |website=Báo Thanh Niên |language=vi}}</ref> Eunice Wong ng Malaysia,<ref>{{cite news|title=At 37, businesswoman Eunice Wong takes Miss Universe Malaysia crown, heads to Puerto Rico|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/showbiz/2026/10/03/at-37-businesswoman-eunice-wong-takes-miss-universe-malaysia-crown-heads-to-puerto-rico/237508|url-status=live|website=Malay Mail|date=3 Oktubre 2026|access-date=15 Oktubre 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261003065141/https://www.malaymail.com/news/showbiz/2026/10/03/at-37-businesswoman-eunice-wong-takes-miss-universe-malaysia-crown-heads-to-puerto-rico/237508|archive-date=3 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> Vion Erico Tan ng Singapura,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chia |first=Elisa |date=15 Oktubre 2026 |title=Miss Universe Singapore 2026 set to compete in Puerto Rico finals as franchise dispute appears to clear |url=https://www.asiaone.com/lifestyle/miss-universe-singapore-2026 |access-date=16 Oktubre 2026 |website=AsiaOne |language=en}}</ref> at Tharina Botes ng Taylandiya.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 Agosto 2026 |title=สมมง "ทารีน่า โบเทส" คว้าตำแหน่ง Miss Universe Thailand 2026 |language=th |trans-title=Tharina Botes wins the crown as Miss Universe Thailand 2026 |website=PPTV HD 36 |url=https://www.pptvhd36.com/news/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87/282063 |url-status=live |access-date=21 Setyembre 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260823155559/https://www.pptvhd36.com/news/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87/282063 |archive-date=23 Agosto 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Enriquez |first=Em |date=23 Setyembre 2026 |title=6 Southeast Asian Countries Might Be Barred from Miss Universe 2026 |url=https://www.preview.ph/culture/entertainment/southeast-asian-countries-barred-miss-universe-nawat-itsaragrisil-a4958-20260923-bsc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261017142130/https://www.preview.ph/culture/entertainment/southeast-asian-countries-barred-miss-universe-nawat-itsaragrisil-a4958-20260923-bsc?__cf_chl_rt_tk=ouuty092lfYQPbq6PuaYeCDBSzsuc3kR56na5GrylS4-1792246890-1.0.1.1-o29q8JgCwZsvYjTfw3WS7HsjVVE3gSe2bxLal8BK.jU |archive-date=17 Oktubre 2026 |access-date=17 Oktubre 2026 |website=Preview Philippines |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gabinete |first=Jojo |date=3 Oktubre 2026 |title=Nawat Itsaragrisil defies MUO; says Vietnam will join Miss Universe 2026 |url=https://www.pep.ph/pepalerts/cabinet-files/194089/nawat-itsaragrisil-defies-muo-vietnam-miss-universe-2026-a734-20261003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261003091415/https://www.pep.ph/pepalerts/cabinet-files/194089/nawat-itsaragrisil-defies-muo-vietnam-miss-universe-2026-a734-20261003 |archive-date=3 Oktubre 2026 |access-date=17 Oktubre 2026 |website=PEP.ph |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=17 Oktubre 2026 |title=Vietnam, 5 other SE Asian representatives absent from Miss Universe 2026 contestant list |url=https://news.tuoitre.vn/vietnam-5-other-se-asian-representatives-absent-from-miss-universe-2026-contestant-list-103261017164636891.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261017143159/https://news.tuoitre.vn/vietnam-5-other-se-asian-representatives-absent-from-miss-universe-2026-contestant-list-103261017164636891.htm |archive-date=17 Oktubre 2026 |access-date=17 Oktubre 2026 |website=Tuổi Trẻ |language=en}}</ref> Tumanggi si Day na tukuyin kung paano tutugon ang organisasyon sakaling subukang lumahok sa kompetisyon ang mga kandidatang pinili ng mga prangkisang pinagtatalunan.<ref>{{cite news|last=Figueroa Roqué|first=Jan|date=14 Oktubre 2026|title=CEO de Miss Universe anticipa casi una docena de eventos masivos en Puerto Rico|trans-title=Miss Universe CEO anticipates nearly a dozen large-scale events in Puerto Rico|url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/ceo-de-miss-universe-anticipa-casi-una-docena-de-eventos-masivos-en-puerto-rico/article_76541c5a-6dd9-43f0-83cc-39568df88421.html|url-status=live|website=El Vocero|language=es|access-date=17 Oktubre 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261017083406/https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/ceo-de-miss-universe-anticipa-casi-una-docena-de-eventos-masivos-en-puerto-rico/article_76541c5a-6dd9-43f0-83cc-39568df88421.html|archive-date=17 Oktubre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Thành|first=Vinh|date=16 Oktubre 2026|title=CEO Miss Universe ra tuyên bố mới: Cơ hội dự thi của Quỳnh Anh tại Puerto Rico bị lung lay|trans-title=Miss Universe CEO issues new statement: Quynh Anh's opportunity to compete in Puerto Rico is now in jeopardy|url=https://baonghean.vn/ceo-miss-universe-ra-tuyen-bo-moi-co-hoi-du-thi-cua-quynh-anh-tai-puerto-rico-bi-lung-lay-10353631.html|url-status=live|website=Nghệ An|language=vi|access-date=17 Oktubre 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261017082337/https://baonghean.vn/ceo-miss-universe-ra-tuyen-bo-moi-co-hoi-du-thi-cua-quynh-anh-tai-puerto-rico-bi-lung-lay-10353631.html|archive-date=17 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> Itinanggi ng Miss Universe Eastern na kumakatawan ang pahayag ng Miss Universe Organization sa pangkalahatang posisyon ng mga may-ari ng Miss Universe. Ayon sa Miss Universe Eastern, pagmamay-ari ang JKN Universe LLC sa pamamagitan ng 50:50 na estruktura sa pagitan ng Miss Universe Eastern at Miss Universe Western sa ilalim ng JKN Legacy Inc. Sa ilalim ng <nowiki>''</nowiki>Hemisphere Agreement<nowiki>''</nowiki>, ang Miss Universe Eastern ang may eksklusibong karapatang patakbuhin at pamahalaan ang tatak sa 95 teritoryo sa silangang hemispero, kabilang ang Biyetnam, Indonesya, Laos, Malaysia, Singapura, at Taylandiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gomez |first=Shirley |date=18 Setyembre 2026 |title=Miss Universe faces new crisis two months before final; 6 contestants caught in the dispute |url=https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/20260918924217/miss-universe-new-crisis-before-final-6-contestants-dispute/ |access-date=22 Setyembre 2026 |website=Hola! USA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=18 Setyembre 2026 |title=Nawat Itsaragrisil’s Miss Universe license agreement in jeopardy |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/684102/nawat-itsaragrisils-miss-universe-license-agreement-in-jeopardy |access-date=22 Setyembre 2026 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref> Dahil dito, iginiit nitong may karapatan silang magpadala ng anim na kandidata mula sa mga naturang bansa sa edisyong ito, at hindi dapat maapektuhan ang paglahok ng mga kandidata sa panloob na alitan na dapat lutasin sa legal na pamamaraan. Gayunpaman, noong 21 Oktubre 2026, inanunsyo ng Miss Grand International Organization na hindi na nila ipapadala ang mga kandidata mula sa anim na bansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=21 Oktubre 2026 |title=Quynh Anh will not be allowed to compete in Miss Universe 2026. |url=https://www.vietnam.vn/en/quynh-anh-khong-duoc-thi-miss-universe-2026 |access-date=21 Oktubre 2026 |website=Vietnam.vn |language=en}}</ref> ==== Mga pagpalit ==== Pinalitan ni Weiyi Chen si Xinying Zhu bilang kinatawan ng Tsina matapos lumagpas sa limitasyon ng edad, na siya ring pinalitan ni Shiqi Wang sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 Enero 2025 |title=安徽姑娘朱馨颖 荣膺第73姐环球小姐中国区总冠军 |language=zh-Hans |trans-title=Anhui girl Zhu Xinying won the 73rd Miss Universe China title |website=163.com |url=https://www.163.com/dy/article/JKVURC9K0514F1M4.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 Hulyo 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508195802/https://www.163.com/dy/article/JKVURC9K0514F1M4.html |archive-date=8 Mayo 2025}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Nguyen |first=An |date=11 Abril 2025 |title=Miss Universe China Xinying Zhu stripped of title for 'inability to fulfill duties' |website=VnExpress |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/celebrities/miss-universe-china-xinying-zhu-stripped-of-title-for-inability-to-fulfill-duties-4872860.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506014757/https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/celebrities/miss-universe-china-xinying-zhu-stripped-of-title-for-inability-to-fulfill-duties-4872860.html |archive-date=6 Mayo 2025}}</ref> Pinalitan ni Audrey Black si Josiane Golonga bilang kinatawan ng Kamerun matapos mapatalsik sa titulo si Golonga dahil sa mga paglabag sa kontrata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A. |first=Cintia |date=25 Pebrero 2026 |title=‎COMICA strips Josiane Golonga of Miss Cameroon 2025 title |url=https://www.lebledparle.com/en/comica-strips-josiane-golonga-of-miss-cameroon-2025-title/ |access-date=22 Setyembre 2026 |website=Le Bled Parle |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=Septiyembre 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Beleheka |first=Mercedes |date=26 Pebrero 2026 |title=Miss Cameroun 2025 : Audrey Black Moutongo, la nouvelle reine |trans-title=Miss Cameroon 2025: Audrey Black Moutongo, the new queen |url=https://magazine.pagesjaunes.online/miss-cameroun-2025-audrey-black-moutongo-la-nouvelle-reine/ |access-date=22 Setyembre 2026 |website=Magazine Actualites Cameroun |language=fr |via=Magazine Pages Jaunes}}</ref> Pinalitan ni Medina Ermekova si Anara Esengeldieva bilang kinatawan ng Kirgistan sa edisyong ito sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Turdubek |first=Aigyrov |date=25 Setyembre 2025 |title=Ayana Rasul kyzy crowned Miss Kyrgyzstan 2025 |language=en |website=24.kg |url=https://24.kg/english/344917_Ayana_Rasul_kyzy_crowned_Miss_Kyrgyzstan_2025/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926211033/https://24.kg/english/344917_Ayana_Rasul_kyzy_crowned_Miss_Kyrgyzstan_2025/ |archive-date=26 Setyembre 2025}}</ref> Pinalitan ni Maruschka Sahiboe si Eunike Lioe bilang kinatawan ng Suriname dahil sa pagbabago ng may-hawak ng prangkisa sa naturang bansa.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 November 2025 |title=Tjin A Koeng: 'Nieuwe Miss Suriname gaat uitstekend om met kritiek' |language=nl |trans-title=Tjin A Koeng: 'The new Miss Suriname handles criticism very well' |website=Suriname Herald |url=https://www.srherald.com/suriname/2025/11/07/tjin-a-koeng-nieuwe-miss-suriname-gaat-uitstekend-om-met-kritiek/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203104231/https://www.srherald.com/suriname/2025/11/07/tjin-a-koeng-nieuwe-miss-suriname-gaat-uitstekend-om-met-kritiek/ |archive-date=3 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 Agosto 2026 |title=Geen Miss Universe-deelname voor Miss Suriname 2026 Eunike Kishundat Lioe-A-Joe |language=nl |trans-title=No Miss Universe participation for Miss Suriname 2026 Eunike Kishundat Lioe-A-Joe |website=Waterkant |url=https://www.waterkant.net/suriname/2026/08/03/geen-miss-universe-deelname-voor-miss-suriname-2026-eunike-kishundat-lioe-a-joe/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 Agosto 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260803153440/https://www.waterkant.net/suriname/2026/08/03/geen-miss-universe-deelname-voor-miss-suriname-2026-eunike-kishundat-lioe-a-joe/ |archive-date=3 Agosto 2026}}</ref> Pinalitan ni Justine Kamara si Matôma Condé bilang kinatawan ng Guniya matapos iluklok si Condé bilang kinatawan ng Guniya sa [[Miss Cosmo 2026]].<ref name=":5">{{cite news |last=Mạn |first=Trần |date=8 Enero 2026 |title=Revealing the first 7 contestants to compete in Miss Universe 2026, what are the opportunities for Vietnam |language=en |newspaper=VGT |url=https://vgt.vn/lo-dien-7-thi-sinh-dau-tien-di-thi-miss-universe-2026-co-hoi-nao-cho-viet-nam-ihyes-20260108t7613948/?lang=en |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108212021/https://vgt.vn/lo-dien-7-thi-sinh-dau-tien-di-thi-miss-universe-2026-co-hoi-nao-cho-viet-nam-ihyes-20260108t7613948/?lang=en |archive-date=8 Enero 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chiarazzo |first=Thomas |date=10 Setyembre 2026 |title=Dix ans après Miss France, Justine Kamara, Miss Lorraine 2016, participera à l’élection Miss Univers |trans-title=Ten years after Miss France, Justine Kamara, Miss Lorraine 2016, will participate in the Miss Universe pageant. |url=https://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/societe/2026/09/10/dix-ans-apres-miss-france-justine-kamara-miss-lorraine-2016-participera-a-l-election-miss-univers |access-date=19 Setyembre 2026 |website=Republicain-Lorrain |language=FR-fr}}</ref> Pinalitan ni Daiana Pereyra si Tamara Rogouski bilang kinatawan ng Arhentina sa personal na dahilan.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 Mayo 2026 |title=Quién es Tamara Rogouski, la nueva Miss Universo Argentina 2026 |language=es |trans-title=Who is Tamara Rogouski, the new Miss Universe Argentina 2026? |website=El Litoral |url=https://www.ellitoral.com/nosotros/tamara-rogouski-nueva-miss-universo-argentina_0_FV2TJrqjZW.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260526020837/https://www.ellitoral.com/nosotros/tamara-rogouski-nueva-miss-universo-argentina_0_FV2TJrqjZW.html |archive-date=26 Mayo 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 Setyembre 2026 |title=Tras la renuncia de Tamara Rogouski, la posadeña Daiana Pereyra es nueva Miss Universo Argentina: “Todavía estoy en shock” |trans-title=Following Tamara Rogouski's resignation, Daiana Pereyra from Posadas is the new Miss Universe Argentina: "I'm still in shock" |url=https://www.canal12misiones.com/noticias-de-misiones/tendencias/daiana-pereyra-miss-universo-argentina |access-date=19 Setyembre 2026 |website=Canal Doce Misiones |language=es-AR}}</ref> Noong 28 Mayo 2026, bumitiw ang Miss France sa Miss Universe Organization dahil sa mga kontrobersiyang pumalibot sa nakaraang edisyon.<ref>{{cite news |last=Panwar |first=Sanya |date=24 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Miss France organisation reconsidering participation in Miss Universe pageant amid all the controversies in 2025: Report |language=en |website=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/miss-france-organisation-reconsidering-participation-in-miss-universe-pageant-amid-all-the-controversies-in-2025-report-101763955415487.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 Disyembre 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206201634/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/miss-france-organisation-reconsidering-participation-in-miss-universe-pageant-amid-all-the-controversies-in-2025-report-101763955415487.html |archive-date=6 Disyembre 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Evangelista |first=Jessica Ann |date=26 Nobyembre 2025 |title=France signals exit from Miss Universe; Ghana–Guyana director steps down |language=en |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/640595/france-signals-exit-from-miss-universe-ghana-guyana-director-steps-down-from-post |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303222157/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/640595/france-signals-exit-from-miss-universe-ghana-guyana-director-steps-down-from-post |archive-date=3 Marso 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 Mayo 2026 |title=Miss Univers 2026 : une décision sans précédent, pourquoi le comité Miss France quitte le concours |language=fr |trans-title=Miss Universe 2026: an unprecedented decision, why the Miss France committee is leaving the competition |website=L'Internaute |url=https://www.linternaute.com/television/programme/10586214-miss-univers-2026-une-decision-sans-precedent-pourquoi-le-comite-miss-france-quitte-le-concours/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260528121931/https://www.linternaute.com/television/programme/10586214-miss-univers-2026-une-decision-sans-precedent-pourquoi-le-comite-miss-france-quitte-le-concours/ |archive-date=28 Mayo 2026}}</ref> Dahil dito, hindi magpapatuloy sa kompetisyon si Miss France 2025 Angélique Angarni-Filopon.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lanciego |first=Milla |date=18 Disyembre 2024 |title=Angélique Angarni-Filopon privée de Miss Univers et Miss Monde à cause de son âge ? Elle rectifie |language=fr |trans-title=Angélique Angarni-Filopon deprived of Miss Universe and Miss World because of her age? She corrects herself |website=[[Paris Match]] |url=https://www.parismatch.com/people/angelique-angarni-filopon-privee-de-miss-univers-et-miss-monde-cause-de-son-age-elle-rectifie-244860 |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251018213339/https://www.parismatch.com/people/angelique-angarni-filopon-privee-de-miss-univers-et-miss-monde-cause-de-son-age-elle-rectifie-244860 |archive-date=18 Oktubre 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Jefferson |date=29 Mayo 2026 |title=Miss Universe France enters new era under direct global leadership |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2026/05/29/miss-universe-france-enters-new-era-under-direct-global-leadership |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260530035847/https://tribune.net.ph/2026/05/29/miss-universe-france-enters-new-era-under-direct-global-leadership |archive-date=30 Mayo 2026 |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |website=[[Daily Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> Bumitiw si Sophia Osako sa personal na dahilan.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 Hunyo 2026 |title=Toto je nová najkrajšia Češka! Titul Miss Universe získala kráska s japonskými koreňmi |language=sk |trans-title=This is the new most beautiful Czech! A beauty with Japanese roots won the Miss Universe title |website=Pravda |url=https://zena.pravda.sk/krasa-a-moda/clanok/817151-bodovala-v-dalsej-sutazi-tato-kraska-s-japonskymi-korenmi-vyhrala-titul-miss-universe-cesko/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260617141305/https://zena.pravda.sk/krasa-a-moda/clanok/817151-bodovala-v-dalsej-sutazi-tato-kraska-s-japonskymi-korenmi-vyhrala-titul-miss-universe-cesko/ |archive-date=17 Hunyo 2026}}</ref><ref name="CZ2110">{{cite news|last=Šubrtová|first=Diana|date=16 Oktubre 2026|title=Sophia Maria Osako nepoletí na Miss Universe. Kdo ji nahradí, tají|trans-title=Sophia Maria Osako will not be going to Miss Universe; her replacement is being kept secret|url=https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/revue/modelky/sophia-maria-osako-miss-universe-cesko-soutez-odstoupeni.A261016_080306_missamodelky_sub|url-status=live|website=[[iDNES.cz]]|language=cs|access-date=21 Oktubre 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261016075312/https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/revue/modelky/sophia-maria-osako-miss-universe-cesko-soutez-odstoupeni.A261016_080306_missamodelky_sub|archive-date=16 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> Unang ipinatalsik si Luren Márquez ng kaniyang pambansang organisasyon bilang kinatawan ng Peru sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan, ngunit siya ay kaagad na ibinalik sa kaniyang puwesto.<ref>{{cite news |last=Napa |first=Renzo |date=15 Abril 2026 |title=Luren Márquez: quién es la nueva Miss Perú 2026, conductora y promotora cultural rumbo al Miss Universo |language=es |trans-title=Luren Márquez: who is the new Miss Peru 2026, host and cultural promoter on her way to Miss Universe |website=Radio Programas del Perú |url=https://rpp.pe/famosos/farandula/miss-peru-2026-quien-es-luren-marquez-nueva-reina-de-belleza-y-su-trayectoria-noticia-1684485 |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260416032509/https://rpp.pe/famosos/farandula/miss-peru-2026-cuando-donde-y-como-ver-en-vivo-la-coronacion-de-la-sucesora-de-karla-bacigalupo-con-miss-universo-2025-fatima-bosch-noticia-1684301?itlk=iksiguiente |archive-date=16 Abril 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gomez |first=Shirley |date=14 Agosto 2026 |title=Miss Peru Luren Márquez dethroned ahead of Miss Universe 2026: The country doesn’t have a traditional runner-up |url=https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/20260814918157/miss-peru-luren-marquez-dethroned-miss-universe-2026/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815111414/https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/20260814918157/miss-peru-luren-marquez-dethroned-miss-universe-2026/ |archive-date=15 Agosto 2026 |access-date=17 Agosto 2026 |website=Hola! USA |language=en-us}}</ref> ==== Mga unang pagsali, pagbalik, at pag-urong sa kompetisyon ==== Lalahok sa unang pagkakataon ang mga bansang Kolektibidad ng San Martin, Malawi, Republika ng Konggo, Timog Sudan, at Uganda sa edisyong ito.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arrigoni |first=Charlotte |date=20 Hulyo 2026 |title=Miss Univers 2026 : la France a quitté le concours avec fracas et pourtant, il y aura bien une candidate française |trans-title=Miss Universe 2026: France left the competition in a huff, and yet there will still be a French candidate |url=https://www.public.fr/miss-univers-2026-la-france-a-quitte-le-concours-avec-fracas-et-pourtant-il-y-aura-bien-une-candidate-francaise |access-date=19 Setyembre 2026 |website=Public |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 Hulyo 2026 |title=Miss Malawi leadership confronted by legal and sector criticism over disputed Miss World pathway |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/miss-malawi-leadership-confronted-by-legal-and-sector-criticism-over-disputed-miss-world-pathway/ |access-date=30 Agosto 2026 |website=Nyasa Times |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="MUUGA2026">{{cite news |last=Ngobi |first=Muhammad |date=14 Mayo 2026 |title=Uganda officially launches historic first-ever local Miss Universe journey |language=en |website=UG Bulletin |url=https://www.ugbulletin.co.ug/uganda-officially-launches-historic-first-ever-local-miss-universe-journey/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260515014620/https://www.ugbulletin.co.ug/uganda-officially-launches-historic-first-ever-local-miss-universe-journey/ |archive-date=15 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 Setyembre 2026 |title=Se esperan más de 130 candidatas para Miss Universe, en su edición diamante desde Puerto Rico |trans-title=More than 130 candidates are expected for Miss Universe, in its diamond edition from Puerto Rico |url=https://wapa.tv/programas/missuniverse/se-esperan-m-s-de-130-candidatas-para-miss-universe-en-su-edici-n-diamante/article_62af4537-6956-49e6-b77c-0fb5da809ef7.html |access-date=15 Oktubre 2026 |website=WAPA TV |language=es}}</ref> Babalik sa edisyong ito ang mga bansang Hordan na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1960|1960]];<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Jefferson |date=9 Setyembre 2026 |title=Destiny Anbar leads Jordan’s historic Miss |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2026/09/09/destiny-anbar-leads-jordans-historic-miss-universe-comeback-after-66-years |access-date=5 Oktubre 2026 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en-PH}}</ref> Tunisya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1971|1971]]; [[Réunion]] na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 1986|1986]];<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ludovic |first=Belzamine |date=11 Agosto 2026 |title=Miss Universe Réunion 2026 : les candidatures sont ouvertes |trans-title=Miss Universe Réunion officially launched: applications are now open to represent the island internationally |url=https://www.megazap.fr/Miss-Universe-Reunion-officiellement-lance-les-candidatures-sont-ouvertes-pour-representer-l-ile-a-l-international_a16828.html |access-date=19 Setyembre 2026 |website=Megazap |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 Setyembre 2026 |title=Miss Universe Réunion 2026 : 15 candidates en lice pour une première couronne le 10 octobre |language=fr |trans-title=Miss Universe Réunion 2026: 15 contestants vying for the inaugural crown on October 10 |website=Megazap |url=https://www.megazap.fr/Miss-Universe-Reunion-2026-15-candidates-en-lice-pour-une-premiere-couronne-le-10-octobre_a17093.html |access-date=22 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> Austry at Etiyopiya na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 2017|2017]]; Litwanya at Sierra Leone na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 2019|2019]];<ref>{{cite web |title=One night. Two crowns. One purpose. |url=https://www.althyri.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260529055844/https://www.althyri.com/ |archive-date=29 Mayo 2026 |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |website=Althyri |language=en}}</ref> Maruekos na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 2021|2021]]; at Albanya, Alemanya, Hamayka, Kamerun, Kenya, Lupangyelo, Mongolya, Montenegro, Suriname, at Usbekistan na huling sumali noong [[Miss Universe 2024|2024]].<ref>{{cite news |date=22 Mayo 2026 |title='Miss Universe Albania 2026', the event where the public will be part of the show |language=en |website=Tirana Post |url=https://tiranapost.al/english/stil-jete/miss-universe-albania-2026-eventi-ku-publiku-do-te-jete-pjese-e-show-t-i543651 |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260522145926/https://tiranapost.al/english/stil-jete/miss-universe-albania-2026-eventi-ku-publiku-do-te-jete-pjese-e-show-t-i543651 |archive-date=22 Mayo 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Beleheka |first=Mercedes |date=26 Pebrero 2026 |title=Miss Cameroun 2025 : Audrey Black Moutongo, la nouvelle reine |language=fr |trans-title=Miss Cameroon 2025: Audrey Black Moutongo, the new queen |website=Magazine Pages Jaunes |url=https://magazine.pagesjaunes.online/miss-cameroun-2025-audrey-black-moutongo-la-nouvelle-reine/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260315042814/https://magazine.pagesjaunes.online/miss-cameroun-2025-audrey-black-moutongo-la-nouvelle-reine/ |archive-date=15 Marso 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Les inscriptions pour le casting 2026 sont ouvertes |trans-title=Registration for the 2026 casting call is now open |url=https://www.missuniverse-germany.de/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260418083303/https://www.missuniverse-germany.de/ |archive-date=18 Abril 2026 |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |website=Miss Universe Germany |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pálsson |first=Magnús Jochum |date=2 Pebrero 2026 |title=Þær keppa í Ungfrú Ísland 2026 |language=is |trans-title=They are competing in Miss Iceland 2026 |website=Vísir |url=https://www.visir.is/g/20262837776d/thaer-keppa-i-ung-fru-is-land-2026 |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260203063711/https://www.visir.is/g/20262837776d/thaer-keppa-i-ung-fru-is-land-2026 |archive-date=3 Pebrero 2026}}</ref><ref name="MUJAM2026">{{cite news |last=Jackson |first=Kevin |date=4 Marso 2026 |title=New format for Miss Universe Jamaica, organisers opting for parish competitions |language=en |website=Jamaica Observer |url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2026/03/04/new-format-miss-universe-jamaica-organisers-opting-parish-competitions/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304175314/https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2026/03/04/new-format-miss-universe-jamaica-organisers-opting-parish-competitions/ |archive-date=4 Marso 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wakesho |first=Jael |date=9 Mayo 2026 |title=Miss Universe Kenya 2026 opens doors wide as it drops age, weight, relationship barriers |language=en |website=The Standard |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/entertainment/article/2001547316/miss-universe-kenya-2026-opens-doors-wide-as-it-drops-age-weight-relationship-barriers |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260511055319/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/entertainment/article/2001547316/miss-universe-kenya-2026-opens-doors-wide-as-it-drops-age-weight-relationship-barriers |archive-date=11 Mayo 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 Abril 2026 |title=75 дахь удаагийн "Miss Universe" тэмцээнд Монголыг төлөөлөх гоо бүсгүйг шалгаруулна |language=mn |trans-title=Mongolia to be represented at 75th Miss Universe Pageant |website=News.mn |url=https://news.mn/r/2860155/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260411042258/https://news.mn/r/2860155/ |archive-date=11 Abril 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 Hunyo 2026 |title=Sonte në ekranin e Tv Klan "Miss Universe Albania & Kosovo 2026" |language=sq |trans-title=Tonight on Tv Klan screen "Miss Universe Albania & Kosovo 2026" |website=Televizioni Klan |url=https://tvklan.al/sonte-ne-ekranin-e-tv-klan-miss-universe-albania-dhe-kosova-2026 |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260607111404/https://tvklan.al/sonte-ne-ekranin-e-tv-klan-miss-universe-albania-dhe-kosova-2026 |archive-date=7 Hunyo 2026}}</ref> Bumitiw sa kompetisyon sina Quỳnh Anh Nguyễn ng Biyetnam, Eunice Wong ng Malaysia, Vion Erico Tan ng Singapura, at Tharina Botes ng Taylandiya kasama ang mga bansang Indonesya at Laos sa gitna ng alitan sa prangkisa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santiago |first=Erwin |date=22 Oktubre 2026 |title=MGI pulls six Southeast Asian candidates from Miss Universe 2026 |url=https://www.pep.ph/news/local/194329/six-southeast-asian-candidates-miss-universe-2026-a712-20261022 |access-date=21 Oktubre 2026 |website=PEP.ph |language=tl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=21 Oktubre 2026 |title=Miss Universo 2026: seis países de Asia se quedan fuera tras decisión oficial de MGI |trans-title=Miss Universe 2026: Six Asian countries left out following official decision by MGI |url=https://www.extra.ec/noticia/farandula/miss-universo-2026-seis-paises-asia-quedan-fuera-decision-oficial-mgi-165306.html |access-date=22 Oktubre 2026 |website=Extra.ec|last=Larco Bravo|first=Nadia|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=21 Oktubre 2026 |title=MGI แถลงจุดยืน ไม่ส่ง 'ทารีน่า' และอีก 5 ประเทศ ร่วมประกวด มิสยูนิเวิร์ส 2026 ยันปกป้องศักดิ์ศรี |trans-title=MGI issues a statement: It will not send 'Tharina'—along with representatives from five other countries—to compete in Miss Universe 2026, asserting a commitment to upholding its dignity |url=https://www.matichon.co.th/lifestyle/social-women/news_5942617 |access-date=22 Oktubre 2026 |website=Matichon |language=th}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hassan|first=Amri|date=21 Oktubre 2026|title=Malaysia Antara Enam Negara Tidak Sertai Miss Universe Ke-75, MGI Utamakan Keselamatan & Maruah Peserta|trans-title=Malaysia Among Six Countries Not Participating in the 75th Miss Universe; MGI Prioritizes Safety and Dignity of Contestants|url=https://gempak.com/hiburan/malaysia-antara-enam-negara-tidak-sertai-miss-universe-ke-75-mgi-utamakan-keselamatan-maruah-peserta|website=Gemapak|language=ms|access-date=22 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> Dapat sanang lalahok si Thandi Chisi si Malawi, nguntin bumitiw dahil sa mga suliraning pinansyal at pang-organisasyon.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=5 Setyembre 2026 |title=Revealed: Why Miss Malawi Thandie Chisi walked away from Miss Universe dream - Entertainment News Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/miss-malawi-pulls-out-of-miss-universe-bid-after-months-of-unresolved-issues-with-pageant-bosses-thandie-chisi-says-she-lost-confidence-in-organisers-ability-to-send-her-to-the-global-pageant-a/ |access-date=19 Setyembre 2026 |website=Nyasa Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bumitiw rin si Zoulahatou Amadou ng Niher matapos mapagdesisyunan na lalahok siya sa ibang internasyonal na patimpalak.<ref name=":5" /> Bumitiw si Aminath Yuin Mohamed ng Maldibas upang pagtuunan ang kaniyang pag-aaral.<ref>{{cite news |last=Prima |first=Berkat |date=25 Hunyo 2026 |title=Maladewa Bakal Comeback di Miss Universe 2026, Wakilnya Berhijab! |language=id |trans-title=The Maldives Will Make a Comeback at Miss Universe 2026, with a Hijab-Worshipping Representative! |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/maladewa-bakal-comeback-di-miss-universe-2026-wakilnya-berhijab-c1c2-01-l8vsm-l2pshq |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624214236/https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/maladewa-bakal-comeback-di-miss-universe-2026-wakilnya-berhijab-c1c2-01-l8vsm-l2pshq |archive-date=24 Hunyo 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasheed |first=Zain |date=26 Hunyo 2026 |title=New Queen Crowned: Aminath Yuin Named Miss Universe Maldives 2026 |url=https://sukunplay.com/en/article/15466 |access-date=15 Oktubre 2026 |website=Sukun Play |language=en}}</ref> == Mga kandidata == Ang mga sumusunod na kandidata ay kumpirmadong lalahok:<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=21 Oktubre 2026 |title=Miss Universe 2026: conoce aquí a las candidatas |trans-title=Miss Universe 2026: Meet the candidates here |url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/entretenimiento/farandula/fotogalerias/miss-universe-2026-conoce-aqui-a-las-candidatas/ |access-date=22 Oktubre 2026 |website=El Nuevo Día |language=es}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon|group=A}} !Bayan |- |{{flagdeco|ALB}} [[Albanya]] |{{sortname|Jogersa|Beqiri|nolink=1}}<ref name=":3">{{cite news |date=7 Hunyo 2026 |title=Jorgesa Beqiri dhe Evisa Pacolli fituese të "Miss Universe Albania & Kosova 2026", spektakli magjik në TV Klan |language=sq |trans-title=Jorgesa Beqiri and Evisa Pacolli winners of "Miss Universe Albania & Kosovo 2026", the magical spectacle on TV Klan |website=Televizioni Klan |url=https://tvklan.al/lajme-tv-klan-7-qershor-2026-ora-0040 |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260607133643/https://tvklan.al/lajme-tv-klan-7-qershor-2026-ora-0040 |archive-date=7 Hunyo 2026}}</ref> |25 |Shkodër |- |{{flagdeco|DEU}} [[Alemanya]] |{{sortname|Celina|Weil|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wessel |first=Julian Simon |date=4 Oktubre 2026 |title=Vom Dorf in die große Welt: Celina Weil ist Miss Universe Germany |trans-title=From village to the big world: Celina Weil is Miss Universe Germany |url=https://www.hna.de/hessen/mit-krone-in-rockenberg-wetterauerin-celina-weil-ist-miss-universe-germany-94523056.html |access-date=5 Oktubre 2026 |website=Hessische/Niedersächsische Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> |25 |Rockenberg |- |{{flagdeco|ANG}} [[Angola|Anggola]] |{{sortname|Wanderléia|Rodrigues}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Pedro |first=Francisco |date=1 Disyembre 2025 |title=Wanderleia Rodrigues eleita Miss Angola edição 2025 |language=pt |trans-title=Wanderleia Rodrigues elected Miss Angola 2025 |website=Jornal de Angola |url=https://www.jornaldeangola.ao/noticias/3/sociedade/653334/wanderleia-rodrigues-eleita--miss-angola-edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o-2025 |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260722010929/https://www.jornaldeangola.ao/noticias/3/sociedade/653334/wanderleia-rodrigues-eleita--miss-angola-edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o-2025|archive-date=22 Hulyo 2026}}</ref> |23 |Cuanza Norte |- |{{flagdeco|ARG}} [[:en:Miss_Argentina|Argentina]] |{{sortname|Daiana |Pereyra|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Díaz |first=Francisco Javier |date=16 Setyembre 2026 |title=Miss Universe Argentina renuncia inesperadamente |trans-title=Miss Universe Argentina resigns unexpectedly |url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/entretenimiento/farandula/notas/miss-universe-argentina-renuncia-inesperadamente/ |access-date=19 Setyembre 2026 |website=El Nuevo Día |language=es}}</ref> |28 |Posadas |- |{{flagdeco|ARM}} [[Armenya]] |{{sortname|Arena|Zeynalian|nolink=1}}<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=6 Setyembre 2026 |title=Candidatas a Miss Universo 2026 de Asia y Oceanía, a las que se enfrenta la ecuatoriana Dalia Bucaram |trans-title=Miss Universe 2026 candidates from Asia and Oceania, among whom Ecuadorian Dalia Bucaram will compete |url=https://www.primicias.ec/entretenimiento/candidatas-miss-universo2026-asia-oceania-australia-candidatas-dalia-bucaram-131939/ |access-date=19 Setyembre 2026 |website=Primicias}}</ref> |33 |[[Teheran]] |- |{{flagdeco|ABW}} [[Aruba]] |{{sortname|Elizabeth |Johnson|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Felix |date=2026-08-31 |title=E simpatica Elizabeth Johnson corona como Miss Universe Aruba 2026 |url=https://diario.aw/categories/noticia/general/e-simpatica-elizabeth-johnson-corona-como-miss-universe-aruba-2026 |access-date=2026-09-18 |website=Diario Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> |24 |Oranjestad |- |{{flagdeco|AUS}} [[Australya]] |{{sortname|Caitlin|Worthington|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web|last=George|first=Owen|date=26 Agosto 2026|title=Caitlin Worthington Crowned Miss Universe Australia 2026|url=https://gcmag.com.au/caitlin-worthington-crowned-miss-universe-australia-2026/|url-status=live|website=Gold Coast Magazine|access-date=30 Agosto 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260826120000/https://gcmag.com.au/caitlin-worthington-crowned-miss-universe-australia-2026/|archive-date=26 Agosto 2026|language=en}}</ref> |29 |[[Brisbane]] |- |{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria|Austrya]] |{{sortname|Victoria|Amerson|nolink=1}}<ref name=":6" /> |29 |[[Viena]] |- |{{flagdeco|BHS}} [[Bahamas]] |{{sortname|Shawndra |Henfield|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Moss |first=Shavaughn |date=24 Hulyo 2026 |title=Shawndra Henfield crowned Miss Universe Bahamas 2026 |language=en |website=The Nassau Guardian |url=https://www.thenassauguardian.com/lifestyles/shawndra-henfield-crowned-miss-universe-bahamas-2026/article_f25dd91c-d6d5-40ad-8b42-510052a48739.