Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2750 56951 17566 2026-10-29T23:32:31Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 56951 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em; background:#f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |---- |---- bgcolor="#e3e3e3" ! colspan="2" bgcolor="#e3e3e3" |[[File: Concepcion-Chile(001).jpg |250px]] |---- |---- bgcolor="#e3e3e3" ! colspan="2" bgcolor="#e3e3e3" | Concepción: [http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/geo/geohack.php?language=en&params=36_46_22_S_73_03_47_W 36° 46' 22" S 73° 03' 47" W] |---- | align="center" | [[File: Coat of arms of Concepcion, Chile.svg |100px]] | align="center" | [[File: Comuna de Concepción.svg |100px]] |---- | align="center" style="background:#e3e3e3;" colspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid gray;" | |} '''Concepción''' ke toropo kgolo kwa borwa [[Chile]]. E na le baagi ba le 216.061 ([[2002]]). == Ditso == [[File:Plaza_de_la_Independencia_(1910).jpg|thumb|left|Plaza de la Independencia, the Plaza de Armas of Concepción, in 1910]] Toropo ya Concepción e simolotswe ke [[Pedro de Valdivia]]<ref>I.S.W. Vernon, 1969</ref> ka ngwaga wa 1950 kwa bokone jwa noka ya [[Bío-Bío River]], e e bidiwang[[Penco]] mo bosheng. Ka nako eo e ne e bidiwa ''Concepción del Nuevo Extremo''. Lefelo la bonno gone koo le ne le le dikhilomithara tse di mmalwa go tsweng bokone jwa '''[[La Frontera (geographical region)|La Frontera]]''' (Frontier), molelwane o o magareng ga [[Spain|Spanishle]] lefatshe la [[Mapuche]], segongwana sa morafe wa American Indian se ne sa neelwa boipuso go fitlheleleng ka ngwaga wa 1870. Bonno joo bo ne jwa tsibogelwa ke baeteledipele ba Mafora e le toropo morago ga dingwaga tse pedi. E ne ya fiwa setswantsho sa puso se se ntseng se dirisiwa le gompieno. Ka jalo toropo ya Concepción e ne e le bonn jwa masole a lefatshe la [[Kingdom of Chile|Captaincy-General of Chile]], le ne la senngwa e bile la phatlaladiwa ke [[Arauco War|Mapuche armies]] ka ngwaga wa 1554, morago ga gore e dirwe sesha ka ngwaga wa 1555. Concepción e ne ya nna gape ka nako ka dithulaganyo tsa goromente wa [[García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete|García Hurtado de Mendoza]] ha a goroga koo ka ngwaga wa 1557 fa a sena go aga kago ya Pinto. Toropo eo ene ya dirwa gape sesha ka ngwaga wa 1558, Ferikgong a thola malatshi a borataro ke rramasole yo o bidiwang Jerónimo de Villegas. E ne ya nna dikago tse ditona tsa masole a a neng a le kgatlhanong le [[Mapuche]] kwa [[Araucanía (historic region)|Araucanía]] mo dinageng tse di lekgolo tse di tlang, e gola ka palo ya batho ba le dikete tse di lesome ntle le [[siege]] ka ngwaga wa 1564 le ditlhaselo tse dingwe tse di dirilweng ke Mapuche. Concepción e ne e le motse wa [[Audiencia Real|Real Audienciago]] tsweng ka ngwaga wa 1565 go fithelela ka ngwaga wa 1575. [[Earthquakes]] le [[tsunamis]], tse di eleng tsa nna teng mo toropong eo ka ngwaga wa[[1570 Concepción earthquake|1570]], 1657, 1687, 1730 le [[1751 Concepción earthquake|1751]], di ile tsa gwetlha bana le dithata go sutisa toropo eo go e baya ko e ne e le teng lantlha ko [[Valle de la Mocha]], mabapi le [[Bío-Bío River]]; lefelo la ntlha le nna le sena sepe ka ngwaga 1842 fa toropo e ya [[Penco]] e tlhongwa. The new site for the town of Concepción became the main town of the Intendancy of Concepción, whose jurisdiction extended from the [[Maule River]] to La Frontera. The first Intendant of Concepción was the Irishman [[Ambrose O'Higgins, Marquis of Osorno]], who later became [[Royal Governor of Chile]] and [[List of Viceroys of Peru|Viceroy of Peru]]. Fa boeteledi pele jwa goromente wa First National bo kopana koo [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] ka ngwaga wa 1810, ba na le boagedi ba Concepción ba kopanela bokopanelo joo le bone. Concepción e ne e dirisiwa ele kgoro ya go tsena mo dipolotiking ke ba sesole jwa Sefora go lekeletsa [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] ka maikelelo a go batla go laola Chile. <gallery perrow=4> File:Arco de Medicina UdeC.jpg| File:Moderno Edificio en Concepción.jpg| File:Desembocadura del Biobío.jpg| File:Ex Catedral de Concepción.jpg| File:Biobus01.jpg| File:Hotel El Araucano.JPG| File:Plaza de Armas Concepción.jpg| </gallery> == Metshameko == Concepción ke lefatshe la ditlopha tse di tona tsa kgwele ya dinao.( [[Association football|football]]): * [[Club Deportivo Universidad de Concepción]], mo nakong e e leng ko godimo ga loko ya [[Liga Chilena de Fútbol: Primera División]] * [[Club Deportivo Ferroviario Almirante Arturo Fernández Vial]], mo nakong e e leng mo leking ya boraro, [[Liga Chilena de Fútbol: Tercera División|Tercera A]] * [[Club de Deportes Concepción]], mo nakong ya gompieno e mo leking ya bobedi, [[Liga Chilena de Fútbol: Primera B]] Bolo ya diatla e tshamikiwa ka boleng jwa maamo aa kwa godimo. Sethopha se se itsiwing thata ke sa: * Club Deportivo Universidad de Concepción, mo bogompienong se se leng kwa DIMAYOR, [[División Mayor del Básquetbol de Chile]] == Dipadi tse dingwe == {{Reflist}} * https://web.archive.org/web/20100211124604/http://www.concepcion.cl/ * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Concepcion,_Chile Commons: Concepción]. [[Category:Chile]] 9u1mszh2xytohh6kn3f2wvs0f9netp1 0 8426 56954 47774 2026-10-30T03:49:25Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 56954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | honorific_prefix = | birth_place = | module2 = | module = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} or {{Official URL}} --> | associated_acts = {{hlist|Scar Matlhabaphiri|Ozi F Teddy|Samantha Mogwe|Baxon|DJ Latimmy|BanT}} | label = | years_active = 2010–2021 | instrument = Vocals | occupation = {{flatlist| *Singer *Writer *Artist }} | genre = {{hlist|[[Dance music|Dance]]|[[House music|House]]|[[Pop music|Pop]]|}} | death_place = [[2021 Xumabee Game Ranch helicopter crash|Xumabee Game Ranch]], [[Botswana]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|3|5|1993|5|17|df=yes}} | origin = [[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1993|5|17|df=y}} | name = Sasa Klaas | alias = | birth_name = Sarona Motlhagodi | native_name_lang = | native_name = | caption = | alt = | landscape = <!-- yes, if Sasa Klaas Image.jpg--> | image_size = | image_upright = | image = | honorific_suffix = | module3 = }} '''Sarona Motlhagodi''' (17 Motsheganong 1993 – 5 Mopitlo 2021), yo a neng a tumile ka leina la Sasa Klaas, e ne e le moopedi, mokwadi wa dipina, ga mmogo le motshwarakgang wa thelebišene wa [[Motswana]].O tshotswe ka 17 Motsheganong 1993 mo [[Botswana]], a tla a godisiwa ka boesi jwa gagwe ke mmaagwe,[[Anna Mokgethi]], yo e leng lepolotiki la Motswana.<ref>[https://www.botswanayouth.com/10-things-you-did-not-know-about-sasa-klaas/ "10 Things You Did Not Know About Sasa Klaas"]. ''Botswana Youth Magazine''. 9 March 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2020</ref><ref>Newstral.com (7 June 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210612233808/https://newstral.com/en/article/en/1128273345/sasa-s-slip-of-the-tongue "thevoicebw.com: "Sasa's slip of the tongue""]. ''Newstral''. Retrieved 19 December 2020.</ref> E ne e le modiragatsi wa popotla, mo gape a neng a bonwa e le "Kgosigadi ya Hip Hop" mo Botswana.<ref>Admin (10 March 2021). [https://www.thegazette.news/lifestyle/sasa-klaas-the-first-lady-of-hip-hop-rests/ "Sasa Klaas, the First Lady of Hip-Hop, rests"]. ''Botswana Gazette''. Retrieved 19 September 2024.</ref> O tumile thata ka pina ya gagwe ya ''[[Mma Mongwato]]''. O ne a kile a nna le botsalano le [[Bakang "Baxon" Moitoi]].<ref>Marumo, Victoria (10 July 2020). [https://www.botswanayouth.com/sasa-klaas-and-baxon-alleged-romance-already-over/ "Sasa Klaas and Baxon Alleged Romance Already Over?"]. ''Botswana Youth Magazine''. Retrieved 5 October 2023</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe == Moopedi yo, yo o neng a tumile thata ka leina la Sasa Klaas kana Mma Mongwato e ne e moopedi wa mmino wa rap e bile e le mokwadi wa dipina..<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-10|title=Sasa Klaas and Baxon Alleged Romance Already Over?|url=https://www.botswanayouth.com/sasa-klaas-and-baxon-alleged-romance-already-over/|access-date=26 Phalane 2022|website=Botswana Youth Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-09|title=10 Things You Did Not Know About Sasa Klaas|url=https://www.botswanayouth.com/10-things-you-did-not-know-about-sasa-klaas/|access-date=26 Phalane 2022|website=Botswana Youth Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Newstral.com|date=2019-06-07|title=thevoicebw.com: "Sasa's slip of the tongue"|url=http://newstral.com/en/article/en/1128273345/sasa-s-slip-of-the-tongue|access-date=26 Phalane 2022|website=Newstral|archive-date=2021-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612233808/https://newstral.com/en/article/en/1128273345/sasa-s-slip-of-the-tongue|url-status=dead}}</ref> E ne e le moopedi yo o itsegeng thata ka tiro ya gagwe e ntle mo mererong ya mmino wa hip-hop. Tiro ya ga Sasa Klaas ya mmino le moopelo e simolotse ka A ''Ke Mo Khande'' a dirisana mmogo le Thato 'Scar' Matlhabaphiri. E rile mo nakong e khutshwane fela morago ga moo, o ne a nna mogasi wa thulaganyo ya The Foundation: Next Level go tloga ka 2011 go fitlha ka ngwaga 2012 mo e.tv Botswana.<ref>{{Cite web|last=NCUBE|first=DUMISANI|title=Mmegi Online :: Beating the odds with curves|url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=58842&dir=2016/march/24|access-date=26 Phalane 2022|website=Mmegi Online}}</ref> Pina ya gagwe ya ntlha a le nosi, ''Hadsan'', e ne ya gatisiwa ya ba ya gololwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=NCUBE|first=DUMISANI|title=Mmegi Online :: Sasa Klaas, Kinetic 9 in the studio|url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=55487&dir=2015/november/05|access-date=26 Phalane 2022|website=Mmegi Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=NCUBE|first=DUMISANI|title=Mmegi Online :: Sasa Klaas matures musically|url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=52652&dir=2015/july/16|access-date=26 Phalane 2022|website=Mmegi Online}}</ref> === Dingwe tsa dipina tsa ga Sasa Klaas === * Mma Mongwato * H.A.D.S.A.N * Playing with Myself * You * The Best Things * Vapors * Bafaba ba style * Mosoroto == Loso == O tlhokafetse ka 5 Mopitlo 2021 mo maitseboeng. Sasa o ne a na le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le bosupa fa a tlhokafala mo kotsing yasefofane sa tlhootomo sa [[Robinson R44|R44]] kwa Xumabee Game Ranch (gaufi le [[Sojwe]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=The World Mourns Sasa Klaas|url=https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/sasa-klaas/sasa-klaas-passes-on|access-date=26 Phalane 2022|website=ZAlebs|archive-date=2021-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307102002/https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/sasa-klaas/sasa-klaas-passes-on|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Carter|first=Logan|date=2021-03-07|title=Botswana Government In Sasa Klaas Cause Of Death Cover Up|url=https://www.sarichandfamous.com/2021/03/07/botswana-government-in-sasa-klaas-cause-of-death-cover-up/|access-date=26 Phalane 2022|website=South Africa Rich And Famous|archive-date=2021-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307055859/https://www.sarichandfamous.com/2021/03/07/botswana-government-in-sasa-klaas-cause-of-death-cover-up/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Metswedi == <references /> qdnprabbmug6z40pkke0h0o13q1ruuo 0 9564 56958 36109 2026-10-30T05:20:24Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 56958 wikitext text/x-wiki Vickie Ann Chapman ke mopolotiki wa maloba wa Australia, yo o emetseng setilo sa Ntlo ya {{Infobox officeholder|name=Vickie Chapman|office=Deputy Premier of South Australia|image=Chapman2018 (cropped).jpg|caption=Chapman in 2018|predecessor=[[John Rau]]|premier=[[Steven Marshall]]|successor=[[Dan van Holst Pellekaan]]|term_start=19 March 2018|term_end=22 November 2021|leader2=[[Steven Marshall]]|order2=[[South Australian Liberal Party|Deputy Leader of the South Australian <br/>Liberal Party]]|predecessor2=[[Steven Marshall]]|party=[[Liberal Party of Australia (South Australian Division)|Liberal Party of Australia (SA)]]|office1=[[Attorney-General of South Australia]]|predecessor1=[[John Rau]]|premier1=[[Steven Marshall]]|successor1=[[Kyam Maher]]|birth_name=Vickie Ann Chapman|birth_place=[[Kangaroo Island]], South Australia, Australia|nationality=Australian|relations=[[Ted Chapman]] (father)|profession=Barrister|website=[https://www.vickiechapman.com.au vickiechapman.com.au]|education=[[University of Adelaide]]|constituency_MP4=[[Electoral district of Bragg|Bragg]]|honorific-prefix=[[The Honourable]]|leader3=[[Iain Evans]]<br />[[Martin Hamilton-Smith]]|parliament4=South Australian|predecessor3=[[Iain Evans]]|predecessor4=[[Graham Ingerson]]|successor3=[[Isobel Redmond]]|successor4=[[Jack Batty]]|term_end1=21 March 2022|term_end2=25 November 2021|term_end3=4 July 2009|term_end4={{end date|2022|5|31|df=y}}|term_start1=19 March 2018|term_start2=4 February 2013|term_start3=30 March 2006|term_start4={{start date|2002|2|9|df=y}}|termend=22 November 2021}} Kopano ya Aforika Borwa ya Bragg go kgaogano ya Aforika Borwa ya Lekoko la Kgololesego la Australia magareng ga ditlhopho tsa 2002 le Motsheganong 2022. Chapman o ne a direla jaaka Motlatsa Tonakgolo ya Australia Borwa le Attorney-General magareng ga 19 Mopitlwe 2018 le 22 Ngwanatsele 2021 mo pusong ya ga Marshall.<ref>"The South Australian Government Gazette, 19 March 2018, No. 18, Supplementary Gazette" (PDF). Retrieved 19 March 2018.[http://governmentgazette.sa.gov.au/sites/default/files/public/documents/gazette/2018/March/2018_018.pdf]</ref>E ne e le mosadi wa ntlha go nna le maemo ano. Chapman o ne a direla jaaka motlatsa moeteledipele wa Liberal Party go tloga ka 2006 go fitlha ka 2009, mme a nna motlatsa moeteledipele gape ka 2013. Mo maemong ao, o ne a dira jaaka Motlatsa Moeteledipele wa Kganetso magareng ga 30 Mopitlwe 2006 le 4 Phukwi 2009, le gape magareng ga 4 Tlhakole 2013 le 19 Mopitlwe 2018. O ne gape e le Mosekisi-Kakaretso wa Moriti le Tona ya Moriti wa Tlhabololo ya Puso, a amogetse porofense e nngwe ya Tlhabololo ya Puso ka phetogo ya Kabinete ka 13 Pherekgong 2016. == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == Chapman o tsholetswe kwa Setlhaketlhakeng sa Kangaroo. E ne e le mongwe wa bana ba le supa, Chapman o ne a tsena sekolo sa Kangaroo Island Parndana Area School, mme morago ga loso lwa ga mmaagwe, fa a le dingwaga di le 12 o ne a tsena sekolo sa Pembroke kwa Adelaide. O ne a ithutela dithuto tsa molao kwa Yunibesithing ya Adelaide mme a aloga ka 1979 jaaka mmueledi. Rraagwe Chapman e bong Ted, e ne e le leloko la Liberal le Country League mme morago ga moo e ne ya nna leloko la South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia kwa South Australian House of Assembly. Ted e ne e le leloko la lekoko le le eteletsweng pele ke Steele Hall la Liberal Movement ka bo1970 mme e ne e le Tona ya Temothuo mo pusong ya ga David Tonkin. Fa a ne a sa ntse a le mosetsana, Chapman o ne a thusa rraagwe mo matsholong a puso a a neng a dirwa ke ba Liberal == Palamente == '''1990s''' Jaaka poresidente wa porofense wa Liberal Party go tswa ka 1992 go fitlha ka 1995, Chapman o ne a leka go fenya ditlhopho tsa pele ga ditlhopho tsa Liberal mo kgaolong ya Barker ka 1998. Monna wa gagwe, David, o ne a tlhokafala ka 2001 mme a fuduga go tswa kwa Wayville go ya kwa Tusmore le bana ba gagwe ba babedi. O ne a leka gape go fenya ditlhopho tsa pele, mo lekgetlhong leno e le tsa setilo se se bolokesegileng thata sa Liberal mo lefelong la toropo, Bragg, e e leng mo metsesetoropong e e humileng ya kwa botlhaba jwa Adelaide. '''2000s''' Fa leloko Graham Ingerson a ne a rola tiro, Chapman o ne a ganetsa go tlhophiwa pele ga Tona ya Liberal Michael Armitage, yo o neng a batla go tswa mo setulong sa gagwe sa kwa thoko sa Adelaide. Chapman o ne a tlhophiwa ka bonako mme a boloka Bragg ka diphesente di le 0.4 mo ditlhophong tsa puso tsa 2002 fa Ba-Liberal ba ne ba latlhegelwa ke puso. Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a bona diperesente di le 61,9 tsa diboutu tsa ditlhopho tsa ntlha, e leng se se neng sa dira gore a kgone go tswelela a le mo setulong seo. Ka bonako fela Chapman o ne a tsena mo setlhopheng se se eteletseng pele, a dira ditiro tsa moriti tsa Thuto le Ditirelo tsa Bana. Go ise go ye kae o ne a buiwa ka ene ke batho bangwe, mo lekokong la gagwe le mo metsweding ya tshedimosetso, jaaka moeteledipele wa Liberal wa mo isagweng. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mafelong a mangwe, Chapman o ne a lejwa jaaka tswelelopele ya dintwa tsa makoko tse di sa bolong go tshwenya Ba-SA ba Ba-Liberals. Ba-Liberals ba ne ba fokoditswe go nna le ditulo di le 15 fela mo ditlhophong tsa 2006 tse di neng tsa ba fenya. Chapman ka boene o ne a latlhegelwa ke palo e e kwa godimo ya 6.8 ya diphathi tse pedi, mme o ne a sa ntse a na le Bragg ka bontsi jwa 12.6 lekgolong, a tlogela Bragg e le ene fela setilo se se bolokesegileng sa Liberal kwa Adelaide le nngwe ya ditilo di le nne fela tse di bolokesegileng tsa Liberal go ralala naga. Chapman o ne a tlhophiwa go nna motlatsa moeteledipele wa Liberal, mme ka jalo Motlatsa Moeteledipele wa Kganetso, mo teketeng e e neng e sa solofelwa le moganetsi wa gagwe wa lekoko Iain Evans. Thuso e kgolo e ne ya amogelwa go tswa go leloko la palamente la Sturt Christopher Pyne, yo o neng a le mo letlhakoreng la ga Chapman, gammogo le moeteledipele yo mongwe yo o itsegeng wa lekoko le le lekalekaneng la SA Liberals, Tonakgolo ya maloba Dean Brown.<ref>"South Australia's 10 most poisonous political feuds: The Advertiser 21 May 2014". Retrieved 18 April 2023.[http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/south-australias-10-most-poisonous-political-feuds/story-fni6uo1m-1226925898128]</ref> O ne a nna a le mo maemong a motlatsa-modulasetulo fa Martin Hamilton-Smith a ne a leleka Evans jaaka moeteledipele ka 2007. Hamilton-Smith o ne a bitsa boeteledipele le mothusa-boeteledipele ba ba neng ba le teng ka 4 Phukwi 2009. Chapman o ne a gaisana le Hamilton-Smith go nna moeteledipele, mme o ne a amogela diboutu di le 10 fela, fa Hamilton-Smith ene a ne a na le di le 11, mme Evans a se ka a tsaya karolo. Isobel Redmond wa Conservative o ne a tlhophiwa go nna motlatsa moeteledipele go emisetsa Chapman.<ref>Emmerson, Russell (8 July 2009). "Second Liberal Party vote narrows". ''The Advertiser''.[http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/second-liberal-party-vote-narrows/story-e6frf7jo-1225745928080]</ref>Hamilton-Smith o ne a kopa gore go nne le tshenyo e nngwe ya boeteledipele ka 8 Phukwi 2009, mo maitekong a go bona taolelo e e botlhokwa, mme malatsi a le mabedi pele ga tshenyo, o ne a itsise gore ga a kitla a tsaya karolo. Chapman o ne a boela gape mo maemong a go nna moeteledipele mme o ne a amogela diboutu di le 9 fela, fa Redmond ene a ne a na le di le 13. Steven Griffiths o ne a tlhophiwa go nna motlatsa moeteledipele ka diboutu di le 8 go ya go di le 6 tsa ga Mitch Williams.<ref>Kelton, Greg (9 July 2009). "Isobel Redmond wins South Australia Liberals leadership". ''The Advertiser''.[http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/isobel-redmond-wins-south-australia-liberals-leadership/story-e6frf7jo-1225747255084]</ref> '''2010s''' Le fa a ne a leka go ntsha Hamilton-Smith jaaka moeteledipele le go leka go fenya Redmond mo ditlhophong tsa boeteledipele, Chapman o ne a tlhopha Hamilton-Smith mo go tlhopheng ga gagwe jaaka motlatsa moeteledipele ka 31 Mopitlwe 2010 mo ditlhophong tse di neng di tshwerwe morago ga tatlhegelo ya boraro e e latelanang ya Liberal mo ditlhophong tsa 2010 kwa Chapman a neng a bona phenyo e kgolo ya 9.1. Go boutela Hamilton-Smith jaaka mothusa-modulasetilo go ne go raya go sa boutele Evans.<ref>Libs Crunch Numbers Ahead Of Spill ''The Advertiser'' [http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/libs-crunch-numbers-ahead-of-spill/story-e6frea6u-1225846958945]</ref> Chapman o ne a gapa ditlhogo tsa dikgang mo bekeng e e fetileng pele ga ditlhopho tsa 2010 ka go se batle go ganetsa phatlalatsa go gwetlha Redmond go etelela pele mme a lebagane le ditatofatso, segolobogolo ke Hamilton-Smith, tsa go kgoreletsa letsholo la Liberal, ka diphousetara tsa "Chapman Could Challenge" di ne di pegilwe ka fa tlase ga diphousetara tsa Liberal tsa "Redmond is Ready". <ref>"Martin Hamilton-Smith blames Vickie Chapman for Liberals' SA State Election 2010 loss". ''The Advertiser''. 27 March 2010. Retrieved 18 April 2023.[http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/liberal-partys-lament-vicki-cost-us-victory/story-e6frea83-1225846383710]</ref> Chapman o ne a tlhophiwa gape go nna motlatsa moeteledipele wa kganetso ka 4 Tlhakole 2013, mme a tlhopha go itsise gore o tla gana go gwetlha moeteledipele yo montšhwa Steven Marshall.<ref>Wills, Daniel; Novak, Lauren; Crouch, Brad (4 February 2013). "New state Liberals leader Steven Marshall safe from Vickie Chapman challenge". ''The Australian''. Retrieved 4 February 2013.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130204132937/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/vickie-chapman-likely-to-contest-deputy-liberal-leadership-against-iain-evans/story-e6frg6n6-1226567416567]</ref> Morago ga tatlhegelo ya bone e e latelanang ya Ba-Liberal mo ditlhophong tsa 2014, Chapman o ne a latlhegelwa ke 1.5-points ka ntlha ya ditlhopho tsa makoko a mabedi mme o ne a sa ntse a na le Bragg ka 68.7% ya ditlhopho tsa makoko a mabedi. Morago ga gore lekoko la Liberal le fenye ditlhopho tsa 2018, o ne a ikana jaaka Motlatsa Tonakgolo ya Australia Borwa. '''2020s''' Chapman o ne a tlhomiwa gape go nna Tona ya Togamaano le Puso ya Selegae ka 29 Phukwi 2020.<ref>"Governor's Instruments (64)" (PDF). ''South Australian Government Gazette''. Government of South Australia. 29 July 2020. p. 4090. Retrieved 20 March 2022.