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260724121624/https://www.thenassauguardian.com/lifestyles/shawndra-henfield-crowned-miss-universe-bahamas-2026/article_f25dd91c-d6d5-40ad-8b42-510052a48739.html |archive-date=24 Hulyo 2026}}</ref> |24 |Exuma |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{sortname|Olga |Lombardo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lierde |first=Morgane Van |date=22 Pebrero 2026 |orig-date=21 Pebrero 2026 |title=Voici qui est la nouvelle Miss Belgique 2026 |trans-title=Voici qui est la nouvelle Miss Belgique 2026 |url=https://www.lalibre.be/lifestyle/2026/02/21/voici-qui-est-la-nouvelle-miss-belgique-2026-6F4IMPJO25EGTLSRQWY4LRG5XY/ |access-date=21 Hulyo 2026 |website=La Libre |language=fr}}</ref> |22 |Leuven |- |{{flagdeco|BLZ}} [[Belise|Belis]] |{{sortname|Caleigh-Rose|West|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Caleigh-Rose West crowned Miss Universe Belize 2026|url=https://www.breakingbelizenews.com/2026/08/16/caleigh-rose-west-crowned-miss-universe-belize-2026/|website=Breaking Belize News|date=16 Agosto 2026|access-date=17 Agosto 2026|language=en}}</ref> |24 |Lungsod ng Belis |- |{{flagdeco|VEN}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |{{sortname|Clara|Vegas|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Sequeiros |first=Judith |date=4 Disyembre 2025 |title=Clara Vegas es la nueva Miss Venezuela y representará al país en el Miss Universe 2026 en Puerto Rico |language=es |trans-title=Clara Vegas is the new Miss Venezuela and will represent the country at Miss Universe 2026 in Puerto Rico |website=La República |url=https://larepublica.pe/entretenimiento/2025/12/04/clara-vegas-fue-coronada-como-miss-venezuela-2025-y-representara-al-pais-en-el-miss-universe-2026-en-puerto-rico-295212 |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205035617/https://larepublica.pe/entretenimiento/2025/12/04/clara-vegas-fue-coronada-como-miss-venezuela-2025-y-representara-al-pais-en-el-miss-universe-2026-en-puerto-rico-295212 |archive-date=5 Disyembre 2025}}</ref> |24 |Chacao |- |{{flagdeco|BLR}} [[Biyelorusya]] |{{sortname|Aliya |Karotkaya|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Yakimuk|first=Augustine|date=30 Agosto 2026|title=Чым цяпер займаюцца дзяўчаты, якіх летась назвалі самымі прыгожымі ў Беларусі?|trans-title=What are the young women who were named the most beautiful in Belarus last year doing now?|url=https://nashaniva.com/403365|url-status=live|website=Nasha Niva|language=be|access-date=5 Oktubre 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260830150449/https://nashaniva.com/403365|archive-date=30 Agosto 2026}}</ref> |22 |[[Minsk]] |- |{{flagdeco|Bonaire}} [[Bonaire]] |{{sortname|Caroline|Porras|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Hofstra |first=Hans |date=5 Hulyo 2026 |title=Caroline Porras wint Miss Universe Bonaire 2026 |language=nl |trans-title=Caroline Porras wins Miss Universe Bonaire 2026 |website=Bonaire.nu |url=https://www.bonaire.nu/nieuws/evenementen/92089/caroline-porras-wint-miss-universe-bonaire-2026 |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260705160743/https://www.bonaire.nu/nieuws/evenementen/92089/caroline-porras-wint-miss-universe-bonaire-2026 |archive-date=5 Hulyo 2026}}</ref> |24 |Antriol |- |{{flagdeco|BOT}} [[Botswana]] |{{sortname|Dabilo|Moses|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Pebrero 2026 |title=Moses crown without the catwalk |url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/89848 |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |website=Daily News |language=en}}</ref> |26 |[[Gaborone]] |- |{{flagdeco|BRA}} [[Brazil|Brasil]] |{{sortname|Marcella |Kozinski|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 Hulyo 2026 |title=Marcella Kozinski é coroada Miss Universe Brasil 2026 |trans-title=Marcella Kozinski is crowned Miss Universe Brazil 2026 |url=https://record.r7.com/miss-universe-brasil/marcella-kozinski-e-coroada-miss-universe-brasil-2026-26072026/ |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |website=Record |language=pt-BR}}</ref> |26 |[[Curitiba]] |- |{{flagdeco|VGB}} [[Britanikong Kapuluang Birhenes]] |{{sortname|Orealia|Thomas|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Orealia Thomas Is Miss Universe BVI 2026|url=https://www.bviplatinum.com/news/orealia-thomas-is-miss-universe-bvi-2026|url-status=live|website=Virgin Islands Platinum News|date=23 Setyembre 2026|access-date=3 Oktubre 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260924123900/https://www.bviplatinum.com/news/orealia-thomas-is-miss-universe-bvi-2026|archive-date=24 Setyembre 2026|language=en}}</ref> |27 |Santo Tomas |- |{{flagdeco|BUL}} [[Bulgarya]] |{{sortname|Anna-Maria|Babau|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=21 Hulyo 2026 |title=Анна Мария Бабау е „Мис Вселена България 2026" – ще представи страната на 75-ото издание в Пуерто Рико |trans-title=Anna Maria Babau is Miss Universe Bulgaria 2026 – she will represent the country at the 75th edition in Puerto Rico |url=https://town.bg/anna-mariya-babau-e-mis-vselena-balgariya-2026-sthe-predstavi-stranata-na-75-oto-izdanie-v-puerto-riko/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260721131212/https://town.bg/anna-mariya-babau-e-mis-vselena-balgariya-2026-sthe-predstavi-stranata-na-75-oto-izdanie-v-puerto-riko/ |archive-date=21 Hulyo 2026 |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |website=Town Bulgaria |language=bg}}</ref> |33 |[[Sofia]] |- |{{flagdeco|BOL}} [[Bolivia|Bulibya]] |{{sortname|Valeria |Mena|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 July 2026 |title=¡Tenemos nueva reina! Valeria Mena, Miss Oruro, es coronada Miss Bolivia Universo 2026 |trans-title=We have a new queen! Valeria Mena, Miss Oruro, is crowned Miss Bolivia Universe 2026 |url=https://www.reduno.com.bo/miss-bolivia-2026/tenemos-nueva-reina-valeria-mena-miss-oruro-es-coronada-miss-bolivia-universo-2026-2026725231012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260726032417/https://www.reduno.com.bo/miss-bolivia-2026/miss-residentes-japon-conquista-la-corona-de-miss-bolivia-internacional-2026-202672522947 |archive-date=26 July 2026 |access-date=26 July 2026 |website=[[Red Uno de Bolivia]] |language=es}}</ref> |23 |Oruro |- |{{flagdeco|CPV}} [[Cabo Verde]] |{{sortname|Armandina|Cunha|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 Agosto 2026 |title=Armandina Cunha eleita Miss Universe Cabo Verde |trans-title=Armandina Cunha elected Miss Universe Cape Verde |url=https://ilhas.li/aS5d |access-date=17 Agosto 2026 |website=Expresso das Ilhas |language=pt}}</ref> |27 |São Vicente |- |{{flagdeco|CRI}} [[Costa Rica]] |{{sortname|María Alejandra|Acosta|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Chinchilla Marín |first=Hillary |date=5 Hunyo 2026 |title=Mariale Acosta es la nueva Miss Universe Costa Rica 2026: así se vivió la gala dorada |language=es |trans-title=Mariale Acosta is the new Miss Universe Costa Rica 2026: this is how the golden gala was experienced |website=La Teja |url=https://www.lateja.cr/teleguia/farandula/mariale-acosta-es-la-nueva-miss-universe-costa/GN76W6NETZCYXFNUMXTKOGEJHE/story/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606060337/https://www.lateja.cr/teleguia/farandula/mariale-acosta-es-la-nueva-miss-universe-costa/GN76W6NETZCYXFNUMXTKOGEJHE/story/ |archive-date=6 Hunyo 2026}}</ref> |24 |Heredia |- |{{flagdeco|CUR}} [[Curaçao]] |{{sortname|Bianty|Gomperts|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=27 Hulyo 2026 |title=Bianty Rojer Gomperts ta e Miss Universe Curaçao 2026 |language=pt |trans-title=Bianty Rojer Gomperts is crowned Miss Universe Curaçao 2026 today |website=NoticiaCla |url=https://www.noticiacla.com/news/38733/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260727153147/https://www.noticiacla.com/news/38733/ |archive-date=27 Hulyo 2026}}</ref> |28 |Amerikanenkamp |- |{{flagdeco|COD}} [[Demokratikong Republika ng Congo|Demokratikong Republika ng Konggo]] |{{sortname|Jessi|Kalambayi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 Hulyo 2026 |title=Culture : le Fonds de Promotion culturelle félicite Jessi Kalambayi, élue « Miss Universe » RDC 2026 |trans-title=Culture: The Cultural Promotion Fund congratulates Jessi Kalambayi, elected "Miss Universe" DRC 2026 |url=https://acp.cd/culture/culture-le-fonds-de-promotion-culturelle-felicite-jessi-kalambayi-elue-miss-universe-rdc-2026/ |access-date=21 Hulyo 2026 |website=Agence Congolaise de Presse |language=fr-FR}}</ref> |28 |[[Kinshasa]] |- |{{flagdeco|DNK}} [[Dinamarka]] |{{sortname|Fie Rose|Lindegaard|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=10 Agosto 2026 |title=Miss Universe Canadá 2025 se despide de su corona con su bebé en brazos |language=es |trans-title=Miss Universe Canada 2025 bids farewell to her crown with her baby in her arms |website=El Nuevo Día |url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/entretenimiento/farandula/notas/miss-universe-canada-2025-se-despide-de-su-corona-con-su-bebe-en-brazos/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 Agosto 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260810014113/https://www.elnuevodia.com/entretenimiento/farandula/notas/miss-universe-canada-2025-se-despide-de-su-corona-con-su-bebe-en-brazos/ |archive-date=10 Agosto 2026}}</ref> |27 |[[Copenhague]] |- |{{flagdeco|EGY}} [[Ehipto]] |{{sortname|Sonia|Gergis|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adina|first=Armin P.|date=18 Agosto 2026|title=Filipino Miss Universe licensee Josh Yugen picks Egypt’s bet anew|url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/680855/filipino-miss-universe-licensee-josh-yugen-picks-egypts-bet-anew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260821171537/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/680855/filipino-miss-universe-licensee-josh-yugen-picks-egypts-bet-anew|archive-date=21 Agosto 2026|access-date=30 Agosto 2026|website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|language=en}}</ref> |31 |[[Cairo]] |- |{{flagdeco|ECU}} [[Ecuador|Ekwador]] |{{sortname|Dalia|Bucaram|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=15 Agosto 2026 |title=Dalia Bucaram es la ganadora de Miss Universo Ecuador 2026 |language=es |trans-title=Dalia Bucaram is the winner of Miss Universe Ecuador 2026 |website=Primicias |url=https://www.primicias.ec/entretenimiento/dalia-bucaram-miss-universo-ecuador-ganadora-corona-final-130393/ |access-date=17 Agosto 2026}}</ref> |21 |Guayaquil |- |{{flagdeco|SLV}} [[El Salvador]] |{{sortname|Sofía|Córdova|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Figueroa |first=Lissette |date=28 Hunyo 2026 |title=Sofía Córdova es Miss Universo El Salvador 2026 |language=es |trans-title=Sofía Córdova is Miss Universe El Salvador 2026 |website=El Diario de Hoy |url=https://www.elsalvador.com/entretenimiento/escena/ganadora-miss-universo-el-salvador/1280793/2026/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260629051045/https://www.elsalvador.com/entretenimiento/escena/ganadora-miss-universo-el-salvador/1280793/2026/ |archive-date=29 Hunyo 2026}}</ref> |27 |[[San Salvador]] |- |{{flagdeco|SVK}} [[Slovakia|Eslobakya]] |{{sortname|Anna|Ličková|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=17 Hunyo 2026 |title=Obrovský triumf odmietnutej finalistky z Ruže pre nevestu: Vyhrala Miss Universe Slovensko! |language=sk |trans-title=Huge triumph of the rejected finalist from A Rose for the Bride: She won Miss Universe Slovakia! |website=Koktejl |url=https://koktejl.azet.sk/clanok/WyZ9vCt/obrovsky-triumf-odmietnutej-finalistky-z-ruze-pre-nevestu-vyhrala-miss-universe-slovensko/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260617082300/https://koktejl.azet.sk/clanok/WyZ9vCt/obrovsky-triumf-odmietnutej-finalistky-z-ruze-pre-nevestu-vyhrala-miss-universe-slovensko/ |archive-date=17 Hunyo 2026}}</ref> |25 |Martin |- |{{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Espanya]] |{{sortname|Susana|Medina|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Viera |first=Briseida |date=20 Hulyo 2026 |title=Susana Medina, la grancanaria que alza la corona de Miss Universe Spain 2026 |trans-title=Susana Medina, the Gran Canarian who claims the Miss Universe Spain 2026 crown. |url=https://www.laprovincia.es/canarias/2026/07/20/susana-medina-grancanaria-conquista-corona-dv-132623842.html |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |website=La Provincia - Diario de Las Palmas |language=es}}</ref> |27 |Las Palmas |- |{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] |{{sortname|Justus|Kelley}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Parent |first=Tabitha |date=27 Agosto 2026 |title=Miss USA 2026 Crowns Miss Virginia as Winner, Marking First Mom to Win Pageant |url=https://people.com/miss-usa-crowns-new-winner-at-2026-pageant-12064861 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260827123800/https://people.com/miss-usa-crowns-new-winner-at-2026-pageant-12064861 |archive-date=27 Agosto 2026 |access-date=30 Agosto 2026 |website=People |language=en}}</ref> |31 |Arlington |- |{{flagdeco|EST}} [[Estonya]] |{{sortname|Emili|Denneng|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=27 Agosto 2026 |title=ФОТО ⟩ Эмили из небольшого эстонского города представит страну на 75-м конкурсе «Мисс Вселенная» |trans-title=PHOTO ⟩ Emili from a small town in Estonia will represent the country at the 75th Miss Universe pageant |url=https://limon.postimees.ee/8534975/foto-emili-iz-nebolshogo-estonskogo-goroda-predstavit-stranu-na-75-m-konkurse-miss-vselennaya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260827131245/https://limon.postimees.ee/8534975/foto-emili-iz-nebolshogo-estonskogo-goroda-predstavit-stranu-na-75-m-konkurse-miss-vselennaya |archive-date=27 Agosto 2026 |access-date=30 Agosto 2026 |website=Limon |language=ru}}</ref> |20 |Pärnu |- |{{flagdeco|ETH}} [[Ethiopia|Etiyopiya]] |{{sortname|Bruk|Belete|nolink=nolink=1}}<ref name="ETH&DEU">{{cite web|title=Four Crowns, Three New Queens, One Remarkable Night in Bern|url=https://musecast.ch/community/four-crowns-three-queens-bern-miss-universe-2026|url-status=live|website=Musecast|access-date=5 Oktubre 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260927195119/https://musecast.ch/community/four-crowns-three-queens-bern-miss-universe-2026|archive-date=27 Setyembre 2026|language=en}}</ref> |24 |[[Madrid]] |- |{{flagdeco|GHA}} [[Ghana|Gana]] |{{sortname|Belvy Naa |Ofori|nolink=nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Lartey|first=Winifred|date=10 Oktubre 2026|title=Miss Universe Ghana 2026 eyes global stage to inspire girls, champion women's empowerment|url=https://asaaseradio.com/miss-universe-ghana-2026-eyes-global-stage-to-inspire-girls-champion-womens-empowerment/|url-status=live|website=Asaase Radio|access-date=15 Oktubre 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261011121424/https://asaaseradio.com/miss-universe-ghana-2026-eyes-global-stage-to-inspire-girls-champion-womens-empowerment/|archive-date=11 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> |33 |[[Accra]] |- |{{flagdeco|GNQ}} [[Gineang Ekwatoriyal]] |{{sortname|Isabel|Mbomio|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Nguema Eyenga |first=Jovina Mikue |date=20 Setyembre 2026 |title=¡Centro Sur se corona por partida doble: Evinayong y Niefang conquistan Miss Guinea Ecuatorial 2026! |trans-title=Centro Sur takes a double crown: Evinayong and Niefang win Miss Equatorial Guinea 2026! |url=https://mofuen.com/2026/09/20/centro-sur-se-corona-por-partida-doble-evinayong-y-niefang-conquistan-miss-guinea-ecuatorial-2026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260920165132/https://mofuen.com/2026/09/20/centro-sur-se-corona-por-partida-doble-evinayong-y-niefang-conquistan-miss-guinea-ecuatorial-2026/ |archive-date=20 Setyembre 2026 |access-date=21 Setyembre 2026 |website=Mofueñ |language=es}}</ref> |24 |Evinayong |- |{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Great Britain|Gran Britanya]] |{{sortname|Angela|Aumonier|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Rodríguez Caraballo |first=Harry |date=12 Hulyo 2026 |title=Miss Universo 2026: Dos filipinas buscarán coronarse en Puerto Rico |language=es |trans-title=Miss Universe 2026: Two Filipinas will seek to be crowned in Puerto Rico |website=Metro Puerto Rico |url=https://www.metro.pr/entretenimiento/2026/07/12/miss-universo-2026-dos-filipinas-buscaran-coronarse-en-puerto-rico/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260712203620/https://www.metro.pr/entretenimiento/2026/07/12/miss-universo-2026-dos-filipinas-buscaran-coronarse-en-puerto-rico/ |archive-date=12 Hulyo 2026}}</ref> |25 |Douglas |- |{{flagdeco|GRE}} [[Gresya]] |{{sortname|Olivia|Vasilopoulos|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Melbourne to Miss Universe: Olivia Vassilopoulos crowned Miss Universe Greece 2026|url=https://neoskosmos.com/en/2026/09/26/news/australia/melbourne-to-miss-universe-olivia-vassilopoulos-crowned-miss-universe-greece-2026/|url-status=live|website=Neos Kosmos|date=26 Setyembre 2026|access-date=28 Setyembre 2026|archive-url=https://perma.cc/M5SH-4UFR?url=https%3A%2F%2Fneoskosmos.com%2Fen%2F2026%2F09%2F26%2Fnews%2Faustralia%2Fmelbourne-to-miss-universe-olivia-vassilopoulos-crowned-miss-universe-greece-2026%2F&ts=20260926072718|archive-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> |25 |Mytilene |- |{{flagicon|GLP|variant=local}} [[Guadalupe (Pransya)|Guadalupe]] |{{sortname|Chloé|Deher|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Devriese |first=Emmanuelle |date=11 Enero 2026 |title=Miss Univers Guadeloupe : "Suis-je un être infâme ?", Ophély Mézino évincée de son titre, elle prend la parole |trans-title=Miss Universe Guadeloupe: "Am I a despicable being?", Ophély Mézino stripped of her title, she speaks out |url=https://www.aufeminin.com/people/miss-univers-guadeloupe-suis-je-un-etre-infame-ophely-mezino-evincee-de-son-titre-elle-prend-la-parole-2692003.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260111232608/https://www.aufeminin.com/people/miss-univers-guadeloupe-suis-je-un-etre-infame-ophely-mezino-evincee-de-son-titre-elle-prend-la-parole-2692003.html |archive-date=11 Enero 2026 |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |website=Aufeminin |language=fr}}</ref> |31 |Terre-de-Haut |- |{{flagdeco|GIN}} [[Guinea|Guniya]] |{{sortname|Justine|Kamara|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diallo |first=Abdoul Malick |date=12 Setyembre 2026 |title=Miss Univers 2026 : ancienne 4e dauphine Miss France 2017, Justine Kamara représentera la Guinée |trans-title=Miss Universe 2026: Former 4th runner-up Miss France 2017, Justine Kamara will represent Guinea |url=https://www.guinee360.com/12/09/2026/miss-univers-2026-ancienne-4e-dauphine-miss-france-2017-justine-kamara-representera-la-guinee/ |access-date=21 Setyembre 2026 |website=Guinee360 |language=fr}}</ref> |29 |Nancy |- |{{flagdeco|GUA}} [[Guatemala|Guwatemala]] |{{sortname|Adelina |Castillo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peña |first=Yesica |date=9 Agosto 2026 |title=María Castillo conquista la corona y se convierte en Miss Universo Guatemala 2026 |language=es-ES |trans-title=María Castillo wins the crown and becomes Miss Universe Guatemala 2026 |work=La Hora |url=https://lahora.gt/lh-bienestar/ypena/2026/08/08/maria-castillo-conquista-la-corona-y-se-convierte-en-miss-universo-guatemala-2026/ |access-date=9 Agosto 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260809081755/https://lahora.gt/lh-bienestar/ypena/2026/08/08/maria-castillo-conquista-la-corona-y-se-convierte-en-miss-universo-guatemala-2026/ |archive-date=9 Agosto 2026}}</ref> |27 |Sacatepéquez |- |{{flagdeco|GUY}} [[Guyana]] |{{sortname|Angel |Bhathal|nolink=1}} |39 |[[Toronto]] |- |{{flagdeco|JAM}} [[Jamaica|Hamayka]] |{{sortname|Celene|Hall|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Kevin |date=25 Agosto 2026 |title=Celene Hall takes Miss Universe Jamaica 2026 crown |url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2026/08/25/celene-hall-takes-miss-universe-jamaica-2026-crown/ |access-date=30 Agosto 2026 |website=Jamaica Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> |25 |Portland |- |{{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |{{sortname|Sayuki|Ito|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=23 Hunyo 2026 |title=日本代表に福岡の伊藤さゆきさん　ミス・ユニバース |trans-title=Sayuki Ito from Fukuoka has been selected to represent Japan at the Miss Universe pageant |url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/cd71aa328ca91a7a5135d567d5f09715a151303f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260623164937/https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/cd71aa328ca91a7a5135d567d5f09715a151303f |archive-date=23 Hunyo 2026 |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |website=Yahoo! Japan |language=ja}}</ref> |26 |[[Fukuoka]] |- |{{flagdeco|HAI}} [[Haiti|Hayti]] |{{sortname|Tatenda|Rameau|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gomez |first=Shirley |date=26 Agosto 2026 |title=Miss Haiti crowns the wrong contestant in shocking 2026 mix-up |url=https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/20260826920181/miss-haiti-crowns-wrong-contestant/ |access-date=30 Agosto 2026 |website=Hola! USA |language=en-us}}</ref> |28 |[[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]] |- |{{flagdeco|HON}} [[Honduras]] |{{sortname|Luisa|Pineda|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=12 Setyembre 2026 |title=Luisa Pineda gana la corona de Miss Universo Honduras 2026 |trans-title=Luisa Pineda wins the Miss Honduras Universe 2026 crown |url=https://www.laprensa.hn/espectaculos/luisa-pineda-gana-la-corona-de-miss-honduras-universo-2026-HA32013501 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260912034600/https://www.laprensa.hn/espectaculos/luisa-pineda-gana-la-corona-de-miss-honduras-universo-2026-HA32013501 |archive-date=12 Setyembre 2026 |access-date=21 Setyembre 2026 |website=La Prensa |language=es}}</ref> |26 |San Francisco de Yojoa |- |{{flagdeco|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]] |{{sortname|Jennifer|Zhou|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=19 Setyembre 2026 |title=環姐港區2026{{!}}周婷棄港姐轉戰場強勢奪冠 亞軍梁藝齡感謝「契媽」楊小娟力撐 梁聖童獲季軍後最想除高踭鞋貼地 |language=zh-Hant |trans-title=Miss Universe Hong Kong 2026 {{!}} Zhou Ting pivots from Miss Hong Kong to clinch a commanding victory; runner-up Leung Ngai-ling thanks her godmother, Yeung Siu-kuen, for the strong support; third-place winner Leung Shing-tung says her top priority after the contest is taking off her high heels and standing barefoot on the ground |website=SingTao Headlines |url=https://www.stheadline.com/film-drama/3617030/%E7%92%B0%E5%A7%90%E6%B8%AF%E5%8D%802026%E4%B8%A8%E5%91%A8%E5%A9%B7%E6%A3%84%E6%B8%AF%E5%A7%90%E8%BD%89%E6%88%B0%E5%A0%B4%E5%BC%B7%E5%8B%A2%E5%A5%AA%E5%86%A0-%E4%BA%9E%E8%BB%8D%E6%A2%81%E8%97%9D%E9%BD%A1%E6%84%9F%E8%AC%9D%E5%A5%91%E5%AA%BD%E6%A5%8A%E5%B0%8F%E5%A8%9F%E5%8A%9B%E6%92%90-%E6%A2%81%E8%81%96%E7%AB%A5%E7%8D%B2%E5%AD%A3%E8%BB%8D%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%80%E6%83%B3%E9%99%A4%E9%AB%98%E8%B8%AD%E9%9E%8B%E8%B2%BC%E5%9C%B0 |url-status=live |access-date=21 Setyembre 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260919173202/https://www.stheadline.com/film-drama/3617030/%E7%92%B0%E5%A7%90%E6%B8%AF%E5%8D%802026%E4%B8%A8%E5%91%A8%E5%A9%B7%E6%A3%84%E6%B8%AF%E5%A7%90%E8%BD%89%E6%88%B0%E5%A0%B4%E5%BC%B7%E5%8B%A2%E5%A5%AA%E5%86%A0-%E4%BA%9E%E8%BB%8D%E6%A2%81%E8%97%9D%E9%BD%A1%E6%84%9F%E8%AC%9D%E5%A5%91%E5%AA%BD%E6%A5%8A%E5%B0%8F%E5%A8%9F%E5%8A%9B%E6%92%90-%E6%A2%81%E8%81%96%E7%AB%A5%E7%8D%B2%E5%AD%A3%E8%BB%8D%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%80%E6%83%B3%E9%99%A4%E9%AB%98%E8%B8%AD%E9%9E%8B%E8%B2%BC%E5%9C%B0 |archive-date=19 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> |27 |[[Hong Kong]] |- |{{flagdeco|JOR}} [[Jordan|Hordan]] |{{sortname|Destiny|Anbar|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Fernando |first=Jefferson |date=9 Setyembre 2026 |title=Destiny Anbar leads Jordan's historic Miss Universe comeback after 66 years |language=en |website=Daily Tribune |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2026/09/09/destiny-anbar-leads-jordans-historic-miss-universe-comeback-after-66-years |url-status=live |access-date=21 Setyembre 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260909090414/https://tribune.net.ph/2026/09/09/destiny-anbar-leads-jordans-historic-miss-universe-comeback-after-66-years |archive-date=9 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> |20 |[[Aman]] |- |{{flagdeco|IND}} [[Indiya]] |{{sortname|Kaziah Liz|Mejo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devadasan |first=K. P. |date=24 Agosto 2026 |title=UAE-born Kerala girl Kaziah Liz Mejo wins Miss Universe India 2026 |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/uae-born-keralas-kaziah-liz-mejo-crowned-miss-universe-india-2026-1.500650309 |access-date=24 Agosto 2026 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref> |19 |Mavelikkara |- |{{flagdeco|IRQ}} [[Irak]] |{{sortname|Samantha|Slewa|nolink=1}} |29 |Vaughan |- |{{flagdeco|IRE}} [[Republika ng Irlanda|Irlanda]] |{{sortname|Aideen|Howard|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Walsh |first=Lauren |date=21 Hunyo 2026 |title=The competition is 'about far more than appearance' Boston-born Limerick lady crowned Miss Universe Ireland 2026 |language=en |website=Evoke |url=https://evoke.ie/2026/06/21/entertainment/miss-universe-ireland-limerick |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260621224127/https://evoke.ie/2026/06/21/entertainment/miss-universe-ireland-limerick |archive-date=21 Hunyo 2026 |archiveurl=}}</ref> |22 |Castletroy |- |{{flagdeco|ISR}} [[Israel]] |{{sortname|Danielle|Yablonka|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Fellig |first=Vita |date=2 Hulyo 2026 |title=South Florida-born Israeli Danielle Yablon crowned Miss Israel 2026 in Miami |language=en |website=Jewish News Syndicate |url=https://www.jns.org/news/u-s-news/south-florida-born-israeli-daniella-yablon-crowned-miss-israel-2026-in-miami |url-status=dead |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260702230606/https://www.jns.org/news/u-s-news/south-florida-born-israeli-daniella-yablon-crowned-miss-israel-2026-in-miami |archive-date=2 Hulyo 2026}}</ref> |25 |[[Herzliya]] |- |{{flagdeco|ITA}} [[Italya]] |{{sortname|Giada|Folcia|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=31 Agosto 2026 |title=Miss Universe Italy, il titolo va alla modella Giada Folcia |language=it |trans-title=Miss Universe Italy, the title goes to model Giada Folcia |website=Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata |url=https://www.ansa.it/puglia/notizie/2026/08/31/miss-universe-italy-il-titolo-va-alla-modella-giada-folcia_e86ec14e-f46c-4602-9f66-9ab96ddd168b.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 Setyembre 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260831143916/https://www.ansa.it/puglia/notizie/2026/08/31/miss-universe-italy-il-titolo-va-alla-modella-giada-folcia_e86ec14e-f46c-4602-9f66-9ab96ddd168b.html |archive-date=31 Agosto 2026}}</ref> |37 |[[Milan]] |- |{{flagdeco|KHM}} [[Kambodya]] |{{sortname|Than|Rthna|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web|title=អបអរ! ថាន រតនា ផ្ដួលបេក្ខភាពជើងខ្លាំងច្រើនរូប ក្លាយជារាជិនីម្ចាស់មកុដ MUC 2026|trans-title=Congratulations! Than Ratana defeated many strong candidates to become the queen of the MUC 2026 crown.|url=https://popular.com.kh/%e1%9e%a2%e1%9e%94%e1%9e%a2%e1%9e%9a-%e1%9e%90%e1%9e%b6%e1%9e%93-%e1%9e%9a%e1%9e%8f%e1%9e%93%e1%9e%b6-%e1%9e%95%e1%9f%92%e1%9e%8a%e1%9e%bd%e1%9e%9b%e1%9e%94%e1%9f%81%e1%9e%80%e1%9f%92%e1%9e%81/|url-status=live|website=Popular Magazine|language=km|date=21 Setyembre 2026|access-date=21 Setyembre 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921120300/https://popular.com.kh/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%9A-%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93-%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6-%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%81/|archive-date=21 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> |31 |Kampong Cham |- |{{flagicon|CMR}} [[Kamerun]] |{{sortname|Audrey|Black|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Diplômée de Paris et vendeuse de poulets, l'histoire complète d'Audrey Black Moutongo, la nouvelle Miss Cameroun 2025|trans-title=A graduate of Paris and a chicken vendor, the full story of Audrey Black Moutongo, the new Miss Cameroon 2025|url=https://lauradavemedia.com/diplomee-de-paris-et-vendeuse-de-poulets-lhistoire-complete-daudrey-black-moutongo-la-nouvelle-miss-cameroun-2025/|url-status=live|website=Laura Dave Media|language=fr|date=10 Marso 2026|access-date=22 Setyembre 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260511220659/https://lauradavemedia.com/diplomee-de-paris-et-vendeuse-de-poulets-lhistoire-complete-daudrey-black-moutongo-la-nouvelle-miss-cameroun-2025/|archive-date=11 Mayo 2026}}</ref> |30 |Douala |- |{{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{sortname|Aslihan |Morali|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gomez |first=Shirley |date=10 Agosto 2026 |title=Miss Universe Canada 2025 carries her baby during emotional final walk as the reigning queen |url=https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/20260810917313/miss-universe-canada-2025-carries-baby-final-walk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260811074009/https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/20260810917313/miss-universe-canada-2025-carries-baby-final-walk/ |archive-date=11 Agosto 2026 |access-date=13 Agosto 2026 |website=Hola! USA |language=en-us}}</ref> |28 |Ancaster |- |{{flagdeco|ISV}} [[Kapuluang Birhenes ng Estados Unidos]] |{{sortname|Jenna-Monét|Queeley|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Anthony |date=17 Hunyo 2026 |title=Jenna Monet-Queeley Crowned Miss Universe U.S. Virgin Islands 2026, honors St. Kitts and Nevis Heritage |language=en |website=SKN News |url=https://sknnews.com/featured/jenna-monet-queeley-crowned-miss-universe-u-s-virgin-islands-2026-honors-st-kitts-and-nevis-heritage-442627768 |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260617205459/https://sknnews.com/featured/jenna-monet-queeley-crowned-miss-universe-u-s-virgin-islands-2026-honors-st-kitts-and-nevis-heritage-442627768 |archive-date=17 Hunyo 2026}}</ref> |21 |Saint Croix |- |{{flagdeco|CYM}} [[Kapuluang Kayman|Kapuluang Cayman]] |{{sortname|Juliana|Myers|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Boxall |first=Simon |date=13 Hulyo 2026 |title=Juliana Myers crowned Miss Universe Cayman Islands |language=en |website=Cayman Compass |url=https://www.caymancompass.com/2026/07/13/juliana-myers-crowned-miss-universe-cayman-islands/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260713064620mp_/https://www.caymancompass.com/2026/07/13/juliana-myers-crowned-miss-universe-cayman-islands/ |archive-date=13 Hulyo 2026}}</ref> |20 |West Bay |- |{{flagdeco|TCA}} [[Kapuluang Turcas at Caicos|Kapuluang Turks at Caicos]] |{{sortname|Selena|Grant|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=15 Setyembre 2026 |title=Selena Grant Selected as Miss Universe TCI 2026 |language=en |website=Newsline TCI |url=https://www.newslinetci.com/post/selena-grant-selected-as-miss-universe-tci-2026 |url-status=live |access-date=21 Setyembre 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260916113444/https://www.newslinetci.com/post/selena-grant-selected-as-miss-universe-tci-2026 |archive-date=16 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> |25 |Providenciales |- |{{flagdeco|KAZ}} [[Kasakistan]] |{{sortname|Alina|Ekaterinecheva|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Rakhmatullavyzy |first=Balnur |date=4 Disyembre 2025 |title="Miss Qazaqstan 2025" байқауында шымкенттік ару жеңімпаз атанды |language=kk |trans-title=Shymkent beauty wins Miss Qazaqstan 2025 |newspaper=Stan.kz |url=https://stan.kz/miss-qazaqstan-2025-baykauinda-shimkenttik-aru-zhenimpa-427225/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205034549/https://stan.kz/miss-qazaqstan-2025-baykauinda-shimkenttik-aru-zhenimpa-427225/ |archive-date=5 Disyembre 2025}}</ref> |22 |Shymkent |- |{{flagdeco|KEN}} [[Kenya]] |{{sortname|Jean |Ojiro|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwangi |first=Faith |date=28 Hulyo 2026 |title=Jean Ojiro, Miss Universe Kenya 2026 Winner, Brands And Modeling Journey |url=https://thekenyatimes.com/kenya/jean-ojiro-miss-universe-2/ |access-date=4 Agosto 2026 |website=The Kenya Times |language=en-US}}</ref> |27 |[[Nairobi]] |- |{{flagdeco|KGZ}} [[Kirgistan]] |{{sortname|Medina|Ermekova|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=7 Enero 2026 |title=7 thí sinh đầu tiên của Hoa hậu Hoàn vũ 2026 |language=vi |trans-title=The first 7 contestants of Miss Universe 2026 |website=24h |url=https://www.24h.com.vn/thoi-trang/7-thi-sinh-dau-tien-cua-hoa-hau-hoan-vu-2026-c78a1727698.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113203155/https://www.24h.com.vn/thoi-trang/7-thi-sinh-dau-tien-cua-hoa-hau-hoan-vu-2026-c78a1727698.html |archive-date=13 Enero 2026}}</ref> |18 |[[Biskek]] |- |{{flagdeco|MAF}} [[San Martin|Kolektibidad ng San Martin]] |{{sortname|Marian |Madly|nolink=1}} |29 |Petit-Bourg |- |{{flagdeco|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |{{sortname|María Alejandra|López}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guerrero Aldana |first=Daniel |date=11 Oktubre 2026 |title=Ella es María Alejandra López, coronada como Miss Universe Colombia 2026 |trans-title=She is María Alejandra López, crowned Miss Universe Colombia 2026 |url=https://www.elespectador.com/revista-vea/famosos/maria-alejandra-lopez-miss-universe-colombia-2026/ |access-date=12 Oktubre 2026 |website=El Espectador |language=es}}</ref> |32 |[[Pereira, Colombia|Pereira]] |- |{{flagdeco|KOS}} [[Kosovo|Kosobo]] |{{sortname|Evisa|Pacolli|nolink=1}}<ref name=":3" /> |21 |[[Toronto]] |- |{{flagdeco|CRO}} [[Kroasya]] |{{sortname|Antea|Mršić|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Mayo 2026 |title=Antea Mršić nova je Miss Universe Hrvatske 2026. |trans-title=Antea Mršić is the new Miss Universe Croatia 2026. |url=https://www.24sata.hr/show/antea-mrsic-nova-je-miss-universe-hrvatske-2026-1130093 |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |website=24sata |language=hr}}</ref> |24 |[[Zagreb]] |- |{{flagdeco|CUB}} [[Cuba|Kuba]] |{{sortname|Mia |Dio|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Everything about Mia Dio, the new beauty queen who will represent Cuba at Miss Universe 2026|url=https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2026-08-21-u194224-e198484-s27065-nid338347-todo-mia-dio-nueva-reina-belleza-cubana|url-status=live|website=CiberCuba|date=21 Agosto 2026|access-date=22 Agosto 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260821120243/https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2026-08-21-u194224-e198484-s27065-nid338347-todo-mia-dio-nueva-reina-belleza-cubana|archive-date=21 Agosto 2026|language=en}}</ref> |25 |[[Miami, Florida|Miami]] |- |{{flagdeco|LVA}} [[Letonya]] |{{sortname|Lāsma |Kuhtarska|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Sedliņa|first=Anita|date=5 Oktubre 2026|title=No depresijas un izdegšanas līdz "Miss Universe Latvia" kronim. Lāsma Kuhtarska izvēlas cīnīties|trans-title=From depression and burnout to the "Miss Universe Latvia" crown: Lāsma Kuhtarska chooses to fight|url=https://www.delfi.lv/life/56010800/notikumi/120137205/no-depresijas-un-izdegsanas-lidz-miss-universe-latvia-kronim-lasma-kuhtarska-izvelas-cinities|url-status=live|website=Delfi|language=lv|access-date=15 Oktubre 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006172245/https://www.delfi.lv/life/56010800/notikumi/120137205/no-depresijas-un-izdegsanas-lidz-miss-universe-latvia-kronim-lasma-kuhtarska-izvelas-cinities|archive-date=6 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> |31 |[[Riga]] |- |{{flagdeco|LBN}} [[Lebanon|Libano]] |{{sortname|Perla|Harb|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 Oktubre 2025 |title=Perla Harb wins Miss Lebanon 2025 crown in star-studded ceremony |url=https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/lebanon-news/882325/perla-harb-wins-miss-lebanon-2025-crown-in-star-studded-ceremony/en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251118012117/https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/lebanon-news/882325/perla-harb-wins-miss-lebanon-2025-crown-in-star-studded-ceremony/en |archive-date=18 Nobyembre 2025 |access-date=21 Oktubre 2025 |website=Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International |language=en}}</ref> |22 |Al-Maamriyah |- |{{flagdeco|LTU}} [[Lithuania|Litwanya]] |{{sortname|Olga |Bykadorova|nolink=1}} |32 |[[Montréal, Québec|Montréal]] |- |{{flagdeco|ISL}} [[Iceland|Lupangyelo]] |{{sortname|Sigríður Ósk|Hrafnkelsdóttir|Sigga Ózk|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Sigurjónsdóttir |first=Guðrún Selma |date=23 Abril 2026 |title=Sigga Ózk er orðlaus |language=is |trans-title=Sigga Ózk is speechless |website=Morgunblaðið |url=https://www.mbl.is/smartland/stars/2026/04/23/sigga_ozk_er_ordlaus/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260423160638/https://www.mbl.is/smartland/stars/2026/04/23/sigga_ozk_er_ordlaus/ |archive-date=23 Abril 2026}}</ref> |27 |Garðabær |- |{{flagdeco|MAC}} [[Macau|Makaw]] |{{sortname|Xuhe|Hou|Sigga Ózk|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Lungsod ng Jilin|Jilin]] |- |{{flagdeco|MLT}} [[Malta]] |{{sortname|Francesca|Mercieca|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Falzon |first=Gabriel |date=17 Hulyo 2026 |title=Francesca Mercieca Crowned Miss Universe Malta 2026 |language=en |website=Lovin Malta |url=https://lovinmalta.com/news/local/francesca-mercieca-crowned-miss-universe-malta-2026/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260717061412/https://lovinmalta.com/news/local/francesca-mercieca-crowned-miss-universe-malta-2026/ |archive-date=17 Hulyo 2026}}</ref> |26 |St. Paul's Bay |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag-of-Martinique.svg}} [[Martinika]] |{{sortname|Larissa |Ségarel|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mergirie-Adele |first=Mildrey |date=22 Agosto 2026 |title=Larissa Ségarel est la nouvelle Miss Universe Martinique |trans-title=Larissa Ségarel is the new Miss Universe Martinique |url=https://rci.fm/martinique/infos/Culture/Larissa-Segarel-est-la-nouvelle-Miss-Univers-Martinique |access-date=23 Agosto 2026 |website=RCI |language=fr-MQ}}</ref> |28 |Lamentin |- |{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Maruekos]] |{{sortname|Sara |Allali|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Candidatas africanas al Miss Universo 2026, certamen al que irá Dalia Bucaram con la banda de Ecuador|trans-title=African contestants for Miss Universe 2026, the pageant Dalia Bucaram will attend representing Ecuador|url=https://www.primicias.ec/entretenimiento/candidatas-africa-miss-universo2026-ecuador-dalia-bucaram-132412/|url-status=live|website=Primicias|language=es|date=12 Setyembre 2026|access-date=22 Oktubre 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260913033545/https://www.primicias.ec/entretenimiento/candidatas-africa-miss-universo2026-ecuador-dalia-bucaram-132412/|archive-date=13 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> |27 |[[Casablanca]] |- |{{flagicon|MYT|variant=local}} [[Mayotte]] |{{sortname|Maëva|Toumbou Dani|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=25 Mayo 2026 |title=Maeva Toumbou Dani portera Mayotte à Miss Universe |language=fr |trans-title=Maeva Toumbou Dani will represent Mayotte at Miss Universe |website=Outremers360 |url=https://outremers360.com/bassin-indien-appli/maeva-toumbou-dani-portera-mayotte-a-miss-universe |access-date=23 Hulyo 2026}}</ref> |33 |Tsingoni |- |{{flagdeco|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{sortname|María Guadalupe|Vargas|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Tirado |first=Monica |date=29 Agosto 2026 |title=María Vargas, de Jalisco, es coronada como Miss Universe México 2026 |language=es |trans-title=María Vargas, from Jalisco, is crowned Miss Universe Mexico 2026 |website=¡Hola! |url=https://www.hola.com/us-es/celebrities/20260830920682/miss-universe-mexico-2026-en-vivo-final-candidatas-coronacion/ |access-date=30 Agosto 2026}}</ref> |28 |[[:en:Zapopan|Zapopan]] |- |{{flagdeco|MDA}} [[Moldabya]] |{{sortname|Dorina |Darii|nolink=1}} |31 |Hîncești |- |{{flagdeco|MNG}} [[Mongolya]] |{{sortname|Enkhboldyn|Enkhdelgerekh|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=О. |first=Doljin |date=22 Setyembre 2026 |title=Э.