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Government_Gazette]</ref>Chapman o ne a latlhegelwa ke boutu ya go se tshepiwe jaaka Motlatsa Tonakgolo mo Palamenteng ya Australia Borwa ka di 18 Ngwanatsele 2021 morago ga gore patlisiso ya palamente e fitlhele kgotlhang ya gagwe ya dikgatlhego jaaka Tona ya Togamaano le Puso ya Selegae mme a akantsha gore a bonwe molato wa go nyatsa palamente ka go tsietsa ntlo. <ref>"SA parliament passes vote of no confidence in Deputy Premier Vickie Chapman". ''ABC News (Australia)''. 18 November 2021. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-18/vickie-chapman-vote-of-no-confidence/100631558]</ref>Ka 22 Ngwanatsele 2021, o ne a tlogela maemo a Motlatsa Tonakgolo le Tona ya Togamaano le Puso ya Selegae, mme a tlogela maemo a Attorney-General fa ka semmuso a santse a tshwere maemo a gagwe mme a sala mo kabineteng. <ref>Dayman, Isabel (22 November 2021). "Vickie Chapman steps down as SA Deputy Premier and aside from ministerial roles pending ombudsman investigation". ''ABC News (Australia)''. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-22/sa-deputy-premier-vickie-chapman-steps-down-amid-investigation/100638580 2021]</ref><ref>"Acting A-G to be sworn in as Chapman stays in cabinet". InDaily. 23 November [https://indaily.com.au/news/2021/11/23/acting-a-g-to-be-sworn-in-as-chapman-stays-in-ministry/ 2021]</ref>Ka 3 Motsheganong 2022, Pego ya Moemedi wa Setšhaba ya ditatofatso e ne ya golola Chapman mo go direng phoso, a fitlhela gore ga a na kgotlhang ya dikgatlhego.<ref>"Ombudsman clears former SA deputy premier of conflict of interest in port decision". ''ABC News''. 3 May 2022.[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-03/sa-ombudsman-report-into-vickie-chapman-kangaroo-island-decision/101034536]</ref> Chapman o ne a boloka setilo sa gagwe mo palamenteng mo ditlhophong tsa 2022 tsa puso ya Australia Borwa, le fa go ne go na le tshikinyego kgatlhanong le lekoko la gagwe e e neng ya felela ka phetogo ya puso. <ref>"Bragg". ''ABC News''. 19 March 2022.[https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/sa/2022/guide/brag]</ref> Kgwedi morago ga ditlhopho, Chapman o ne a itsise maikaelelo a gagwe a go tlogela go nna leloko la palamente. O ne a rola tiro semmuso ka 31 Motsheganong 2022, mme motlhatlhami wa gagwe o ne a tlhophiwa ka ditlhopho-potlana ka 2 Phukwi 2022.<ref>Boisvert, Eugene (5 May 2022). "Former SA deputy premier Vickie Chapman set to stay in parliament as Labor declines to push her out". ''ABC News (Australia)''. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-05/former-sa-deputy-premier-set-to-stay-in-parliament/101042272]</ref><ref>Dornin, Tim (1 June 2022). "SA by-election in Bragg set for July 2". ''The Advocate''. Australian Associated Press. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Associated_Press]</ref><ref>"Hon Vickie Chapman". ''Former members of the Parliament of South Australia''. Retrieved 19 August 2022.[https://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/Search/Member?type=member&id=1804]</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Mongwe wa bana ba gagwe ke mmegadikgang wa Channel 7 Alex Hart.<ref>"GRESTE, MR PETER" (PDF). ''HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY''. 2 July 2014. p. 1064. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303125228/http://vickiechapman.com.au/Portals/0/14-07-02%20GRESTE,%20MR%20PETER.pdf]</ref> == Metswedi == cnlzn882yxe50as9rqdodsny2y97xhk 0 9696 56959 36553 2026-10-30T10:27:17Z Nordat 13359 FC Bayern München logo (2024).svg 56959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club|clubname=Bayern Munich|image=FC Bayern München logo (2024).svg|fullname=FC Bayern München|founded={{Start date and age|df=yes|1970|6|7|}}|ground=[[FC Bayern Campus]]|capacity=2,500|owntitle=President|owner=[[Herbert Hainer]]|chrtitle=General manager|chairman=[[Bianca Rech]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Karin Danner leaving – Bianca Rech becomes new head of department |url=https://fcbayern.com/frauen/en/news/2023/05/karin-danner-leaving-%E2%80%93-bianca-rech-becomes-new-head-of-department |publisher=FC Bayern Munich |access-date=23 August 2023 |date=2 May 2023}}</ref>|mgrtitle=Head coach|manager=[[Alexander Straus]]|league=[[Frauen-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]]|season=[[2023–24 Frauen-Bundesliga|2023–24]]|position=Bundesliga, 1st of 12 (champions)|website=https://fcbayern.com/frauen/en|pattern_la1=_bayern2425h|pattern_la2=_bayern2324a|pattern_la3=_bayern2324t|pattern_b1=_bayern2425h|pattern_b2=_bayern2324a|pattern_b3=_bayern2324t|pattern_ra1=_bayern2425h|pattern_ra2=_bayern2324a|pattern_ra3=_bayern2324t|pattern_sh1=_bayern2425h|pattern_sh2=_bayern2324a|pattern_sh3=_bayern2324t|pattern_so1=_bayern2425hl|pattern_so2=_bayern2324a|pattern_so3=_bayern2324tl|leftarm1=FF0000|leftarm2=000000|body1=FFFFFF|body2=000000|rightarm1=FF0000|rightarm2=000000|shorts1=FF0000|shorts2=000000|socks1=FF0000|socks2=000000|upright=0.8}} '''FC Bayern Munich''' ke setlhopha sa Jeremane se se porofeshionale sa kgwele ya dinao ya bomme se se kwa Munich, Bravia. Mo bogompienong ba tshameka mo Frauen-Bundesliga, liki e e kwa godimo ya bomme kwa Jeremane. == Ditso == Setlhopha sa bomme sa kgwele ya dinao sa Bayern se simolotswe mo go tlhomamisitsweng ka 1970 le fa bomme ba ne ba tshameka kwa setlhopheng seo e sale ka 1967. Le fa gontse jalo, ka gore DFB e ne e thibetse kgwele ya dinao ya bomme go tswa ka 1955 go ema ka 1970, Bayern e ne e ka kwadisa setlhopha fela ka 1979. Ba ne ba fenya bosimega ja bone ja ntlha ja setshaba ka 1976. Ka 1990 Bayern e ne e le basimolodisi ba Frauen-Bundesliga, mme ba ne ba lelelwa ke selepe sa magagane morago ga setlha se se latelang. Setlhopha se ne sa boela kwa Bundesliga ka 2000. Ka 2009, Bayern e ne e le mo maemong a bobedi mo Bundesliga, ba le fa morago ga ditshimega Turbine Potsdam ka nno e le nngwe fela. Ka setlha sa 2011–12 season ka Motsheganong a le lesome le bobedi ka 2012, FC Bayern Munich ya folosa ditshimega tsa German Cup 1. FFC Frankfurt ka dino tse pedi go lefela mo makgaolakgang a 2011–12 kwa Cologne mme ba keteka katlego e kgolo mo ditsong tsa setlhopha e sale ba fenya liki ka 1976.<ref>"[http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/frauen/dfbpokalfr/dfb-pokal-frauen/2011-12/6/1426976/spielbericht_1-ffc-frankfurt-3447_bayern-muenchen-3444.html FC Bayern ist Pokalsieger – im dritten Anlauf!]" (in German). kicker.de. 12 May 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.</ref> Ka 2015 ba fenya Bundesliga e le lantlha ba sena le fa ele tatlhegelo.<ref>"[http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/frauen/startseite/626761/artikel_muenchnerinnen-sind-frauenfussball-meister.html Münchnerinnen sind Frauenfußball-Meister!]". ''kicker.de''. 10 May 2015.</ref> Ba fenya Bundesliga ya 2015–16, e nna gabedi ka tatelano.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160720164317/http://www.fcbayernmunich.com/us/news/news/2016/fc-bayern-women-crowned-bundesliga-champions.php FCB women crowned champions]". Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2016.</ref> Ka Motsheganong wa 2023, Bayern Munich ya keteka bommampodi jo bo gabedi fa setlhopha sa bomme lesa borre di fenya bosimega ja lefatshe ja liki ya kgwele ya dinao mo malatsing a le mabedi.<ref>"[https://fcbayern.com/en/news/2023/05/bundesliga-champions-2023/double-title-men-and-women-celebrate-championship FC Bayern celebrate German championship with men and women]". ''fcbayern.com''. FC Bayern München AG. 28 May 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.</ref> Phenyo ya dino tse lesome le motso go e nngwe ya Turbine Potsdam mo letsatsing la bofelo la setlha ya a fa bomme ba FCB bosimega ja bone ja Bundesliga ja bone le bosimega ja setshaba ja botlhano palogotlhe, se se kaya phenyo ya setlhopha seo e tona mo ditsong.<ref>"[https://fcbayern.com/frauen/en/matches/frauen/bundesliga/2022-2023/fc-bayern-frauen-turbine-potsdam-27-05-2023/report FCB Women seal club's fifth league title]". ''fcbayern.com''. FC Bayern München AG. Retrieved 24 August 2023.</ref> == Metswedi == 0mfd116p84v5l7bvunm44c9o0ukle06 0 10715 56957 50654 2026-10-30T05:11:47Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 56957 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:AfricanContinentalFreeTradeArea.svg|thumb|Mmepe wa tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika]] '''Lefelo ya kgwebo ya mahala la Aforika'''<ref>Loes Witschge (March 20, 2018). [https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2018/3/20/african-continental-free-trade-area-what-you-need-to-know "African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know]". [[:en:Al_Jazeera_Media_Network|''Al Jazeera''.]]</ref> ke lefelo la kgwebo ya mahala le le akaretsang bontsi jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]].<ref name=":7">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43489255 "African states agree massive trade bloc]". ''BBC News''. March 21, 2018. Retrieved 02 July 2025.</ref><ref name=":8">"[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-21/africa-set-to-agree-3-trillion-trade-bloc-without-key-economy Africa Set to Agree $3 Trillion Trade Bloc, Without Key Economy]". ''Bloomberg.com''. March 21, 2018. Retrieved 02 July 2025.</ref><ref>AfricaNews. [https://www.africanews.com/2018/03/21/forty-four-countries-sign-historic-africa-union-free-trade-agreement/ "Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement | Africanews"]. ''Africanews''. Retrieved 02 July 2025.</ref> Le tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa 2018 ke tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika, e e nang le batsaya karolo ba le masome a mane le boraro, le ba ba beileng monwana ba le lesome le motso, se se dira gore e nne lone lefelo le letona la kgwebo ya mahala ka palo ya mafatshe a e leng maloko, le sala morago World Trade Organisation<ref>Justina Crabtree (March 20, 2018). "[https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/20/africa-leaders-to-form-largest-free-trade-area-since-the-wto.html Africa is on the verge of forming the largest free trade area since the World Trade Organization". ''CNBC''.]</ref> e e leng yone e tona ka palo ya batho le bophara, le akaretsa batho ba le 1.3 billion mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Tumalano e e tlhamileng AfCFTA e ne ya emelwa ke lekgotla la African Union ya bewa monwana ke mafatshe a e leng maloko a le masome a mane le bone jwa mafatshe a a masome a matlhano le botlhano kwa Kigali, Rwanda ka mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le bongwe, ngwaga wa 2018.<ref name=":0">"[https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2018/03/22/forty-four-african-countries-sign-a-free-trade-deal Forty-four African countries sign a free-trade deal]". ''The Economist''. March 22, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.arabnews.com/node/1270936/business-economy "44 African nations sign pact establishing free trade area"]. ''Arab News''. March 21, 2018. Retrieved 02 July 2025.</ref> Kakanyetso e ne e tshwanetse go simolola mo malatsing a le masome a mararo morago ga paakanyo ya mafatshe a a beileng monwana a le masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref name=":0" /> Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le malatsi a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>Abdi Latif Dahir (April 3, 2019). [https://qz.com/africa/1586526/africa-free-trade-deal-gets-gambia-signature-to-go-into-force "Africa's historic free trade deal now has enough countries signed up to go into force"]. ''Quartz Africa''.</ref> lefatshe la Sahrawi Republic le ne la dira paakanyo ya bo masome a mabedi le bobedi, se se baka gore tumalano e twelele ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a a masome mararo; e simolotse go bereka morago ga bokopano ka Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190602063054/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190429/afcfta-agreement-secures-minimum-threshold-22-ratification-sierra-leone-and "AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments"]. African Union. April 29, 2019.</ref> mme ya simolola semmuso ka Firikgong a tlhola gangwe, ngwaga wa 2021. Ditherisanyo le tlhamo ya AfCFTA di eteletswe pele ke mokwaledimogolo wa sennelaruri o o kwa Accra, Ghana.<ref name=":1">[https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/african-continental-free-trade-area U.S. International Trade Administration, African Continental Free Trade Area] (3 January 2022).</ref><ref>[https://www.myjoyonline.com/akufo-addo-commissions-and-hands-over-afcfta-secretariat-to-au-commission/ "Akufo-Addo commissions and hands-over AfCFTA secretariat to AU commission"]. ''Joy online''. August 17, 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2025.</ref> Mo tumalanong e, maloko a AfCFTA a itlamile go emisa makgetho mo dilwaneng le ditirelo tse dintsi mo sebakeng sa dingwaga di le tlhano, some kotsa lesome le boraro go ya ka tlhabologo ya lefatshe kgotsa seemo sa dithoto.<ref name=":1" /> Maikaelelo a akaretsa go dira marekisetso a a moono mongwe; a fokotsa mathata a madi a tshimololo le pereko go dira gore go nne motlhofo go beeletsa; go tlhabolola dikago mo kgaolong; le go diragatsa bokopano jwa kgwebo.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area". |url=https://www.tralac.org/documents/resources/african-union/2162-afcfta-agreement-legally-scrubbed-version-signed-16-may-2018/file.html |access-date=2025-07-02 |archive-date=2023-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520213136/https://www.tralac.org/documents/resources/african-union/2162-afcfta-agreement-legally-scrubbed-version-signed-16-may-2018/file.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> maikaelelo a AfCFTA ke go oketsa tlhabololo ya itsholelo, go fokotsa lehuma, le go dira gore Aforika a phadisane mo itsholelelong ya mafatshe. Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2022, a le malatsi a le lesome le boraro, AfCFTA e ne ya tsaya kgato e tona mo maikaelelong a yone ka go tlhama mafaratlhatlha a dituelo a Aforika a le mongwe, a a letlang dituelo mo dikomponeng tse di dirang mo Aforika go dirwa ka madi mangwe le mangwe a Aforika.<ref name=":1" /> Ka Moranang ngwaga wa 2024, lekgotla la African Union le ne la itsese gore AfCFTA e simolotse go diragatsa tumalano. Legato le le le diragatsang tumalano, le supagala ka tse di latelang: * Go tlhomiwa ga melao ya tshimolo, e e tla a laolang diemo tsa ka fa selwana kgotsa tirelo di tlaa rekisiwang ka teng go sa tlhokafale babereki; * Phokotso ya makgethomo dilwaneng ka masome a robabongwe mo lekgolong; * Tiriso ya maranyane e letla maloko go bega mathata a ba a itemogelang a go tlhoka makgetho; * Mafaratlhatlha a dituelo tsa Aforika o mongwe, a letla go tlhomamisa dituelo ebile gore batho ba tshephe mafaratlhatlha ao. * Maranyane a peo leitlho kgwebo ya Aforika, go baakanya tse dikganelang kgwebo go tlaa dirwa ke maloko a AU.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20250206210258/https://au.int/en/articles/operational-phase-african-continental-free-trade-area-launched Operational Phase Of The African Continental Free Trade Area Launched]". ''African Union''. Retrieved 02 July 2025.</ref> == Ditso == === Motheo === Ka ngwaga wa 1963, lekgotla la bokopano jwa Aforika le ne la tlhamiwa ke mafatshe a Aforika a a neng a ikemetse ka nosi. Lekgotla le la AOU le ne le ikaelela go rotloetsa tirisano mmogo mo mafatsheng a Aforika. Ka ngwaga wa 1980, le ne la tsenya mo tirisong leano la tiro la Lagos. Leano le ne le akanyetsa gore Aforika o tshwanetse go fokotsa go ikaega ka mafatshe a bophirima ka go rotloetsa kgwebo mo Aforika. Sese simologile ka go tlhama makgotla a le mmalwa a bokopano mo dikgaolong tse difarologanneg tsa Aforika, jaaka Bokopano jwa tlhabololo ya borwa jwa Aforika (Southern African Development Coordination Conference). Se se ne sa baka tumalano ya kwa Abuja ka ngwaga wa 1991, e e neng ya tlhama Komiti ya itsholelo ya Aforika (African Economic Community), lekgotla le le neng le rotloetsa tlhamo ya mafelo a kgwebo a mahala, dikopano tsa dituelo, banka ya legare, le bokopano jwa ledi le le lengwe la Aforika.<ref name=":2">[https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/webditc2016d7_en.pdf "African Continental Free Trade Area: Policy and Negotiation Options for Trade in Goods"] (PDF). ''unctad.org''. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2025.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230423210920/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190704/african-union-will-launch-operational-phase-afcfta-summit-niger "African Union will launch operational phase of the AfCFTA at Summit in Niger"]. ''African Union''. July 4, 2019. Retrieved 02 July 2025.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2002, OAU e ne ya tlhatlhamiwa ke African Union (AU), e nngwe ya maikaelelo a yone e neng e le go fefosa kamano ya itsholelo mo Aforika.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200415235637/https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf "Constitutive Act of the African Union"] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. Retrieved July 2, 2025. <q>Article 3c: "accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;"</q></ref> Maikaelelo a bobedi e le go berekisa mmogo melawana gareng ga makgotla a itsholelo a a teng le a a tla nnang teng mo isagong gore lekgotla le kgone go fitlhelela maikaelelo a lone.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200415235637/https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf "Constitutive Act of the African Union]" (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. Retrieved July 2, 2025. <q>Article 3 (l): "coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;"</q></ref> === Ditherisanyo === Kwa bokopanong jwa ngwaga wa 2012 jwa African Union kwa Addis Ababa, baeteledipele ba ne ba dumalana go tlhama lefelo le lešha la go gweba mahala ka ngwaga wa 2017. Kwa bokpanong jwa ngwaga wa 2015 kwa Johannesburg, bokopabo bo ne jwa dumalana go simolola ditherisanyo. Se se ne sa simolola metseletsele ya ditherisanyo di le lesome tse di diragetseng mo dingwageng di le tharo.<ref>[https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/webditc2016d7_en.pdf "African Continental Free Trade Area: Policy and Negotiation Options for Trade in Goods"] (PDF). ''unctad.org''. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2025.</ref><ref name=":9">Signé, Landry; van der Ven, Colette (May 2019). [https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Keys_to_success_for_AfCFTA.pdf "Keys to success for the AfCFTA negotiations"] (PDF). ''Brookings''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.</ref> Therisanyo ya ntlha e ne e tshwerwe ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2016, ga tshwarwa dikopano di ferabobedi go fitlhelela ka bokopano jwa Mopitlo 2018 kwa Kigali. Go tswa ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2017 ditlhopha tsa maranyane di ne ta tshwara dikopano di le nne, kwa mathata a tsa maranyane go neng ag buisanwa ka one a bo a kwala. Ka Mopitlo a ferabobedi go tsena a ferabongwe, bo tona ba tsa kgwebo ba African Union ba ne ba tlhomamisa kakanyetso e.<ref>tralac, trade law centre. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190507061138/https://www.tralac.org/resources/by-region/cfta.html African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents"]. ''tralac.org''. Retrieved 02 July 2025.</ref> === Bokopano jwa 2018 kwa Kigali === Ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 2018, kwa bokopanong jo bo haphegileng jwa bo lesome jwa African Union mabapi le AcFTA, ditumalano tse difarologaneng di le tharo di ne tsa bewa menwana: tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika, tumalano ya Kigali le Molao wa go tsamaya mo go gololesegileng ga batho. Molao wa go tsamaya mo go gololesegileng ga batho o ikaelela go dira kgaolo e e sa tlhokeng teseletso ya mosepele mo mafatsheng a maloko a AfCFTA, le go ema nokeng go tlhamiwa ga bukana ya mesepele ya Africa Union.<ref>Gwatiwa, Tshepo T.; Sam, Michael Noel (March 14, 2018). [https://theconversation.com/how-the-free-movement-of-people-could-benefit-africa-92057 "How the free movement of people could benefit Africa]". ''The Conversation''. Retrieved 02 July 2025</ref> Kwa bokopanong jwa Kigali ka Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018, mafatshe a le masome a mane le bone a ne a baya monwana AfCFTA, a le masome a mane le bosupa a baya monwana tumalano ya Kigali, fa a le masome a mararo a ne a baya monwana molao wa tsamaya mo go gololesegileng ga batho. Le ntswa go ne go atlegilwe, go ne go na le ba ba saletseng kwa morago, ebong Aforika Borwa le Nigeria, mafatshe a a nang le diitsholelo tse ditona mo Aforika.<ref>Shaban, Abdur Rahman Alfa (March 21, 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230604203539/https://www.africanews.com/2018/03/21/forty-four-countries-sign-historic-africa-union-free-trade-agreement/ "Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement"]. ''AfricaNews''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.</ref><ref name=":3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230604073152/https://www.tralac.org/resources/our-resources/6730-continental-free-trade-area-cfta.html "African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents"]. ''Tralac''. Tralac Trade Law Centre. Retrieved 2 July 2025.</ref><ref name=":4">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230520052416/https://www.tralac.org/resources/by-region/african-union-resources.html "African Union Legal Resources and Policy Documents"]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved 2 July 2025</ref> Se se neng se thatafatsa dilo mo ditherisanyong tse e ne e le gore Aforika o setse akgaogantswe ka dikgaolo tsa kgwebo ya mahala di ferabobedi, nngwe le nngwe e na le melao e e farologaneng. Makgotla a a dikgaolo a tla tswelela ka go bereka; tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika e batla go fokotsan mathata a thekiso kgotsa kgwebo mo Aforika, mme morago e dirisa makgotla a a dikgaolo go simolodisa maikaelelo a Aforika.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10">Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191214041329/https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12869-how-will-the-afcfta-be-established-and-its-legal-instruments-be-implemented.html "How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?"]