Энхдэлгэрэх "Miss Universe" тэмцээнд Монгол Улсаа төлөөлөн оролцоно |language=mn |trans-title=E. Enkhdelgerekh to represent Mongolia at the "Miss Universe" pageant |website=Zindaa |url=https://news.zindaa.mn/5d0c |url-status=live |access-date=3 Oktubre 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260922152340/https://news.zindaa.mn/5d0c |archive-date=22 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> |29 |[[Ulan Bator]] |- |{{flagdeco|MNE}} [[Montenegro]] |{{sortname|Aleksandra|Ivezaj|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=7 Hunyo 2026 |title=Miss Universe Albania dhe Kosova 2026 |language=sq |trans-title=Miss Universe Albania and Kosovo 2026 |website=Televizioni Klan |url=https://tvklan.al/miss-universe-albania-dhe-kosova-2026 |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260607160835/https://tvklan.al/miss-universe-albania-dhe-kosova-2026 |archive-date=7 Hunyo 2026}}</ref> |22 |Tuzi |- |{{flagdeco|MMR}} [[Myanmar]] |{{sortname|May Grace|Parry|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=18 Hunyo 2026 |title=Bea Millan-Windorski gets award at Miss Universe Myanmar pageant |language=en |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/674156/bea-millan-windorski-gets-award-at-miss-universe-myanmar-pageant |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260618075931/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/674156/bea-millan-windorski-gets-award-at-miss-universe-myanmar-pageant |archive-date=18 Hunyo 2026}}</ref> |31 |Hpa-an |- |{{flagdeco|NAM}} [[Namibia|Namibya]] |{{sortname|Charene|Labuschagne|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=2 Agosto 2026 |title=Charene Labuschagne crowned Miss Namibia |language=en |website=Namibian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://nbcnews.na/index.php/node/118081 |url-status=live |access-date=4 Agosto 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260803032059/https://nbcnews.na/index.php/node/118081 |archive-date=3 Agosto 2026}}</ref> |27 |[[Windhoek]] |- |{{NPL}} |{{sortname|Prayashna|Gurung|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 Setyembre 2026 |title=Prayashna Gurung becomes Miss Universe Nepal, Binita Oli takes Miss Earth Nepal crown |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/prayashna-gurung-miss-universe.html |access-date=3 Oktubre 2026 |website=OnlineKhabar |language=en-GB}}</ref> |24 |Siddharthanagar |- |{{flagdeco|NGA}} [[Nigeria|Niherya]] |{{sortname|Danielle|Adewusi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Falade |first=Tomi |date=16 Oktubre 2026 |title=Meet Danielle Adewusi, The Doctor Bringing Women’s Health Advocacy To Miss Universe |url=https://independent.ng/meet-danielle-adewusi-the-doctor-bringing-womens-health-advocacy-to-miss-universe/ |access-date=17 Oktubre 2026 |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> |29 |[[Lagos]] |- |{{flagdeco|NIC}} [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] |{{sortname|Jasmine|Blandford|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=4 Setyembre 2026 |title=Jasmine Blandford es coronada como Miss Universe Nicaragua 2026 |language=es |trans-title=Jasmine Blandford is crowned Miss Universe Nicaragua 2026 |website=La Prensa |url=https://www.laprensani.com/2026/09/04/vida/3780011-jasmine-blandford-es-coronada-como-miss-universe-nicaragua-2026 |access-date=6 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> |27 |Kukra Hill |- |{{flagdeco|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{sortname|Abelone |Smedsrud|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=24 Agosto 2026 |title=Abelone Smedsrud fra Eiker vant Miss Norway 2026 |language=Norwegian |trans-title=Abelone Smedsrud from Eiker won Miss Norway 2026 |website=Eikernytt.no |url=https://www.eikernytt.no/2026/08/24/abelone-smedsrud-fra-eiker-vant-miss-norway-2026/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 Setyembre 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260826020049/https://www.eikernytt.no/2026/08/24/abelone-smedsrud-fra-eiker-vant-miss-norway-2026/ |archive-date=26 Agosto 2026}}</ref> |29 |Eiker |- |{{flagdeco|NZL}} [[New Zealand|Nuweba Selandiya]] |{{sortname|Georgia|Waddington|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gooch |first=Carly |date=4 Agosto 2026 |title=Miss Universe NZ hopes to ‘debunk’ pageantry stigma |url=https://www.thepress.co.nz/nz-news/361055479/miss-universe-nz-hopes-debunk-pageantry-stigma |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260804023415/https://www.thepress.co.nz/nz-news/361055479/miss-universe-nz-hopes-debunk-pageantry-stigma |archive-date=4 Agosto 2026 |access-date=4 Agosto 2026 |website=The Press |language=en}}</ref> |24 |Christchurch |- |{{flagdeco|NLD}} [[Netherlands|Olanda]] |{{sortname|Melissa|Bottema|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=28 Hunyo 2026 |title=Groningse Melissa Bottema is Miss Nederland: "Droom die uitkomt" |language=nl |trans-title=Melissa Bottema from Groningen is Miss Netherlands: "A dream come true" |website=De Telegraaf |url=https://www.telegraaf.nl/video/groningse-melissa-bottema-is-miss-nederland-droom-die-uitkomt/157930009.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260628070958/https://www.telegraaf.nl/video/groningse-melissa-bottema-is-miss-nederland-droom-die-uitkomt/157930009.html |archive-date=28 Hunyo 2026 |accessdate=}}</ref> |26 |Winsum |- |{{flagdeco|PAK}} [[Pakistan]] |{{sortname|Misbah|Arshad|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Rituparna |date=21 Agosto 2026 |title=Meet Misbah Arshad, The Psychology Student Crowned Miss Universe Pakistan 2026 |language=en |website=The Sunday Guardian |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/entertainment-news/meet-misbah-arshad-the-psychology-student-crowned-miss-universe-pakistan-2026-266321/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 Agosto 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260821121009/https://sundayguardianlive.com/entertainment-news/meet-misbah-arshad-the-psychology-student-crowned-miss-universe-pakistan-2026-266321/ |archive-date=21 Agosto 2026}}</ref> |28 |Lahore |- |{{flagdeco|PAN}} [[Panama]] |{{sortname|Gabriela|González|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Concepción |first=Martha Vanessa |date=6 Setyembre 2026 |title=Gabriela Lineth González del Valle se coronó como Miss Universe Panamá 2026 |language=es |trans-title=Gabriela Lineth González del Valle was crowned Miss Universe Panama 2026 |website=La Prensa |url=https://www.prensa.com/vivir/gabriela-lineth-gonzalez-del-valle-se-corona-como-miss-universe-panama-2026/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 Setyembre 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260906191854/https://www.prensa.com/vivir/gabriela-lineth-gonzalez-del-valle-se-corona-como-miss-universe-panama-2026/ |archive-date=6 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> |20 |Chiriquí |- |{{flagdeco|PAR}} [[Paraguay|Paragway]] |{{sortname|Gretha|Matiauda|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=26 Marso 2026 |title=Gretha Matiauda es la nueva Miss Universo Paraguay 2026 |language=es |trans-title=Gretha Matiauda is the new Miss Universe Paraguay 2026 |website=La Tribuna |url=https://www.latribuna.com.py/arte-y-cultura/2026/03/27/gretha-matiauda-es-la-nueva-miss-universo-paraguay-2026/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327045533/https://www.latribuna.com.py/arte-y-cultura/2026/03/27/gretha-matiauda-es-la-nueva-miss-universo-paraguay-2026/ |archive-date=27 Marso 2026}}</ref> |25 |[[Asuncion|Asunción]] |- |{{flagdeco|PER}} [[Peru]] |{{sortname|Luren|Márquez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Napa |first=Renzo |date=15 Abril 2026 |title=Luren Márquez: quién es la nueva Miss Perú 2026, conductora y promotora cultural rumbo al Miss Universo |language=es |trans-title=Luren Márquez: who is the new Miss Peru 2026, host and cultural promoter on her way to Miss Universe |website=Radio Programas del Perú |url=https://rpp.pe/famosos/farandula/miss-peru-2026-quien-es-luren-marquez-nueva-reina-de-belleza-y-su-trayectoria-noticia-1684485 |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260416032509/https://rpp.pe/famosos/farandula/miss-peru-2026-cuando-donde-y-como-ver-en-vivo-la-coronacion-de-la-sucesora-de-karla-bacigalupo-con-miss-universo-2025-fatima-bosch-noticia-1684301?itlk=iksiguiente |archive-date=16 Abril 2026}}</ref> |27 |Ica |- |{{flagdeco|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{sortname|Veera |Grönlund|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 Setyembre 2026 |title=Vuoden 2026 Miss Suomi on Veera Grönlund |trans-title=Miss Finland 2026 is Veera Grönlund |url=https://www.hs.fi/suomi/art-2000012254833.html |access-date=19 Setyembre 2026 |website=Helsingin Sanomat |language=fi}}</ref> |30 |Pori |- |{{flagdeco|PHL}} [[Miss Universe Philippines 2026|Pilipinas]] |{{sortname|Bea|Millan-Windorski|link=Bea Millan-Windorski}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Purnell |first=Kristofer |date=2 Mayo 2026 |title=Kay BMW ang korona: La Union wins Miss Universe Philippines 2026 |language=en |website=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2026/05/02/2524960/kay-bmw-ang-korona-la-union-wins-miss-universe-philippines-2026 |url-status=live |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260502153757/https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2026/05/02/2524960/kay-bmw-ang-korona-la-union-wins-miss-universe-philippines-2026 |archive-date=2 Mayo 2026}}</ref> |24 |[[San Juan, La Union|San Juan]] |- |{{flagicon|POL}} [[Polonya]] |{{sortname|Vivica |Lewandowski|nolink=1}} |21 |Barrington |- |{{flagdeco|POR}} [[Portugal]] |{{sortname|Isabela|Santos|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardino |first=Carla |date=6 Agosto 2026 |title=Isabela Santos: a miss Portugal que sofreu bullying e que luta pela saúde mental e adoção de animais |trans-title=Isabela Santos: the Miss Portugal who was bullied and advocates for mental health and animal adoption. |url=https://www.jn.pt/delas/artigo/isabela-santos-a-miss-portugal-que-sofreu-bullying-e-que-luta-agora-pela-saude-mental-e-adocao-de-animais/18113717 |access-date=21 Setyembre 2026 |website=Jornal de Notícias |language=pt-PT}}</ref> |26 |Gaia |- |{{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Pransiya]] |{{sortname|Garance|Authié|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Giron|first=Alexian|date=18 Oktubre 2026|title=Miss Univers 2026 : Garance Authié représentera la France à Porto Rico|trans-title=Miss Universe 2026: Garance Authié will represent France in Puerto Rico|url=https://www.rtl.fr/culture/medias-people/info-rtl-miss-univers-2026-garance-authie-representera-la-france-a-porto-rico-7900681543|url-status=live|website=RTL|language=fr|access-date=18 Oktubre 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261018234930/https://www.rtl.fr/culture/medias-people/info-rtl-miss-univers-2026-garance-authie-representera-la-france-a-porto-rico-7900681543|archive-date=18 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> |22 |[[Paris]] |- |{{flagdeco|PRI}} [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] |{{sortname|Jennifer|Barreto|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Rivera Cedeño |first=Jomar José |date=26 Hunyo 2026 |title=De San Sebastián la nueva Miss Universe 2026 |language=es |trans-title=From San Sebastian the new Miss Universe 2026 |website=El Nuevo Día |url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/entretenimiento/farandula/notas/de-san-sebastian-la-nueva-miss-universe-2026/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260626032524/https://www.elnuevodia.com/entretenimiento/farandula/notas/de-san-sebastian-la-nueva-miss-universe-2026/ |archive-date=26 Hunyo 2026}}</ref> |27 |San Sebastián |- |{{flagdeco|COG}} [[Republika ng Congo|Republika ng Konggo]] |{{sortname|Georgina|Kambongo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Nguesso |first=Rodrigue |date=14 Setyembre 2026 |title=Georgina Kambongo, première Congolaise à représenter le Congo à Miss Univers |trans-title=Georgina Kambongo, the first Congolese woman to represent Congo at Miss Universe |url=https://www.africacomm.org/post/georgina-kambongo-premi%C3%A8re-congolaise-%C3%A0-repr%C3%A9senter-le-congo-%C3%A0-miss-univers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260914143756/https://www.africacomm.org/post/georgina-kambongo-premi%C3%A8re-congolaise-%C3%A0-repr%C3%A9senter-le-congo-%C3%A0-miss-univers |archive-date=14 Setyembre 2026 |access-date=21 Setyembre 2026 |website=Africacomm.org |language=fr}}</ref> |24 |Likouala |- |{{flagdeco|DOM}} [[Republikang Dominikano]] |{{sortname|Melissa|Núñez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Peña |first=Shawell |date=30 Hulyo 2026 |title=¡Ella es la nueva reina de la belleza dominicana! Melissa Núñez se corona Miss RD Universo 2026 |language=es |trans-title=She is the new Dominican beauty queen! Melissa Núñez is crowned Miss RD Universe 2026 |website=El Nacional |url=https://elnacional.com.do/fama-y-vida/arte-y-espectaculos/nueva-reina-belleza-dominicana-melissa-nunez-corona-miss-rd-universo-2026_577287.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 Agosto 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260731043526/https://elnacional.com.do/fama-y-vida/arte-y-espectaculos/nueva-reina-belleza-dominicana-melissa-nunez-corona-miss-rd-universo-2026_577287.html |archive-date=31 Hulyo 2026}}</ref> |28 |La Vega |- |{{flagdeco|CZE}} [[Republikang Tseko]] |{{sortname|Dominika|Kotoučková|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Na Miss Universe nahradí modelku Osako jezdkyně Dominika Viktorie Kotoučková|trans-title=Equestrian Dominika Viktorie Kotoučková replaces model Osako at Miss Universe|url=https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/revue/modelky/miss-universe-sophia-osako-dominika-viktorie-kotouckova.A261021_101944_missamodelky_sub|url-status=live|website=iDNES.cz|language=cs|date=21 Oktubre 2026|access-date=21 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> |25 |[[Praga]] |- |[[Talaksan:Proposed_flag_of_Réunion_(VAR).svg|border|23x23px]] [[Réunion]] |{{sortname|Abigaëlle |Tailamée|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=11 Oktubre 2026 |title=[Photos - Vidéos ] Abigaëlle Tailamée est notre première Miss Universe Réunion |language=fr |trans-title=[Photos - Videos] Abigaëlle Tailamée is our first Miss Universe Réunion |website=Imaz Press |url=https://imazpress.com/toute-l-actu/miss-universe |url-status=live |access-date=15 Oktubre 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261011062941/https://imazpress.com/toute-l-actu/miss-universe |archive-date=11 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> |20 |Saint-Joseph |- |{{flagdeco|ROU}} [[Rumanya]] |{{sortname|Sabina|Parmac|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Popa|first=Alina|date=19 Oktubre 2026|title=Cine este Sabina Parmac-Gabriela, noua Miss Universe România 2026! Va reprezenta țara noastră la competiția internațională din Puerto Rico|trans-title=Who is Sabina Parmac Gabriela, the new Miss Universe Romania 2026! She will represent our country at the international competition in Puerto Rico|url=https://www.protv.ro/articol/133502-cine-este-sabina-parmac-gabriela-noua-miss-universe-romania-2026-va-reprezenta-tara-noastra-la-competitia-internationala-din-puerto-rico|url-status=live|website=Pro TV|language=ro|access-date=21 Oktubre 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261019184954/https://www.protv.ro/articol/133502-cine-este-sabina-parmac-gabriela-noua-miss-universe-romania-2026-va-reprezenta-tara-noastra-la-competitia-internationala-din-puerto-rico|archive-date=19 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> |21 |[[Bukarest]] |- |{{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Zambia|Sambia]] |{{sortname|Mubanga|Hatyoka|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Rubaya |first=Tapiwa |date=16 Mayo 2026 |title=Africa celebrates as Luay Latif is crowned Mr Supranational Zambia |url=https://myafrikamag.com/africa-celebrates-as-luay-latif-is-crowned-mr-supranational-zambia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260516102703/https://myafrikamag.com/africa-celebrates-as-luay-latif-is-crowned-mr-supranational-zambia/ |archive-date=16 Mayo 2026 |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |website=My Afrika Magazine |language=en}}</ref> |24 |Livingstone |- |{{flagicon|LCA}} [[Santa Lucia (bansa)|Santa Lucia]] |{{sortname|Bernella|Velinor|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hammonds |first=Dr. Courtney A. |date=9 Agosto 2026 |title=The Crown Finds Her: Bernella Velinor Is Miss Universe Saint Lucia 2026 |url=https://upscalemagazine.com/the-crown-finds-her-bernella-velinor-is-miss-universe-saint-lucia-2026/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260811120648/https://upscalemagazine.com/the-crown-finds-her-bernella-velinor-is-miss-universe-saint-lucia-2026/ |archive-date=11 Agosto 2026 |access-date=13 Agosto 2026 |website=Upscale Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> |33 |Dennery |- |{{flagdeco|SRB}} [[Serbiya]] |{{sortname|Nikolina|Vujičić|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dž. |first1=R. |last2=K. |first2=Ć. |date=31 Agosto 2026 |title=Misica progovorila o svom poreklu: Evo odakle dolazi prelepa Nikolina koja je osvojila srca žirija i publike |trans-title=Misica spoke about her origins: Here's where the beautiful Nikolina, who won the hearts of the jury and the audience, comes from |url=https://www.telegraf.rs/jetset/vesti-jetset/4387334-misica-progovorila-o-svom-poreklu-evo-odakle-dolazi-prelepa-nikolina-koja-je-osvojila-srca-zirija-i-publike |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260831143540/https://www.telegraf.rs/jetset/vesti-jetset/4387334-misica-progovorila-o-svom-poreklu-evo-odakle-dolazi-prelepa-nikolina-koja-je-osvojila-srca-zirija-i-publike |archive-date=31 Agosto 2026 |access-date=21 Setyembre 2026 |website=Telegraf |language=sr}}</ref> |24 |Dragovo |- |{{flagicon|SLE}} [[Sierra Leone]] |{{sortname|Katti|Fofanah|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Prima |first=Berkat |date=1 Hulyo 2026 |title=Sierra Leone Comeback di Miss Universe 2026 Setelah Absen 7 Tahun |language=id |trans-title=Sierra Leone Returns to Miss Universe 2026 After 7 Year Absence |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/sierra-leone-comeback-di-miss-universe-2026-setelah-absen-7-tahun-c1c2-01-l8vsm-zvghkt |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260701013135/https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-miss-universe-americas-2025-di-pembukaan-piala-dunia-2026-c1c2-01-l8vsm-w3z8jv |archive-date=1 Hulyo 2026}}</ref> |20 |Bonthe |- |{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Zimbabwe|Simbabwe]] |{{sortname|Roseanna|Hall|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=7 Hunyo 2026 |title=While tension fills History was made in Harare as Miss Universe Zimbabwe crowned seven beauty queens to represent the country at some of the world's biggest pageants |language=en |website=Zimbo Live News |url=https://zimbolivenews.com/news/while-tension-fills-history-was-made-in-harare-as-miss-universe-zimbabwe-crowned-seven-beauty-queens-to-represent-the-country-at-some-of-the-worlds-biggest-pageants |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260607055812/https://zimbolivenews.com/news/while-tension-fills-history-was-made-in-harare-as-miss-universe-zimbabwe-crowned-seven-beauty-queens-to-represent-the-country-at-some-of-the-worlds-biggest-pageants |archive-date=7 Hunyo 2026}}</ref> |34 |Shurugwi |- |{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sri Lanka]] |{{sortname|Nimhara|Sasindi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=25 Hunyo 2026 |title=මිස් යුනිවර්ස් ශ්‍රී ලංකා 2026 කිරුළ නිම්හාරා සසිඳිට |language=si |trans-title=Nimhara Sasindi crowned Miss Universe Sri Lanka 2026 |website=Zira Daily |url=https://ziradaily.com/sinhala/news/107890 |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260625205935/https://ziradaily.com/sinhala/news/107890 |archive-date=25 Hunyo 2026}}</ref> |25 |[[Colombo]] |- |{{flagicon|SUR}} [[Surinam|Suriname]] |{{sortname|Maruschka|Sahiboe|nolink=1}} |33 |[[Amsterdam]] |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Sweden|Suwesya]] |{{sortname|Josefin |Strand|nolink=1}} |27 |[[Estokolmo]] |- |{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Suwisa]] |{{sortname|Itiya|Dube|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Projer |first=Leonie |date=27 Setyembre 2026 |title=Ex-Miss packt aus: «Ich wurde nach der Krönung allein gelassen» |language=de |trans-title=Ex-beauty queen opens up: "I was left all alone after the crowning" |website=[[20 Minuten]] |url=https://www.20min.ch/story/miss-universe-switzerland-naima-acosta-kritik-103639872 |url-status=live |access-date=28 Setyembre 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260927203058/https://www.20min.ch/story/miss-universe-switzerland-naima-acosta-kritik-103639872 |archive-date=27 Setyembre 2026 |accessdate=}}</ref> |27 |[[Geneva]] |- |{{flagdeco|TZA}} [[Tanzania|Tansaniya]] |{{sortname|Queen Elizabeth |Makune|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=21 Setyembre 2026 |title=Elizabeth Makune Aibuka Miss Universe Tanzania 2026 |language=sw |trans-title=Elizabeth Makune Emerges as Miss Universe Tanzania 2026 |website=Global Publishers |url=https://globalpublishers.co.tz/2026/09/21/elizabeth-makune-aibuka-miss-universe-tanzania-2026/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 Oktubre 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260921125437/https://globalpublishers.co.tz/2026/09/21/elizabeth-makune-aibuka-miss-universe-tanzania-2026/ |archive-date=21 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> |30 |[[Dar es Salaam]] |- |{{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Timog Aprika]] |{{sortname|Bajabulise|Thela|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keteyi |first=Oluthando |date=21 Hulyo 2026 |title=Bajabulise Thela crowned Miss African Beauty Universe: A new face for South Africa at Miss Universe |url=https://iol.co.za/lifestyle/style-beauty/2026-07-20-bajabulise-thela-crowned-miss-african-beauty-universe-a-new-face-for-south-africa-at-miss-universe/ |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |website=Independent Online |language=en}}</ref> |23 |KaNyamazane |- |{{flagdeco|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{sortname|Yurim|Kim|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Seong |first=Jong-hyun |date=30 Agosto 2026 |title=[포토] 김유림, '2026 미스유니버스코리아' 진 수상 |trans-title=[Photo] Kim Yurim Wins '2026 Miss Universe Korea' |url=https://www.newsfreezone.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=706448 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260830135203/https://www.newsfreezone.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=706448 |archive-date=30 Agosto 2026 |access-date=21 Setyembre 2026 |website=News Free Zone |language=ko}}</ref> |35 |[[Seoul]] |- |{{flagicon|Timog Sudan}} [[Timog Sudan]] |{{sortname|Amylia |Deng|nolink=1}} |27 |[[Juba]] |- |{{flagdeco|TTO}} [[Trinidad at Tobago]] |{{sortname|Vinita|Manoo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=16 Setyembre 2026 |title=Introducing Miss Universe Trinidad And Tobago 2026, Vinita Manoo |language=en |website=Trinidad and Tobago Television |url=https://www.ttt.live/introducing-miss-universe-trinidad-and-tobago-2026-vinita-manoo/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 Setyembre 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260917004312/https://www.ttt.live/introducing-miss-universe-trinidad-and-tobago-2026-vinita-manoo/ |archive-date=17 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> |36 |[[:en:San_Juan,_Trinidad_and_Tobago|San Juan]] |- |{{flagicon|TUN}} [[Tunisia|Tunisya]] |{{sortname|Sarrah|Brahmi|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Prima |first=Berkat |date=12 Hunyo 2026 |title=Tunisia Comeback di Miss Universe 2026 setelah Absen 55 Tahun |language=id |trans-title=Tunisia Makes Comeback at Miss Universe 2026 After 55 Years |website=IDN Times |editor=Kurniawan |editor-first=Wahyu |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/tunisia-comeback-di-miss-universe-2026-setelah-absen-55-tahun-c1c2-01-l8vsm-mk9cfm |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612191503/https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/tunisia-comeback-di-miss-universe-2026-setelah-absen-55-tahun-c1c2-01-l8vsm-mk9cfm |archive-date=12 Hunyo 2026}}</ref> |33 |Sousse |- |{{flagdeco|TUR}} [[Turkiya]] |{{sortname|Alara |Eriç|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web |date=9 Oktubre 2026 |title=Güncel "Skandalları Bitmeyen Organizasyon "Miss Universe Türkiye" |trans-title="Miss Universe Türkiye": An Organization Plagued by Endless Scandals |url=https://modadergitv.com/turkiye-skandallari-bitmeyen-organizasyon-miss-universe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261009142614/https://modadergitv.com/turkiye-skandallari-bitmeyen-organizasyon-miss-universe/ |archive-date=9 Oktubre 2026 |access-date=15 Oktubre 2026 |website=Moda Dergi TV |language=tr}}</ref> |22 |[[Istanbul]] |- |{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |{{sortname|Dominga|López|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Díaz |first=Nicolás |date=3 Agosto 2026 |title=Dominga López gana Miss Universo Chile 2026: competirá en versión internacional |language=es |trans-title=Dominga López wins Miss Universe Chile 2026: she will compete in the international version |website=Bío Bío |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/espectaculos-y-tv/tv/2026/08/03/candidata-de-vina-del-mar-gana-miss-universo-chile-2026-competira-en-version-internacional.shtml |url-status=live |access-date=4 Agosto 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260803052748/https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/espectaculos-y-tv/tv/2026/08/03/candidata-de-vina-del-mar-gana-miss-universo-chile-2026-competira-en-version-internacional.shtml |archive-date=3 Agosto 2026}}</ref> |24 |[[Viña del Mar]] |- |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tsina]] |{{sortname|Shiqi |Wang|nolink=1}}<ref name=":4" /> |25 |[[Shanghai]] |- |{{flagdeco|UGA}} [[Uganda]] |{{sortname|Mitchelle|Daka|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Waswa |first=Samson |date=2 Agosto 2026 |title=In pictures: Mitchelle Daka crowned first Miss Universe Uganda |language=en |website=Pulse Uganda |url=https://www.pulse.ug/story/mitchelle-daka-crowned-first-miss-universe-uganda-2026080205525150427 |url-status=live |access-date=4 Agosto 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260802063914/https://www.pulse.ug/story/mitchelle-daka-crowned-first-miss-universe-uganda-2026080205525150427 |archive-date=2 Agosto 2026}}</ref> |29 |Budaka |- |{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ukranya]] |{{sortname|Anna|Nikonova|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Kudryavchenko |first=Tamara |date=1 Hulyo 2026 |title=Дочка Ніконова стала володаркою корони "Міс Україна Всесвіт"-2026 |language=uk |trans-title=Nikonov's daughter became the owner of the crown "Miss Ukraine Universe"-2026 |website=Tablo ID |url=https://tabloid.pravda.com.ua/beauty/dochka-igorya-nikonova-stala-mis-ukrajina-vsesvit-2026-2016603/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260701143537/https://tabloid.pravda.com.ua/beauty/dochka-igorya-nikonova-stala-mis-ukrajina-vsesvit-2026-2016603/ |archive-date=1 Hulyo 2026}}</ref> |22 |[[Kiev|Kyiv]] |- |{{flagdeco|HUN}} [[Unggriya]] |{{sortname|Kamilla|Kiss|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Hunyo 2026 |title=Megválasztották a Miss Universe Hungary idei királynőjét |trans-title=This year's queen of Miss Universe Hungary has been chosen |url=https://24.hu/szorakozas/2026/06/20/szepsegkiralyno-miss-universe-hungary-2026-kiss-kamilla/ |access-date=22 Hulyo 2026 |website=24.hu |language=hu}}</ref> |25 |Dunaújváros |- |{{flagicon|URU}} [[Uruguay|Urugway]] |{{sortname|Lucía|Piñeyro|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=31 Mayo 2026 |title=De Young al mundo: Lucía Piñeyro Lima es la nueva Miss Universo Uruguay |language=es |trans-title=From Young to the world: Lucía Piñeyro Lima is the new Miss Universe Uruguay |website=Uruguay Digital 365 |url=https://uruguaydigital365.com/de-young-al-mundo-lucia-pineyro-lima-es-la-nueva-miss-universo-uruguay/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 Hulyo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260601052440/https://uruguaydigital365.com/de-young-al-mundo-lucia-pineyro-lima-es-la-nueva-miss-universo-uruguay/ |archive-date=1 Hunyo 2026}}</ref> |35 |Young |} === Mga paparating na mga kompetisyong pambansa === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bansa/Teritoryo !Petsa |- |{{flagdeco|PSE}} [[Estado ng Palestina|Palestina]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Tusing |first=David |date=12 August 2026 |title=Nadeen Ayoub to help select Palestine's Miss Universe 2026 representative |website=The National |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/fashion-beauty/2026/08/12/miss-universe-palestine-2026-nadeen-ayoub/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260813081048/https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/fashion-beauty/2026/08/12/miss-universe-palestine-2026-nadeen-ayoub/ |archivedate=13 August 2026 |accessdate=13 August 2026}}</ref> |Oktubre 2026 |} == Mga tala== {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|http://www.missuniverse.com}} {{Miss Universe}} [[Kategorya:Mga pinagmulan sa wikang Kastila ng CS1 (es)]] [[Kategorya:Mga pinagmulan sa wikang Pranses ng CS1 (fr)]] 48ad1jv1u4y77xh0xby8sacqf3u6ujp 0 340716 2237821 2237717 2026-10-29T01:10:08Z Allyriana000 119761 Dinagdag ang buod ng Yugto 5 2237821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television season|alt=|caption=Title card|bg_colour=#FFF8DC|season_number=12|module1={{Infobox reality competition season | host = {{Plainlist| * [[Bianca Gonzalez]] * [[Gabbi Garcia]] * [[Robi Domingo]] * [[Melai Cantiveros]] * [[Enchong Dee]] * [[Alexa Ilacad]] * [[Michael Sager]]}} | num_days = 3 | num_housemates = 16 | companion_show = {{Plainlist| * ''The OnlineVerse''}}}}|num_episodes=4|network=[[GMA Network]]|first_aired={{Start date|2026|10|24}}|last_aired=present|prev_season=''[[Pinoy Big Brother: Gen 11|Gen 11]]''}} Ang '''''Pinoy Big Brother: Collab Edition 3.0''''' ay ang ikalabindalawang kabanata ng ''reality game show'' na ''[[Pinoy Big Brother]]'', at ang ikatlo sa mga edisyong bunga ng kolaborasyon sa pagitan ng ABS-CBN Studios—ang may hawak ng prangkisa—at ng [[GMA Network]], kung saan ipalalabas ang programa. Nagsimula ang kabanatang ito noong 24 Oktubre 2026, sa GMA Network.<ref name="PBB premiere">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 Oktubre 2026 |title='Pinoy Big Brother Collab 3.0' to launch on October 24 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/showbiz/chikaminute/1005439/pinoy-big-brother-collab-3-0-to-launch-on-october-24/story/?amp |access-date=24 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[GMA News Online]] |publisher=[[GMA Network]] |language=en}}</ref> Hindi tulad ng dalawang naunang ''Collab edition'' ([[Pinoy Big Brother: Celebrity Collab Edition|''Collab 1'']] at [[Pinoy Big Brother: Celebrity Collab Edition 2.0|''Collab 2.0'']]), itatampok ng kabanatang ito ang halo ng mga karaniwan at kilalang mga ''housemate''. Gagamitin din ng kabanatang ito ng bagong bahay ng ''Big Brother'', kasunod ng paggiba sa orihinal na bahay sa Eugenio Lopez Drive sa Lungsod Quezon matapos ang pagtatapos ng ''Collab 2.0''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Felipe |first=MJ |date=24 Marso 2026 |title='Pinoy Big Brother' moving to new house |language=en |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/showbiz/movies-series/2026/3/24/-pinoy-big-brother-moving-to-new-house-1913 |access-date=24 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> Papangunahan nina [[Bianca Gonzalez]], [[Robi Domingo]], [[Melai Cantiveros]], [[Alexa Ilacad]], [[Enchong Dee]], [[Gabbi Garcia]], at [[Michael Saeger]] ang kabanata.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Evangelista |first=Jessica Ann |date=6 Oktubre 2026 |title=Michael Sager joins ‘PBB’ hosting lineup for new season |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/685965/michael-sager-joins-pbb-hosting-lineup-for-new-season |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006102120/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/685965/michael-sager-joins-pbb-hosting-lineup-for-new-season |archive-date=6 Oktubre 2026 |access-date=26 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref> == Pagbuo == Noong 10 Agosto 2026, nag-post ang ''Pinoy Big Brother'' sa hatirang pangmadla na nagpapakita ng isang kamay na gumagawa ng "OK" na kumpas, kung saan nasa loob ng bilog na binuo ng mga daliri ang ''logo'' ng palabas na hugis-mata. Sa mga araw bago ang anunsyo, naglabas ang palabas ng iba pang mga ''post'' na nagtatampok sa mga dating ''housemate'' na gumagawa rin ng parehong senyas. Noong 14 Agosto, opisyal na kinumpirma ang bagong kabanata sa isang pambungad na pagtatanghal ng mga dating housemate sa palabas sa tanghalian na ''[[It's Showtime]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deveza |first=Reyma |date=14 Agosto 2026 |title=PBB is returning with 'Pinoy Big Brother Collab 3.0' |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/showbiz/movies-series/2026/8/14/pbb-is-returning-with-pinoy-big-brother-collab-3-0-1258 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261025031417/https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/showbiz/movies-series/2026/8/14/pbb-is-returning-with-pinoy-big-brother-collab-3-0-1258 |archive-date=25 Oktubre 2026 |access-date=25 Oktubre 2026 |website=ABS-CBN Entertainment |publisher=[[ABS-CBN News]] |language=en}}</ref> Nagbukas ang mga awdisyon noong gabing iyon, kasunod ng isang anunsyo sa ''[[24 Oras]]'', at nanatiling bukas hanggang 31 Agosto para sa mga aplikanteng may edad 18 hanggang 35.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=17 Agosto 2026 |title=GMA Network, ABS-CBN Studios open auditions for ‘Pinoy Big Brother Collab 3.0’ |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2026/08/17/gma-network-abs-cbn-studios-open-auditions-for-pinoy-big-brother-collab-3-0/ |access-date=25 Oktubre 2026 |website=BusinessMirror |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Songco |first=Pauline |date=16 Agosto 2026 |title=‘Pinoy Big Brother Collab 3.0’ opens auditions |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2026/08/16/pinoy-big-brother-collab-30-opens-auditions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260910153107/https://tribune.net.ph/2026/08/16/pinoy-big-brother-collab-30-opens-auditions |archive-date=10 Setyembre 2026 |access-date=25 Oktubre 2026 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en-PH}}</ref> Noong 3 Oktubre, inihayag ng palabas sa pamamagitan ng hatirang pangmadla ang pagbabalik nina Gonzalez, Garcia, Domingo, Cantiveros, Dee, at Ilacad bilang mga mangunguna, habang nagpapahiwatig din ng pagdating ng isang bagong mangunguna na may mga inisyal na "M.S." Makalipas ang dalawang araw, noong 5 Oktubre, ibinunyag na ang dating ''housemate'' mula sa Collab 1 na si [[Michael Sager]] ang pinakabagong mangunguna ng palabas.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Severo |first=Jan Milo |date=6 Oktubre 2026 |title=Michael Sager joins ‘Pinoy Big Brother’ hosting team |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2026/10/06/2561292/michael-sager-joins-pinoy-big-brother-hosting-team |access-date=26 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[Philippine Star]] |language=en}}</ref> == Mga ''housemate'' == Labing-anim na ''housemate'' ang pumasok sa loob ng bahay noong Araw 1 (24 Oktubre 2026).