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.</ref> ==== Melawana e e beilweng monwana kwa bokopanong jwa 2018 jwa Kigali<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240419022613/https://www.tralac.org/documents/resources/african-union/1831-legal-instruments-signed-at-10th-extraordinary-summit-on-afcfta-21-march-2018/file.html "INDICATION OF LEGAL INSTRUMENTS SIGNED AT THE 10TH EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF THE ASSEMBLY ON THE LAUNCH OF THE AFCFTA"]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.</ref> ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Lefatshe !O beilwe monwana ke !AfCFTA !Molao wa Kigali !Molao wa go tsamaya ka kgololesego |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Algeria.svg|left|30x30px]][[Algeria]] |Tonakgolo Ahmed Ouyahia |ee |ee |nnyaa |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Angola.svg|left|30x30px]][[Angola]] |Tautona Joao Lourenco |ee |ee |ee |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|left|30x30px]][[Central African Republic]] |Tautona Faustin Archange Touadera |ee |ee |ee |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Chad.svg|left|30x30px]][[Chad]] |Tautona Idriss Deby |ee |ee |ee |- |[[Comoros]] |Tautona Azali Assoumani |ee |ee |ee |- |[[Djibouti]] |Tautona Ismail Omar Guelleh |ee |ee |nnyaa |- |[[Equatorial Guinea]] |Tonakgolo Francisco Pascual Obama Asue |ee |ee |ee |- |[[Eswatini]] |Tonakgolo Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini |ee |ee |nnyaa |- |[[Gabon]] |Tautona Ali Bongo Ondimba |ee |ee |ee |- |[[The Gambia|Gambia]] |Tautona Adama Barrow |ee |ee |ee |- |Ghana |Tautona Nana Akofu-Addo |ee |ee |ee |- |[[Ivory Coast]] |Mothusa tautona Daniel Kablan Duncan |ee |nnyaa |nnyaa |- |[[Kenya]] |Tautona Uhuru Kenyatta |ee |ee |ee |- |[[Lesotho]] |Tonakgolo Tom Thabane |nnyaa |ee |ee |- |[[Mauritania]] |Tautona Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz |ee |ee |ee |- |[[Morocco]] |Tonakgolo Saadeddine Othmani |ee |nnyaa |nnyaa |- |[[Mozambique]] |Tautona Filipe Nyusi |ee |ee |ee |- |[[Nigeria|Niger]] |Tautona Mahamadou Issoufou |ee |ee |ee |- |[[Republic of the Congo]] |Tautona Denis Sassou Nguesso |ee |ee |ee |- |[[Rwanda]] |Tautona Paul Kagame |ee |ee |ee |- |[[Sahrwari Republic]] |Tautona Brahim Ghali |ee |ee |nnyaa |- |[[Senegal]] |Tautona Macky Sall |ee |ee |ee |- |[[Seychelles]] |Mothusa tautona Vincent Meriton |ee |ee |nnyaa |- |[[Aforika Borwa|South Africa]] |Tautona Cyril Ramaphosa |nnyaa |ee |nnyaa |- |[[Sudan]] |Tonakgolo Abdalla Hamdok |ee |ee |ee |- |[[Tanzania]] |Tonakgolo Kassim Majaliwa |nnyaa |ee |nnyaa |- |[[Uganda]] |Tautona Yoweri Museveni<ref>^{[https://www.tralac.orgtralac.org/news/article/13750-uganda-deposits-its-instrument-of-ratification-of-the-agreement-on-the-afcfta.html TRALAC (November 28, 2018). "Uganda Deposits Its Instrument of Ratification of The Agreement On The AfCFTA"]. Addis Ababa:[''permanent dead link'']}</ref> |ee |ee |ee |- |[[Zimbabwe]] |Tautona Emmerson Mnangagwa |ee |ee |nnyaa |} === Go kwalwa ga melao e mengwe === Ditherisanyo di ne tsa stwelela ka ngwaga wa 2018 ka legato la bobedi, di akaretsa melawana ya tsa peeletso, phadisanyo le ditshwanelo tsa dithoto.<ref name=":5">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190403214541/https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/33984-doc-qa_cfta_en_rev15march.pdf "African Continental Free Trade Area - Questions & Answers" (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union]. March 15, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2025.</ref> Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2020, ditherisanyo tsa AU Assembly di tla konetelwa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180629105428/https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/34055-ext_assembly_dec_1x_e26_march.pdf "Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)"] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. March 21, 2018.</ref> Mokwalo wa ntlha o solofetswe kwa bokopanong jwa AU jwa Firikgong 2020.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180629105428/https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/34055-ext_assembly_dec_1x_e26_march.pdf "Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)"] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. March 21, 2018.</ref> === Ditsholofelo === Ka ngwaga wa 2018, komiti ya itsholelo ya Aforika e ne ya akanyetsa gore AcFCTA e tla oketsa kgwebo ya gare ga Aforika ka masome a matlhano le bobedi mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa 2022.<ref>Witschge, Loes (March 20, 2018). "[https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2018/3/20/african-continental-free-trade-area-what-you-need-to-know African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know"]. Al-Jazeera.</ref> Pego ya ngwaga wa 2020 ya banka ya mafatshe e ne ya solofela fa AfCFTA e ka ntsha batho ba Aforika ba le didikadike di le masome a mararo mo lehumeng la nta ya tlhogo, ya oketsa dikamogelo ya batho ba le didikadike di le masome a supa, le go nna le dipoelo tsa dibilione di le makgolo a mane le masome a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 2035.<ref>[https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/trade/publication/the-african-continental-free-trade-area "The African Continental Free Trade Area]". ''World Bank''. Retrieved 02 July 2025.</ref> == Metheo == Metheo e e latelang e ne e tlhametswe go kgona go tlhama lefelo la kgwebo ya mahala. Morago ga ditherisanyo tsa legato la bobedi, dikomiti tse dingwe di ka tlhamiwa ka melao.<ref>Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191214041329/https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12869-how-will-the-afcfta-be-established-and-its-legal-instruments-be-implemented.html "How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?"]. ''tralac Discussion''. trade law centre. Retrieved 2 July 2025.</ref> Mokwaledi wa AfCFTA o lebagane le go lomaganya go tlhamiwa ga tumalano, ebile ke mokgatlho mo AU. Le ntswa e na le ba molao ba ba ikemetseng, e bereka thata le komiti ya AU ebile e amogela madi go tswa kwa AU. Khansele ya botona ba tsa kgwebo e ne e tshwanetse go tsaya tshwetso ya lefelo la ofisikgolo, ka fa e tla dirwang ka teng, ditiro le maikarabelo.<ref name=":5" /> Bokopano jwa botautona ba mafatshe a e leng maloko a AU ke bone bo tsayang ditshwetso. E ka nna ya kopana ka dikopano tsa AU.<ref name=":6">Chidede, Talkmore (March 15, 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190531234057/https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12838-the-legal-and-institutional-architecture-of-the-agreement-establishing-the-african-continental-free-trade-area.html "The legal and institutional architecture of the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area"]. ''tralac Discussion''. trade law centre. Retrieved 02 July 2025.</ref> Khansele ya botona ba kgwebo e baya melao ebo e netefatsa gore tlhamo le kgonagalo ya tumalano ya AfCFTA e a diragadiwa.<ref name=":6" /> Dikomiti di le mmalwa di tlhamilwe: ka kgwebo ya dithoto, kgwebo ya ditirelo, melao ya tlholego, tshiamiso ya kgwebo, mathata a makgetho; mathata a tsa maranyane le dikgato tsa bophepa.<ref name=":6" /> Ditsela tsa go baakanya dintwa di santse di buisanwa, mme di tla akaretsa lekgotla la tharabololo ya dikgotlang.<ref name=":5" /> Komiti ya botona ba kgwebo e diragatsa ditshwetso tsa khansele. Komiti e e e itebaganste le tlhabololo ya mananeo le maano a go dira tumalano e ya AfCFTA.<ref name=":6" /> == Tiragatso == AfCFTA e tla diragadiwa ka magato, mangwe a magato a a santse go buisanwa ka one.<ref>Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191214041329/https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12869-how-will-the-afcfta-be-established-and-its-legal-instruments-be-implemented.html "How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?".] ''Tralac''. Retrieved 2 July 2025.</ref> Legato lantlha le akaretsa kgwebo ya dithoto le ya ditirelo. Legato la bobedi le akaretsa ditshwanelo tsa dithoto tsa tlhaloganyo, peeletso le go phadisana. Legato la boraro le akaretsa kgwebo ya mo maranyaneng. Kwa bokopanong jwa Kigali jwa ngwaga wa 2018, ditumalano di nnile mo melaong ya thekiso, ditsela tsa go rarabolola ditlhoka kutlwisisano, tirisanommogo ya thekiso, ka fa kgwebo e tla dirwang ka teng le melao ya tlholego ya dithoto. Go ne ga nna le tumalano ya go fokotsa makgetho ka masome a robabongwe mo lekgolong ga dithoto tsotlhe. Lefatshe lengwe le lengwe le letl elelwa go ntsha boraro mo lekgolong la dithoto tsa lone mo tumalanong e.<ref name=":9" /> Se e ne e le legato la ntlha la tumalano, le le akaretsang go gololwa ga dithoto le ditirelo. Mathata mangwe a legato lantlha a a santseng go buisanwa ka one a karetsa nako ya makgetho le tse dingwe.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Bokopano jo bo haphegileng jwa bo lesome le bobedi jwa African Union mabapi le AfCFTA, bo ne jwa simolola tumalano e, kwa Niamey ka Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190602063054/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190429/afcfta-agreement-secures-minimum-threshold-22-ratification-sierra-leone-and "AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments".] ''African Union''. April 29, 2019. Retrieved 02 July 2025</ref><ref name=":11">Meldrum, Andrew (July 7, 2019). [https://apnews.com/article/e5ab779ada5e40c2a2ae782f844e519a "African leaders to launch continent-wide free trade zone".] ''AP News''. Associated Press. Retrieved 2 July 2025.</ref> Kwa tshimololong go ne ga simololwa melao e le metlhano e e tlaa etelelang pele: molao wa tlhamo, bokopano jwa therisanyo jwa maranyane, go lebelela le go emisa mathata a tsa makgetho, mafaratlhatlha a tsa dituelo, le lekalana le le okametseng kgwebo mo Aforika.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230609151728/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190707/operational-phase-african-continental-free-trade-area-launched-niger-summit "Operational phase of the African Continental Free Trade Area is launched at Niger Summit of the African Union"]. ''African Union''. July 7, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2025.</ref> Legato la bobedi le la boraro a solofetswe go simololwa ke mafatshe a e leng maloko a AU. Ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2020, bokopano jwa baeteledipele kgotsa botautona ba mafatshe jwa AU bo ne jwa tsaya tshwetso ya gore legato la boraro le tla simolola morago ga ditherisanyo tsa legato la bobedi, tse di neng di solofetswe go fela ka Morule ngwaga wa 2020.