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yap |first=Jade Veronique |date=24 Oktubre 2026 |title='Pinoy Big Brother: Collab Edition 3.0': Meet the 16 new housemates |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/showbiz/chikaminute/1007041/pinoy-big-brother-collab-edition-3-0-meet-the-16-new-housemates/story/ |access-date=24 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[GMA News Online]] |publisher=[[GMA Network]] |language=en}}</ref> Kalaunan, hinati sila sa dalawang grupo na walang direktang kaugnayan sa mga ahensyang kinabibilangan ng mga regular na ''housemate'': walong "Kapuso" ''housemate'' at walong "Kapamilya" ''housemate''.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Evangelista |first=Jessica Ann |date=25 Oktubre 2026 |title=Winwyn Marquez, Mikee Quintos among new housemates of ‘PBB Collab 3.0’ |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/687811/winwyn-marquez-mikee-quintos-among-new-housemates-of-pbb-collab-3-0 |access-date=25 Oktubre 2026}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Posadas |first=Andrea |date=24 Oktubre 2026 |title=New Home, New Stars: Meet the 16 Housemates of “Pinoy Big Brother Collab 3.0” |url=https://www.wheninmanila.com/pbb-collab-new-season/ |access-date=25 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[When in Manila]] |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto; font-size:100%; line-height:20px; text-align:center" |+ class="nowrap" |Listahan ng mga ''housemate'' sa ''Pinoy Big Brother: Collab Edition'' ''3.0'' !Kalahok !Edad !Bayan !Himpilan !Uri !Trabaho !Araw ng pagpasok !Araw ng paglabas !Estado !Sang. |- !{{Sortname|Anthony|Constantino}} |24 | align="left" |[[California]], Estados Unidos | style="background:#004680" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapuso}} |''Celebrities'' | align="left" |Aktor |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' | rowspan="16" |<ref name=":1" /> |- !{{Sortname|Bela|Arcal|nolink=1}} |35 | align="left" |[[Kabite]] | style="background:#004680" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapuso}} |''Regulars'' | align="left" |Manggagawa sa pabrika |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !Calix Esguerra |18 | align="left" |[[Pampanga]] | style="background:#BD0E1A" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapamilya}} |''Regulars'' | align="left" |''Pageant king'' |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !{{Sortname|Cianne|Dominguez}} |25 | align="left" |[[Rizal]] | style="background:#BD0E1A" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapamilya}} |''Celebrities'' | align="left" |Personalidad sa telebisyon |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !Ethan Banares |20 | align="left" |[[Bacolod]] | style="background:#004680" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapuso}} |''Regulars'' | align="left" |Atleta |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !{{sortname|Gehlee|Dangca|link=Gehlee}} |19 | align="left" |[[Las Piñas]] | style="background:#BD0E1A" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapamilya}} |''Celebrities'' | align="left" |Tagapagtanghal |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !Jeo Ong |18 | align="left" |[[Palawan]] | style="background:#BD0E1A" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapamilya}} |''Celebrities'' | align="left" |Tagapagtanghal |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !Lans Nagal |24 | align="left" |[[Kabite]] | style="background:#004680" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapuso}} |''Regulars'' | align="left" |Estudyante at ''content creator'' |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !{{sortname|Mikee|Quintos}} |28 | align="left" |[[Maynila]] | style="background:#004680" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapuso}} |''Celebrities'' | align="left" |Aktres |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !Nathan Garcia |19 | align="left" |[[Cebu]] | style="background:#BD0E1A" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapamilya}} |''Regulars'' | align="left" |Modelo |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !Nicole Fortuna |21 | align="left" |[[Bohol]] | style="background:#004680" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapuso}} |''Regulars'' | align="left" |Modelo |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !{{Sortname|Primo|Alterado|nolink=1}} |20 | align="left" |[[Taguig]] | style="background:#BD0E1A" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapamilya}} |''Regulars'' | align="left" |''Content creator'' |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !Raheel Bahyria |24 | align="left" |[[Las Piñas]] | style="background:#004680" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapuso}} |''Celebrities'' | align="left" |Aktor at boksingero |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !{{sortname|Robbie|Jaworski}} |26 | align="left" |[[Pasig]] | style="background:#BD0E1A" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapamilya}} |''Celebrities'' | align="left" |Aktor |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !Shea Valerio |19 | align="left" |[[Rizal]] | style="background:#BD0E1A" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapamilya}} |''Regulars'' | align="left" |''Beauty queen'' |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- ![[Winwyn Marquez]] |34 | align="left" |[[Parañaque]] | style="background:#004680" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapuso}} |''Celebrities'' | align="left" |Aktres at ''beauty queen'' |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |} == Mga yugto == === Linggo 1 === {{Episode table|background=#FFF8DC|overall=3|title=''Pinoy Big Brother: Collab 3.0''|airdate=|aux1=|aux1T=Kasaysayan ng mga kaganapan|aux2=|aux2T=Oras na nakalaan|aux3=|aux3T=Sanggunian|episodes={{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 1 | Title = #PBBCollab3point0 | Aux1 = Araw 1 | Aux2 = Sabado ; 6:00 n.g. <small>(PHT)</small> | Aux3 = <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Oktubre 2026 |title=Get to Know the 'Pinoy Big Brother: Collab 3.0' Housemates |url=https://metro.style/people/2026/10/24/meet-the-pinoy-big-brother-celeb-collab-3-0-housemates-2335 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261025030848/https://metro.style/people/2026/10/24/meet-the-pinoy-big-brother-celeb-collab-3-0-housemates-2335 |archive-date=25 Oktubre 2026 |access-date=25 Oktubre 2026 |website=Metro Style |language=en}}</ref> | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|10|24}} | ShortSummary = Ipinapakilala sa pagsisimula ng pinakabagong kabanata ang bagong bahay ng Pinoy Big Brother at ang pinakabagong grupo ng mga ''housemate'', na binubuo ng pinagsamang mga ''regular'' at ''celebrity'' na housemate. Inihayag din sa yugto ang ''Collab ni Kuya'' na ''twist'', kung saan mayroong dalawang ''housemate'', isang Kapamilya at isang Kapuso, na magiging "ka-collab" o kasabwat ni ''Big Brother'', na tutukuyin pa lamang sa hinaharap. }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 2 | Title = "#PBBCollab3FirstNight" | Aux1 = Araw 1 | Aux2 = Linggo; 4:40 n.h. <small>(PHT)</small> | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|10|25}} | Aux3 = <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dela Cruz |first=Liezel |date=25 Oktubre 2026 |title=Day 2: Robbie, may secret mission bilang Ka-Collab ni Kuya! {{!}} PBB Collab 3.0 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/studios/tv/2026/10/25/day-2-robbie-may-secret-mission-bilang-ka-collab-ni-kuya-pbb-collab-3-0-1909 |access-date=26 Oktubre 2026 |website=ABS-CBN Entertainment |publisher=[[ABS-CBN News]] |language=en}}</ref> | ShortSummary = Itinampok sa yugto ang mga mahahalagang bahagi at mga sandali noong unang gabi ng mga ''housemate'' sa loob ng bahay. Isiniwalat din na si Robbie ay isa sa dalawang kasabwat o "ka-collab" ni Big Brother, na siyang magsisimula ng Big Collab Charity Mission sa kabanatang ito. * '''Ibinigay na gawain''': Pagdating naman sa kanilang unang gawain at unang pagkain sa loob ng bahay, magtutulungan ang mga ''housemate'' na ilipat ang malalaking barya na sumisimbolo sa pagkaing nagmula sa tahanan ng mga housemate gamit lamang ang kanilang mga paa. Kailangan nilang ilagay at ipatong-patong ang mga ito sa plataporma sa loob lamang ng tatlumpung minuto.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dela Cruz |first=Liezel |date=25 Oktubre 2026 |title=Day 2: Housemates, tagumpay sa unang task! {{!}} PBB Collab 3.0 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/studios/tv/2026/10/25/day-2-housemates-tagumpay-sa-unang-task-pbb-collab-3-0-1905 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261026154627/https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/studios/tv/2026/10/25/day-2-housemates-tagumpay-sa-unang-task-pbb-collab-3-0-1905 |archive-date=26 Oktubre 2026 |access-date=26 Oktubre 2026 |website=ABS-CBN Entertainment |publisher=[[ABS-CBN News]] |language=en}}</ref> }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 3 | Title = #PBBCollab3UnangUmaga | Aux1 = Araw 1-2 | Aux2 = Lunes; 9:35 n.g. <small>(PHT)</small> | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|10|26}} | Aux3 = | ShortSummary = Itinampok sa yugto ang mga unang pag-uusap ni ''Big Brother'' sa kaniyang mga bagong ''housemate'', pati na rin ang kanilang unang umaga sa loob ng bahay. Isiniwalat din sa yugto na si Mikee ang Kapuso "ka-collab" ni ''Big Brother'', kasama si Robbie.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dela Cruz |first=Liezel |date=27 Oktubre 2026 |title=Day 3: Alamin kung sino ang ikalawang Ka-Collab ni Kuya! {{!}} PBB Collab 3.0 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/studios/tv/2026/10/27/day-3-alamin-kung-sino-ang-ikalawang-ka-collab-ni-kuya-pbb-collab-3-0-0024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261028030247/https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/studios/tv/2026/10/27/day-3-alamin-kung-sino-ang-ikalawang-ka-collab-ni-kuya-pbb-collab-3-0-0024 |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2026 |access-date=28 Oktubre 2026 |website=ABS-CBN Entertainmet |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dela Cruz |first=Liezel |date=27 Oktubre 2026 |title=Day 3: Kuya at Bela, napag-usapan ang pinaka poging housemate {{!}} PBB Collab 3.0 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/studios/tv/2026/10/27/day-3-kuya-at-bela-napag-usapan-ang-pinaka-poging-housemate-pbb-collab-3-0-0022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261028063201/https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/studios/tv/2026/10/27/day-3-kuya-at-bela-napag-usapan-ang-pinaka-poging-housemate-pbb-collab-3-0-0022 |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2026 |access-date=28 Oktubre 2026 |website=ABS-CBN Entertainment |language=en}}</ref> * '''Ibinigay na gawain''': Para sa gawaing pagbabahaging ito, magkukuwento ang mga ''housemate'' tungkol sa mga bagay na nasa kani-kanilang ''gift box'', na nagmula sa kani-kanilang tahanan. }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 4 | Title = #PBB3ItemsFromHome | Aux1 = | Aux2 = Martes; 9:35 n.g. <small>(PHT)</small> | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|10|27}} | Aux3 = | ShortSummary = Ipinagpapatuloy sa yugtong ito ang gawaing pagbabahagi mula sa nakaraang yugtong. Kalaunan, napagtanto ni Mikee na si Robbie ang kaniyang “ka-collab” kasama si ''Big Brother''. }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 5 | Title = #PBBCollab | Aux1 = | Aux2 = Miyerkules; n.g. <small>(PHT)</small> | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|10|28}} | Aux3 = | ShortSummary = Ipinapakita sa yugto ang panimula sa unang lingguhang gawain ng mga ''housemate'' para sa kabanatang ito. Tampok din dito ang unang lihim na gawain nina Mikee at Robbie bilang mga katuwang ni ''Big Brother''. Kinailangan nilang hanapin ang sulat na naglalaman ng gawain sa may bahagi ng bughaw na sopa nang hindi nahuhuli ng kanilang mga kapwa ''housemate''. * '''Ibinigay na lingguhang gawain''': Para sa kanilang unang lingguhang gawain na tinatawag na ''The Big Foundation'', kailangang bumuo ang mga ''housemate'' ng tore na may taas na apat na talampakan gamit ang mga bloke na gawa sa kahoy. Ilalagay ito sa isang makitid na espasyo, at gagawin nila ito nang pangkatu-pares, isa-isa lamang. Pagkatapos mabuo ang tore, kailangan nilang ilagay ang maliit na bersyon ng Pinoy Big Brother (PBB) House sa tuktok nito. * '''Ibinigay na lihim na gawain''': Bilang bahagi ng kanilang unang lingguhang gawain, sina Mikee at Robbie ay lihim na inatasang bumuo ng isang maliit na bersyon ng PBB House sa loob ng apatnapu't-walong oras, nang hindi napapansin ng mga ''housemate''. Kung magtatagumpay, makatatanggap sila ng ₱10,000 para sa ''Big Collab Charity Mission''. }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 6 | Title = #PBBCollab | Aux1 = | Aux2 = Huwebes; 9:35 n.g. <small>(PHT)</small> | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|10|29}} | Aux3 = | ShortSummary = }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 7 | Title = #PBBCollab | Aux1 = | Aux2 = Biyernes; 9:35 n.g. <small>(PHT)</small> | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|10|30}} | Aux3 = | ShortSummary = }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 8 | Title = #PBBCollab | Aux1 = | Aux2 = Sabado; 6:15 n.g. <small>(PHT)</small> | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|10|31}} | Aux3 = | ShortSummary = }}}} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{Pinoy Big Brother}} belgofbih3o4en2ap20uguxu4ssr459 2237822 2237821 2026-10-29T01:34:44Z Allyriana000 119761 2237822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television season|alt=|caption=Title card|bg_colour=#FFF8DC|season_number=12|module1={{Infobox reality competition season | host = {{Plainlist| * [[Bianca Gonzalez]] * [[Gabbi Garcia]] * [[Robi Domingo]] * [[Melai Cantiveros]] * [[Enchong Dee]] * [[Alexa Ilacad]] * [[Michael Sager]]}} | num_days = 3 | num_housemates = 16 | companion_show = {{Plainlist| * ''The OnlineVerse''}}}}|num_episodes=4|network=[[GMA Network]]|first_aired={{Start date|2026|10|24}}|last_aired=present|prev_season=''[[Pinoy Big Brother: Gen 11|Gen 11]]''}} Ang '''''Pinoy Big Brother: Collab Edition 3.0''''' ay ang ikalabindalawang kabanata ng ''reality game show'' na ''[[Pinoy Big Brother]]'', at ang ikatlo sa mga edisyong bunga ng kolaborasyon sa pagitan ng ABS-CBN Studios—ang may hawak ng prangkisa—at ng [[GMA Network]], kung saan ipalalabas ang programa. Nagsimula ang kabanatang ito noong 24 Oktubre 2026, sa GMA Network.<ref name="PBB premiere">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 Oktubre 2026 |title='Pinoy Big Brother Collab 3.0' to launch on October 24 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/showbiz/chikaminute/1005439/pinoy-big-brother-collab-3-0-to-launch-on-october-24/story/?amp |access-date=24 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[GMA News Online]] |publisher=[[GMA Network]] |language=en}}</ref> Hindi tulad ng dalawang naunang ''Collab edition'' ([[Pinoy Big Brother: Celebrity Collab Edition|''Collab 1'']] at [[Pinoy Big Brother: Celebrity Collab Edition 2.0|''Collab 2.0'']]), itatampok ng kabanatang ito ang halo ng mga karaniwan at kilalang mga ''housemate''. Gagamitin din ng kabanatang ito ng bagong bahay ng ''Big Brother'', kasunod ng paggiba sa orihinal na bahay sa Eugenio Lopez Drive sa Lungsod Quezon matapos ang pagtatapos ng ''Collab 2.0''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Felipe |first=MJ |date=24 Marso 2026 |title='Pinoy Big Brother' moving to new house |language=en |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/showbiz/movies-series/2026/3/24/-pinoy-big-brother-moving-to-new-house-1913 |access-date=24 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> Papangunahan nina [[Bianca Gonzalez]], [[Robi Domingo]], [[Melai Cantiveros]], [[Alexa Ilacad]], [[Enchong Dee]], [[Gabbi Garcia]], at [[Michael Saeger]] ang kabanata.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Evangelista |first=Jessica Ann |date=6 Oktubre 2026 |title=Michael Sager joins ‘PBB’ hosting lineup for new season |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/685965/michael-sager-joins-pbb-hosting-lineup-for-new-season |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006102120/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/685965/michael-sager-joins-pbb-hosting-lineup-for-new-season |archive-date=6 Oktubre 2026 |access-date=26 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref> == Pagbuo == Noong 10 Agosto 2026, nag-post ang ''Pinoy Big Brother'' sa hatirang pangmadla na nagpapakita ng isang kamay na gumagawa ng "OK" na kumpas, kung saan nasa loob ng bilog na binuo ng mga daliri ang ''logo'' ng palabas na hugis-mata. Sa mga araw bago ang anunsyo, naglabas ang palabas ng iba pang mga ''post'' na nagtatampok sa mga dating ''housemate'' na gumagawa rin ng parehong senyas. Noong 14 Agosto, opisyal na kinumpirma ang bagong kabanata sa isang pambungad na pagtatanghal ng mga dating housemate sa palabas sa tanghalian na ''[[It's Showtime]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deveza |first=Reyma |date=14 Agosto 2026 |title=PBB is returning with 'Pinoy Big Brother Collab 3.0' |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/showbiz/movies-series/2026/8/14/pbb-is-returning-with-pinoy-big-brother-collab-3-0-1258 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261025031417/https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/showbiz/movies-series/2026/8/14/pbb-is-returning-with-pinoy-big-brother-collab-3-0-1258 |archive-date=25 Oktubre 2026 |access-date=25 Oktubre 2026 |website=ABS-CBN Entertainment |publisher=[[ABS-CBN News]] |language=en}}</ref> Nagbukas ang mga awdisyon noong gabing iyon, kasunod ng isang anunsyo sa ''[[24 Oras]]'', at nanatiling bukas hanggang 31 Agosto para sa mga aplikanteng may edad 18 hanggang 35.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=17 Agosto 2026 |title=GMA Network, ABS-CBN Studios open auditions for ‘Pinoy Big Brother Collab 3.0’ |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2026/08/17/gma-network-abs-cbn-studios-open-auditions-for-pinoy-big-brother-collab-3-0/ |access-date=25 Oktubre 2026 |website=BusinessMirror |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Songco |first=Pauline |date=16 Agosto 2026 |title=‘Pinoy Big Brother Collab 3.0’ opens auditions |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2026/08/16/pinoy-big-brother-collab-30-opens-auditions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260910153107/https://tribune.net.ph/2026/08/16/pinoy-big-brother-collab-30-opens-auditions |archive-date=10 Setyembre 2026 |access-date=25 Oktubre 2026 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en-PH}}</ref> Noong 3 Oktubre, inihayag ng palabas sa pamamagitan ng hatirang pangmadla ang pagbabalik nina Gonzalez, Garcia, Domingo, Cantiveros, Dee, at Ilacad bilang mga mangunguna, habang nagpapahiwatig din ng pagdating ng isang bagong mangunguna na may mga inisyal na "M.S." Makalipas ang dalawang araw, noong 5 Oktubre, ibinunyag na ang dating ''housemate'' mula sa Collab 1 na si [[Michael Sager]] ang pinakabagong mangunguna ng palabas.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Severo |first=Jan Milo |date=6 Oktubre 2026 |title=Michael Sager joins ‘Pinoy Big Brother’ hosting team |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2026/10/06/2561292/michael-sager-joins-pinoy-big-brother-hosting-team |access-date=26 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[Philippine Star]] |language=en}}</ref> Noong 20 Oktubre, ang Gina Lopez Building (punong tanggapan ng ABS-CBN Foundation at ang mga pangunahing programa nitong Bantay Bata at Sagip Kapamilya) ay ginamit bilang harapan ng bagong bahay ni ''Big Brother''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yap |first=Jade Veronique |date=20 Oktubre 2026 |title='Pinoy Big Brother' unveils new house ahead of third collab edition |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/showbiz/chikaminute/1006557/pinoy-big-brother-unveils-new-house-ahead-of-third-collab-edition/story/?amp |access-date=29 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[GMA Network]] |language=en}}</ref> Sa isang yugto ng palabas ng balita sa telebisyon na ''[[TV Patrol]]'', hindi sinasadyang naibunyag ng tagapagbalitang si [[Karen Davila]] na ang bagong lokasyon ng "pangunahing bahagi ng bahay" ay sa ikaanim na palapag ng ELJ Communications Center. === Oras na nakalaan === Ipinapalabas ang kabanata sa [[GMA Network]] tuwing 9:35 n.g. mula Lunes hanggang Biyernes, 6:15 n.g. tuwing Sabado, at 4:55 n.g. tuwing Linggo—ang pinakamaagang oras na nakalaan sa araw ng Linggo sa kasaysayan ng ''Pinoy Big Brother'' nitong mga nakaraang panahon, dahil walang angkop na timeslot na bakante sa Sunday primetime programming ng GMA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cerezo |first=Anna |date=24 Oktubre 2026 |title=PBB Collab 3.0 reveals new Housemates |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/showbiz/celebrities/2026/10/24/pbb-collab-3-0-reveals-new-housemates-2206 |access-date=29 Oktubre 2026 |website=ABS-CBN Entertainment |publisher=ABS-CBN News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=25 Oktubre 2026 |title=GMA Network and ABS-CBN Studios Launch 'Pinoy Big Brother Collab 3.0' |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/showbiznews/new-house-new-housemates-gma-network-and-abs-cbn-studios-launch-pinoy-big-brother-collab-30/140279/ |access-date=29 Oktubre 2026 |website=GMA Entertainment |publisher=GMA Network |language=en}}</ref> Ang mga yugto ay sabay ding ipinapalabas at naka-stream sa pamamagitan ng Kapuso Stream, ABS-CBN Entertainment YouTube channel, at [[iWant]]; samantala, ang Kapamilya Online Live ay naghahatid ng ''delayed telecast'' tuwing 10:15 n.g. mula Lunes hanggang Biyernes, 8:30 n.g. tuwing Sabado, at 9:45 n.g. tuwing Linggo. Para sa kabanatang ito, walang palabas na nagsisilbing karagdagan o "''companion show''" na ipinapalabas sa telebisyon. Gayunpaman, mananatili ang karagdagang palabas sa ''online'' na pinamagatang "''The OnlineVerse''"—na pinangungunahan nina Ilacad at Sager—na mapapanood tuwing Sabado sa Kapuso Stream at sa ''YouTube channel'' ng ABS-CBN Entertainment. Ang mga pagsasahimpapawid nito ay nakatakdang tumapat sa mga patalastas ng yugto sa ''primetime''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramos |first=Neil |date=27 Oktubre 2026 |title=Michael Sager returns to 'Pinoy Big Brother' as host |url=https://mb.com.ph/2026/10/27/michael-sager-returns-to-pinoy-big-brother-as-host |access-date=29 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[Manila Bulletin]] |language=en}}</ref> === ''Livestream'' === Ang mga “''all-access''” ''livestream'' para sa kabanatang ito ay mapapanood sa iWant sa pamamagitan ng tatlong feed: ang pangunahing ''livestream'' na sumasaklaw sa iba pang bahagi ng bahay; ang hapag-kainan; at ang panlabas na lungga. Ang mga ''livestream'' para sa hapag-kainan at panlabas na lungga ay eksklusibong mapapanood ng mga tagasuskribi ng ''iWant Premium''. Mapapanood ang ''livestream'' mula 8:00 n.u. hanggang 12:00 h.g.<ref name=":12" /> == Mga ''housemate'' == Labing-anim na ''housemate'' ang pumasok sa loob ng bahay noong Araw 1 (24 Oktubre 2026).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yap |first=Jade Veronique |date=24 Oktubre 2026 |title='Pinoy Big Brother: Collab Edition 3.0': Meet the 16 new housemates |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/showbiz/chikaminute/1007041/pinoy-big-brother-collab-edition-3-0-meet-the-16-new-housemates/story/ |access-date=24 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[GMA News Online]] |publisher=[[GMA Network]] |language=en}}</ref> Kalaunan, hinati sila sa dalawang grupo na walang direktang kaugnayan sa mga ahensyang kinabibilangan ng mga regular na ''housemate'': walong "Kapuso" ''housemate'' at walong "Kapamilya" ''housemate''.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Evangelista |first=Jessica Ann |date=25 Oktubre 2026 |title=Winwyn Marquez, Mikee Quintos among new housemates of ‘PBB Collab 3.0’ |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/687811/winwyn-marquez-mikee-quintos-among-new-housemates-of-pbb-collab-3-0 |access-date=25 Oktubre 2026}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Posadas |first=Andrea |date=24 Oktubre 2026 |title=New Home, New Stars: Meet the 16 Housemates of “Pinoy Big Brother Collab 3.0” |url=https://www.wheninmanila.com/pbb-collab-new-season/ |access-date=25 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[When in Manila]] |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto; font-size:100%; line-height:20px; text-align:center" |+ class="nowrap" |Listahan ng mga ''housemate'' sa ''Pinoy Big Brother: Collab Edition'' ''3.0'' !Kalahok !Edad !Bayan !Himpilan !Uri !Trabaho !Araw ng pagpasok !Araw ng paglabas !Estado !Sang. |- !{{Sortname|Anthony|Constantino}} |24 | align="left" |[[California]], Estados Unidos | style="background:#004680" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapuso}} |''Celebrities'' | align="left" |Aktor |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' | rowspan="16" |<ref name=":1" /> |- !{{Sortname|Bela|Arcal|nolink=1}} |35 | align="left" |[[Kabite]] | style="background:#004680" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapuso}} |''Regulars'' | align="left" |Manggagawa sa pabrika |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !Calix Esguerra |18 | align="left" |[[Pampanga]] | style="background:#BD0E1A" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapamilya}} |''Regulars'' | align="left" |''Pageant king'' |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !{{Sortname|Cianne|Dominguez}} |25 | align="left" |[[Rizal]] | style="background:#BD0E1A" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapamilya}} |''Celebrities'' | align="left" |Personalidad sa telebisyon |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !Ethan Banares |20 | align="left" |[[Bacolod]] | style="background:#004680" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapuso}} |''Regulars'' | align="left" |Atleta |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !{{sortname|Gehlee|Dangca|link=Gehlee}} |19 | align="left" |[[Las Piñas]] | style="background:#BD0E1A" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapamilya}} |''Celebrities'' | align="left" |Tagapagtanghal |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !Jeo Ong |18 | align="left" |[[Palawan]] | style="background:#BD0E1A" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapamilya}} |''Celebrities'' | align="left" |Tagapagtanghal |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !Lans Nagal |24 | align="left" |[[Kabite]] | style="background:#004680" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapuso}} |''Regulars'' | align="left" |Estudyante at ''content creator'' |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !{{sortname|Mikee|Quintos}} |28 | align="left" |[[Maynila]] | style="background:#004680" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapuso}} |''Celebrities'' | align="left" |Aktres |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !Nathan Garcia |19 | align="left" |[[Cebu]] | style="background:#BD0E1A" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapamilya}} |''Regulars'' | align="left" |Modelo |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !Nicole Fortuna |21 | align="left" |[[Bohol]] | style="background:#004680" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapuso}} |''Regulars'' | align="left" |Modelo |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !{{Sortname|Primo|Alterado|nolink=1}} |20 | align="left" |[[Taguig]] | style="background:#BD0E1A" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapamilya}} |''Regulars'' | align="left" |''Content creator'' |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !Raheel Bahyria |24 | align="left" |[[Las Piñas]] | style="background:#004680" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapuso}} |''Celebrities'' | align="left" |Aktor at boksingero |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !{{sortname|Robbie|Jaworski}} |26 | align="left" |[[Pasig]] | style="background:#BD0E1A" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapamilya}} |''Celebrities'' | align="left" |Aktor |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- !Shea Valerio |19 | align="left" |[[Rizal]] | style="background:#BD0E1A" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapamilya}} |''Regulars'' | align="left" |''Beauty queen'' |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |- ![[Winwyn Marquez]] |34 | align="left" |[[Parañaque]] | style="background:#004680" | {{fontcolor|white|Kapuso}} |''Celebrities'' | align="left" |Aktres at ''beauty queen'' |Araw 1 | |''Ligtas'' |} == Mga yugto == === Linggo 1 === {{Episode table|background=#FFF8DC|overall=3|title=''Pinoy Big Brother: Collab 3.0''|airdate=|aux1=|aux1T=Kasaysayan ng mga kaganapan|aux2=|aux2T=Oras na nakalaan|aux3=|aux3T=Sanggunian|episodes={{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 1 | Title = #PBBCollab3point0 | Aux1 = Araw 1 | Aux2 = Sabado ; 6:00 n.g. <small>(PHT)</small> | Aux3 = <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Oktubre 2026 |title=Get to Know the 'Pinoy Big Brother: Collab 3.0' Housemates |url=https://metro.style/people/2026/10/24/meet-the-pinoy-big-brother-celeb-collab-3-0-housemates-2335 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261025030848/https://metro.style/people/2026/10/24/meet-the-pinoy-big-brother-celeb-collab-3-0-housemates-2335 |archive-date=25 Oktubre 2026 |access-date=25 Oktubre 2026 |website=Metro Style |language=en}}</ref> | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|10|24}} | ShortSummary = Ipinapakilala sa pagsisimula ng pinakabagong kabanata ang bagong bahay ng Pinoy Big Brother at ang pinakabagong grupo ng mga ''housemate'', na binubuo ng pinagsamang mga ''regular'' at ''celebrity'' na housemate. Inihayag din sa yugto ang ''Collab ni Kuya'' na ''twist'', kung saan mayroong dalawang ''housemate'', isang Kapamilya at isang Kapuso, na magiging "ka-collab" o kasabwat ni ''Big Brother'', na tutukuyin pa lamang sa hinaharap. }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 2 | Title = "#PBBCollab3FirstNight" | Aux1 = Araw 1 | Aux2 = Linggo; 4:40 n.h. <small>(PHT)</small> | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|10|25}} | Aux3 = <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dela Cruz |first=Liezel |date=25 Oktubre 2026 |title=Day 2: Robbie, may secret mission bilang Ka-Collab ni Kuya! {{!}} PBB Collab 3.0 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/studios/tv/2026/10/25/day-2-robbie-may-secret-mission-bilang-ka-collab-ni-kuya-pbb-collab-3-0-1909 |access-date=26 Oktubre 2026 |website=ABS-CBN Entertainment |publisher=[[ABS-CBN News]] |language=en}}</ref> | ShortSummary = Itinampok sa yugto ang mga mahahalagang bahagi at mga sandali noong unang gabi ng mga ''housemate'' sa loob ng bahay. Isiniwalat din na si Robbie ay isa sa dalawang kasabwat o "ka-collab" ni Big Brother, na siyang magsisimula ng Big Collab Charity Mission sa kabanatang ito. * '''Ibinigay na gawain''': Pagdating naman sa kanilang unang gawain at unang pagkain sa loob ng bahay, magtutulungan ang mga ''housemate'' na ilipat ang malalaking barya na sumisimbolo sa pagkaing nagmula sa tahanan ng mga housemate gamit lamang ang kanilang mga paa. Kailangan nilang ilagay at ipatong-patong ang mga ito sa plataporma sa loob lamang ng tatlumpung minuto.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dela Cruz |first=Liezel |date=25 Oktubre 2026 |title=Day 2: Housemates, tagumpay sa unang task! {{!}} PBB Collab 3.0 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/studios/tv/2026/10/25/day-2-housemates-tagumpay-sa-unang-task-pbb-collab-3-0-1905 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261026154627/https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/studios/tv/2026/10/25/day-2-housemates-tagumpay-sa-unang-task-pbb-collab-3-0-1905 |archive-date=26 Oktubre 2026 |access-date=26 Oktubre 2026 |website=ABS-CBN Entertainment |publisher=[[ABS-CBN News]] |language=en}}</ref> }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 3 | Title = #PBBCollab3UnangUmaga | Aux1 = Araw 1-2 | Aux2 = Lunes; 9:35 n.g. <small>(PHT)</small> | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|10|26}} | Aux3 = | ShortSummary = Itinampok sa yugto ang mga unang pag-uusap ni ''Big Brother'' sa kaniyang mga bagong ''housemate'', pati na rin ang kanilang unang umaga sa loob ng bahay. Isiniwalat din sa yugto na si Mikee ang Kapuso "ka-collab" ni ''Big Brother'', kasama si Robbie.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dela Cruz |first=Liezel |date=27 Oktubre 2026 |title=Day 3: Alamin kung sino ang ikalawang Ka-Collab ni Kuya! {{!}} PBB Collab 3.0 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/studios/tv/2026/10/27/day-3-alamin-kung-sino-ang-ikalawang-ka-collab-ni-kuya-pbb-collab-3-0-0024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261028030247/https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/studios/tv/2026/10/27/day-3-alamin-kung-sino-ang-ikalawang-ka-collab-ni-kuya-pbb-collab-3-0-0024 |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2026 |access-date=28 Oktubre 2026 |website=ABS-CBN Entertainmet |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dela Cruz |first=Liezel |date=27 Oktubre 2026 |title=Day 3: Kuya at Bela, napag-usapan ang pinaka poging housemate {{!}} PBB Collab 3.0 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/studios/tv/2026/10/27/day-3-kuya-at-bela-napag-usapan-ang-pinaka-poging-housemate-pbb-collab-3-0-0022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261028063201/https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/studios/tv/2026/10/27/day-3-kuya-at-bela-napag-usapan-ang-pinaka-poging-housemate-pbb-collab-3-0-0022 |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2026 |access-date=28 Oktubre 2026 |website=ABS-CBN Entertainment |language=en}}</ref> * '''Ibinigay na gawain''': Para sa gawaing pagbabahaging ito, magkukuwento ang mga ''housemate'' tungkol sa mga bagay na nasa kani-kanilang ''gift box'', na nagmula sa kani-kanilang tahanan. }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 4 | Title = #PBB3ItemsFromHome | Aux1 = | Aux2 = Martes; 9:35 n.g. <small>(PHT)</small> | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|10|27}} | Aux3 = | ShortSummary = Ipinagpapatuloy sa yugtong ito ang gawaing pagbabahagi mula sa nakaraang yugtong. Kalaunan, napagtanto ni Mikee na si Robbie ang kaniyang “ka-collab” kasama si ''Big Brother''. }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 5 | Title = #PBBCollab | Aux1 = | Aux2 = Miyerkules; n.g. <small>(PHT)</small> | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|10|28}} | Aux3 = | ShortSummary = Ipinapakita sa yugto ang panimula sa unang lingguhang gawain ng mga ''housemate'' para sa kabanatang ito. Tampok din dito ang unang lihim na gawain nina Mikee at Robbie bilang mga katuwang ni ''Big Brother''. Kinailangan nilang hanapin ang sulat na naglalaman ng gawain sa may bahagi ng bughaw na sopa nang hindi nahuhuli ng kanilang mga kapwa ''housemate''. * '''Ibinigay na lingguhang gawain''': Para sa kanilang unang lingguhang gawain na tinatawag na ''The Big Foundation'', kailangang bumuo ang mga ''housemate'' ng tore na may taas na apat na talampakan gamit ang mga bloke na gawa sa kahoy. Ilalagay ito sa isang makitid na espasyo, at gagawin nila ito nang pangkatu-pares, isa-isa lamang. Pagkatapos mabuo ang tore, kailangan nilang ilagay ang maliit na bersyon ng Pinoy Big Brother (PBB) House sa tuktok nito. * '''Ibinigay na lihim na gawain''': Bilang bahagi ng kanilang unang lingguhang gawain, sina Mikee at Robbie ay lihim na inatasang bumuo ng isang maliit na bersyon ng PBB House sa loob ng apatnapu't-walong oras, nang hindi napapansin ng mga ''housemate''. Kung magtatagumpay, makatatanggap sila ng ₱10,000 para sa ''Big Collab Charity Mission''. }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 6 | Title = #PBBCollab | Aux1 = | Aux2 = Huwebes; 9:35 n.g. <small>(PHT)</small> | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|10|29}} | Aux3 = | ShortSummary = }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 7 | Title = #PBBCollab | Aux1 = | Aux2 = Biyernes; 9:35 n.g. <small>(PHT)</small> | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|10|30}} | Aux3 = | ShortSummary = }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 8 | Title = #PBBCollab | Aux1 = | Aux2 = Sabado; 6:15 n.g. <small>(PHT)</small> | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|10|31}} | Aux3 = | ShortSummary = }}}} ==Mga sanggunian== {{reflist}} {{Pinoy Big Brother}} m20n8l5fztlqh3ezo3fdfnf0s0pcv77 0 340718 2237760 2236751 2026-10-28T14:46:05Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 /* Mga lokal na ahensya */ 2237760 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ang Talaan ng "manggagawang ahensya sa Laguna" ay ang mga lokal na ahensya, third party sa bawat kompanya sa Laguna''. Ang mga dambuhalang kompanya tulad ng [[Zenith Foods Corporation]] (Jollibee, Red Ribbon), [[Edward Keller]] (Phils) Inc., [[Paul M. Angell|Newly Weds Foods]] ay may malaking bilang na humahawak o hinahawakan ng mga third party partner agencies.<ref>https://philjobnet.gov.ph/job-vacancies/company/revier-consultants-and-staffing-resources-inc-385718</ref><ref>https://onesourcemsgs.com</ref> ==Mga lokal na ahensya== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Ahensya/Manpower''' |'''Kompanya''' |'''Address''' |'''Taon''' |'''Status''' |- | {{Color|darkgreen|1Seven Manpower Services Inc.}} || rowspan="2"| Zenith Foods [[Red Ribbon Bakeshop]] || Real, Calamba || 2024 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|grey|Amare}} || Santa Rosa, Laguna || || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|asiapro}} Cooperative || Edward Keller (Phils) Inc. || Parian, Calamba || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Bright League Solutions Inc,}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon, SOC-8 Shopee Paciano || Parian, Calamba || 2015 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|orange|Career Power}} || Denso || San Antonio, Biñan || 2007 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|gold|Cebu General Solutions, Inc.