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, sebaka se se ne sa diega ka ntlha ya segajaja sa COVID-19 mo Aforika, mme letsatsi le lesha la morule a le malatsi a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2021 le ne la bewa gore go fediwe legato la bobedi le laboraro. AfCFTA e simolotse semmuso ka Firikgong a rogwa ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/1/1/after-months-of-covid-delays-african-free-trade-bloc-launches "After months of COVID delays, African free trade bloc launches".] ''aljazeera.com''. Al Jazeera English. January 1, 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2025</ref> == Boloko == Mo mafatsheng a e leng maloko a AU a a masome a matlhano le botlhano, a le masome a mane le bone a beile monwana tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala, a le masome a mane le bosupa a beile monwana molao wa Kigali fa a le masome a mararo a beile monwana molao wa go tsamaya mo go gololesegileng kwa phelelong ya bokopano jwa Kigali jwa ngwaga wa 2018. Mafatshe a [[Benin]], [[Botswana]], Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, [[Nigeria]] le [[Zambia]] ke mangwe a mafatshe a a lesome le motso a a neng a sa baya monwana pele.<ref>Uwiringiyimana, Clement (March 21, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-trade/nigeria-keen-to-ensure-africa-trade-bloc-good-for-itself-president-idUSKBN1GX29V/ "Nigeria keen to ensure Africa trade bloc good for itself: president"]. Reuters.</ref> Morago ga bokopano jwa Kigali jwa 2018, menwana e mengwe e ne ya tsewa, Kwa bokopanong jwa bo masome a mararo le motso kwa African Union kwa Nouakchott ka Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa 2018, lefatshe la [[Aforika Borwa]] (le e leng la bobedi ka itsholelo mo Aforika), [[Sierra Leone]], [[Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] le [[Burundi]] a ne a tsenelela tumalano.<ref>"More countries sign the African free trade area agreement". ''The East African''. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> Ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2019, Guinea Bissau, Zambia le Botswana le one a ne a tsenelela. [[Kenya]] le Ghana ke mafatshe a ntlha go dumalana le tumalano e, ba tlhomamisa tumalano ya bone ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a le lesome ngwaga wa 2018.<ref name=":8" /> Mo menwaneng e, e le masome a mabedi le bobedi e ne e tlhoka go tlhomamisa tumalano pele ga e ka diragadiwa, se se ne sa diragala ka Moranang a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 2019, fa Sierra Leone le Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic a ne a tlhomamisa tumalano.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190507061138/https://www.tralac.org/resources/by-region/cfta.html "African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents"]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref> Ka ntlha ya se, tumalano e ne ya simolola malatsi a la masome a mararo morago ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a a masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2019. Tautona wa lefatshe la Nigeria Muhammadu Buhari o ne a le maoto a tshupa go tsenelela AfCFTA a tshaba gore e tla utlusa lefatshe la Nigeria botlhoko mo go tsa kgwebo le mehama ya mo gae,<ref>Giles, Chris (March 22, 2018). [https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/22/africa/african-trade-agreement-world/index.html "44 African countries agree free trade agreement, Nigeria yet to sign"]. CNN.</ref> tshwetso ya gagwe ya go sa tsenelele e ne ya galalediwa ke ditlhopha dingwe mo gae di akaretsa lekgotla la batlhami la Nigeria<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250703072308/https://www.africanews.com/2018/03/23/nigeria-s-buhari-explains-failure-to-sign-continental-free-trade-agreement// "Nigeria's Buhari explains failure to sign continental free trade agreement".] Retrieved 03 July 2025</ref> le bokopano jwa pereko kwa Nigeria. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190624221812/https://www.pulse.ng/bi/strategy/strategy-why-nigeria-south-africa-did-not-join-other-nations-to-sign-continental-free/1sfvms6 "Why Nigeria, South Africa did not join other Nations to sign Continental Free Trade agreement"]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref>Puso ya lefatshe la Nigeria e ne e ikaelela go botsolosa mo go tseneletseng le dikgwebo tsa mo gae go netefatsa gore ba dikgwebo tse diikemetseng ba dumalana le tumalano e,<ref>[https://theconversation.com/why-nigeria-had-good-reasons-to-delay-signing-africas-free-trade-deal-100203 "Why Nigeria had good reasons to delay signing Africa's free trade deal]". Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> ka tshwenyego e tona e ne e le gore a tumalano e e tla hemela ditirelo tsa go phadisana di tshwana le go turusa dithoto.<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/201811080199.html "Nigeria: Why We Are Worried Over African Free Trade Agreement - Dangote, MAN, LCCI"]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa 2019, dikgwedi fela morago ga go tlhophiwa gape, Buhari o ne a dumalana go tsenelela tumalano kwa bokopanong jwa UN jwa bo lesome le bobedi mabapi le AfCFTA.<ref>Kazeem, Yomi (July 3, 2019). [https://qz.com/africa/1657861/nigeria-to-sign-africa-free-trade-agreement-afcfta "Africa's largest economy is finally backing the continent's plans for a single free trade market"]. ''Quartz Africa''.</ref> Kwa bokopanong joo, lefatshe la Benin le lone le ne la itlama go baya monwana tumalano, le tlogela la Eritrea e le lone fela la mafatshe a maloko a AU a a masome a matlhano le botlhano a a sa bayang monwana.<ref>AfricaNews (July 6, 2019). [https://www.africanews.com/2019/07/06/eritrea-now-sole-outsiders-of-free-trade-deal-as-nigeria-benin-sign-up/ "Eritrea now sole outsiders of free trade deal as Nigeria, Benin sign up"]. ''Africanews''. Retrieved 3 July 2025</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250703072308/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/nigeria-finally-commits-to-signing-the-africa-free-trade-agreement/ "Nigeria finally commits to signing the Africa free trade agreement"]. ''The South African''. July 3, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2025</ref> <ref name=":11" />Lefatshe la Eritrea le ne la seka la nna bontlha jwa tumalano ya ntlha ka ntlha ya ntwa e e neng e tsweletse, mme tumalano ya kagiso ya ngwaga wa 2018 gareng ga mafatshe a Ethiopia le Eritrea e ne ya fedisa kgotlhang ya bo ya emisa se se neng se kganela Eritrea go tsaya karolo mo tumalanong ya kgwebo ya mahala.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":12">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48899701 "Nigeria signs African free trade area agreement"]. BBC. July 7, 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2025</ref><ref>Jones, Mayeni (July 7, 2019). [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48899701 "Nigeria signs African free trade area agreement".] ''BBC News''. BBC. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref><ref>Ighobor, Kingsley (August–November 2018). [https://africarenewal.un.org/en "Africa set for a massive free trade area".] ''Africa Renewal''. United Nations. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240714192856/https://www.tralac.org/resources/infographics/13795-status-of-afcfta-ratification.html "Status of AfCFTA Ratification"]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref> Ka Phatwe ngwaga wa 2024, go na le mafatshe a maloko a le masome a matlhano le bone a a beileng monwana, a le masome a mane le borobabobedi a tlhomamisitse.<ref>Ndlovu, Sitshengisiwe (July 23, 2020). [https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/afcfta-establishment-pushed-to-2021-by-covid-19/ "AfCFTA establishment pushed to 2021 by Covid-19".] ''The Herald''. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220715192327/https://au.int/en/speeches/20200319/statement-he-mr-wamkele-mene-occasion-swearing-secretary-general-afcfta "Statement of H.E. Mr. Wamkele Mene on the Occasion of Swearing-in as the Secretary General of the AfCFTA Secretariat".] African Union. March 19, 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2025</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230603150556/https://www.tralac.org/resources/infographic/13795-status-of-afcfta-ratification.html "AfCFTA: Towards the African Continental Free Trade Area".] ''Tralac''. May 6, 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2025</ref> Fa godimo ga foo, lefatshe le le lengwe ([[Somalia]]) le feditse tlhomamiso ya lone ya mo gae, mme le ne le ise le tlhomamise ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 2020.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230603150556/https://www.tralac.org/resources/infographic/13795-status-of-afcfta-ratification.html "AfCFTA: Towards the African Continental Free Trade Area"]. ''Tralac''. May 6, 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref><ref>[http://www.news.cn/ "Somalia approves Africa free trade area treaty for ratification - Xinhua | English.news.cn"]. ''www.xinhuanet.com''.</ref> Eritrea ke lone fela lefatshe le e lelng leloko la AU le le iseng le beye monwana ka ngwaga wa 2019.<ref name=":12" /> === Lenaane la ba ba beileng menwana le batsaya karolo mo tumalanong === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Lefatshe !a le beile monwana !letsatsi la go baya monwana !a le tlhomamisitse !letsatsi la tlhomamiso !A le beeleditse !letsatsi la peeletso |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Algeria.svg|left|30x30px]][[Algeria]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Seetebosigo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2021 |ee |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2021<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231008162033/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-06/25/c_1310026264.htm "UNECA announces initiative to spur role of AfCFTA in Africa's post-COVID-19 economic recovery".] June 25, 2021.</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Angola.svg|left|30x30px]][[Angola]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Phalane a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa 2020 |ee |Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane, ngwaga wa 2020<ref>Abdulrahman Olagunju (November 4, 2020)[https://www.africannewspage.net/2020/11/angola-becomes-30th-state-party-to-the-afcfta-by-depositing-instruments-of-ratification/ . "Angola becomes 30th state party to the AfCFTA by depositing instruments of ratification".]</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Benin.svg|left|30x30px]][[Benin]] |ee |Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019 |nnyaa | |nnyaa | |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Botswana.svg|left|30x30px]][[Botswana]] |ee |Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2019 |ee | |ee |Tlhakole a le lesome le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2023 |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|left|30x30px]][[Burkina Faso]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Motsheganong a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019<ref>[https://northafricapost.com/31338-africas-free-trade-zone-kicks-off.html "Africa's Free Trade Zone Kicks-Off".] Retrieved 2 July 2025.</ref> |- |[[Burundi]] |ee |Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Seetebosigo a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa 2021 |ee |Phatwe a le masome a mabedi le borataro, ngwaga wa 2021 |- |[[Cameroon]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2020 |ee |Morule a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2020 |- |[[Central African Republic]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Moranang a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2020 |ee |Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa 2020 |- |[[Cape Verde]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Ngwanatsele a le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa 2020 |ee |Tlhakole a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa 2022 |- |[[Chad]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Seetebosigo a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2018<ref name=":13">[https://web.archive.org/web/20250715025448/https://en.igihe.com/news/five-more-countries-sign-two-ratify-afcfta-at-au.html "Five more countries sign, two ratify AfCFTA at AU Summit".] July 3, 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2025.</ref> |- |[[Ivory Coast]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Ngwanatsele a le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Ngwanatsele a le masome a mabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2018 |- |[[Comoros]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee | |ee |Tlhakole a le lesome le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2023 |- |[[Republic of the Congo]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Tlhakole a le malatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2019 |- |[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa 2022 |ee |Tlhakole a le masome a mabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2022 |- |[[Djibouti]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Tlhakole a le malatsi a matlhano, ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Tlhakole a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa 2019 |- |[[Egypt]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Tlhakole a le malatsi a a masome a mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Moranang a robaboedi ngwaga wa 2019<ref>[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/68092/Egypt-is-18th-AfCFTA-ratification-instrument-depositor "Egypt is 18th AfCFTA ratification instrument depositor".] April 8, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2025.</ref> |- |[[Equatorial Guinea]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Seetebosigo a le malatsi a a masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2019<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190707143303/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/07/c_138206491.htm "Gabon, Equatorial Guinea submit AfCFTA ratification to AU".] Archived from the original on July 7, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2025</ref> |- |Eritrea |nnyaa | |nnyaa | |nnyaa | |- |[[Eswatini]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Seetebosigo a le malatsi a a masome a mabedi le motso, ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018<ref name=":13" /> |- |[[Ethiopia]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Mopitlo a le masome amabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Moranang a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2019<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240702135651/https://au.int/ar/node/36361 "Ethiopia deposits instruments of ratification of AfCFTA"]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref> |- |[[Gabon]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Phukwi a le malatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2019<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190707143303/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/07/c_138206491.htm "Gabon, Equatorial Guinea submit AfCFTA ratification to AU".] Archived from the original on July 7, 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref> |- |[[Gambia]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Moranang a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Moranang a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 2019 |- |Ghana |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Motsheganong a le malatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Motsheganong a le lesome ngwaga wa 2018<ref name=":14">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231008162812/https://www.tralac.org/news/article/13033-kenya-and-ghana-ratify-instruments-of-african-continental-free-trade-area.html "Kenya and Ghana deposit instruments of African Continental Free Trade Area ratification"]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref> |- |[[Guinea]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Phukwi a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Phalane a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 2018 |- |[[Guinea-Bissau]] |ee |Tlhakole a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Phalane a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Phatwe a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2022 |- |[[Kenya]] |ee |Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Motsheganong ale malatsi a marataro, ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Motsheganong a le lesome ngwaga wa 2018<ref name=":14" /> |- |[[Lesotho]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Phalane a le malatsi a a masome mabedi, ngwaga wa 2020 |ee |Ngwanatsele a le amsome a amabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2020 |- |[[Liberia]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Phukwi a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2023 |ee |Phukwi a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2024<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230603150556/https://www.tralac.org/resources/infographic/13795-status-of-afcfta-ratification.html "Status of AfCFTA Ratification"]. ''Tralac.org''. Retrieved July 3, 2025.</ref> |- |[[Libya]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |nnyaa | |nnyaa | |- |[[Madagascar]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |nnyaa | |nyaa | |- |[[Malawi]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Ngwanatsele a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2020 |ee |Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa 2021<ref>[http://www.news.cn/ "Malawi deposits AfCFTA ratification to AU".] January 15, 2021. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> |- |[[Mali]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Firikgong a le lesome le motso, ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Tlhakole a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2019 |- |[[Mauritania]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Tlhakole a le lesome le motso, ngwaga wa 2019<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240705024825/https://au.int/sw/node/35799 "Deposit of the instrument of Ratification of the AfCFTA Agreement by Mauritania"]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref> |- |[[Mauritius]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Lwetse a le masome a mararo, ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Phalane a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019 |- |[[Morocco]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Tlhakole a le masome a mabedi le bone, ngwaga wa 2022 |ee |Moranang a le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 2022 |- |[[Mozambique]] |ee |Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Firkgong a le malatsi a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2023 |ee |Phukwi a le malatsi a matlhano, ngwaga wa 2023 |- |[[Namibia]] |ee |Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Tlhakole a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2019 |- |Niger |ee |Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Seetebosigo a le lesome le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2018<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231008162808/https://www.tralac.org/news/article/13137-niger-deposits-its-instrument-of-ratification-of-the-agreement-on-the-afcfta.html "Niger deposits its instrument of ratification of the Agreement on the AfCFTA".] Retrieved 3 July 2025</ref> |- |[[Nigeria]] |ee |Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Morule a le malatsi a mararo, ngwaga wa 2020 |ee |Morule a le malatsi a matlhano, ngwaga wa 2020<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250703073723/https://www.uneca.org/storys/nigeria-becomes-34th-country-ratify-afcfta-agreement "Nigeria becomes 34th country to ratify AfCFTA agreement".] December 5, 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref> |- |[[Rwanda]] |ee |Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borataro, ngwaga wa 2018<ref>[https://www.africanews.com/2018/05/27/rwanda-becomes-third-country-to-ratify-au-free-trade-pact/ "Rwanda becomes third country to ratify A.U. free trade pact"]. May 27, 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref> |- |[[Sahrawi Republic]] |ee |Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Moranang a le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Moranang a le masome a mararo, ngwaga wa 2019 |- |[[São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé and Prìncipe]] |ee |Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Seetebosigo a le malatsi a masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2019<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/africanunion.ecosocc/posts/2381006718834255/ "African Union ECOSOCC".] ''Facebook''. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref> |- |[[Senegal]] |ee |Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Mopitlo a le lesome le bobedi, ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Moranang a le malatsia mabedi, ngwaga wa 2019 |- |[[Seychelles]] |ee |Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Phukwi a robabobedi, ngwaga wa 2021 |ee |Lwetse a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa 2021 |- |[[Sierra Leone]] |ee |Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Moranang a le lesome le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Moranang a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2019 |- |[[Somalia]] |ee |Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee | |nnyaa | |- |[[Aforika Borwa|South Africa]] |ee |Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Firkgong a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Tlhakole a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2019<ref name=":15">[https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/president-deposits-sas-afcfta-instrument-ratification "President deposits SA's AfCFTA instrument of ratification"]. February 11, 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2025</ref><ref name=":15" /> |- |[[South Sudan]] |ee |Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |nnyaa | |nnyaa | |- |[[Sudan]] |ee |Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |nnyaa | |nnyaa | |- |[[Tanzania]] |ee |Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Firikgong a le lesome le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2022 |ee |Firikgong a le lesome le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2022<ref>[https://x.com/tanzaniainaddis/status/1482988442338439168 <nowiki>Tanzania Embassy in Ethiopia [@tanzaniainaddis] (January 17, 2022). "Ambassador deposits instrument of accession"</nowiki>] (Tweet). Addis Ababa. Retrieved 3 July 2025– via Twitter.