}} || Cloud-e Commerce || Turbina, Calamba || 2023 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|GDE Integrated HR Management}} || Akagi Gomu, Phils Corp || Santa Rosa || 2016 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|gold|Great}} {{Color|red|Work Force}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon, Cloud-e Commerce || Cloud-e Commerce, Canlubang || 2009 || Aktibo |- | Greenlight Manpower & General Inc. || Newly Weds Foods || Balibago, Santa Rosa City || 2016 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|yellowgreen|Goldenhand Manpower Services Inc.}} || Zenith Foods: C3, LMTP, Furukawa || Paciano Rizal || 2012 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Jolly Management Solutions Inc.}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon || Mayapa, Calamba || 2005 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|Maxim de Humana International Inc.}} || Denso || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Maximum}} {{Color|green|Solutions Corporation]] || Sercomm || Real-Crossing, Calamba || 2001 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Megatekt⚙️n}} Manufa Turing Inc. || Edward Keller (Phils) Inc. || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2017 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Misaki Manpower Services, Inc.}} || Sercomm, Shinei || Bo. 3, Cabuyao || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|silver|MVV Manpower Services}} || [[Calamba City Hospital]] || [[Gusaling Panlungsod ng Calamba]] || 2010 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|Nat}}{{Color|red|Corp}} || Sanritsu || Parian, Calamba || 2012 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Omniworx}} || Engtek || Milagrosa (Tulo), Calamba || 1996 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|grey|One}} {{Color|green|Green}} Arrow || Toyo Ink, Fedco Paper, Suzuki || Bigaa, Cabuyao || 2015 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|yellow|O}}ne {{Color|yellow|SOURCE}} Management Solutions Inc. || Newly Weds Foods, RCS || Santa Rosa, Sala, Cabuyao || 2009 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Philman Power Center, Inc.-Laguna}} || Edward Keller(Phils), Inc., Interphil || Parian, Calamba || 1997 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Pipols Synergy Management Inc.}} || Acbel || Halang, Calamba || 2002 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|red|P}}oints Industrial & Business || Tolman Manufacturing Inc. || Biñan || 2000 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|QFORTE}} Jobs Corporation || Zenith Foods Corp Red Ribbon || Quezon City || 2019 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|Reaz Manpower & General Services Inc.}} || D&L Polymers, Sercomm || Halang, Calamba || 1999 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|REINLAB}} Corporation || Zenith Foods: CBF || Pulong, Santa Rosa || 2003-03 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|REVIER}}, Consultants Staffing & Resource || Newly Weds Foods || Tubigan, Biñan || 2007 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|mediumblue|Romac Group}} || Zenith Foods: C3 & CBF, Interphil || Mayapa, Calamba || 1980 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkviolet|Royal 168}} {{Color|limegreen|Services Inc.}} || Tolman Manufacturing Inc, Lazada Warehouse || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2006 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|azure|Staff Seach Asia}} || Zenith Foods: C3 [[Jollibee]] || Paciano Rizal, Calamba || 2001 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|indigo|Sol Manpower Services}} (Goldenfield) || Newly Weds Foods || Real, Calamba || 2000 || Aktibo |- | Synergy Experts Labor Services || Mix Plant, Inc. || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|red|Top Service Solutions, Inc.}} || Zenith Foods: CBF || Bo. 1, Calamba || 1997 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|azure|Vills Manpower Corporation}} || rowspan="2"| Fujifilm || Paciono Rizal, Calamba || 2023 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|sapphire|Welljob Solutions and General Services}} || Halang, Calamba || 2018 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|Wealthlink}} || Sercomm || Paciano Rizal || 2011 || Aktibo |} ==Sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga korporasyong pag-aari ng pamahalaan ng Pilipinas]] siz6ajaum3zmrcxmqbck6mdvguro5mh 2237766 2237760 2026-10-28T14:54:11Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 /* Mga lokal na ahensya */ 2237766 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ang Talaan ng "manggagawang ahensya sa Laguna" ay ang mga lokal na ahensya, third party sa bawat kompanya sa Laguna''. Ang mga dambuhalang kompanya tulad ng [[Zenith Foods Corporation]] (Jollibee, Red Ribbon), [[Edward Keller]] (Phils) Inc., [[Paul M. Angell|Newly Weds Foods]] ay may malaking bilang na humahawak o hinahawakan ng mga third party partner agencies.<ref>https://philjobnet.gov.ph/job-vacancies/company/revier-consultants-and-staffing-resources-inc-385718</ref><ref>https://onesourcemsgs.com</ref> ==Mga lokal na ahensya== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Ahensya/Manpower''' |'''Kompanya''' |'''Address''' |'''Taon''' |'''Status''' |- | {{Color|darkgreen|1Seven Manpower Services Inc.}} || rowspan="2"| Zenith Foods [[Red Ribbon Bakeshop]] || Real, Calamba || 2024 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|grey|Amare}} || Santa Rosa, Laguna || || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|asiapro}} Cooperative || Edward Keller (Phils) Inc. || Parian, Calamba || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Bright League Solutions Inc,}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon, SOC-8 Shopee Paciano || Parian, Calamba || 2015 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|orange|Career Power}} || Denso || San Antonio, Biñan || 2007 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|gold|Cebu General Solutions, Inc.}} || Cloud-e Commerce || Turbina, Calamba || 2023 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|GDE Integrated HR Management}} || Akagi Gomu, Phils Corp || Santa Rosa || 2016 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|gold|Great}} {{Color|red|Work Force}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon, Cloud-e Commerce || Cloud-e Commerce, Canlubang || 2009 || Aktibo |- | Greenlight Manpower & General Inc. || Newly Weds Foods || Balibago, Santa Rosa City || 2016 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|yellowgreen|Goldenhand Manpower Services Inc.}} || Zenith Foods: C3, LMTP, Furukawa || Paciano Rizal || 2012 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Jolly Management Solutions Inc.}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon || Mayapa, Calamba || 2005 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|Maxim de Humana International Inc.}} || Denso || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Maximum}}{{Color|green|Solutions Corporation]] || Sercomm || Real-Crossing, Calamba || 2001 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Megatekt⚙️n}} Manufa Turing Inc. || Edward Keller (Phils) Inc. || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2017 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Misaki Manpower Services, Inc.}} || Sercomm, Shinei || Bo. 3, Cabuyao || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|silver|MVV Manpower Services}} || [[Calamba City Hospital]] || [[Gusaling Panlungsod ng Calamba]] || 2010 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|Nat}}{{Color|red|Corp}} || Sanritsu || Parian, Calamba || 2012 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Omniworx}} || Engtek || Milagrosa (Tulo), Calamba || 1996 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|grey|One}} {{Color|green|Green}} Arrow || Toyo Ink, Fedco Paper, Suzuki || Bigaa, Cabuyao || 2015 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|yellow|O}}ne {{Color|yellow|SOURCE}} Management Solutions Inc. || Newly Weds Foods, RCS || Santa Rosa, Sala, Cabuyao || 2009 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Philman Power Center, Inc.-Laguna}} || Edward Keller(Phils), Inc., Interphil || Parian, Calamba || 1997 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Pipols Synergy Management Inc.}} || Acbel || Halang, Calamba || 2002 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|red|P}}oints Industrial & Business || Tolman Manufacturing Inc. || Biñan || 2000 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|QFORTE}} Jobs Corporation || Zenith Foods Corp Red Ribbon || Quezon City || 2019 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|Reaz Manpower & General Services Inc.}} || D&L Polymers, Sercomm || Halang, Calamba || 1999 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|REINLAB}} Corporation || Zenith Foods: CBF || Pulong, Santa Rosa || 2003-03 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|REVIER}}, Consultants Staffing & Resource || Newly Weds Foods || Tubigan, Biñan || 2007 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|Romac Group}} || Zenith Foods: C3 & CBF, Interphil || Mayapa, Calamba || 1980 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkviolet|Royal 168}} {{Color|limegreen|Services Inc.}} || Tolman Manufacturing Inc, Lazada Warehouse || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2006 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|teal|Staff Seach Asia}} || Zenith Foods: C3 [[Jollibee]] || Paciano Rizal, Calamba || 2001 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|indigo|Sol Manpower Services}} (Goldenfield) || Newly Weds Foods || Real, Calamba || 2000 || Aktibo |- | Synergy Experts Labor Services || Mix Plant, Inc. || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|red|Top Service Solutions, Inc.}} || Zenith Foods: CBF || Bo. 1, Calamba || 1997 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|azure|Vills Manpower Corporation}} || rowspan="2"| Fujifilm || Paciono Rizal, Calamba || 2023 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|indigo|Welljob Solutions and General Services}} || Halang, Calamba || 2018 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|Wealthlink}} || Sercomm || Paciano Rizal || 2011 || Aktibo |} ==Sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga korporasyong pag-aari ng pamahalaan ng Pilipinas]] rn3xu7rqj5p3x4963h25hg6eahfln46 2237767 2237766 2026-10-28T14:54:52Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 /* Mga lokal na ahensya */ 2237767 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ang Talaan ng "manggagawang ahensya sa Laguna" ay ang mga lokal na ahensya, third party sa bawat kompanya sa Laguna''. Ang mga dambuhalang kompanya tulad ng [[Zenith Foods Corporation]] (Jollibee, Red Ribbon), [[Edward Keller]] (Phils) Inc., [[Paul M. Angell|Newly Weds Foods]] ay may malaking bilang na humahawak o hinahawakan ng mga third party partner agencies.<ref>https://philjobnet.gov.ph/job-vacancies/company/revier-consultants-and-staffing-resources-inc-385718</ref><ref>https://onesourcemsgs.com</ref> ==Mga lokal na ahensya== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Ahensya/Manpower''' |'''Kompanya''' |'''Address''' |'''Taon''' |'''Status''' |- | {{Color|darkgreen|1Seven Manpower Services Inc.}} || rowspan="2"| Zenith Foods [[Red Ribbon Bakeshop]] || Real, Calamba || 2024 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|grey|Amare}} || Santa Rosa, Laguna || || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|asiapro}} Cooperative || Edward Keller (Phils) Inc. || Parian, Calamba || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Bright League Solutions Inc,}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon, SOC-8 Shopee Paciano || Parian, Calamba || 2015 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|orange|Career Power}} || Denso || San Antonio, Biñan || 2007 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|gold|Cebu General Solutions, Inc.}} || Cloud-e Commerce || Turbina, Calamba || 2023 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|GDE Integrated HR Management}} || Akagi Gomu, Phils Corp || Santa Rosa || 2016 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|gold|Great}} {{Color|red|Work Force}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon, Cloud-e Commerce || Cloud-e Commerce, Canlubang || 2009 || Aktibo |- | Greenlight Manpower & General Inc. || Newly Weds Foods || Balibago, Santa Rosa City || 2016 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|yellowgreen|Goldenhand Manpower Services Inc.}} || Zenith Foods: C3, LMTP, Furukawa || Paciano Rizal || 2012 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Jolly Management Solutions Inc.}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon || Mayapa, Calamba || 2005 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|Maxim de Humana International Inc.}} || Denso || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Maximum}} {{Color|green|Solutions Corporation}} || Sercomm || Real-Crossing, Calamba || 2001 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Megatekt⚙️n}} Manufa Turing Inc. || Edward Keller (Phils) Inc. || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2017 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Misaki Manpower Services, Inc.}} || Sercomm, Shinei || Bo. 3, Cabuyao || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|silver|MVV Manpower Services}} || [[Calamba City Hospital]] || [[Gusaling Panlungsod ng Calamba]] || 2010 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|Nat}}{{Color|red|Corp}} || Sanritsu || Parian, Calamba || 2012 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Omniworx}} || Engtek || Milagrosa (Tulo), Calamba || 1996 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|grey|One}} {{Color|green|Green}} Arrow || Toyo Ink, Fedco Paper, Suzuki || Bigaa, Cabuyao || 2015 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|yellow|O}}ne {{Color|yellow|SOURCE}} Management Solutions Inc. || Newly Weds Foods, RCS || Santa Rosa, Sala, Cabuyao || 2009 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Philman Power Center, Inc.-Laguna}} || Edward Keller(Phils), Inc., Interphil || Parian, Calamba || 1997 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Pipols Synergy Management Inc.}} || Acbel || Halang, Calamba || 2002 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|red|P}}oints Industrial & Business || Tolman Manufacturing Inc. || Biñan || 2000 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|QFORTE}} Jobs Corporation || Zenith Foods Corp Red Ribbon || Quezon City || 2019 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|Reaz Manpower & General Services Inc.}} || D&L Polymers, Sercomm || Halang, Calamba || 1999 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|REINLAB}} Corporation || Zenith Foods: CBF || Pulong, Santa Rosa || 2003-03 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|REVIER}}, Consultants Staffing & Resource || Newly Weds Foods || Tubigan, Biñan || 2007 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|Romac Group}} || Zenith Foods: C3 & CBF, Interphil || Mayapa, Calamba || 1980 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkviolet|Royal 168}} {{Color|limegreen|Services Inc.}} || Tolman Manufacturing Inc, Lazada Warehouse || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2006 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|teal|Staff Seach Asia}} || Zenith Foods: C3 [[Jollibee]] || Paciano Rizal, Calamba || 2001 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|indigo|Sol Manpower Services}} (Goldenfield) || Newly Weds Foods || Real, Calamba || 2000 || Aktibo |- | Synergy Experts Labor Services || Mix Plant, Inc. || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|red|Top Service Solutions, Inc.}} || Zenith Foods: CBF || Bo. 1, Calamba || 1997 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|azure|Vills Manpower Corporation}} || rowspan="2"| Fujifilm || Paciono Rizal, Calamba || 2023 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|indigo|Welljob Solutions and General Services}} || Halang, Calamba || 2018 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|Wealthlink}} || Sercomm || Paciano Rizal || 2011 || Aktibo |} ==Sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga korporasyong pag-aari ng pamahalaan ng Pilipinas]] ctytmcnz1wpvtrj3ceeejm3khdq91ii 2237768 2237767 2026-10-28T14:56:34Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 /* Mga lokal na ahensya */ 2237768 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ang Talaan ng "manggagawang ahensya sa Laguna" ay ang mga lokal na ahensya, third party sa bawat kompanya sa Laguna''. Ang mga dambuhalang kompanya tulad ng [[Zenith Foods Corporation]] (Jollibee, Red Ribbon), [[Edward Keller]] (Phils) Inc., [[Paul M. Angell|Newly Weds Foods]] ay may malaking bilang na humahawak o hinahawakan ng mga third party partner agencies.<ref>https://philjobnet.gov.ph/job-vacancies/company/revier-consultants-and-staffing-resources-inc-385718</ref><ref>https://onesourcemsgs.com</ref> ==Mga lokal na ahensya== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Ahensya/Manpower''' |'''Kompanya''' |'''Address''' |'''Taon''' |'''Status''' |- | {{Color|darkgreen|1Seven Manpower Services Inc.}} || rowspan="2"| Zenith Foods [[Red Ribbon Bakeshop]] || Real, Calamba || 2024 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|grey|Amare}} || Santa Rosa, Laguna || || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|asiapro}} Cooperative || Edward Keller (Phils) Inc. || Parian, Calamba || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Bright League Solutions Inc,}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon, SOC-8 Shopee Paciano || Parian, Calamba || 2015 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|orange|Career Power}} || Denso || San Antonio, Biñan || 2007 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|gold|Cebu General Solutions, Inc.}} || Cloud-e Commerce || Turbina, Calamba || 2023 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|GDE Integrated HR Management}} || Akagi Gomu, Phils Corp || Santa Rosa || 2016 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|gold|Great}} {{Color|red|Work Force}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon, Cloud-e Commerce || Cloud-e Commerce, Canlubang || 2009 || Aktibo |- | Greenlight Manpower & General Inc. || Newly Weds Foods || Balibago, Santa Rosa City || 2016 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|yellowgreen|Goldenhand Manpower Services Inc.}} || Zenith Foods: C3, LMTP, Furukawa || Paciano Rizal || 2012 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Jolly Management Solutions Inc.}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon || Mayapa, Calamba || 2005 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|Maxim de Humana International Inc.}} || Denso || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Maximum}} {{Color|green|Solutions Corporation}} || Sercomm || Real-Crossing, Calamba || 2001 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Megatekt⚙️n}} Manufacturing Inc. || Edward Keller (Phils) Inc. || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2017 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Misaki Manpower Services, Inc.}} || Sercomm, Shinei || Bo. 3, Cabuyao || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|silver|MVV Manpower Services}} || [[Calamba City Hospital]] || [[Gusaling Panlungsod ng Calamba]] || 2010 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|Nat}}{{Color|red|Corp}} || Sanritsu || Parian, Calamba || 2012 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Omniworx}} || Engtek || Milagrosa (Tulo), Calamba || 1996 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|grey|One}} {{Color|green|Green}} Arrow || Toyo Ink, Fedco Paper, Suzuki || Bigaa, Cabuyao || 2015 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|yellow|O}}ne {{Color|yellow|SOURCE}} Management Solutions Inc. || Newly Weds Foods, RCS || Santa Rosa, Sala, Cabuyao || 2009 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Philman Power Center, Inc.-Laguna}} || Edward Keller(Phils), Inc., Interphil || Parian, Calamba || 1997 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Pipols Synergy Management Inc.}} || Acbel || Halang, Calamba || 2002 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|red|P}}oints Industrial & Business || Tolman Manufacturing Inc. || Biñan || 2000 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|QFORTE}} Jobs Corporation || Zenith Foods Corp Red Ribbon || Quezon City || 2019 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|Reaz Manpower & General Services Inc.}} || D&L Polymers, Sercomm || Halang, Calamba || 1999 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|REINLAB}} Corporation || Zenith Foods: CBF || Pulong, Santa Rosa || 2003-03 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|REVIER}}, Consultants Staffing & Resource || Newly Weds Foods || Tubigan, Biñan || 2007 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|Romac Group}} || Zenith Foods: C3 & CBF, Interphil || Mayapa, Calamba || 1980 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkviolet|Royal 168}} {{Color|limegreen|Services Inc.}} || Tolman Manufacturing Inc, Lazada Warehouse || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2006 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|teal|Staff Search Asia}} || Zenith Foods: C3 [[Jollibee]] || Paciano Rizal, Calamba || 2001 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|SOL Manpower Services}} (Goldenfield) || Newly Weds Foods || Real, Calamba || 2000 || Aktibo |- | Synergy Experts Labor Services || Mix Plant, Inc. || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|red|Top Service Solutions, Inc.}} || Zenith Foods: CBF || Bo. 1, Calamba || 1997 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|azure|Vills Manpower Corporation}} || rowspan="2"| Fujifilm || Paciono Rizal, Calamba || 2023 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|indigo|Welljob Solutions and General Services}} || Halang, Calamba || 2018 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|Wealthlink}} || Sercomm || Paciano Rizal || 2011 || Aktibo |} ==Sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga korporasyong pag-aari ng pamahalaan ng Pilipinas]] 4soewcre8pk1kttcikzp4lmnxqkf787 2237770 2237768 2026-10-28T14:59:38Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 /* Mga lokal na ahensya */ 2237770 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ang Talaan ng "manggagawang ahensya sa Laguna" ay ang mga lokal na ahensya, third party sa bawat kompanya sa Laguna''. Ang mga dambuhalang kompanya tulad ng [[Zenith Foods Corporation]] (Jollibee, Red Ribbon), [[Edward Keller]] (Phils) Inc., [[Paul M. Angell|Newly Weds Foods]] ay may malaking bilang na humahawak o hinahawakan ng mga third party partner agencies.<ref>https://philjobnet.gov.ph/job-vacancies/company/revier-consultants-and-staffing-resources-inc-385718</ref><ref>https://onesourcemsgs.com</ref> ==Mga lokal na ahensya== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Ahensya/Manpower''' |'''Kompanya''' |'''Address''' |'''Taon''' |'''Status''' |- | {{Color|darkgreen|1Seven Manpower Services Inc.}} || rowspan="2"| Zenith Foods [[Red Ribbon Bakeshop]] || Real, Calamba || 2024 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|grey|Amare}} || Santa Rosa, Laguna || || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|asiapro}} Cooperative || Edward Keller (Phils) Inc. || Parian, Calamba || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Bright League Solutions Inc,}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon, SOC-8 Shopee Paciano || Parian, Calamba || 2015 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|orange|Career Power}} || Denso || San Antonio, Biñan || 2007 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|gold|Cebu General Solutions, Inc.}} || Cloud-e Commerce || Turbina, Calamba || 2023 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|GDE Integrated HR Management}} || Akagi Gomu, Phils Corp || Santa Rosa || 2016 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|gold|Great}} {{Color|red|Work Force}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon, Cloud-e Commerce || Cloud-e Commerce, Canlubang || 2009 || Aktibo |- | Greenlight Manpower & General Inc. || Newly Weds Foods || Balibago, Santa Rosa City || 2016 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|yellowgreen|Goldenhand Manpower Services Inc.}} || Zenith Foods: C3, LMTP, Furukawa || Paciano Rizal || 2012 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Jolly Management Solutions Inc.}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon || Mayapa, Calamba || 2005 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|Maxim de Humana International Inc.}} || Denso || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Maximum}} {{Color|green|Solutions Corporation}} || Sercomm || Real-Crossing, Calamba || 2001 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Megatekt⚙️n}} Manufacturing Inc. || Edward Keller (Phils) Inc. || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2017 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Misaki Manpower Services, Inc.}} || Sercomm, Shinei || Bo. 3, Cabuyao || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|silver|MVV Manpower Services}} || [[Calamba City Hospital]] || [[Gusaling Panlungsod ng Calamba]] || 2010 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|Nat}}{{Color|red|Corp}} || Sanritsu || Parian, Calamba || 2012 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Omniworx}} || Engtek || Milagrosa (Tulo), Calamba || 1996 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|grey|One}} {{Color|green|Green}} Arrow || Toyo Ink, Fedco Paper, Suzuki || Bigaa, Cabuyao || 2015 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|yellow|O}}ne {{Color|yellow|SOURCE}} Management Solutions Inc. || Newly Weds Foods, RCS || Santa Rosa, Sala, Cabuyao || 2009 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Philman Power Center, Inc.-Laguna}} || Edward Keller(Phils), Inc., Interphil || Parian, Calamba || 1997 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Pipols Synergy Management Inc.}} || Acbel || Halang, Calamba || 2002 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|red|P}}oints Industrial & Business || Tolman Manufacturing Inc. || Biñan || 2000 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|QFORTE}} Jobs Corporation || Zenith Foods Corp Red Ribbon || Quezon City || 2019 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|Reaz Manpower & General Services Inc.}} || D&L Polymers, Sercomm || Halang, Calamba || 1999 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|REINLAB}} Corporation || Zenith Foods: CBF || Pulong, Santa Rosa || 2003-03 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|REVIER}}, Consultants Staffing & Resource || Newly Weds Foods || Tubigan, Biñan || 2007 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|Romac Group}} || Zenith Foods: C3 & CBF, Interphil || Mayapa, Calamba || 1980 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkviolet|Royal 168}} {{Color|limegreen|Services Inc.}} || Tolman Manufacturing Inc, Lazada Warehouse || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2006 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|teal|Staff Search Asia}} || Zenith Foods: C3 [[Jollibee]] || Paciano Rizal, Calamba || 2001 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|SOL Manpower Services}} (Goldenfield) || Newly Weds Foods || Real, Calamba || 2000 || Aktibo |- | Synergy Experts Labor Services || Mix Plant, Inc. || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|red|Top Service Solutions, Inc.}} || Zenith Foods: CBF || Bo. 1, Calamba || 1997 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|Vills Manpower Corporation}} || rowspan="2"| Fujifilm || Paciono Rizal, Calamba || 2023 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|indigo|Welljob Solutions and General Services}} || Halang, Calamba || 2018 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|Wealthlink}} || Sercomm || Paciano Rizal || 2011 || Aktibo |} ==Sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga korporasyong pag-aari ng pamahalaan ng Pilipinas]] ow7ob9uro555vem0v892m8m4omjexre 2237777 2237770 2026-10-28T15:08:19Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 /* Mga lokal na ahensya */ 2237777 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ang Talaan ng "manggagawang ahensya sa Laguna" ay ang mga lokal na ahensya, third party sa bawat kompanya sa Laguna''. Ang mga dambuhalang kompanya tulad ng [[Zenith Foods Corporation]] (Jollibee, Red Ribbon), [[Edward Keller]] (Phils) Inc., [[Paul M. Angell|Newly Weds Foods]] ay may malaking bilang na humahawak o hinahawakan ng mga third party partner agencies.<ref>https://philjobnet.gov.ph/job-vacancies/company/revier-consultants-and-staffing-resources-inc-385718</ref><ref>https://onesourcemsgs.com</ref> ==Mga lokal na ahensya== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Ahensya/Manpower''' |'''Kompanya''' |'''Address''' |'''Taon''' |'''Status''' |- | {{Color|darkgreen|1Seven Manpower Services Inc.}} || rowspan="2"| Zenith Foods [[Red Ribbon Bakeshop]] || Real, Calamba || 2024 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|grey|Amare}} || Santa Rosa, Laguna || || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|asiapro}} Cooperative || Edward Keller (Phils) Inc. || Parian, Calamba || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Bright League Solutions Inc,}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon, SOC-8 Shopee Paciano || Parian, Calamba || 2015 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|orange|Career Power}} || Denso || San Antonio, Biñan || 2007 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|gold|Cebu General Solutions, Inc.}} || Cloud-e Commerce || Turbina, Calamba || 2023 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|GDE Integrated HR Management}} || Akagi Gomu, Phils Corp || Santa Rosa || 2016 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|gold|Great}} {{Color|red|Work Force}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon, Cloud-e Commerce || Cloud-e Commerce, Canlubang || 2009 || Aktibo |- | Greenlight Manpower & General Inc. || Newly Weds Foods || Balibago, Santa Rosa City || 2016 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|yellowgreen|Goldenhand Manpower Services Inc.}} || Zenith Foods: C3, LMTP, Furukawa || Paciano Rizal || 2012 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Jolly Management Solutions Inc.}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon || Mayapa, Calamba || 2005 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|Maxim de Humana International Inc.}} || Denso || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Maximum}} {{Color|green|Solutions Corporation}} || Sercomm || Real-Crossing, Calamba || 2001 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Megatekt⚙️n}} Manufacturing Inc. || Edward Keller (Phils) Inc. || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2017 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Misaki Manpower Services, Inc.}} || Sercomm, Shinei || Bo. 3, Cabuyao || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|silver|MVV Manpower Services}} || [[Calamba City Hospital]] || [[Gusaling Panlungsod ng Calamba]] || 2010 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|Nat}}{{Color|red|Corp}} || Sanritsu || Parian, Calamba || 2012 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Omniworx}} || Engtek || Milagrosa (Tulo), Calamba || 1996 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|grey|One}} {{Color|green|Green}} Arrow || Toyo Ink, Fedco Paper, Suzuki || Bigaa, Cabuyao || 2015 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|yellow|O}}ne {{Color|yellow|SOURCE}} Management Solutions Inc. || Newly Weds Foods, RCS || Santa Rosa, Sala, Cabuyao || 2009 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Philman Power Center, Inc.-Laguna}} || Edward Keller(Phils), Inc., Interphil || Parian, Calamba || 1997 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Pipols Synergy Management Inc.}} || Acbel || Halang, Calamba || 2002 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|red|P}}oints Industrial & Business || Tolman Manufacturing Inc. || Biñan || 2000 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|QFORTE}} Jobs Corporation || Zenith Foods Corp Red Ribbon || Quezon City || 2019 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|Reaz Manpower & General Services Inc.}} || D&L Polymers, Sercomm || Halang, Calamba || 1999 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|REINLAB}} Corporation || Zenith Foods: CBF || Pulong, Santa Rosa || 2003-03 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|REVIER}}, Consultants Staffing & Resource || Newly Weds Foods || Tubigan, Biñan || 2007 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|Romac Group}} || Zenith Foods: C3 & CBF, Interphil || Mayapa, Calamba || 1980 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkviolet|Royal 168}} {{Color|limegreen|Services Inc.}} || Tolman Manufacturing Inc, Lazada Warehouse || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2006 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|teal|Staff Search Asia}} || Zenith Foods: C3 [[Jollibee]] || Paciano Rizal, Calamba || 2001 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|SMSI}} (Sol, Goldenfield) || Newly Weds Foods || Real, Calamba || 2000 || Aktibo |- | Synergy Experts Labor Services || Mix Plant, Inc. || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|red|Top Service Solutions, Inc.}} || Zenith Foods: CBF || Bo. 1, Calamba || 1997 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|Vills Manpower Corporation}} || rowspan="2"| Fujifilm || Paciono Rizal, Calamba || 2023 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|indigo|Welljob Solutions and General Services}} || Halang, Calamba || 2018 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|Wealthlink}} || Sercomm || Paciano Rizal || 2011 || Aktibo |} ==Sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga korporasyong pag-aari ng pamahalaan ng Pilipinas]] 6my40dc93440toietevreo4a6ojikfy 2237793 2237777 2026-10-28T16:07:57Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 /* Mga lokal na ahensya */ 2237793 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ang Talaan ng "manggagawang ahensya sa Laguna" ay ang mga lokal na ahensya, third party sa bawat kompanya sa Laguna''. Ang mga dambuhalang kompanya tulad ng [[Zenith Foods Corporation]] (Jollibee, Red Ribbon), [[Edward Keller]] (Phils) Inc., [[Paul M. Angell|Newly Weds Foods]] ay may malaking bilang na humahawak o hinahawakan ng mga third party partner agencies.<ref>https://philjobnet.gov.ph/job-vacancies/company/revier-consultants-and-staffing-resources-inc-385718</ref><ref>https://onesourcemsgs.com</ref> ==Mga lokal na ahensya== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Ahensya/Manpower''' |'''Kompanya''' |'''Address''' |'''Taon''' |'''Status''' |- | {{Color|darkgreen|1Seven Manpower Services Inc.}} || rowspan="2"| Zenith Foods [[Red Ribbon Bakeshop]] || Real, Calamba || 2024 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|grey|Amare}} || Santa Rosa, Laguna || || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|asiapro}} Cooperative || Edward Keller (Phils) Inc. || Parian, Calamba || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Bright League Solutions Inc,}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon, SOC-8 Shopee Paciano || Parian, Calamba || 2015 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|orange|Career Power}} || Denso || San Antonio, Biñan || 2007 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|gold|Cebu General Solutions, Inc.}} || Cloud-e Commerce || Turbina, Calamba || 2023 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|GDE Integrated HR Management}} || Akagi Gomu, Phils Corp || Santa Rosa || 2016 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|gold|Great}} {{Color|red|Work Force}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon, Cloud-e Commerce || Cloud-e Commerce, Canlubang || 2009 || Aktibo |- | Greenlight Manpower & General Inc. || Newly Weds Foods || Balibago, Santa Rosa City || 2016 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|yellowgreen|Goldenhand Manpower Services Inc.}} || Zenith Foods: C3, LMTP, Furukawa || Paciano Rizal || 2012 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Jolly Management Solutions Inc.}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon || Mayapa, Calamba || 2005 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|Maxim de Humana International Inc.}} || Denso || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Maximum}} {{Color|green|Solutions Corporation}} || Sercomm || Real-Crossing, Calamba || 2001 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Megatekt⚙️n}} Manufacturing Inc. || Edward Keller (Phils) Inc. || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2017 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Misaki Manpower Services, Inc.}} || Sercomm, Shinei || Bo. 3, Cabuyao || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|silver|MVV Manpower Services}} || [[Calamba City Hospital]] || [[Gusaling Panlungsod ng Calamba]] || 2010 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|Nat}}{{Color|red|Corp}} || Sanritsu || Parian, Calamba || 2012 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Omniworx}} || Engtek || Milagrosa (Tulo), Calamba || 1996 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|grey|One}} {{Color|green|Green}} Arrow || Toyo Ink, Fedco Paper, Suzuki || Bigaa, Cabuyao || 2015 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|yellow|O}}ne {{Color|yellow|'''SOURCE'''}} Management Solutions Inc. || Newly Weds Foods, RCS || Santa Rosa, Sala, Cabuyao || 2009 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Philman Power Center, Inc.-Laguna}} || Edward Keller(Phils), Inc., Interphil || Parian, Calamba || 1997 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Pipols Synergy Management Inc.}} || Acbel || Halang, Calamba || 2002 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|red|P}}oints Industrial & Business || Tolman Manufacturing Inc. || Biñan || 2000 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|QFORTE}} Jobs Corporation || Zenith Foods Corp Red Ribbon || Quezon City || 2019 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|Reaz Manpower & General Services Inc.}} || D&L Polymers, Sercomm || Halang, Calamba || 1999 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|REINLAB}} Corporation || Zenith Foods: CBF || Pulong, Santa Rosa || 2003-03 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|'''REVIER'''}}, Consultants Staffing & Resource || Newly Weds Foods || Tubigan, Biñan || 2007 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|Romac Group}} || Zenith Foods: C3 & CBF, Interphil || Mayapa, Calamba || 1980 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkviolet|Royal 168}} {{Color|limegreen|Services Inc.}} || Tolman Manufacturing Inc, Lazada Warehouse || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2006 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|teal|Staff Search Asia}} || Zenith Foods: C3 [[Jollibee]] || Paciano Rizal, Calamba || 2001 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|SMSI}} (Sol, Goldenfield) || Newly Weds Foods || Real, Calamba || 2000 || Aktibo |- | Synergy Experts Labor Services || Mix Plant, Inc. || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|red|Top Service Solutions, Inc.}} || Zenith Foods: CBF || Bo. 1, Calamba || 1997 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|Vills Manpower Corporation}} || rowspan="2"| Fujifilm || Paciono Rizal, Calamba || 2023 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|indigo|Welljob Solutions and General Services}} || Halang, Calamba || 2018 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|Wealthlink}} || Sercomm || Paciano Rizal || 2011 || Aktibo |} ==Sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga korporasyong pag-aari ng pamahalaan ng Pilipinas]] 2ynavk6191vzfb2d1o2lt8i7h9dnfbl 2237845 2237793 2026-10-29T06:48:26Z Ivan P. Clarin 84769 /* Mga lokal na ahensya */ 2237845 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ang Talaan ng "manggagawang ahensya sa Laguna" ay ang mga lokal na ahensya, third party sa bawat kompanya sa Laguna''. Ang mga dambuhalang kompanya tulad ng [[Zenith Foods Corporation]] (Jollibee, Red Ribbon), [[Edward Keller]] (Phils) Inc., [[Paul M. Angell|Newly Weds Foods]] ay may malaking bilang na humahawak o hinahawakan ng mga third party partner agencies.<ref>https://philjobnet.gov.ph/job-vacancies/company/revier-consultants-and-staffing-resources-inc-385718</ref><ref>https://onesourcemsgs.com</ref> ==Mga lokal na ahensya== {|class="wikitable" style=font:size:100% |'''Ahensya/Manpower''' |'''Kompanya''' |'''Address''' |'''Taon''' |'''Status''' |- | {{Color|darkgreen|1Seven Manpower Services Inc.}} || rowspan="2"| Zenith Foods [[Red Ribbon Bakeshop]] || Real, Calamba || 2024 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|grey|Amare}} || Santa Rosa, Laguna || || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|asiapro}} Cooperative || Edward Keller (Phils) Inc. || Parian, Calamba || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Bright League Solutions Inc,}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon, SOC-8 Shopee Paciano || Parian, Calamba || 2015 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|orange|Career Power}} || Denso || San Antonio, Biñan || 2007 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|gold|Cebu General Solutions, Inc.}} || Cloud-e Commerce || Turbina, Calamba || 2023 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|GDE Integrated HR Management}} || Akagi Gomu, Phils Corp || Santa Rosa || 2016 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|gold|Great}} {{Color|red|Work Force}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon, Cloud-e Commerce || Cloud-e Commerce, Canlubang || 2009 || Aktibo |- | Greenlight Manpower & General Inc. || Newly Weds Foods || Balibago, Santa Rosa City || 2016 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|yellowgreen|Goldenhand Manpower Services Inc.}} || Zenith Foods: C3, LMTP, Furukawa || Paciano Rizal || 2012 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Jolly Management Solutions Inc.}} || Zenith Foods Red Ribbon || Mayapa, Calamba || 2005 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|Maxim de Humana International Inc.}} || Denso || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Maximum}} {{Color|green|Solutions Corporation}} || Sercomm || Real-Crossing, Calamba || 2001 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Megatekt⚙️n}} Manufacturing Inc. || Edward Keller (Phils) Inc. || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2017 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Misaki Manpower Services, Inc.}} || Sercomm, Shinei || Bo. 3, Cabuyao || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|silver|MVV Manpower Services}} || [[Calamba City Hospital]] || [[Gusaling Panlungsod ng Calamba]] || 2010 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|Nat}}{{Color|red|Corp}} || Sanritsu || Parian, Calamba || 2012 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Omniworx}} || Engtek || Milagrosa (Tulo), Calamba || 1996 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|grey|One}} {{Color|green|Green}} Arrow || Toyo Ink, Fedco Paper, Suzuki || Bigaa, Cabuyao || 2015 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|yellow|O}}ne {{Color|yellow|'''SOURCE'''}} Management Solutions Inc. || Newly Weds Foods, RCS || Santa Rosa, Sala, Cabuyao || 2009 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|limegreen|Philman Power Center, Inc.-Laguna}} || Edward Keller(Phils), Inc., Interphil || Parian, Calamba || 1997 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|Pipols Synergy Management Inc.}} || Acbel || Halang, Calamba || 2002 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|red|P}}oints Industrial & Business || Tolman Manufacturing Inc. || Biñan || 2000 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|QFORTE}} Jobs Corporation || Zenith Foods Corp Red Ribbon || Quezon City || 2019 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|Reaz Manpower & General Services Inc.}} || D&L Polymers, Sercomm || Halang, Calamba || 1999 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|REINLAB}} Corporation || Zenith Foods: CBF || Pulong, Santa Rosa || 2003-03 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|'''REVIER'''}}, Consultants Staffing & Resource || Newly Weds Foods || Tubigan, Biñan || 2007 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|blue|Romac Group}} || Zenith Foods: C3 & CBF, Interphil || Mayapa, Calamba || 1980 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkviolet|Royal 168}} {{Color|limegreen|Services Inc.}} || Tolman Manufacturing Inc, Lazada Warehouse || Pulo, Cabuyao || 2006 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|teal|Staff Search Asia}} || Zenith Foods: C3 [[Jollibee]] || Paciano Rizal, Calamba || 2001 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|darkblue|SMSI}} (Sol, Goldenfield) || Newly Weds Foods || Real, Calamba || 2000 || Aktibo |- | Synergy Experts Labor Services || Mix Plant, Inc. || 2013 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|red|Top Service Solutions, Inc.}} || Zenith Foods: CBF || Bo. 1, Calamba || 1997 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|skyblue|Vills Manpower Corporation}} || rowspan="2"| Fujifilm || Paciono Rizal, Calamba || 2023 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|indigo|Welljob Solutions and General Services}} || Halang, Calamba || 2018 || Aktibo |- | {{Color|green|Wealthlink}} Incorporated || Sercomm || Paciano Rizal || 2011 || Aktibo |} ==Sanggunian== {{reflist}} [[Kategorya:Mga korporasyong pag-aari ng pamahalaan ng Pilipinas]] 6124c33rfiyml2f4utjqqmsu2j9uk9l 0 340771 2237828 2237531 2026-10-29T04:56:43Z Allyriana000 119761 2237828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant|image=|date=12 Disyembre 2026|presenters=|venue=Pilipinas|broadcaster=|entrants=|debuts=|withdrawals=|returns={{Hlist|Arhelya|Belhika|Bosniya at Herzegovina|Costa Rica|Ehipto|Eslobakya|Espanya|Guwatemala|Hilagang Masedonya|Honduras|Kapuluang Cook|Kasakistan|Kirgistan|Kroasya|Mawrisyo|Montenegro|Puerto Rico|Sierra Leone|Tonga}}|placements=|winner=|next=|theme=Love in Action|before=[[Miss Earth 2025|2025]]}}Ang '''Miss Earth 2026''' ang magiging ika-26 na [[Miss Earth]] pageant, na gaganapin sa Pilipinas sa 12 Disyembre 2026. Kokoronahan ni [[Natálie Puškinová]] ng Republikang Tseko ang kaniyang kahalili sa pagtatapos ng kaganapan. == Kaligiran == === Pagpili ng mga kandidata === ==== Mga pagpalit ==== Pinalitan ni Marian Rodríguez si Ziari Ruiz ng Nikaragwa dahil sa suliraning pang-organisasyon.<ref>{{cite web |last=Velasquez |first=Maura |date=8 Abril 2026 |title=Lista para el escenario internacional: Ziari Ruiz es la nueva Miss Earth Nicaragua 2026 |trans-title=Ready for the international stage: Ziari Ruiz is the new Miss Earth Nicaragua 2026 |url=https://www.tn8.ni/entretenimiento/lista-para-el-escenario-internacional-ziari-ruiz-es-la-nueva-miss-earth-nicaragua-2026/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=TN8 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 Hunyo 2026 |title=Ziari Ruiz renuncia a Miss Earth Nicaragua 2026 |trans-title=Ziari Ruiz resigns from Miss Earth Nicaragua 2026 |url=https://www.vivanicaragua.com.ni/2026/06/05/espectaculos/ziari-ruiz-miss-earth/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Viva Nicaragua Canal 13 |language=es}}</ref> Pinalitan ni Karina Joya si Nazarena Torrejón bilang kinatawan ng Arhentina dahil sa suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=20 Abril 2026 |title=La comodorense Maia Padilla brilló en un certamen internacional de belleza |trans-title=Maia Padilla from Comodoro Rivadavia shone in an international beauty pageant |url=https://www.adnsur.com.ar/sociedad/la-comodorense-maia-padilla-brillo-en-un-certamen-internacional-de-belleza_a69e6989335fd4a108ad7be19 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=ADN Sur |language=es}}</ref> Pinalitan ni Alicia Bouclin si Jennifer Malits bilang kinatawan ng Taylandiya dahil lampas na siya sa ''age limit''.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 October 2026 |title=Alicia Buoclin will Represent Thailand at Miss Earth 2026 |url=https://www.facebook.com/missearth.th/posts/a-new-journey-begins-a-nation-stands-behind-her-introducing-alicia-elizabeth-bou/1563296652500235/ |publisher=Miss Earth Thailand}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Suwannatada |first=Sutannaraj |date=1 Setyembre 2026 |title='เจนนี่-เจนนิเฟอร์' สวยสมมง! คว้า Miss Earth Thailand 2026 เวทีชูพลังนางงามรักษ์โลก |trans-title='Jenny-Jennifer' is stunning and deserving of the crown! She wins Miss Earth Thailand 2026, a pageant showcasing the power of beauty queens to protect the environment. |url=https://www.dailynews.co.th/news/6155379/ |access-date=26 Oktubre 2026 |website=Daily News (Thailand) |language=th}}</ref> Pinalitan ni Markéta Králová si Hana Dědková bilang kinatawan ng Republikang Tseko dahil may planong lumahok si Dědková sa susunod na edisyon ng [[MGI All Stars]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 Mayo 2026 |title=Novou Miss Czech Republic 2026 se stala Lucie Pisková |trans-title=Lucie Pisková became the new Miss Czech Republic 2026 |url=https://tv.nova.cz/porad/miss-czech-republic/clanek/648492-vyhlaseni-miss-czech-republic-2026-sledujte-zive-vitezka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260523234420/https://tv.nova.cz/porad/miss-czech-republic/clanek/648492-vyhlaseni-miss-czech-republic-2026-sledujte-zive-vitezka |archive-date=23 Mayo 2026 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Nova.cz |language=cs}}</ref> Pinalitan ni Kayra Wouters, Miss Exclusive Air, si Miss Exclusive 2026 Axana Carmoy bilang kinatawan ng Belhika sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Mayo 2026 |title=Miss Exclusive Axana uit Asse zet zich in voor bijenpopulatie: “Liefde voor natuur van thuis meegekregen” |trans-title=Miss Exclusive Axana from Asse dedicates herself to the bee population: “Love for nature inherited from home” |url=https://www.ringtv.be/groen/miss-exclusive-axana-uit-asse-zet-zich-voor-bijenpopulatie-liefde-voor-natuur-van-thuis |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Ring TV |language=nl}}</ref> Pinalitan din nina Shanna Meril Kalle ng Estonya, Ariet Sanjarova ng Kirgistan, Barbara Costa ng Portugal, at Na-yeong Kim ng Timog Korea sina Veronika Sinkevitš, Adina Bekturova, Maria Gabriela Pereira, at Soo-in Park, ayon sa pagkakabanggit, sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tust |first=Katrin |date=15 Hunyo 2026 |title=MISSIS ESTONIA 35 |trans-title=MISS ESTONIA 35 |url=https://buduaar.tv3.ee/ilu-ja-mood/missis-estonia-35-2/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Buduaar |publisher=TV3 |language=Estonian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Hulyo 2026 |title=Кто они — победительницы «Мисс Кыргызстан - 2026»? Фото |trans-title=Who are the winners of Miss Kyrgyzstan 2026? Photo |url=https://culture.akipress.org/news:2510385 |access-date=26 Oktubre 2026 |website=AKIpress News Agency |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Koch |first=Mary Julia |date=8 Enero 2026 |title=Venezuela’s Lost Export: Beauty Queens |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/free-expression/venezuelas-lost-export-beauty-queens-6eaf19bb |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 Agosto 2026 |title=박수인, 2026 미스 어스 코리아 최고 타이틀 수상…세계 미스 어스 도전 : 네이트 연예 |trans-title=Park Soo-in Wins Top Title at Miss Earth Korea 2026… Competing for Miss Earth World |url=https://news.nate.com/view/20260826n18285 |access-date=26 Oktubre 2026 |website=Nate |language=ko}}</ref> ==== Mga pagbalik at pag-urong ==== Babalik sa edisyong ito ang mga bansang Kapuluang Cook, na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2017|2017]]; Ehipto na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2018|2018]]; Tonga na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2019|2019]]; Guwatemala na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2021|2021]]; Eslobakya, Hilagang Masedonya at Kirgistan na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2022|2022]]; Bosniya at Herzegovina, Espanya, Kasakistan, Kroasya at Sierra Leone na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2023|2023]]; at Arhelya, Belhika, Costa Rica, Hayti, Honduras, Mawrisyo, Montenegro at Puerto Rico na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2024|2024]]. Bumitiw si Adrianna Carrandi ng Kuba dahil sa hindi inaasahang mga pangyayari sa kaniyang pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Abril 2026 |title=NBNC Miss Cuba 2026 Final Crowning Gala |url=https://www.nuestrabellezanacionalcuba.com/post/nbnc-miss-cuba-2026-final-crowning-gala |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Nuestra Belleza Nacional Cuba}}</ref> Bumitiw si Verónica Graciela Ocampos ng Paragway sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan at lumahok na lamang sa [[Miss International 2026]].<ref>{{cite news |date=9 Agosto 2026 |title=¿Perdió la corona de Miss Tierra Paraguay por ser hakita? |language=es |trans-title=Did she lose the Miss Earth Paraguay crown because she was Hakita? |website=Popular |url=https://www.popular.com.py/2026/08/09/perdio-la-corona-de-miss-tierra-paraguay-por-ser-hakita/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260810090332/https://www.popular.com.py/2026/08/09/perdio-la-corona-de-miss-tierra-paraguay-por-ser-hakita/ |archive-date=10 Agosto 2026}}</ref> == Mga kandidata == Kinumpirma na ang mga sumusunod na kandidata: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" |+ !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon}} !Bayan |- |{{Flagdeco|ALB}} [[Albanya]] |{{Sortname|Enxhi|Sterkaj|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 Hunyo 2026 |title=Shpallet më e bukura e Shqipërisë/ Ja vajza që 'rrëmbeu' kurorën e "Miss Shqipëria 2026" |language=sq |trans-title=Albania's most beautiful woman announced/ Here is the girl who 'snatched' the crown of "Miss Albania 2026" |work=Gazeta Sot |url=https://sot.com.al/gossip/shpallet-me-e-bukura-e-shqiperise-ja-vajza-qe-rrembeu-kuroren-e-miss-shqiperia-2026/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260607123116/https://sot.com.al/gossip/shpallet-me-e-bukura-e-shqiperise-ja-vajza-qe-rrembeu-kuroren-e-miss-shqiperia-2026/ |archive-date=7 Hunyo 2026}}</ref> |22 |[[Tirana]] |- |{{Flagdeco|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{Sortname|Karina|Joya|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Lungsod ng Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] |- |{{Flagdeco|ARM}} [[Armenya]] |{{Sortname|Larisa|Hambaryan|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Abril 2026 |title=Լարիսա Համբարյանը` Miss Earth Armenia 2026 տիտղոսակիր |trans-title=Larisa Hambaryan: Miss Earth Armenia 2026 title holder |url=https://yerevanpost.am/hy/2026/04/03/article/5866 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Yerevan Post |language=hy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260826050823/https://yerevanpost.am/hy/2026/04/03/article/5866|archive-date=26 Agosto 2026}}</ref> |23 |Akhaltsikhe |- |{{flagdeco|AUS}} [[Australia|Australya]] |{{Sortname|Helena|Ristevski|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=31 Agosto 2026 |title=MUPH alumna to represent Australia at Miss International 2026 |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/682234/muph-alumna-to-represent-australia-at-miss-international-2026 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261014180838/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/682234/muph-alumna-to-represent-australia-at-miss-international-2026|archive-date=14 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> |20 |[[Sidney]] |- |{{flagdeco|BAN}} [[Bangladesh|Bangglades]] |{{Sortname|Aritry|Abdullah|nolink=1}} |22 |[[Dhaka]] |- | {{flagdeco|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{Sortname|Kayra|Wouters|nolink=1}} |25 |Genk |- | {{flagdeco|BLZ}} [[Belise|Belis]] |{{Sortname|Vashti|Thompson|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 Agosto 2026 |title=Miss Earth Belize Shares Passion for Environmental Activism |url=https://www.greaterbelize.com/miss-earth-belize-shares-passion-for-environmental-activism/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Greater Belize Media |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815031207/https://www.greaterbelize.com/miss-earth-belize-shares-passion-for-environmental-activism/|archive-date=15 Agosto 2026}}</ref> |25 |Lungsod ng Belis |- |{{flagdeco|VEN}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |{{Sortname|Tina|Batson|nolink=1}} |27 |Barcelona |- |{{flagdeco|VNM}} [[Vietnam|Biyetnam]] |{{Sortname|Thu Uyên|Phạm|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phương |first=Hoài |date=7 Hulyo 2026 |title=Phạm Hoàng Thu Uyên lên tiếng trước hoài nghi khi thi Hoa hậu Trái đất 2026 |trans-title=Pham Hoang Thu Uyen speaks out against skepticism when competing in Miss Earth 2026 |url=https://tuoitre.vn/pham-hoang-thu-uyen-len-tieng-truoc-hoai-nghi-khi-thi-hoa-hau-trai-dat-2026-100260704170041005.htm |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Tuổi Trẻ |language=vi}}</ref> |28 |[[Haiphong]] |- | {{flagdeco|BIH}} [[Bosniya at Herzegovina]] |{{Sortname|Tijana|Štrbac|nolink=1}}<ref name="missbalkana">{{Cite web |date=30 Marso 2026 |title=IZBOR ZA MISS BALKANA 2026 ZA IZBOR MISS SVETA |trans-title=MISS BALKAN 2026 SELECTION FOR MISS [EARTH] SELECTION |url=https://zipa.novamedia.agency/galerija/izbor-za-miss-balkana-2026-za-izbor-miss-sveta/69c99df985114e1bc7b1a235 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Nova Media |language=bs}}</ref> |18 |Banja Luka |- |{{flagdeco|BRA}} [[Brasil]] |{{Sortname|Karine Stella|Cardoso|nolink=1}} |28 |[[Rio de Janeiro]] |- |{{flagdeco|CRI}} [[Costa Rica]] |{{Sortname|Loany|Vásquez|nolink=1}} |23 |[[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] |- |{{flagdeco|SLV}} [[El Salvador]] |{{Sortname|Marisol|Echeverría|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Serrano |first=Oscar |date=1 Hunyo 2026 |title=Coronan a la nueva Miss Earth El Salvador 2026 |trans-title=The new Miss Earth El Salvador 2026 is crowned |url=https://xpot.sv/coronan-a-la-nueva-miss-earth-el-salvador-2026/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Xpot |language=es}}</ref> |26 |[[San Salvador]] |- |{{flagdeco|SVK}} [[Slovakia|Eslobakya]] |{{Sortname|Martina|Bugáňová|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kleinová |first=Dana |date=7 Hulyo 2026 |title=Slovensko spoznalo nové kráľovné krásy. Titul si odniesli 4 Slovenky, budú nás reprezentovať vo svete |trans-title=Slovakia has crowned its new beauty queens. Four Slovak women took home titles and will represent the country on the global stage |url=https://www.interez.sk/slovensko-spoznalo-nove-kralovne-krasy-titul-si-odniesli-4-slovenky-budu-nas-reprezentovat-vo-svete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260711124621/https://www.interez.sk/slovensko-spoznalo-nove-kralovne-krasy-titul-si-odniesli-4-slovenky-budu-nas-reprezentovat-vo-svete/ |archive-date=11 Hulyo 2026 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Interez.sk |language=sk}}</ref> |21 |[[Bratislava]] |- |{{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Espanya]] |{{Sortname|Arantxa|Guzmán|nolink=1}} |24 |[[Madrid]] |- |{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] |{{Sortname|Gia|Espinoza|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Montejano |first=Fernando |date=8 Enero 2026 |title=El Pasoans At 'Miss Earth USA' Make History For The Sun City |url=https://kisselpaso.com/el-paso-miss-earth-usa/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=93.1 KISS FM |language=en}}</ref> |21 |[[El Paso]] |- |{{flagdeco|EST}} [[Estonya]] |{{Sortname|Shanna Meril|Kalle|nolink=q}}<ref name=":1" /> |18 |[[Tallin]] |- |{{flagdeco|WAL}} [[Gales]] |{{Sortname|Sarann|John|nolink=1}} |22 |Rhondda Cynon Taf |- |{{flagdeco|GTM}} [[Guatemala|Guwatemala]] |{{Sortname|Vilma|Rodríguez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Franco |first=Delia |date=14 Hunyo 2026 |title=Miss Guatemala Contest 2026: quiénes son las ocho ganadoras que representarán al país en certámenes internacionales |trans-title=Miss Guatemala Contest 2026: Who are the eight winners who will represent the country in international pageants |url=https://www.publinews.gt/espectaculos/2026/06/15/miss-guatemala-contest-2026-asi-quedaron-las-representantes-de-guatemala-en-certamenes-internacionales/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Prensa Libre |language=es}}</ref> |25 |Totonicapán |- |{{flagdeco|JAM}} [[Jamaica|Hamayka]] |{{Sortname|Brianna|Foster|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Jackson |first=Kevin |date=27 Enero 2026 |title=Nevaeh Allen is Miss Jamaica World 2026 |language=en |work=Jamaica Observer |url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2026/01/27/nevaeh-allen-miss-world-2026/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> |23 |Trelawny |- |{{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |{{Sortname|Yumeha|Sakurai|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Agosto 2026 |title=2026ミス・アース・ジャパン日本代表にトリリンガルの秘書・櫻井夢羽が決定 |trans-title=Trilingual secretary Yumeha Sakurai has been selected as Miss Earth Japan 2026. |url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/a376b1af4ee0a79b3ca042d425a410a70972bb42 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Yahoo! Japan |language=ja}}</ref> |24 |[[Prepektura ng Mie|Mie]] |- |{{flagdeco|HAI}} [[Haiti|Hayti]] |{{Sortname|Magdaline |Cherestal|nolink=1}} |24 |[[Puerto Principe]] |- |{{flagdeco|MNP}} [[Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana]] |{{Sortname|Marielle|Jeon|nolink=1}} | |Saipan |- |{{flagdeco|HON}} [[Honduras]] |{{Sortname|Olga|Castillo|nolink=1}} |25 |[[Tegucigalpa]] |- |{{flagdeco|IND}} [[Indiya]] |{{Sortname|Aarya|Aawadhoot|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=20 Setyembre 2026 |title=Aarya Aawadhoot Crowned Miss Earth India 2026 in Jaipur |url=https://www.glamstaan.com/pageants/aarya-aawadhoot-crowned-miss-earth-india-2026-in-jaipur |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Glamstaan |language=en}}</ref> |21 |[[Nagpur]] |- |{{flagdeco|IDN}} [[Indonesya]] |{{Sortname|Puan Cita|Pinayongan|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prima |first=Berkat |date=6 Setyembre 2026 |title=7 Potret Miss Earth Indonesia 2026 Puan Pinayongan |trans-title=7 Portraits of Miss Earth Indonesia 2026 Puan Pinayongan, from West Sumatra! |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-miss-earth-indonesia-2026-puan-pinayongan-asal-sumbar-c1c2-01-l8vsm-n4248c |access-date=26 Oktubre 2026 |website=IDN Times |language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260909080217/https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-miss-earth-indonesia-2026-puan-pinayongan-asal-sumbar-c1c2-01-l8vsm-n4248c|archive-date=9 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> |20 |Padang |- |{{flagdeco|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] |{{Sortname|Georgina|Lawrence|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 Setyembre 2026 |title=Hampshire woman with Type 1 diabetes crowned Miss Earth England 2026 |url=https://www.hampshirechronicle.co.uk/news/26548772.hampshire-woman-wins-miss-earth-england-2026-title/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Hampshire Chronicle |language=en|last=Taylor|first=Camilla|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260926213350/https://www.hampshirechronicle.co.uk/news/26548772.hampshire-woman-wins-miss-earth-england-2026-title/|archive-date=26 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> |26 |Hampshire |- | {{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{Sortname|Sophia|Koster|nolink=1}} |18 |[[Calgary]] |- | {{flagdeco|CAY}} [[Kapuluang Kayman|Kapuluang Cayman]] |{{Sortname|Cassiedy|Davis Quintero|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 Mayo 2026 |title=New Miss Earth Cayman Islands crowned |url=https://www.caymaniantimes.ky/news/new-miss-earth-cayman-islands-crowned |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=The Caymanian Times |language=en}}</ref> |26 |George Town |- | {{flagdeco|COK}} [[Kapuluang Cook]] |{{Sortname|Matangaro|Tarabay|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Melina Etches |date=3 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Spectacular finale for Miss Cook Islands 2025: High-value prizes for the top three winners |url=https://www.cookislandsnews.com/internal/national/local/culture/entertainment-national/spectacular-finale-for-miss-cook-islands-2025-high-value-prizes-for-the-top-three-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260205071546/https://www.cookislandsnews.com/internal/national/local/culture/entertainment-national/spectacular-finale-for-miss-cook-islands-2025-high-value-prizes-for-the-top-three-winners/ |archive-date=5 Pebrero 2026 |access-date=22 Agosto 2026 |website=Cook Islands News |language=en}}</ref> |19 |Rarotonga |- |{{flagdeco|KAZ}} [[Kasakistan]] |{{Sortname|Adellina|Balgymbaeva|nolink=1}} |22 |Pavlodar |- |{{flagdeco|KGZ}} [[Kirgistan]] |{{Sortname|Ariet|Sanjarova|nolink=1}} |23 |[[Osh]] |- | {{flagdeco|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |{{Sortname|Isabella|Bermúdez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 2026 |title=Isabella Bermúdez Nieto es la nueva Miss Earth Colombia 2026 |language=es |trans-title=Isabella Bermúdez Nieto is the new Miss Earth Colombia 2026 |work=El Quindiano |url=https://elquindiano.com/noticia/270247/isabella-bermudez-nieto-es-la-nueva-miss-earth-colombia-2026/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260713055417/https://elquindiano.com/noticia/270247/isabella-bermudez-nieto-es-la-nueva-miss-earth-colombia-2026/ |archive-date=13 Hulyo 2026}}</ref> |25 |[[Pereira, Colombia|Pereira]] |- | {{flagdeco|HRV}} [[Kroasya]] |{{Sortname|Paola|Hrdas|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 Abril 2026 |title=Nova Miss Earth Croatia je studentica medicine iz Zagreba: Pogledajte kako izgleda |trans-title=The new Miss Earth Croatia is a medical student from Zagreb: See what she looks like |url=https://net.hr/hot/zvijezde/nova-miss-earth-croatia-je-studentica-medicine-iz-zagreba-pogledajte-kako-izgleda-727d579f-2ec0-11f1-936f-9600040c8f8e |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Net.hr |language=hr}}</ref> |21 |[[Zagreb]] |- |{{flagdeco|LBN}} [[Libano]] |{{Sortname|Norma|Yamin|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanchez |first=Miguel |date=18 Hunyo 2026 |title=Norma Yamin participará en Miss Earth y representará al Líbano |trans-title=Norma Yamin will participate in Miss Earth and represent Lebanon |url=https://acn.com.ve/norma-yamin-participara-miss-earth/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Agencia Carabobeña de Noticias |language=es}}</ref> |27 |[[Beirut]] |- |{{flagdeco|ISL}} [[Iceland|Lupangyelo]] |{{Sortname|Lilja|Pétursdóttir|nolink=1}} |22 |[[Reikiavik]] |- |{{flagdeco|Madagascar}} [[Madagascar|Madagaskar]] |{{sortname|Laura|Nomeny|nolink=1}} |20 |Mahajanga |- |{{flagdeco|MAC}} [[Macau|Makaw]] |Jolie Feilei<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 Hulyo 2026 |title=星光聚羊城，美耀环宇时｜2026 MISS COSMO环宇小姐中国总决赛圆满落幕 |trans-title=Stars Gather in Guangzhou, Beauty Shines Globally: 2026 MISS COSMO China Final Concludes Successfully |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/1056253893_121309384 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Sohu |language=zh}}</ref> |21 |[[Macau|Makaw]] |- |{{flagdeco|MYS}} [[Malaysia]] |{{Sortname|Elyse|Tan|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IJN Supports World Drowning Prevention Day 2026 with CPR Education |url=https://www.ijn.com.my/ijn-media/world-drowning-prevention-day-2026-cpr/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Institut Jantung Negara |language=en-US}}</ref> |18 |[[Kuala Lumpur]] |- |{{flagdeco|MUS}} [[Mauritius|Mawrisyo]] |{{Sortname|Karina|Nandee|nolink=1}} |26 |Quatre Bornes |- |{{flagdeco|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{Sortname|Alexia|Briviesca|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Medina |first=Tommy |date=1 Setyembre 2026 |title=Veracruz conquista su cuarta corona nacional en Miss Earth México |url=https://imagendeveracruz.mx/sociales/veracruz-conquista-su-cuarta-corona-nacional-en-miss-earth-mexico-20260902-0005.html |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Imagen de Veracruz |language=es}}</ref> |23 |[[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]] |- |{{flagdeco|MDA}} [[Moldabya]] |{{Sortname|Margarita|Rudkovskaya|nolink=1}}<ref name="missbalkana" /> |19 |[[Chișinău|Chişinău]] |- |{{flagdeco|MNG}} [[Mongolya]] |{{Sortname|Zulsar|Otgonbayar|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Ulan Bator]] |- |{{flagdeco|MNE}} [[Montenegro]] |{{Sortname|Ksenija|Popović|nolink=1}}<ref name="missbalkana" /> |22 |[[Podgorica]] |- |{{flagdeco|MMR}} [[Myanmar]] |{{Sortname|Thoon|Hayman Oo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 Hulyo 2026 |title=Miss Myanmar Earth 2026 ရဲ့ Grand Final ပွဲ |url=https://www.myanmarcelebrity.com/2026/07/miss-myanmar-earth-2026-grand-final.html |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Myanmar Celebrity News |language=en}}</ref> |22 |[[Yangon]] |- | {{flagdeco|NPL}} [[Nepal]] | data-sort-value="Oli, Binita" |Binita Oli<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 Setyembre 2026 |title=प्रयासनाले पहिरिइन् मिस युनिभर्स नेपालको ताज, मिस अर्थ नेपाल बनिन् बिनिता |trans-title=Prayasana crowned Miss Universe Nepal, Binita becomes Miss Earth Nepal |url=https://ekantipur.com/entertainment/2026/09/27/prayasana-crowned-miss-universe-nepal-binita-becomes-miss-earth-nepal-53-55.html |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Ekantipur |language=ne}}</ref> |27 |Jhapa |- | {{flagdeco|NGA}} [[Nigeria|Niherya]] |{{Sortname|Mercy|Suoyo|nolink=1}} |21 |Yenagoa |- | {{flagdeco|NIC}} [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] |{{Sortname|Marian |Rodríguez|nolink=1}} |21 |Rivas |- | {{flagdeco|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{Sortname|Emilie|Sand|nolink=1}} |22 |Ålesund |- | {{flagdeco|NZL}} [[Nuweba Selandiya]] |{{Sortname|Yajna|Singh|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 Hunyo 2026 |title=Yajna Singh: Beauty with a Purpose! |url=https://indiannews.nz/2026/06/10/yajna-singh-beauty-with-a-purpose/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=The Indian News |language=en}}</ref> |25 |[[Auckland]] |- | {{flagdeco|NED}} [[Holland|Olanda]] | data-sort-value="Sande, Lotte van de" |{{Sortname|Lotte|van de Sande|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Miss Netherlands Earth |url=https://missnederland.nl/miss-earth-netherlands/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260708022703/https://missnederland.nl/miss-earth-netherlands/ |archive-date=8 Hulyo 2026 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Miss Nederland}}</ref> |23 |[[Utrecht]] |- | {{flagdeco|PHL}} [[Miss Philippines Earth|Pilipinas]] |{{Sortname|Rina Andrea|Delos Santos|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 Hunyo 2026 |title=Rina Andrea Delos Santos of Cagayan is Miss Philippines Earth 2026 |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/675379/rina-andrea-delos-santos-of-cagayan-is-miss-philippines-earth-2026 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref> |27 |[[Ballesteros, Cagayan|Ballesteros]] |- | {{flagdeco|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{Sortname|Annika|Viertola|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Helsinki]] |- | {{flagdeco|POL}} [[Polonya]] |{{Sortname|Izabela|Cieśla|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=31 Agosto 2026 |title=Miss Earth Poland 2026 pays courtesy call on Consul General — Chicago |url=https://asianjournal.com/usa/chicago/miss-earth-poland-2026-pays-courtesy-call-on-consul-general/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Asian Journal News |language=en-US}}</ref> |20 |[[Chicago]] |- | {{flagdeco|POR}} [[Portugal]] |{{Sortname|Bárbara|Costa|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Antunes |first=Pedro |date=1 Mayo 2026 |title=Caldense Bárbara Costa é Miss Earth Portugal 2026 |trans-title=Bárbara Costa from Caldas is Miss Earth Portugal 2026 |url=https://jornaldascaldas.pt/2026/05/01/caldense-barbara-costa-e-miss-earth-portugal-2026/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Jornal das Caldas |language=pt}}</ref> |25 |Caldas da Rainha |- | {{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Pransiya]] |{{Sortname|Pauline|Mouchard|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leroux |first=Stéphanie |date=18 Agosto 2026 |title=Putri Andriani Juficha : la reine de beauté Indonésienne est morte le jour de son 26e anniversaire |trans-title=Putri Andriani Juficha: the Indonesian beauty queen died on her 26th birthday |url=https://www.voici.fr/celebrites/putri-andriani-juficha-la-reine-de-beaute-indonesienne-est-morte-le-jour-de-son-26e-anniversaire-827798 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Voici |language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260926083944/https://www.voici.fr/celebrites/putri-andriani-juficha-la-reine-de-beaute-indonesienne-est-morte-le-jour-de-son-26e-anniversaire-827798|archive-date=26 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> |26 |Guichainville |- | {{flagdeco|PUR}} [[Puerto Rico]] |{{Sortname|Cristina|Ríos|nolink=1}} |24 |San Sebastián |- | {{flagdeco|DOM}} [[Republikang Dominikano]] |{{Sortname|Nicole|Rijo|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Santo Domingo, Republikang Dominikano|Santo Domingo]] |- | {{flagdeco|CZE}} [[Republikang Tseko]] |{{Sortname|Markéta |Králová|nolink=1}} |21 |Liberec |- | [[Talaksan:Proposed_flag_of_Réunion_(VAR).svg|border|23x23px]] [[Réunion]] |{{Sortname|Madeleine|Bordesoulle de Boulay|nolink=1}} |20 |La Montagne |- | {{flagdeco|SRB}} [[Serbiya]] |{{Sortname|Lana|Mandić|nolink=1}} |21 |Novi Sad |- | {{flagdeco|ZIM}} [[Zimbabwe|Simbabwe]] |{{Sortname|Angela|Guta|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 Agosto 2026 |title=Angela Guta Crowned Miss Earth Zimbabwe 2026, Set To Represent The Nation In The Philippines |url=https://youthvillage.co.zw/sport-entertainment/celebrity-news/angela-guta-crowned-miss-earth-zimbabwe-2026-set-to-represent-the-nation-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Youth Village |language=en}}</ref> |25 |[[Harare]] |- | {{flagdeco|SGP}} [[Singapura]] |{{Sortname|Kaarthika|Kumanan|nolink=1}} |24 |[[Singapura]] |- | {{flagdeco|LKA}} [[Sri Lanka]] |{{Sortname|Nethmi|Kaveesha|nolink=1}} | |[[Colombo]] |- |{{Flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{Sortname|Isabelle|Åhs|nolink=1}} |21 |Malmö |- | {{flagdeco|TZA}} [[Tanzania|Tansaniya]] |{{Sortname|Celine|Edson|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 Agosto 2026 |title=Tanzania crowns new queens at Miss Grand Tanzania 2026 |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/entertainment/tanzania-crowns-new-queens-at-miss-grand-tanzania-2026-5556204 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> |22 |[[Dar es Salaam]] |- | {{flagdeco|THA}} [[Taylandiya]] |{{Sortname|Alicia|Bouclin|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=1 Setyembre 2026 |title=เปิดรายชื่อนางงามผู้ชนะบนเวทีต่าง ๆ ในประเทศไทย ประจำปี 2026 |trans-title=Here is the list of beauty pageant winners in Thailand for 2026 |url=https://board.postjung.com/1714919 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260901134755/https://board.postjung.com/1714919 |archive-date=1 Setyembre 2026 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Postjung |language=th}}</ref> |23 |[[Chiang Mai]] |- | {{flagdeco|ZAF}} [[Timog Aprika]] |{{Sortname|Hlombe|Khanya|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Desnay |date=19 Oktubre 2026 |title=A new chapter for Miss Earth South Africa |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/southern-courier/news-headlines/local-news/2026/10/19/a-new-chapter-for-miss-earth-south-africa/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Southern Courier |language=en-GB}}</ref> |25 |[[Johannesburgo]] |- | {{flagdeco|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{Sortname|Na-yeong|Kim|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seong |first=Jong-hyun |date=26 Agosto 2026 |title=[포토] 김나영, ‘미스 워터 수상’(미스어스코리아) |trans-title=[Photo] Kim Na-young, 'Miss Water Award Winner' (Miss Earth Korea) |url=https://www.newsfreezone.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=705886 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=News Free Zone |language=ko}}</ref> |23 |[[Seoul]] |- | {{flagdeco|TON}} [[Tonga]] |{{Sortname|Malia Soana|Kavai|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaipulu |first=Amanda |date=22 Hulyo 2026 |title=Tonga's Tri-Pageant Dazzles the Pacific |url=https://tongachronicle.to/tongas-tri-pageant-dazzles-the-pacific/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Tonga Chronicle |language=en-NZ}}</ref> |25 |Leimatuʻa |- | {{flagdeco|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |{{Sortname|María Paz|Berríos|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 Setyembre 2026 |title=Quién es María Paz Berríos, la nueva Miss Earth Chile que representará al país en Filipinas |language=es |trans-title=Who is Maria Paz Berriod, the new Miss Earth Chile that will represent the country in Philippines |work=24 Horas |url=https://www.24horas.cl/amp/tendencias/redes-sociales/maria-paz-berrios-miss-earth-chile-filipinas |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> |23 |Colina |- | {{flagdeco|TUR}} [[Turkiya]] |{{Sortname|Didem|Güngör|nolink=1}} |27 |[[Dortmund]] |- | {{flagdeco|UKR}} [[Ukranya]] |{{Sortname|Sofia|Orel|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 Oktubre 2026 |title=19-year-old Sofia Orel will represent Ukraine at the Miss Earth 2026 pageant |url=https://ua.news/en/krasa/19-richna-sofiia-orel-predstavit-ukrayinu-na-konkursi-mis-zemlia-2026 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=UA News |language=en}}</ref> |19 |Uman |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|http://www.missearth.tv}} {{Miss Earth}} [[Kategorya:Patimpalak ng kagandahan sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:2026 sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Mga artikulo na may maikling paglalarawan]] [[Kategorya:Miss Earth]] aqnewydndfykwkv0x0kyze19663vkf4 2237829 2237828 2026-10-29T05:00:29Z Allyriana000 119761 2237829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beauty pageant|image=|date=12 Disyembre 2026|presenters=|venue=Pilipinas|broadcaster=|entrants=|debuts=|withdrawals=|returns={{Hlist|Arhelya|Belhika|Bosniya at Herzegovina|Costa Rica|Ehipto|Eslobakya|Espanya|Guwatemala|Hilagang Masedonya|Honduras|Kapuluang Cook|Kasakistan|Kirgistan|Kroasya|Mawrisyo|Montenegro|Puerto Rico|Sierra Leone|Tonga}}|placements=|winner=|next=|theme=Love in Action|before=[[Miss Earth 2025|2025]]}}Ang '''Miss Earth 2026''' ang magiging ika-26 na [[Miss Earth]] pageant, na gaganapin sa Pilipinas sa 12 Disyembre 2026. Kokoronahan ni [[Natálie Puškinová]] ng Republikang Tseko ang kaniyang kahalili sa pagtatapos ng kaganapan. == Kaligiran == === Pagpili ng mga kandidata === ==== Mga pagpalit ==== Pinalitan ni Marian Rodríguez si Ziari Ruiz ng Nikaragwa dahil sa suliraning pang-organisasyon.<ref>{{cite web |last=Velasquez |first=Maura |date=8 Abril 2026 |title=Lista para el escenario internacional: Ziari Ruiz es la nueva Miss Earth Nicaragua 2026 |trans-title=Ready for the international stage: Ziari Ruiz is the new Miss Earth Nicaragua 2026 |url=https://www.tn8.ni/entretenimiento/lista-para-el-escenario-internacional-ziari-ruiz-es-la-nueva-miss-earth-nicaragua-2026/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=TN8 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 Hunyo 2026 |title=Ziari Ruiz renuncia a Miss Earth Nicaragua 2026 |trans-title=Ziari Ruiz resigns from Miss Earth Nicaragua 2026 |url=https://www.vivanicaragua.com.ni/2026/06/05/espectaculos/ziari-ruiz-miss-earth/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Viva Nicaragua Canal 13 |language=es}}</ref> Pinalitan ni Karina Joya si Nazarena Torrejón bilang kinatawan ng Arhentina dahil sa suliraning pangkalusugan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=20 Abril 2026 |title=La comodorense Maia Padilla brilló en un certamen internacional de belleza |trans-title=Maia Padilla from Comodoro Rivadavia shone in an international beauty pageant |url=https://www.adnsur.com.ar/sociedad/la-comodorense-maia-padilla-brillo-en-un-certamen-internacional-de-belleza_a69e6989335fd4a108ad7be19 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=ADN Sur |language=es}}</ref> Pinalitan ni Alicia Bouclin si Jennifer Malits bilang kinatawan ng Taylandiya dahil lampas na siya sa ''age limit''.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 October 2026 |title=Alicia Buoclin will Represent Thailand at Miss Earth 2026 |url=https://www.facebook.com/missearth.th/posts/a-new-journey-begins-a-nation-stands-behind-her-introducing-alicia-elizabeth-bou/1563296652500235/ |publisher=Miss Earth Thailand}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Suwannatada |first=Sutannaraj |date=1 Setyembre 2026 |title='เจนนี่-เจนนิเฟอร์' สวยสมมง! คว้า Miss Earth Thailand 2026 เวทีชูพลังนางงามรักษ์โลก |trans-title='Jenny-Jennifer' is stunning and deserving of the crown! She wins Miss Earth Thailand 2026, a pageant showcasing the power of beauty queens to protect the environment. |url=https://www.dailynews.co.th/news/6155379/ |access-date=26 Oktubre 2026 |website=Daily News (Thailand) |language=th}}</ref> Pinalitan ni Markéta Králová si Hana Dědková bilang kinatawan ng Republikang Tseko dahil may planong lumahok si Dědková sa susunod na edisyon ng [[MGI All Stars]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 Mayo 2026 |title=Novou Miss Czech Republic 2026 se stala Lucie Pisková |trans-title=Lucie Pisková became the new Miss Czech Republic 2026 |url=https://tv.nova.cz/porad/miss-czech-republic/clanek/648492-vyhlaseni-miss-czech-republic-2026-sledujte-zive-vitezka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260523234420/https://tv.nova.cz/porad/miss-czech-republic/clanek/648492-vyhlaseni-miss-czech-republic-2026-sledujte-zive-vitezka |archive-date=23 Mayo 2026 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Nova.cz |language=cs}}</ref> Pinalitan ni Kayra Wouters, Miss Exclusive Air, si Miss Exclusive 2026 Axana Carmoy bilang kinatawan ng Belhika sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Mayo 2026 |title=Miss Exclusive Axana uit Asse zet zich in voor bijenpopulatie: “Liefde voor natuur van thuis meegekregen” |trans-title=Miss Exclusive Axana from Asse dedicates herself to the bee population: “Love for nature inherited from home” |url=https://www.ringtv.be/groen/miss-exclusive-axana-uit-asse-zet-zich-voor-bijenpopulatie-liefde-voor-natuur-van-thuis |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Ring TV |language=nl}}</ref> Pinalitan din nina Shanna Meril Kalle ng Estonya, Ariet Sanjarova ng Kirgistan, Barbara Costa ng Portugal, at Na-yeong Kim ng Timog Korea sina Veronika Sinkevitš, Adina Bekturova, Maria Gabriela Pereira, at Soo-in Park, ayon sa pagkakabanggit, sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tust |first=Katrin |date=15 Hunyo 2026 |title=MISSIS ESTONIA 35 |trans-title=MISS ESTONIA 35 |url=https://buduaar.tv3.ee/ilu-ja-mood/missis-estonia-35-2/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Buduaar |publisher=TV3 |language=Estonian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Hulyo 2026 |title=Кто они — победительницы «Мисс Кыргызстан - 2026»? Фото |trans-title=Who are the winners of Miss Kyrgyzstan 2026? Photo |url=https://culture.akipress.org/news:2510385 |access-date=26 Oktubre 2026 |website=AKIpress News Agency |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Koch |first=Mary Julia |date=8 Enero 2026 |title=Venezuela’s Lost Export: Beauty Queens |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/free-expression/venezuelas-lost-export-beauty-queens-6eaf19bb |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 Agosto 2026 |title=박수인, 2026 미스 어스 코리아 최고 타이틀 수상…세계 미스 어스 도전 : 네이트 연예 |trans-title=Park Soo-in Wins Top Title at Miss Earth Korea 2026… Competing for Miss Earth World |url=https://news.nate.com/view/20260826n18285 |access-date=26 Oktubre 2026 |website=Nate |language=ko}}</ref> ==== Mga pagbalik at pag-urong ==== Babalik sa edisyong ito ang mga bansang Kapuluang Cook, na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2017|2017]]; Ehipto na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2018|2018]]; Tonga na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2019|2019]]; Guwatemala na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2021|2021]]; Eslobakya, Hilagang Masedonya at Kirgistan na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2022|2022]]; Bosniya at Herzegovina, Espanya, Kasakistan, Kroasya at Sierra Leone na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2023|2023]]; at Arhelya, Belhika, Costa Rica, Hayti, Honduras, Mawrisyo, Montenegro at Puerto Rico na huling sumali noong [[Miss Earth 2024|2024]]. Bumitiw si Adrianna Carrandi ng Kuba dahil sa hindi inaasahang mga pangyayari sa kaniyang pamilya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Abril 2026 |title=NBNC Miss Cuba 2026 Final Crowning Gala |url=https://www.nuestrabellezanacionalcuba.com/post/nbnc-miss-cuba-2026-final-crowning-gala |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Nuestra Belleza Nacional Cuba}}</ref> Bumitiw si Verónica Graciela Ocampos ng Paragway sa hindi isiniwalat na dahilan at lumahok na lamang sa [[Miss International 2026]].<ref>{{cite news |date=9 Agosto 2026 |title=¿Perdió la corona de Miss Tierra Paraguay por ser hakita? |language=es |trans-title=Did she lose the Miss Earth Paraguay crown because she was Hakita? |website=Popular |url=https://www.popular.com.py/2026/08/09/perdio-la-corona-de-miss-tierra-paraguay-por-ser-hakita/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260810090332/https://www.popular.com.py/2026/08/09/perdio-la-corona-de-miss-tierra-paraguay-por-ser-hakita/ |archive-date=10 Agosto 2026}}</ref> == Mga kandidata == Kinumpirma na ang mga sumusunod na kandidata: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" |+ !Bansa/Teritoryo !Kandidata !Edad{{efn|Mga edad sa panahon ng kompetisyon}} !Bayan |- |{{Flagdeco|ALB}} [[Albanya]] |{{Sortname|Enxhi|Sterkaj|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 Hunyo 2026 |title=Shpallet më e bukura e Shqipërisë/ Ja vajza që 'rrëmbeu' kurorën e "Miss Shqipëria 2026" |language=sq |trans-title=Albania's most beautiful woman announced/ Here is the girl who 'snatched' the crown of "Miss Albania 2026" |work=Gazeta Sot |url=https://sot.com.al/gossip/shpallet-me-e-bukura-e-shqiperise-ja-vajza-qe-rrembeu-kuroren-e-miss-shqiperia-2026/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260607123116/https://sot.com.al/gossip/shpallet-me-e-bukura-e-shqiperise-ja-vajza-qe-rrembeu-kuroren-e-miss-shqiperia-2026/ |archive-date=7 Hunyo 2026}}</ref> |22 |[[Tirana]] |- |{{Flagdeco|ARG}} [[Arhentina]] |{{Sortname|Karina|Joya|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Lungsod ng Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] |- |{{Flagdeco|ARM}} [[Armenya]] |{{Sortname|Larisa|Hambaryan|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Abril 2026 |title=Լարիսա Համբարյանը` Miss Earth Armenia 2026 տիտղոսակիր |trans-title=Larisa Hambaryan: Miss Earth Armenia 2026 title holder |url=https://yerevanpost.am/hy/2026/04/03/article/5866 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Yerevan Post |language=hy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260826050823/https://yerevanpost.am/hy/2026/04/03/article/5866|archive-date=26 Agosto 2026}}</ref> |23 |Akhaltsikhe |- |{{flagdeco|AUS}} [[Australia|Australya]] |{{Sortname|Helena|Ristevski|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=31 Agosto 2026 |title=MUPH alumna to represent Australia at Miss International 2026 |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/682234/muph-alumna-to-represent-australia-at-miss-international-2026 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261014180838/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/682234/muph-alumna-to-represent-australia-at-miss-international-2026|archive-date=14 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> |20 |[[Sidney]] |- |{{flagdeco|BAN}} [[Bangladesh|Bangglades]] |{{Sortname|Aritry|Abdullah|nolink=1}} |22 |[[Dhaka]] |- | {{flagdeco|BEL}} [[Belhika]] |{{Sortname|Kayra|Wouters|nolink=1}} |25 |Genk |- | {{flagdeco|BLZ}} [[Belise|Belis]] |{{Sortname|Vashti|Thompson|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 Agosto 2026 |title=Miss Earth Belize Shares Passion for Environmental Activism |url=https://www.greaterbelize.com/miss-earth-belize-shares-passion-for-environmental-activism/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Greater Belize Media |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815031207/https://www.greaterbelize.com/miss-earth-belize-shares-passion-for-environmental-activism/|archive-date=15 Agosto 2026}}</ref> |25 |Lungsod ng Belis |- |{{flagdeco|VEN}} [[Venezuela|Beneswela]] |{{Sortname|Tina|Batson|nolink=1}} |27 |Barcelona |- |{{flagdeco|VNM}} [[Vietnam|Biyetnam]] |{{Sortname|Thu Uyên|Phạm|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phương |first=Hoài |date=7 Hulyo 2026 |title=Phạm Hoàng Thu Uyên lên tiếng trước hoài nghi khi thi Hoa hậu Trái đất 2026 |trans-title=Pham Hoang Thu Uyen speaks out against skepticism when competing in Miss Earth 2026 |url=https://tuoitre.vn/pham-hoang-thu-uyen-len-tieng-truoc-hoai-nghi-khi-thi-hoa-hau-trai-dat-2026-100260704170041005.htm |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Tuổi Trẻ |language=vi}}</ref> |28 |[[Haiphong]] |- | {{flagdeco|BIH}} [[Bosniya at Herzegovina]] |{{Sortname|Tijana|Štrbac|nolink=1}}<ref name="missbalkana">{{Cite web |date=30 Marso 2026 |title=IZBOR ZA MISS BALKANA 2026 ZA IZBOR MISS SVETA |trans-title=MISS BALKAN 2026 SELECTION FOR MISS [EARTH] SELECTION |url=https://zipa.novamedia.agency/galerija/izbor-za-miss-balkana-2026-za-izbor-miss-sveta/69c99df985114e1bc7b1a235 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Nova Media |language=bs}}</ref> |18 |Banja Luka |- |{{flagdeco|BRA}} [[Brasil]] |{{Sortname|Karine Stella|Cardoso|nolink=1}} |28 |[[Rio de Janeiro]] |- |{{flagdeco|CRI}} [[Costa Rica]] |{{Sortname|Loany|Vásquez|nolink=1}} |23 |[[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] |- |{{flagdeco|SLV}} [[El Salvador]] |{{Sortname|Marisol|Echeverría|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Serrano |first=Oscar |date=1 Hunyo 2026 |title=Coronan a la nueva Miss Earth El Salvador 2026 |trans-title=The new Miss Earth El Salvador 2026 is crowned |url=https://xpot.sv/coronan-a-la-nueva-miss-earth-el-salvador-2026/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Xpot |language=es}}</ref> |26 |[[San Salvador]] |- |{{flagdeco|SVK}} [[Slovakia|Eslobakya]] |{{Sortname|Martina|Bugáňová|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kleinová |first=Dana |date=7 Hulyo 2026 |title=Slovensko spoznalo nové kráľovné krásy. Titul si odniesli 4 Slovenky, budú nás reprezentovať vo svete |trans-title=Slovakia has crowned its new beauty queens. Four Slovak women took home titles and will represent the country on the global stage |url=https://www.interez.sk/slovensko-spoznalo-nove-kralovne-krasy-titul-si-odniesli-4-slovenky-budu-nas-reprezentovat-vo-svete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260711124621/https://www.interez.sk/slovensko-spoznalo-nove-kralovne-krasy-titul-si-odniesli-4-slovenky-budu-nas-reprezentovat-vo-svete/ |archive-date=11 Hulyo 2026 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Interez.sk |language=sk}}</ref> |21 |[[Bratislava]] |- |{{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Espanya]] |{{Sortname|Arantxa|Guzmán|nolink=1}} |24 |[[Madrid]] |- |{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Estados Unidos]] |{{Sortname|Gia|Espinoza|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Montejano |first=Fernando |date=8 Enero 2026 |title=El Pasoans At 'Miss Earth USA' Make History For The Sun City |url=https://kisselpaso.com/el-paso-miss-earth-usa/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=93.1 KISS FM |language=en}}</ref> |21 |[[El Paso]] |- |{{flagdeco|EST}} [[Estonya]] |{{Sortname|Shanna Meril|Kalle|nolink=q}}<ref name=":1" /> |18 |[[Tallin]] |- |{{flagdeco|WAL}} [[Gales]] |{{Sortname|Sarann|John|nolink=1}} |22 |Rhondda Cynon Taf |- |{{flagdeco|GTM}} [[Guatemala|Guwatemala]] |{{Sortname|Vilma|Rodríguez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Franco |first=Delia |date=14 Hunyo 2026 |title=Miss Guatemala Contest 2026: quiénes son las ocho ganadoras que representarán al país en certámenes internacionales |trans-title=Miss Guatemala Contest 2026: Who are the eight winners who will represent the country in international pageants |url=https://www.publinews.gt/espectaculos/2026/06/15/miss-guatemala-contest-2026-asi-quedaron-las-representantes-de-guatemala-en-certamenes-internacionales/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Prensa Libre |language=es}}</ref> |25 |Totonicapán |- |{{flagdeco|JAM}} [[Jamaica|Hamayka]] |{{Sortname|Brianna|Foster|nolink=1}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Jackson |first=Kevin |date=27 Enero 2026 |title=Nevaeh Allen is Miss Jamaica World 2026 |language=en |work=Jamaica Observer |url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2026/01/27/nevaeh-allen-miss-world-2026/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> |23 |Trelawny |- |{{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Hapon]] |{{Sortname|Yumeha|Sakurai|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Agosto 2026 |title=2026ミス・アース・ジャパン日本代表にトリリンガルの秘書・櫻井夢羽が決定 |trans-title=Trilingual secretary Yumeha Sakurai has been selected as Miss Earth Japan 2026. |url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/a376b1af4ee0a79b3ca042d425a410a70972bb42 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Yahoo! Japan |language=ja}}</ref> |24 |[[Prepektura ng Mie|Mie]] |- |{{flagdeco|HAI}} [[Haiti|Hayti]] |{{Sortname|Magdaline |Cherestal|nolink=1}} |24 |[[Puerto Principe]] |- |{{flagdeco|MNP}} [[Hilagang Kapuluang Mariana]] |{{Sortname|Marielle|Jeon|nolink=1}} | |Saipan |- |{{flagdeco|HON}} [[Honduras]] |{{Sortname|Olga|Castillo|nolink=1}} |25 |[[Tegucigalpa]] |- |{{flagdeco|IND}} [[Indiya]] |{{Sortname|Aarya|Aawadhoot|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=20 Setyembre 2026 |title=Aarya Aawadhoot Crowned Miss Earth India 2026 in Jaipur |url=https://www.glamstaan.com/pageants/aarya-aawadhoot-crowned-miss-earth-india-2026-in-jaipur |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Glamstaan |language=en}}</ref> |21 |[[Nagpur]] |- |{{flagdeco|IDN}} [[Indonesya]] |{{Sortname|Puan Cita|Pinayongan|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prima |first=Berkat |date=6 Setyembre 2026 |title=7 Potret Miss Earth Indonesia 2026 Puan Pinayongan |trans-title=7 Portraits of Miss Earth Indonesia 2026 Puan Pinayongan, from West Sumatra! |url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-miss-earth-indonesia-2026-puan-pinayongan-asal-sumbar-c1c2-01-l8vsm-n4248c |access-date=26 Oktubre 2026 |website=IDN Times |language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260909080217/https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/potret-miss-earth-indonesia-2026-puan-pinayongan-asal-sumbar-c1c2-01-l8vsm-n4248c|archive-date=9 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> |20 |Padang |- |{{flagdeco|ENG}} [[Inglatera]] |{{Sortname|Georgina|Lawrence|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 Setyembre 2026 |title=Hampshire woman with Type 1 diabetes crowned Miss Earth England 2026 |url=https://www.hampshirechronicle.co.uk/news/26548772.hampshire-woman-wins-miss-earth-england-2026-title/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Hampshire Chronicle |language=en|last=Taylor|first=Camilla|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260926213350/https://www.hampshirechronicle.co.uk/news/26548772.hampshire-woman-wins-miss-earth-england-2026-title/|archive-date=26 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> |26 |Hampshire |- |{{flagdeco|ISL}} [[Iceland|Islandiya]] |{{Sortname|Lilja|Pétursdóttir|nolink=1}} |22 |[[Reikiavik]] |- | {{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Canada|Kanada]] |{{Sortname|Sophia|Koster|nolink=1}} |18 |[[Calgary]] |- | {{flagdeco|CAY}} [[Kapuluang Kayman|Kapuluang Cayman]] |{{Sortname|Cassiedy|Davis Quintero|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 Mayo 2026 |title=New Miss Earth Cayman Islands crowned |url=https://www.caymaniantimes.ky/news/new-miss-earth-cayman-islands-crowned |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=The Caymanian Times |language=en}}</ref> |26 |George Town |- | {{flagdeco|COK}} [[Kapuluang Cook]] |{{Sortname|Matangaro|Tarabay|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Melina Etches |date=3 Nobyembre 2025 |title=Spectacular finale for Miss Cook Islands 2025: High-value prizes for the top three winners |url=https://www.cookislandsnews.com/internal/national/local/culture/entertainment-national/spectacular-finale-for-miss-cook-islands-2025-high-value-prizes-for-the-top-three-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260205071546/https://www.cookislandsnews.com/internal/national/local/culture/entertainment-national/spectacular-finale-for-miss-cook-islands-2025-high-value-prizes-for-the-top-three-winners/ |archive-date=5 Pebrero 2026 |access-date=22 Agosto 2026 |website=Cook Islands News |language=en}}</ref> |19 |Rarotonga |- |{{flagdeco|KAZ}} [[Kasakistan]] |{{Sortname|Adellina|Balgymbaeva|nolink=1}} |22 |Pavlodar |- |{{flagdeco|KGZ}} [[Kirgistan]] |{{Sortname|Ariet|Sanjarova|nolink=1}} |23 |[[Osh]] |- | {{flagdeco|COL}} [[Colombia|Kolombya]] |{{Sortname|Isabella|Bermúdez|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Hulyo 2026 |title=Isabella Bermúdez Nieto es la nueva Miss Earth Colombia 2026 |language=es |trans-title=Isabella Bermúdez Nieto is the new Miss Earth Colombia 2026 |work=El Quindiano |url=https://elquindiano.com/noticia/270247/isabella-bermudez-nieto-es-la-nueva-miss-earth-colombia-2026/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260713055417/https://elquindiano.com/noticia/270247/isabella-bermudez-nieto-es-la-nueva-miss-earth-colombia-2026/ |archive-date=13 Hulyo 2026}}</ref> |25 |[[Pereira, Colombia|Pereira]] |- | {{flagdeco|HRV}} [[Kroasya]] |{{Sortname|Paola|Hrdas|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 Abril 2026 |title=Nova Miss Earth Croatia je studentica medicine iz Zagreba: Pogledajte kako izgleda |trans-title=The new Miss Earth Croatia is a medical student from Zagreb: See what she looks like |url=https://net.hr/hot/zvijezde/nova-miss-earth-croatia-je-studentica-medicine-iz-zagreba-pogledajte-kako-izgleda-727d579f-2ec0-11f1-936f-9600040c8f8e |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Net.hr |language=hr}}</ref> |21 |[[Zagreb]] |- |{{flagdeco|LBN}} [[Libano]] |{{Sortname|Norma|Yamin|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanchez |first=Miguel |date=18 Hunyo 2026 |title=Norma Yamin participará en Miss Earth y representará al Líbano |trans-title=Norma Yamin will participate in Miss Earth and represent Lebanon |url=https://acn.com.ve/norma-yamin-participara-miss-earth/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Agencia Carabobeña de Noticias |language=es}}</ref> |27 |[[Beirut]] |- |{{flagdeco|Madagascar}} [[Madagascar|Madagaskar]] |{{sortname|Laura|Nomeny|nolink=1}} |20 |Mahajanga |- |{{flagdeco|MAC}} [[Macau|Makaw]] |Jolie Feilei<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 Hulyo 2026 |title=星光聚羊城，美耀环宇时｜2026 MISS COSMO环宇小姐中国总决赛圆满落幕 |trans-title=Stars Gather in Guangzhou, Beauty Shines Globally: 2026 MISS COSMO China Final Concludes Successfully |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/1056253893_121309384 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Sohu |language=zh}}</ref> |21 |[[Macau|Makaw]] |- |{{flagdeco|MYS}} [[Malaysia]] |{{Sortname|Elyse|Tan|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IJN Supports World Drowning Prevention Day 2026 with CPR Education |url=https://www.ijn.com.my/ijn-media/world-drowning-prevention-day-2026-cpr/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Institut Jantung Negara |language=en-US}}</ref> |18 |[[Kuala Lumpur]] |- |{{flagdeco|MUS}} [[Mauritius|Mawrisyo]] |{{Sortname|Karina|Nandee|nolink=1}} |26 |Quatre Bornes |- |{{flagdeco|MEX}} [[Mehiko]] |{{Sortname|Alexia|Briviesca|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Medina |first=Tommy |date=1 Setyembre 2026 |title=Veracruz conquista su cuarta corona nacional en Miss Earth México |url=https://imagendeveracruz.mx/sociales/veracruz-conquista-su-cuarta-corona-nacional-en-miss-earth-mexico-20260902-0005.html |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Imagen de Veracruz |language=es}}</ref> |23 |[[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]] |- |{{flagdeco|MDA}} [[Moldabya]] |{{Sortname|Margarita|Rudkovskaya|nolink=1}}<ref name="missbalkana" /> |19 |[[Chișinău|Chişinău]] |- |{{flagdeco|MNG}} [[Mongolya]] |{{Sortname|Zulsar|Otgonbayar|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Ulan Bator]] |- |{{flagdeco|MNE}} [[Montenegro]] |{{Sortname|Ksenija|Popović|nolink=1}}<ref name="missbalkana" /> |22 |[[Podgorica]] |- |{{flagdeco|MMR}} [[Myanmar]] |{{Sortname|Thoon|Hayman Oo|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 Hulyo 2026 |title=Miss Myanmar Earth 2026 ရဲ့ Grand Final ပွဲ |url=https://www.myanmarcelebrity.com/2026/07/miss-myanmar-earth-2026-grand-final.html |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Myanmar Celebrity News |language=en}}</ref> |22 |[[Yangon]] |- | {{flagdeco|NPL}} [[Nepal]] | data-sort-value="Oli, Binita" |Binita Oli<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 Setyembre 2026 |title=प्रयासनाले पहिरिइन् मिस युनिभर्स नेपालको ताज, मिस अर्थ नेपाल बनिन् बिनिता |trans-title=Prayasana crowned Miss Universe Nepal, Binita becomes Miss Earth Nepal |url=https://ekantipur.com/entertainment/2026/09/27/prayasana-crowned-miss-universe-nepal-binita-becomes-miss-earth-nepal-53-55.html |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Ekantipur |language=ne}}</ref> |27 |Jhapa |- | {{flagdeco|NGA}} [[Nigeria|Niherya]] |{{Sortname|Mercy|Suoyo|nolink=1}} |21 |Yenagoa |- | {{flagdeco|NIC}} [[Nicaragua|Nikaragwa]] |{{Sortname|Marian |Rodríguez|nolink=1}} |21 |Rivas |- | {{flagdeco|NOR}} [[Noruwega]] |{{Sortname|Emilie|Sand|nolink=1}} |22 |Ålesund |- | {{flagdeco|NZL}} [[Nuweba Selandiya]] |{{Sortname|Yajna|Singh|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 Hunyo 2026 |title=Yajna Singh: Beauty with a Purpose! |url=https://indiannews.nz/2026/06/10/yajna-singh-beauty-with-a-purpose/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=The Indian News |language=en}}</ref> |25 |[[Auckland]] |- | {{flagdeco|NED}} [[Holland|Olanda]] | data-sort-value="Sande, Lotte van de" |{{Sortname|Lotte|van de Sande|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Miss Netherlands Earth |url=https://missnederland.nl/miss-earth-netherlands/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260708022703/https://missnederland.nl/miss-earth-netherlands/ |archive-date=8 Hulyo 2026 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Miss Nederland}}</ref> |23 |[[Utrecht]] |- | {{flagdeco|PHL}} [[Miss Philippines Earth|Pilipinas]] |{{Sortname|Rina Andrea|Delos Santos|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 Hunyo 2026 |title=Rina Andrea Delos Santos of Cagayan is Miss Philippines Earth 2026 |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/675379/rina-andrea-delos-santos-of-cagayan-is-miss-philippines-earth-2026 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |language=en}}</ref> |27 |[[Ballesteros, Cagayan|Ballesteros]] |- | {{flagdeco|FIN}} [[Pinlandiya]] |{{Sortname|Annika|Viertola|nolink=1}} |21 |[[Helsinki]] |- | {{flagdeco|POL}} [[Polonya]] |{{Sortname|Izabela|Cieśla|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=31 Agosto 2026 |title=Miss Earth Poland 2026 pays courtesy call on Consul General — Chicago |url=https://asianjournal.com/usa/chicago/miss-earth-poland-2026-pays-courtesy-call-on-consul-general/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Asian Journal News |language=en-US}}</ref> |20 |[[Chicago]] |- | {{flagdeco|POR}} [[Portugal]] |{{Sortname|Bárbara|Costa|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Antunes |first=Pedro |date=1 Mayo 2026 |title=Caldense Bárbara Costa é Miss Earth Portugal 2026 |trans-title=Bárbara Costa from Caldas is Miss Earth Portugal 2026 |url=https://jornaldascaldas.pt/2026/05/01/caldense-barbara-costa-e-miss-earth-portugal-2026/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Jornal das Caldas |language=pt}}</ref> |25 |Caldas da Rainha |- | {{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Pransiya]] |{{Sortname|Pauline|Mouchard|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leroux |first=Stéphanie |date=18 Agosto 2026 |title=Putri Andriani Juficha : la reine de beauté Indonésienne est morte le jour de son 26e anniversaire |trans-title=Putri Andriani Juficha: the Indonesian beauty queen died on her 26th birthday |url=https://www.voici.fr/celebrites/putri-andriani-juficha-la-reine-de-beaute-indonesienne-est-morte-le-jour-de-son-26e-anniversaire-827798 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Voici |language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260926083944/https://www.voici.fr/celebrites/putri-andriani-juficha-la-reine-de-beaute-indonesienne-est-morte-le-jour-de-son-26e-anniversaire-827798|archive-date=26 Setyembre 2026}}</ref> |26 |Guichainville |- | {{flagdeco|PUR}} [[Puerto Rico]] |{{Sortname|Cristina|Ríos|nolink=1}} |24 |San Sebastián |- | {{flagdeco|DOM}} [[Republikang Dominikano]] |{{Sortname|Nicole|Rijo|nolink=1}} |20 |[[Santo Domingo, Republikang Dominikano|Santo Domingo]] |- | {{flagdeco|CZE}} [[Republikang Tseko]] |{{Sortname|Markéta |Králová|nolink=1}} |21 |Liberec |- | [[Talaksan:Proposed_flag_of_Réunion_(VAR).svg|border|23x23px]] [[Réunion]] |{{Sortname|Madeleine|Bordesoulle de Boulay|nolink=1}} |20 |La Montagne |- | {{flagdeco|SRB}} [[Serbiya]] |{{Sortname|Lana|Mandić|nolink=1}} |21 |Novi Sad |- | {{flagdeco|ZIM}} [[Zimbabwe|Simbabwe]] |{{Sortname|Angela|Guta|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 Agosto 2026 |title=Angela Guta Crowned Miss Earth Zimbabwe 2026, Set To Represent The Nation In The Philippines |url=https://youthvillage.co.zw/sport-entertainment/celebrity-news/angela-guta-crowned-miss-earth-zimbabwe-2026-set-to-represent-the-nation-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Youth Village |language=en}}</ref> |25 |[[Harare]] |- | {{flagdeco|SGP}} [[Singapura]] |{{Sortname|Kaarthika|Kumanan|nolink=1}} |24 |[[Singapura]] |- | {{flagdeco|LKA}} [[Sri Lanka]] |{{Sortname|Nethmi|Kaveesha|nolink=1}} | |[[Colombo]] |- |{{Flagicon|SWE}} [[Suwesya]] |{{Sortname|Isabelle|Åhs|nolink=1}} |21 |Malmö |- | {{flagdeco|TZA}} [[Tanzania|Tansaniya]] |{{Sortname|Celine|Edson|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 Agosto 2026 |title=Tanzania crowns new queens at Miss Grand Tanzania 2026 |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/entertainment/tanzania-crowns-new-queens-at-miss-grand-tanzania-2026-5556204 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> |22 |[[Dar es Salaam]] |- | {{flagdeco|THA}} [[Taylandiya]] |{{Sortname|Alicia|Bouclin|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=1 Setyembre 2026 |title=เปิดรายชื่อนางงามผู้ชนะบนเวทีต่าง ๆ ในประเทศไทย ประจำปี 2026 |trans-title=Here is the list of beauty pageant winners in Thailand for 2026 |url=https://board.postjung.com/1714919 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260901134755/https://board.postjung.com/1714919 |archive-date=1 Setyembre 2026 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Postjung |language=th}}</ref> |23 |[[Chiang Mai]] |- | {{flagdeco|ZAF}} [[Timog Aprika]] |{{Sortname|Hlombe|Khanya|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Desnay |date=19 Oktubre 2026 |title=A new chapter for Miss Earth South Africa |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/southern-courier/news-headlines/local-news/2026/10/19/a-new-chapter-for-miss-earth-south-africa/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Southern Courier |language=en-GB}}</ref> |25 |[[Johannesburgo]] |- | {{flagdeco|KOR}} [[Timog Korea]] |{{Sortname|Na-yeong|Kim|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seong |first=Jong-hyun |date=26 Agosto 2026 |title=[포토] 김나영, ‘미스 워터 수상’(미스어스코리아) |trans-title=[Photo] Kim Na-young, 'Miss Water Award Winner' (Miss Earth Korea) |url=https://www.newsfreezone.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=705886 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=News Free Zone |language=ko}}</ref> |23 |[[Seoul]] |- | {{flagdeco|TON}} [[Tonga]] |{{Sortname|Malia Soana|Kavai|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaipulu |first=Amanda |date=22 Hulyo 2026 |title=Tonga's Tri-Pageant Dazzles the Pacific |url=https://tongachronicle.to/tongas-tri-pageant-dazzles-the-pacific/ |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=Tonga Chronicle |language=en-NZ}}</ref> |25 |Leimatuʻa |- | {{flagdeco|CHL}} [[Chile|Tsile]] |{{Sortname|María Paz|Berríos|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 Setyembre 2026 |title=Quién es María Paz Berríos, la nueva Miss Earth Chile que representará al país en Filipinas |language=es |trans-title=Who is Maria Paz Berriod, the new Miss Earth Chile that will represent the country in Philippines |work=24 Horas |url=https://www.24horas.cl/amp/tendencias/redes-sociales/maria-paz-berrios-miss-earth-chile-filipinas |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026}}</ref> |23 |Colina |- | {{flagdeco|TUR}} [[Turkiya]] |{{Sortname|Didem|Güngör|nolink=1}} |27 |[[Dortmund]] |- | {{flagdeco|UKR}} [[Ukranya]] |{{Sortname|Sofia|Orel|nolink=1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 Oktubre 2026 |title=19-year-old Sofia Orel will represent Ukraine at the Miss Earth 2026 pageant |url=https://ua.news/en/krasa/19-richna-sofiia-orel-predstavit-ukrayinu-na-konkursi-mis-zemlia-2026 |access-date=27 Oktubre 2026 |website=UA News |language=en}}</ref> |19 |Uman |} == Mga tala == {{Notelist}} == Mga sanggunian == {{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na kawing == * {{Official website|http://www.missearth.tv}} {{Miss Earth}} [[Kategorya:Patimpalak ng kagandahan sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:2026 sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Mga artikulo na may maikling paglalarawan]] [[Kategorya:Miss Earth]] ctaqpmtfdsb3ojr0aortv8wiywm4s6z 0 340781 2237776 2237581 2026-10-28T15:07:19Z Flynniepedia 160192 2237776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Citations missing}} {{Infobox deity|name=Loki|god_of=Diyos ng: Aligutgot (Mischief)|image=File:Processed SAM loki.jpg|gender=Nagbabago-bago|spouse=Angurboda<br/>Sigyn}} {{Stub}} Sa [[Mitolohiyang Nordiko]], Si Loki ay kinala bilang diyos ng aligutgot. Siya ay ang kapatid sa dugo ni Odin, at ang ama ng maraming nilalang.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guerbere |first=H.A |title=Norse Myths & Legends |publisher=Page Publications |year=2026 |isbn=979-8-89831-304-3 |pages=241}}</ref> == Tungkulin == Si Loki ay isang diyos na kinala bilang "god of mischief and trickery" (Tagalog: Diyos ng Aligutgot at pagdaraya). Siya ay gumawa ng maraming kasalanan sa mga diniktang istorya, tulad ng ang pagkabuntis galing sa kabayo<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fortification of Asgard |url=https://norse-mythology.org/tales/the-fortification-of-asgard/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Norse Mythology for Smart People |language=en-US}}</ref>, at pagpatay kay Baldur. Siya ay kinasasabihang isang pasimuno sa pagkagawa ng Ragnarok, o ang katapusan ng mundo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ragnarok {{!}} Meaning, Mythology, Gods, & Monsters {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Ragnarok |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Etimolohiya == Ang pangalan ni Loki ay pinagtatalunan ng mga ibang historyador. Ito ay ang mga kasabi-sabihang ugat ng pangalan ni Loki: * Luk ** Kahulugan: Ikandado * Logi ** Kahulugan: Apoy == Mga Relasyon == === [[Odin]] === Si Loki at Odin ay hindi kapatid na biyolohikal, kaso silang dalawa ay kapatid sa dugo. {{Pagbanggit|text=Odin! Naalala mo noon,<br/>Ang dating panahon<br/>Nung dugo'y natin hinalo?<br/>Nung alak ay ininom<br/>Ikaw ay nagtangi<br/>Hanggang parehas ito atin?|title=Lokasenna|source=saknong 9 (Translasyon)|multiline=|character=Loki}} === Angur-boda === Si Angur-boda ay isang higanteng kinasal din ni Loki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-01 |title=Angrboða: The Enigmatic Mother of Monsters in Norse Mythology |url=https://essentialhistoryandmythology.wordpress.com/2025/07/01/angrboda/ |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=The Essential History and Mythology |language=en}}</ref> === Sigyn === Si Sigyn ay ang pangunang kasal ni Loki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spirit |first=Norse |title=Sigyn |url=https://norsespirit.com/blogs/mythology/sigyn |access-date=2026-10-28 |website=Norse Spirit |language=en}}</ref> == Sa Kulturang Popular == * Sa [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]], si Loki ay isang anti-hero na kapatid ni Thor. * Sa God Of War, si Atreus ay isang karakter na may sikretong identidad; si Loki. * Sa Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid, Si Loki ay isang karakter na kinalaban ng mga protagonista. * Sa Record Of Ragnarok, si Loki ay isang karakter na kompetitor. == Sipi == o34db687aqd80pvavpfn3rzggqw4wlr 0 340782 2237757 2237739 2026-10-28T13:56:11Z Flynniepedia 160192 2237757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Citations missing}} {{Stub}} {{Short description}} {{Infobox person|name=Medjed|image=File:Medjed (Deity).png|native_name=𓅓𓂝𓆓𓂧𓐦}} Sa [[Mitolohiyang Ehipsiyo]], si Medhed ay isang minor na bathala na binanggit sa ''[[Book Of The Dead]]''. Siya ay ipinakita sa magkaibang balumbon, tuland ng Greenfield Papyrus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=papyrus {{!}} British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA10554-76 |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=www.britishmuseum.org |language=en}}</ref> == Tungkulin == Si Medjed ay isang bathala na nakatira sa Tahanan ni Osiris (House of Osiris). Siya ay tagaprotekta kay [[Osiris]] na may kahima-himalang abilidad na bumaril ng [[laser]] palabas ng kanyang mata, maging hindi kayang makita, at huminga ng apoy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-02 |title=Medjed: The Mysterious Ancient Egyptian God Known as “The Smiter” - Ancient Egyptian Gods |url=https://ancientsociety.com/gods/medjed/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Siya rin ay ang tagapagpatay ng mga kalaban ni Osiris. == Etymolohiya == Ang ibig-sabihin ng pangalang "𓅓𓂝𓆓𓂧𓐦 "(Medjed) ay "The Smiter", o sa Tagalog, "Ang Tagabanat." == Paglago == Sa kulturang popular, ginawang isang sikat na pigura si Medjed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salvador |first=Rodrigo B. |date=2017-01-01 |title=Medjed: from Ancient Egypt to Japanese Pop Culture |url=https://www.academia.edu/34232213/Medjed_from_Ancient_Egypt_to_Japanese_Pop_Culture |journal=Journal of Geek Studies}}</ref> Sa ''Book Of The Dead'' eksibit sa Tokyo, nailagay ang isang piktura ni Medjed sa isang eksibit. Nagustuhan ng mga Hapon ito dahil sa simplistikong itsura, at ginawang popular sa Hapon. Siya ay isinama sa mga midya ng hapon, mula sa dating simulator, hanggang sa isang [[anime]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-16 |title=Medjed: from Ancient Egypt to Japanese Pop Culture |url=https://jgeekstudies.org/2017/08/15/medjed-from-ancient-egypt-to-japanese-pop-culture/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Journal of Geek Studies |language=en}}</ref> == Kulturang Popular == * Sa Block Tales, si Medjed ay isang karakter na tumutulong sa manlalaro sa pagsagot ng mga palaisipan. * Sa Persona 5, mayroong groupo ng mga hackers na sumasailalim sa pangalang "Medjed", na binase sa bathala. == Sipi == {{Reflist}} 1stpct36btcghzzbx60um6xv10qoq1v 2237758 2237757 2026-10-28T14:08:58Z Flynniepedia 160192 2237758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Citations missing}} {{Short description|Isang bathala sa Mitolohiyang Ehipsiyo}} {{Stub}} {{Infobox person|name=Medjed|image=File:Medjed (Deity).png|native_name=𓅓𓂝𓆓𓂧𓐦}} Sa [[Mitolohiyang Ehipsiyo]], si Medhed ay isang minor na bathala na binanggit sa ''[[Book Of The Dead]]''. Siya ay ipinakita sa magkaibang balumbon, tuland ng Greenfield Papyrus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=papyrus {{!}} British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA10554-76 |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=www.britishmuseum.org |language=en}}</ref> == Tungkulin == Si Medjed ay isang bathala na nakatira sa Tahanan ni Osiris (House of Osiris). Siya ay tagaprotekta kay [[Osiris]] na may kahima-himalang abilidad na bumaril ng [[laser]] palabas ng kanyang mata, maging hindi kayang makita, at huminga ng apoy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-02 |title=Medjed: The Mysterious Ancient Egyptian God Known as “The Smiter” - Ancient Egyptian Gods |url=https://ancientsociety.com/gods/medjed/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Siya rin ay ang tagapagpatay ng mga kalaban ni Osiris. == Etymolohiya == Ang ibig-sabihin ng pangalang "𓅓𓂝𓆓𓂧𓐦 "(Medjed) ay "The Smiter", o sa Tagalog, "Ang Tagabanat." == Paglago == Sa kulturang popular, ginawang isang sikat na pigura si Medjed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salvador |first=Rodrigo B. |date=2017-01-01 |title=Medjed: from Ancient Egypt to Japanese Pop Culture |url=https://www.academia.edu/34232213/Medjed_from_Ancient_Egypt_to_Japanese_Pop_Culture |journal=Journal of Geek Studies}}</ref> Sa ''Book Of The Dead'' eksibit sa Tokyo, nailagay ang isang piktura ni Medjed sa isang eksibit. Nagustuhan ng mga Hapon ito dahil sa simplistikong itsura, at ginawang popular sa Hapon. Siya ay isinama sa mga midya ng hapon, mula sa dating simulator, hanggang sa isang [[anime]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-16 |title=Medjed: from Ancient Egypt to Japanese Pop Culture |url=https://jgeekstudies.org/2017/08/15/medjed-from-ancient-egypt-to-japanese-pop-culture/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Journal of Geek Studies |language=en}}</ref> == Kulturang Popular == * Sa Block Tales, si Medjed ay isang karakter na tumutulong sa manlalaro sa pagsagot ng mga palaisipan. * Sa Persona 5, mayroong groupo ng mga hackers na sumasailalim sa pangalang "Medjed", na binase sa bathala. == Sipi == {{Reflist}} auahcc1ez1rkafp5bb5ndo7ife7kmuv 0 340793 2237753 2026-10-28T13:42:12Z Ryomaandres 8044 Inilikha sa pagsalin ng pahinang "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1382068080|AC Milan]]" 2237753 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''{{Lang|it|Associazione Calcio Milan|italic=no}}''' ({{IPA|it|assotʃatˈtsjoːne ˈkaltʃo ˈmiːlan}}), karaniwang tinutukoy bilang '''AC Milan''' o simpleng '''Milan''' ({{IPA|it|ˈmiːlan}}) pangunahin sa labas ng Italya,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4308623/2023/03/16/sporting-lisbon-athletic-bilbao-wrong-name/ From Sporting Lisbon to Athletic Bilbao — why do we get foreign clubs' names wrong?]</ref> ay isang Italyanong propesyonal na [[club ng futbol]] na nakabase sa [[Milan]], [[Lombarda]]. Itinatag noong 1899, ang club ay nakikipagkumpitensiya sa [[Serie A]], ang nangungunang tier ng [[Sistema ng ligang futbol ng Italya|Italyanong fubtol]]. Sa unang bahagi ng kasaysayan nito, naglaro ang Milan ng mga laro sa kanilang tahanan sa iba't ibang lugar sa paligid ng lungsod bago lumipat sa kasalukuyang estadyo nito, ang [[San Siro]], noong 1926.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-27 |title=AC Milan: Serie A club plan to move out of San Siro to new 70,000-capacity stadium |language=en-GB |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66938991 |url-status=live |access-date=2024-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529193016/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66938991 |archive-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> Ang estadyo, na itinayo ng pangalawang tagapangulo ng Milan, si [[Piero Pirelli]], at ibinahagi sa [[Inter Milan]] simula noong 1947,<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of San Siro stadium |url=https://www.sansirostadium.com/en/stadium/History |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813023024/https://www.sansirostadium.com/en/stadium/History |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref> ang pinakamalaki sa [[Futbol sa Italya|Italyanong futbol]], na may kabuuang kapasidad na 75,817.<ref name="sansirosize">{{Cite web |title=San Siro Stadium – "La Scala del Calcio" |url=https://sansirostadium.com/the-stadium/?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930203706/https://sansirostadium.com/the-stadium/?lang=en |archive-date=30 September 2025 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=San Siro Stadium}}</ref> Ang club ay may matagal nang ribalan sa Inter, kung saan makakalaban nila ang ''[[Derby della Madonnina]]'', isa sa mga pinakasinusubaybayang derby sa futbol.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Biggest Rivalries in World Football |url=https://lowerblock.com/articles/the-biggest-rivalries-in-world-football/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512160053/https://lowerblock.com/articles/the-biggest-rivalries-in-world-football/ |archive-date=12 May 2025 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> == Mga tala == {{Reflist|group=nb}} == Mga sanggunian == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == * {{Official website}} {{In lang|it|en|zh}} * [https://en.legaseriea.it/team/milan AC Milan] at [[Serie A]] * [https://www.uefa.com/nationalassociations/teams/50058 AC Milan] at UEFA * {{Commonscatinline}}  {{AC Milan}}{{Navboxes}} [[Kategorya:Mga pinagmulan sa wikang Italyano ng CS1 (it)]] [[Kategorya:Mga artikulong naglalaman ng Italyano]] [[Kategorya:Mga artikulo na may maikling paglalarawan]] i0kn7ffi4sdmafuhatx00kv5d6iqoer 2237754 2237753 2026-10-28T13:42:29Z Ryomaandres 8044 2237754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club|clubname=AC Milan|image=Logo of AC Milan.svg|image_size=150px|alt=AC Milan badge|fullname={{Lang|it|Associazione Calcio Milan|italic=no}} [[Società per azioni|S.p.A.]]<ref name="orgchart">{{cite web |title=Organisational chart |url=http://www.acmilan.com/en/club/organisational_chart |work=acmilan.com |publisher={{Lang|it|Associazione Calcio Milan|italic=no}} |access-date=15 December 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130329/http://www.acmilan.com/en/club/organisational_chart |url-status=live }}</ref>|nickname={{nowrap|''I Rossoneri''}} {{nowrap|(The Red and Black)}}<br />{{nowrap|''Il Diavolo''}} {{nowrap|(The Devil)}}|founded={{Start date and age|df=y|1899|12|18}},<ref name=foundationdate/> as Milan Foot-Ball and Cricket Club|stadium=[[San Siro]]|capacity=75,817 (limited capacity)<br />80,018 (maximum capacity)|owner=[[RedBird Capital Partners]] (99.93%)<ref>{{cite web |title=RedBird Capital Partners completes acquisition of AC Milan |url=https://www.acmilan.com/en/news/articles/club/2022-08-31/redbird-capital-partners-completes-acquisition-of-ac-milan |website=acmilan.com |publisher={{Lang|it|Associazione Calcio Milan|italic=no}} |date=31 August 2022 |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129102114/https://www.acmilan.com/en/news/articles/club/2022-08-31/redbird-capital-partners-completes-acquisition-of-ac-milan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Relazione e bilancio al 30 giugno 2019 |trans-title=Financial statement as of 30 June 2019 |url=https://assets-eu-01.kc-usercontent.com/1293c890-579f-01b7-8480-902cca7de55e/94011f25-22a2-4928-98a5-6f6324472288/Bilanci-Relazioni-2018-19-ITA.pdf |page=14 |publisher={{Lang|it|Associazione Calcio Milan|italic=no}} |date=18 October 2019 |language=IT |access-date=10 October 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022234241/https://assets-eu-01.kc-usercontent.com/1293c890-579f-01b7-8480-902cca7de55e/94011f25-22a2-4928-98a5-6f6324472288/Bilanci-Relazioni-2018-19-ITA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br /> Private shareholders (0.07%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Chi Siamo |trans-title=About |url=https://www.apamilan.it/#section-about |website=APA Milan |date=15 May 2017 |language=IT |access-date=10 October 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017093433/https://www.apamilan.it/#section-about |url-status=live }}</ref>|chairman=[[Paolo Scaroni]]|chrtitle=President|mgrtitle=Head coach|manager=[[Ruben Amorim]]|league={{Italian football updater|Milan}}|season={{Italian football updater|Milan2}}|position={{Italian football updater|Milan3}}|current=2026–27 AC Milan season|website={{Official URL}}|pattern_la1=_milan2627h|pattern_b1=_milan2627h|pattern_ra1=_milan2627h|pattern_sh1=_milan2627h|pattern_so1=_milan2627hl|leftarm1=000000|body1=000000|rightarm1=000000|shorts1=FFFFFF|socks1=000000|pattern_la2=_milan2627a|pattern_b2=_milan2627a|pattern_ra2=_milan2627a|pattern_sh2=_milan2627h|pattern_so2=_milan2627al|body2=|leftarm2=|rightarm2=|shorts2=|socks2=FFFFFF|pattern_la3=_milan2627t|pattern_b3=_milan2627t|pattern_ra3=_milan2627t|pattern_sh3=_milan2627t|pattern_so3=_milan2627tl|leftarm3=3b3a3f|body3=3b3a3f|rightarm3=3b3a3f|shorts3=3b3a3f|socks3=3b3a3f}}Ang '''{{Lang|it|Associazione Calcio Milan|italic=no}}''' ({{IPA|it|assotʃatˈtsjoːne ˈkaltʃo ˈmiːlan}}), karaniwang tinutukoy bilang '''AC Milan''' o simpleng '''Milan''' ({{IPA|it|ˈmiːlan}}) pangunahin sa labas ng Italya,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4308623/2023/03/16/sporting-lisbon-athletic-bilbao-wrong-name/ From Sporting Lisbon to Athletic Bilbao — why do we get foreign clubs' names wrong?]</ref> ay isang Italyanong propesyonal na [[club ng futbol]] na nakabase sa [[Milan]], [[Lombarda]]. Itinatag noong 1899, ang club ay nakikipagkumpitensiya sa [[Serie A]], ang nangungunang tier ng [[Sistema ng ligang futbol ng Italya|Italyanong fubtol]]. Sa unang bahagi ng kasaysayan nito, naglaro ang Milan ng mga laro sa kanilang tahanan sa iba't ibang lugar sa paligid ng lungsod bago lumipat sa kasalukuyang estadyo nito, ang [[San Siro]], noong 1926.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-27 |title=AC Milan: Serie A club plan to move out of San Siro to new 70,000-capacity stadium |language=en-GB |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66938991 |url-status=live |access-date=2024-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529193016/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66938991 |archive-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> Ang estadyo, na itinayo ng pangalawang tagapangulo ng Milan, si [[Piero Pirelli]], at ibinahagi sa [[Inter Milan]] simula noong 1947,<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of San Siro stadium |url=https://www.sansirostadium.com/en/stadium/History |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813023024/https://www.sansirostadium.com/en/stadium/History |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref> ang pinakamalaki sa [[Futbol sa Italya|Italyanong futbol]], na may kabuuang kapasidad na 75,817.<ref name="sansirosize">{{Cite web |title=San Siro Stadium – "La Scala del Calcio" |url=https://sansirostadium.com/the-stadium/?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930203706/https://sansirostadium.com/the-stadium/?lang=en |archive-date=30 September 2025 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=San Siro Stadium}}</ref> Ang club ay may matagal nang ribalan sa Inter, kung saan makakalaban nila ang ''[[Derby della Madonnina]]'', isa sa mga pinakasinusubaybayang derby sa futbol.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Biggest Rivalries in World Football |url=https://lowerblock.com/articles/the-biggest-rivalries-in-world-football/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512160053/https://lowerblock.com/articles/the-biggest-rivalries-in-world-football/ |archive-date=12 May 2025 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> == Mga tala == {{Reflist|group=nb}} == Mga sanggunian == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == * {{Official website}} {{In lang|it|en|zh}} * [https://en.legaseriea.it/team/milan AC Milan] at [[Serie A]] * [https://www.uefa.com/nationalassociations/teams/50058 AC Milan] at UEFA * {{Commonscatinline}}  {{AC Milan}}{{Navboxes}} [[Kategorya:Mga pinagmulan sa wikang Italyano ng CS1 (it)]] [[Kategorya:Mga artikulong naglalaman ng Italyano]] [[Kategorya:Mga artikulo na may maikling paglalarawan]] psfnf7plb0y6docet962590gik4y441 2237755 2237754 2026-10-28T13:43:03Z Ryomaandres 8044 /* Mga panlabas na link */ 2237755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club|clubname=AC Milan|image=Logo of AC Milan.svg|image_size=150px|alt=AC Milan badge|fullname={{Lang|it|Associazione Calcio Milan|italic=no}} [[Società per azioni|S.p.A.]]<ref name="orgchart">{{cite web |title=Organisational chart |url=http://www.acmilan.com/en/club/organisational_chart |work=acmilan.com |publisher={{Lang|it|Associazione Calcio Milan|italic=no}} |access-date=15 December 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130329/http://www.acmilan.com/en/club/organisational_chart |url-status=live }}</ref>|nickname={{nowrap|''I Rossoneri''}} {{nowrap|(The Red and Black)}}<br />{{nowrap|''Il Diavolo''}} {{nowrap|(The Devil)}}|founded={{Start date and age|df=y|1899|12|18}},<ref name=foundationdate/> as Milan Foot-Ball and Cricket Club|stadium=[[San Siro]]|capacity=75,817 (limited capacity)<br />80,018 (maximum capacity)|owner=[[RedBird Capital Partners]] (99.93%)<ref>{{cite web |title=RedBird Capital Partners completes acquisition of AC Milan |url=https://www.acmilan.com/en/news/articles/club/2022-08-31/redbird-capital-partners-completes-acquisition-of-ac-milan |website=acmilan.com |publisher={{Lang|it|Associazione Calcio Milan|italic=no}} |date=31 August 2022 |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129102114/https://www.acmilan.com/en/news/articles/club/2022-08-31/redbird-capital-partners-completes-acquisition-of-ac-milan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Relazione e bilancio al 30 giugno 2019 |trans-title=Financial statement as of 30 June 2019 |url=https://assets-eu-01.kc-usercontent.com/1293c890-579f-01b7-8480-902cca7de55e/94011f25-22a2-4928-98a5-6f6324472288/Bilanci-Relazioni-2018-19-ITA.pdf |page=14 |publisher={{Lang|it|Associazione Calcio Milan|italic=no}} |date=18 October 2019 |language=IT |access-date=10 October 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022234241/https://assets-eu-01.kc-usercontent.com/1293c890-579f-01b7-8480-902cca7de55e/94011f25-22a2-4928-98a5-6f6324472288/Bilanci-Relazioni-2018-19-ITA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br /> Private shareholders (0.07%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Chi Siamo |trans-title=About |url=https://www.apamilan.it/#section-about |website=APA Milan |date=15 May 2017 |language=IT |access-date=10 October 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017093433/https://www.apamilan.it/#section-about |url-status=live }}</ref>|chairman=[[Paolo Scaroni]]|chrtitle=President|mgrtitle=Head coach|manager=[[Ruben Amorim]]|league={{Italian football updater|Milan}}|season={{Italian football updater|Milan2}}|position={{Italian football updater|Milan3}}|current=2026–27 AC Milan season|website={{Official URL}}|pattern_la1=_milan2627h|pattern_b1=_milan2627h|pattern_ra1=_milan2627h|pattern_sh1=_milan2627h|pattern_so1=_milan2627hl|leftarm1=000000|body1=000000|rightarm1=000000|shorts1=FFFFFF|socks1=000000|pattern_la2=_milan2627a|pattern_b2=_milan2627a|pattern_ra2=_milan2627a|pattern_sh2=_milan2627h|pattern_so2=_milan2627al|body2=|leftarm2=|rightarm2=|shorts2=|socks2=FFFFFF|pattern_la3=_milan2627t|pattern_b3=_milan2627t|pattern_ra3=_milan2627t|pattern_sh3=_milan2627t|pattern_so3=_milan2627tl|leftarm3=3b3a3f|body3=3b3a3f|rightarm3=3b3a3f|shorts3=3b3a3f|socks3=3b3a3f}}Ang '''{{Lang|it|Associazione Calcio Milan|italic=no}}''' ({{IPA|it|assotʃatˈtsjoːne ˈkaltʃo ˈmiːlan}}), karaniwang tinutukoy bilang '''AC Milan''' o simpleng '''Milan''' ({{IPA|it|ˈmiːlan}}) pangunahin sa labas ng Italya,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4308623/2023/03/16/sporting-lisbon-athletic-bilbao-wrong-name/ From Sporting Lisbon to Athletic Bilbao — why do we get foreign clubs' names wrong?]</ref> ay isang Italyanong propesyonal na [[club ng futbol]] na nakabase sa [[Milan]], [[Lombarda]]. Itinatag noong 1899, ang club ay nakikipagkumpitensiya sa [[Serie A]], ang nangungunang tier ng [[Sistema ng ligang futbol ng Italya|Italyanong fubtol]]. Sa unang bahagi ng kasaysayan nito, naglaro ang Milan ng mga laro sa kanilang tahanan sa iba't ibang lugar sa paligid ng lungsod bago lumipat sa kasalukuyang estadyo nito, ang [[San Siro]], noong 1926.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-27 |title=AC Milan: Serie A club plan to move out of San Siro to new 70,000-capacity stadium |language=en-GB |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66938991 |url-status=live |access-date=2024-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529193016/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66938991 |archive-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> Ang estadyo, na itinayo ng pangalawang tagapangulo ng Milan, si [[Piero Pirelli]], at ibinahagi sa [[Inter Milan]] simula noong 1947,<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of San Siro stadium |url=https://www.sansirostadium.com/en/stadium/History |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813023024/https://www.sansirostadium.com/en/stadium/History |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref> ang pinakamalaki sa [[Futbol sa Italya|Italyanong futbol]], na may kabuuang kapasidad na 75,817.<ref name="sansirosize">{{Cite web |title=San Siro Stadium – "La Scala del Calcio" |url=https://sansirostadium.com/the-stadium/?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930203706/https://sansirostadium.com/the-stadium/?lang=en |archive-date=30 September 2025 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=San Siro Stadium}}</ref> Ang club ay may matagal nang ribalan sa Inter, kung saan makakalaban nila ang ''[[Derby della Madonnina]]'', isa sa mga pinakasinusubaybayang derby sa futbol.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Biggest Rivalries in World Football |url=https://lowerblock.com/articles/the-biggest-rivalries-in-world-football/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512160053/https://lowerblock.com/articles/the-biggest-rivalries-in-world-football/ |archive-date=12 May 2025 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> == Mga tala == {{Reflist|group=nb}} == Mga sanggunian == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == * {{Official website}} {{In lang|it|en|zh}} * [https://en.legaseriea.it/team/milan AC Milan] at [[Serie A]] * [https://www.uefa.com/nationalassociations/teams/50058 AC Milan] at UEFA * {{Commonscatinline}}  {{AC Milan}}{{Navboxes}}{{Serie A}} [[Kategorya:Mga pinagmulan sa wikang Italyano ng CS1 (it)]] [[Kategorya:Mga artikulong naglalaman ng Italyano]] [[Kategorya:Mga artikulo na may maikling paglalarawan]] 0eu3mzl6ykxn02vqmpczekez307f40i 2237756 2237755 2026-10-28T13:44:36Z Ryomaandres 8044 2237756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club|clubname=AC Milan|image=Logo of AC Milan.svg|image_size=150px|alt=AC Milan badge|fullname={{Lang|it|Associazione Calcio Milan|italic=no}} [[Società per azioni|S.p.A.]]<ref name="orgchart">{{cite web |title=Organisational chart |url=http://www.acmilan.com/en/club/organisational_chart |work=acmilan.com |publisher={{Lang|it|Associazione Calcio Milan|italic=no}} |access-date=15 December 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130329/http://www.acmilan.com/en/club/organisational_chart |url-status=live }}</ref>|nickname={{nowrap|''I Rossoneri''}} {{nowrap|(The Red and Black)}}<br />{{nowrap|''Il Diavolo''}} {{nowrap|(The Devil)}}|founded={{Start date and age|df=y|1899|12|18}},<ref name=foundationdate/> as Milan Foot-Ball and Cricket Club|stadium=[[San Siro]]|capacity=75,817 (limited capacity)<br />80,018 (maximum capacity)|owner=[[RedBird Capital Partners]] (99.93%)<ref>{{cite web |title=RedBird Capital Partners completes acquisition of AC Milan |url=https://www.acmilan.com/en/news/articles/club/2022-08-31/redbird-capital-partners-completes-acquisition-of-ac-milan |website=acmilan.com |publisher={{Lang|it|Associazione Calcio Milan|italic=no}} |date=31 August 2022 |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129102114/https://www.acmilan.com/en/news/articles/club/2022-08-31/redbird-capital-partners-completes-acquisition-of-ac-milan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Relazione e bilancio al 30 giugno 2019 |trans-title=Financial statement as of 30 June 2019 |url=https://assets-eu-01.kc-usercontent.com/1293c890-579f-01b7-8480-902cca7de55e/94011f25-22a2-4928-98a5-6f6324472288/Bilanci-Relazioni-2018-19-ITA.pdf |page=14 |publisher={{Lang|it|Associazione Calcio Milan|italic=no}} |date=18 October 2019 |language=IT |access-date=10 October 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022234241/https://assets-eu-01.kc-usercontent.com/1293c890-579f-01b7-8480-902cca7de55e/94011f25-22a2-4928-98a5-6f6324472288/Bilanci-Relazioni-2018-19-ITA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br /> Private shareholders (0.07%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Chi Siamo |trans-title=About |url=https://www.apamilan.it/#section-about |website=APA Milan |date=15 May 2017 |language=IT |access-date=10 October 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017093433/https://www.apamilan.it/#section-about |url-status=live }}</ref>|chairman=[[Paolo Scaroni]]|chrtitle=President|mgrtitle=Head coach|manager=[[Ruben Amorim]]|league={{Italian football updater|Milan}}|season={{Italian football updater|Milan2}}|position={{Italian football updater|Milan3}}|current=2026–27 AC Milan season|website={{Official URL}}|pattern_la1=_milan2627h|pattern_b1=_milan2627h|pattern_ra1=_milan2627h|pattern_sh1=_milan2627h|pattern_so1=_milan2627hl|leftarm1=000000|body1=000000|rightarm1=000000|shorts1=FFFFFF|socks1=000000|pattern_la2=_milan2627a|pattern_b2=_milan2627a|pattern_ra2=_milan2627a|pattern_sh2=_milan2627h|pattern_so2=_milan2627al|body2=|leftarm2=|rightarm2=|shorts2=|socks2=FFFFFF|pattern_la3=_milan2627t|pattern_b3=_milan2627t|pattern_ra3=_milan2627t|pattern_sh3=_milan2627t|pattern_so3=_milan2627tl|leftarm3=3b3a3f|body3=3b3a3f|rightarm3=3b3a3f|shorts3=3b3a3f|socks3=3b3a3f}}Ang '''{{Lang|it|Associazione Calcio Milan|italic=no}}''' ({{IPA|it|assotʃatˈtsjoːne ˈkaltʃo ˈmiːlan}}), karaniwang tinutukoy bilang '''AC Milan''' o simpleng '''Milan''' ({{IPA|it|ˈmiːlan}}) pangunahin sa labas ng Italya,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4308623/2023/03/16/sporting-lisbon-athletic-bilbao-wrong-name/ From Sporting Lisbon to Athletic Bilbao — why do we get foreign clubs' names wrong?]</ref> ay isang Italyanong propesyonal na [[club ng futbol]] na nakabase sa [[Milan]], [[Lombarda]]. Itinatag noong 1899, ang club ay nakikipagkumpitensiya sa [[Serie A]], ang nangungunang tier ng [[Sistema ng ligang futbol ng Italya|Italyanong fubtol]]. Sa unang bahagi ng kasaysayan nito, naglaro ang Milan ng mga laro sa kanilang tahanan sa iba't ibang lugar sa paligid ng lungsod bago lumipat sa kasalukuyang estadyo nito, ang [[San Siro]], noong 1926.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-27 |title=AC Milan: Serie A club plan to move out of San Siro to new 70,000-capacity stadium |language=en-GB |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66938991 |url-status=live |access-date=2024-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529193016/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66938991 |archive-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> Ang estadyo, na itinayo ng pangalawang tagapangulo ng Milan, si [[Piero Pirelli]], at ibinahagi sa [[Inter Milan]] simula noong 1947,<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of San Siro stadium |url=https://www.sansirostadium.com/en/stadium/History |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813023024/https://www.sansirostadium.com/en/stadium/History |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref> ang pinakamalaki sa [[Futbol sa Italya|Italyanong futbol]], na may kabuuang kapasidad na 75,817.<ref name="sansirosize">{{Cite web |title=San Siro Stadium – "La Scala del Calcio" |url=https://sansirostadium.com/the-stadium/?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930203706/https://sansirostadium.com/the-stadium/?lang=en |archive-date=30 September 2025 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=San Siro Stadium}}</ref> Ang club ay may matagal nang ribalan sa Inter, kung saan makakalaban nila ang ''[[Derby della Madonnina]]'', isa sa mga pinakasinusubaybayang derby sa futbol.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Biggest Rivalries in World Football |url=https://lowerblock.com/articles/the-biggest-rivalries-in-world-football/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512160053/https://lowerblock.com/articles/the-biggest-rivalries-in-world-football/ |archive-date=12 May 2025 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> Ginugol ng Milan ang buong kasaysayan nito sa Serie A maliban sa mga kapanahunang 1980–81 at 1982–83.<ref name="history">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.acmilan.com/en/club/history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130309/http://www.acmilan.com/en/club/history |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=4 October 2010 |website=acmilan.com |publisher={{Lang|it|Associazione Calcio Milan|italic=no}}}}</ref><ref name="founding">{{Cite news |last=Neil Heath |date=17 November 2009 |title=AC Milan's Nottingham-born hero |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/nottingham/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8291000/8291087.stm |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104062301/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/nottingham/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8291000/8291087.stm |archive-date=4 November 2017}}</ref> Ang 31-taong panunungkulan ni [[Silvio Berlusconi]] bilang pangulo ng Milan ay isang natatanging panahon sa kasaysayan ng club, dahil itinatag nito ang kanilang sarili bilang isa sa pinakadominante at matagumpay na mga club sa Europa. Nanalo ang Milan ng 29 na tropeo sa panahon ng panunungkulan nito, kung saan natiyak nito ang maraming titulo sa [[Serie A]] at [[UEFA Champions League]]. Noong [[1991–92 Serie A|kapanahunang 1991-92]], kapansin-pansing nakamit ng club ang tagumpay bilang unang koponan na nanalo ng titulo sa [[Serie A]] nang hindi natatalo kahit isang laro.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=25 July 2007 |title=Milano History and Records |publisher=Milanista Olympia |url=http://www.fortunecity.com/olympia/wagner/321/historiami.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060331022952/http://www.fortunecity.com/olympia/wagner/321/historiami.htm |archive-date=31 March 2006}}</ref> Ang Milan ay tahanan ng maraming nagwagi ng [[Ballon d'Or]], at tatlo sa mga manlalaro ng club, sina [[Marco van Basten]], [[Ruud Gullit]], at [[Frank Rijkaard]], ay naranggo sa nangungunang tatlo sa podio para sa [[1988 Ballon d'Or]], isang walang kapantay na tagumpay sa kasaysayan ng timpalak.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leiva |first=Juanma |date=2023-05-10 |title=AC Milan vs Inter: which Champions League semi-finalist is the bigger club? |url=https://en.as.com/soccer/ac-milan-vs-inter-which-champions-league-semi-finalist-is-the-bigger-club-n/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095556/https://en.as.com/soccer/ac-milan-vs-inter-which-champions-league-semi-finalist-is-the-bigger-club-n/ |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=AS USA |language=en-us}}</ref> == Mga tala == {{Reflist|group=nb}} == Mga sanggunian == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Mga panlabas na link == * {{Official website}} {{In lang|it|en|zh}} * [https://en.legaseriea.it/team/milan AC Milan] at [[Serie A]] * [https://www.uefa.com/nationalassociations/teams/50058 AC Milan] at UEFA * {{Commonscatinline}}  {{AC Milan}}{{Navboxes}}{{Serie A}} [[Kategorya:Mga pinagmulan sa wikang Italyano ng CS1 (it)]] [[Kategorya:Mga artikulong naglalaman ng Italyano]] [[Kategorya:Mga artikulo na may maikling paglalarawan]] 5ust31zutqca92a1yvo9mudyye4ed8j 0 340794 2237787 2026-10-28T15:29:35Z Jojit fb 38 Nilipat ni Jojit fb ang pahinang [[Heyograpiya ng Pilipinas]] sa [[Heograpiya ng Pilipinas]] mula sa redirect 2237787 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Heograpiya ng Pilipinas]] dr5pdtsd1mdiqoez35jaxnprw65j6a6 1 340795 2237789 2026-10-28T15:29:35Z Jojit fb 38 Nilipat ni Jojit fb ang pahinang [[Usapan:Heyograpiya ng Pilipinas]] sa [[Usapan:Heograpiya ng Pilipinas]] mula sa redirect 2237789 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Usapan:Heograpiya ng Pilipinas]] lpblr761ueow2dyq8k2siqul505mzjs 2 340796 2237795 2026-10-28T17:40:41Z Tertio3 168125 Inilikha sa pagsalin ng pahinang "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1382428225|Page Ackerman]]" 2237795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Page Ackerman|image=|alt=|caption=|birth_date={{birth date|1912|6|30}}|birth_place=[[Evanston, Illinois]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|2006|2|28|1912|6|30}}|death_place=[[Duarte, California]], U.S.|occupation=Librarian}}'''Si Page Ackerman''' (Hunyo 30, 1912 – Pebrero 28, 2006) ay isang Amerikanong librarian na kinilala sa kanyang mga nagawa sa kanyang Unibersidad. Siya ay nagtrabaho sa [[Unibersidad ng California, Los Angeles|University of California, Los Angeles]], sa loob ng ilang dekada, at kalaunay naging propesor sa Graduate School of Library and Information Science ng University of California, Los Angeles. == Personal na buhay at kamatayan == Ipinanganak si Ackerman noong Hunyo 30, 1912, sa Evanston, Illinois, at lumipat sa [[Santa Monica (California)|Santa Monica, California]], kasama ang kanyang mga magulang, lumipat si Ackerman at pumasok noong 1929 sa University of California sa bagong tatag noon na kampus sa Westwood. Kalaunan, lumipat siya sa Agnes Scott College sa Georgia sa pamamagitan ng isang scholarship sa physical education upang mag-aral bilang junior, at doon nagtapos noong 1933 hawak ang digring Bachelor of Arts sa Ingles. Pagkatapos ay nag-aral si Ackerman sa [[Unibersidad ng Hilagang Carolina, Chapel Hill|University of North Carolina sa Chapel Hill]] (UNC), kung saan siya nagtapos noong 1940 na may Bachelor of Arts degree sa library science. <ref name="Times">{{Cite news |date=March 16, 2006 |title=Ackerman, Page |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times/150533568/ |access-date=July 3, 2024}}</ref> Namatay si Ackerman noong Pebrero 28, 2006, dahil sa congestive heart failure sa [[Duarte, California]] . <ref name="Times" /> == Propesyonal na Buhay == Pagkatapos niyang makumpleto ang kanyang pag-aaral, nagsimulang magtrabaho si Ackerman sa Columbia Theological Seminary sa Decatur at iniwan niya ang posisyon noong 1943. Sa parehong taon, si Ackerman ay naging post librarian sa Aberdeen Proving Ground ng US Army sa [[Maryland]] . Dahil sa kanyang pagtatrabaho doon, naging kaibigan niya ang astronomong [[Edwin Hubble|si Edwin Hubble]] at ang asawa nitong si Grace. Si Ackerman ay nakatanggap ng rehimental na pagsusuri at isang citation para sa Meritorious Service sa pagtatapos ng kanyang panahon sa posisyon. Siya ay naging assistant librarian sa [[Richmond, Virginia]], sa Union Theological Seminary, at hinawakan niya ang posisyong iyon mula 1945 hanggang 1949. Si Ackerman ay naging assistant university librarian sa [[Unibersidad ng California, Los Angeles|University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA) noong 1954, ang associate university librarian noong 1965, at ang university librarian mula 1973 hanggang 1977. Noong siya ay nasa UCLA, nilikha niya ang administratibong network ng aklatan, at ang network ay naging isang modelo para sa mga naturang sistema sa buong Estados Unidos. Nagtrabaho siya sa isang katalogo sa buong unibersidad, pinahusay na seleksyon, mga pasilidad ng imbakan sa rehiyon, at nakakuha ng malawak at mahahalagang koleksyon. <ref name="Times" /> Si Ackerman ang namamahala sa pag-aalaga ng 3 milyong tomo ng unibersidad at halos 500 kawani. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1973 |title=Page Ackerman |url=https://facultygov.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/261/2010/09/1973DAACitations.pdf |access-date=July 3, 2024 |website=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}}</ref> Siya ay bahagi ng American Library Association (ALA) Council, at ng ALA Committee on Organization. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1973 |title=People |url=https://crln.acrl.org/index.php/crlnews/article/view/23782/31228 |access-date=July 3, 2024 |website=Association of College & Research Libraries}}</ref> Mula taong 1973 hanggang taong 1977 at mula taong 1982 hanggang taong 1983, si Ackerman ay isa sa mga propesor sa Graduate School of Library and Information Science ng UCLA. Si Ackerman ay nagkaroon ng mahalagang parte sa pagtatatag ng Frances Clark Sayers Lectureship. Nagtrabaho rin siya bilang visiting librarian sa University of California, Berkeley at isang consultant ng mga aklatan ng unibersidad sa California, Arizona, Florida, at Hawaii. Si Ackerman ang unang babae sa lupon ng mga direktor ng Association of Research Libraries noong panahon ng kaniyang panunungkulan bilang librarian sa unibersidad. <ref name="Times" /> == Pagtanggap at mga parangal == Nakatanggap si Ackerman ng Distinguished Alumnus Award mula sa UNC noong University Day taong 1973. <ref name="Chapel">{{Cite news |date=October 11, 1973 |title=Ervin To Speak At Celebration Tomorrow |work=The Chapel Hill News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chapel-hill-news/150534019/ |access-date=July 3, 2024}}</ref> Siya ang pangalawang babae na nakatanggap ng parangal sa mga seremonya ng Araw ng Unibersidad. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Dorsey |first=Gary |date=October 12, 1973 |title=Woman gets honor |work=The Daily Tar Heel |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-tar-heel/150534407/ |access-date=July 3, 2024}}</ref> Si Ackerman ay "isa sa mga nangungunang babaeng librarian sa bansa ayon ''sa Chapel Hill News''." <ref name="Chapel" /> Nanalo si Ackerman ng Status of Women Award mula sa American Association of University Women, ng Agnes Scott College's Outstanding Alumna Award for Distinguished Career, at ng Distinguished Career Citation mula sa Association of College and Research Libraries. Isang dalawang-tomo na talambuhay ng mga panayam kay Ackerman ang inilathala noong 1995, at ito ay nakaimbak sa Charles E. Young Research Library . <ref name="Times" /> == Mga Sanggunian == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} <nowiki> [[Kategorya:Namatay noong 2006]] [[Kategorya:Ipinanganak noong 1912]] [[Kategorya:Articles with hCards]]</nowiki> 34i4l9wgqkjhl9i0jdrd4tuykdhs4vj 2 340797 2237824 2026-10-29T01:37:22Z Mfield 157602 Inilipat ni Mfield ang pahinang [[Tagagamit:Spongebob796]] sa [[Tagagamit:TVidentityWatership]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Spongebob796|Spongebob796]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/TVidentityWatership|TVidentityWatership]]" 2237824 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tagagamit:TVidentityWatership]] nwh0e3mv73bw1xw4g5khxeju9uw3ypb 0 340798 2237855 2026-10-29T10:08:10Z Vaijskaskha (Fyksian) 167555 Nilipat ni Vaijskaskha (Fyksian) ang pahinang [[Wikang Fyksian]] sa [[Fyksian]] mula sa redirect 2237855 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Fyksian]] aivz3ilfzkd1jb0tpruhqyvozkaj73t