</ref> |- |[[Togo]] |ee |Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Firikgong a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Moranang a le malatsi a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2019 |- |[[Tunisia]] |ee |Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Lwetse a le mlatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2020 |ee |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2020 |- |[[Uganda]] |ee |Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi, ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Tlhakole a le malatsi a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231008162035/https://www.tralac.org/news/article/13750-uganda-deposits-its-instrument-of-ratification-of-the-agreement-on-the-afcfta.html "Uganda deposits its instrument of ratification of the Agreement on the AfCFTA"]. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref> |- |[[Zambia]] |ee |Tlhakole a le malatsi a a lesome ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Firkgong a le masome amabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 2021 |ee |Tlhakole a le malatsi a matlhano, ngwaga wa 2021<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250703073723/https://www.uneca.org/stories/zambia-latest-country-ratify-african-continental-free-trade-area-afcfta-agreement "Zambia is latest country to ratify the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement".] February 8, 2021. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> |- |[[Zimbabwe]] |ee |Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 |ee |Moranang a le masome mabedi le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2019 |ee |Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le bone, ngwaga wa 2019<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190814122820/https://www.uneca.org/stories/zimbabwe%E2%80%99s-national-consultative-forum-african-continental-free-trade-area-slated-19-june "Zimbabwe's National Consultative Forum on the African continental free trade area slated for 19 June"]. Archived from [https://www.uneca.org/stories/zimbabwe%E2%80%99s-national-consultative-forum-african-continental-free-trade-area-slated-19-june the original] on August 14, 2019. Retrieved 03 July 2025.</ref> |} == Mafatshe a mangwe a e leng maloko a AU == Lefatshe la Eritrea ga le a baya monwana ka ntlha ya dikgotlhang le la Ethiopia, mme ka ngwaga wa 2019, morago ga bokopano jwa 2018 jwa Eritrea le Ethiopia, mogogi wa tsa kgwebo le mehama wa African union o ne a solofetse gore lefatshe la Eritrea le tla a baya monwana mo tumalanong e.<ref name=":12" /> == Metswedi == 44r21nodrtnud4uj1nnl3owbvs2rzuv 0 10804 56952 51059 2026-10-30T00:39:23Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 56952 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mafatshe a selekane''', a gantsi a bidiwang mafatshe a selekane a Britain,<ref>Srinivasan, Krishnan (2008). ''The rise, decline, and future of the British Commonwealth'' (Paperback ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-230-20367-9|978-0-230-20367-9]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1554175.stm "Profile: The Commonwealth"]. ''BBC News''. February 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200906101930/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1554175.stm Archived] from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2025.</ref> ke lekgotla la mafatshefatshe le le nang le maloko a mafatshe a le masome a matlhano le borataro, a bontsi jwa one e leng dikgaolo tsa pele tsa bogosi jwa Britain, tse lekgotla le le tlhamilweng ka tsone.<ref>[https://thecommonwealth.org/about-us "About Us"]. Commonwealth Secretariat. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220910080412/https://thecommonwealth.org/about-us Archived] from the original on 10 September 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2025.</ref> Mafatshe a a kopantswe ke tiriso ya puo ya Sekgowa le kamano ya ngwao le ditso. Metheo ya lekgotla le ke mokwaledimogolo wa mafatshe a selekane, o o itebagantseng le botsalano jwa dipuso, le motheo wa mafatshe a selekane, o o itebagantseng le botsalano jo e seng jwa puso mo mafatsheng ao.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100619122827/http://thecommonwealth.org/Internal/191086/191247/the_commonwealth/ "The Commonwealth".] Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from [https://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/191086/191247/the_commonwealth the original] on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2025</ref> Makgotla a le mantsi a amana ebile a berekela mo teng ga mafatshe a selekane.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070831143745/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/151814/commonwealth_family/ "Commonwealth Family"]. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from [https://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/151814/commonwealth_family/ the original] on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2025.</ref> Mafatshe a selekane a tswa bogologolong jwa sephatlo sa ntlha sa lekgolo la dingwaga di le masome mabedi ka kgololesego ya bogosi jwa Britain ka go ipusa ga dikgaolo tsa bone. Lekgotla le le tlhamilwe e le mafatshe a selekane a Britain ka kitsiso ya balfour kwa bokopanong jwa Imperia jwa 1926, la tlhomamisiwa semmuso ke lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka molao wa Westminster ka ngwaga wa 1931. Ka ngwaga wa 1949, molao wa London o ne wa letla lefatshe la India go sala mo mafatshe a selekane e le lefatshe, se se tshwaya phetogo e e botlhokwa ya lekgotla leo.<ref>[https://thecommonwealth.org/history "Our history".] Commonwealth Secretariat. Retrieved 18 July 2025.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100706045924/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/181889/34293/35468/214257/londondeclaration.htm "The London Declaration".] Commonwealth of Nations. 26 April 1949. Archived from [https://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/181889/34293/35468/214257/londondeclaration.htm the original] on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2025.</ref> Moeteledipele wa mafatshe a selekane ke Kgosi Charles wa bobedi. Ke kgosi ya mafatshe a maloko a le lesome le botlhano, fa mafatshe a mangwe a maloko a le masome mararo le borataro e le mafatshe a a ikemetseng, fa a le matlhano a na le dikgosi tse di farologanneg. Le nstwa a nnile moeteledipele morago ga mmagwe ebong Queen Elizabeth wa bobedi a sena go tlhokafala, maemo a ga neelanwe go ya ka losika.<ref>[https://www.victorialeague.co.uk/our-commonwealth "The Commonwealth"]. ''The Victoria League for Commonwealth Friendship''. 21 May 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210124092021/https://www.victorialeague.co.uk/our-commonwealth Archived] from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2025</ref> Banni ba mafatshe a selekane ba akola ditshiamelo tsa mafatshe a maloko, bogolo jang kwa United Kingdom, mafatshe a selekane a emelwa mo go a mangwe ke makgotla e seng baemedi. Mafatshe a e leng maloko ga a na ditlamego tsa semolao mo go a mangwe, le ntswa ditumalano tsa itsholelo, boatlhodi le sesole di teng gareng ga mafatshe. Molao wa mafatshe a selekane o tlhalosa dikgatlhego tse ba di tlhakanetseng tsa puso ya batho ka batho, ditshwanelo tsa setho le molao<ref>[https://thecommonwealth.org/charter "Commonwealth Charter"]. Commonwealth Secretariat. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230401035517/https://thecommonwealth.org/charter Archived] from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2025</ref> jaaka di rotloediwa ke metshameko ya mafatshe a selekane e e diragalang mo dingwageng di le nne. Bontsi jwa mafatshe a selekane ke mafatshe a mannye, fa ditlhaketlhake tse di santse di tlhabologa di dira sephatlo sa boloko. == Ditso == === Mabaka a ntlha a kgopolo === [[Setshwantsho:British Commonealth of Nations handwritten on Anglo-Irish Treaty draft.png|thumb|Kakanyetso ya ntlha ya ,olao wa Anglo-Irish wa 1921]] Mmamosadinyana Elizabeth wa bobedi, mo mafokong a gagwe a a bolelela Canada kwa letsatsi la boeteledipele ka ngwaga wa 1959, o ne a supa gore bokopano jwa Canada ka Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa 1867 e ne e le botsalo jwa lefatshe la ntlha go ipusa mo bogosing jwa Britain. O ne a re, go tshwaya tshimologo ya go tshwaragana ga mafatshe a a ikemetseng mo jaanong go bidiwang mafatshe a selekane.<ref>Queen Elizabeth II (1 July 1959). ''[https://www.cbc.ca/archives Queen Elizabeth's 1959 Dominion Day Message]''. Government House (Rideau Hall), Ottawa: CBC. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151120073412/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/queen-elizabeths-1959-dominion-day-message Archived] from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2025.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100619122654/http://thecommonwealth.org/Internal/191086/34493/history/ "History – Though the modern Commonwealth is just 60 years old, the idea took root in the 19th century".] Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from [https://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/191086/34493/history the original] on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2025.</ref> Go tswa bogologolong jwa Firikgong a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa 1884, Lord Rosebery fa a etetse Adelaide kwa borwa jwa Australia o ne a tlhalosa go fetoga ga bogosi jwa Britain, jaaka dikolone dingwe di ne di ikemela jaaka mafatshe a selekane.<ref>[https://liberalhistory.org.uk/timeline-event/on-this-day-18-1-1884/ "18 January 1884".] ''Journal of Liberal History''. Retrieved 23 July 2025</ref> Dikopano tsa botona ba Britain le dikolone do ne di tshwarwa gangwe le gape go tswa kwa go jwa ntlha jwa 1887, go fitlhelela go tlhamiwa bokopano jwa bateledipele ka ngwaga wa 1911.<ref>Mole, Stuart (September 2004). "Seminars for statesmen': the evolution of the Commonwealth summit". ''[[:en:The_Round_Table_(journal)|The Round Table]]''. '''93''' (376): 533–546. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0035853042000289128 10.1080/0035853042000289128]. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0035-8533 0035-8533]. [[:en:Semantic_Scholar#S2CID|S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3f177c5e770d8efa7779ec02233a659cbc73d08b 154616079].</ref><ref>[[:en:John_Kendle|Kendle, J.E.]] (1967). "[https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/74/3/999/91500?login=true The Colonial and Imperial Conferences, 1887-1911: A Study in Imperial Organization"]. ''The American Historical Review''. Imperial Studies. '''XXVIII'''. London: [[:en:Longman|Longmans]] for the [[:en:Royal_Commonwealth_Society|Royal Commonwealth Society]]. [[:en:Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number|ASIN]] [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CO3QA B0000CO3QA.] doi:[https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/74/3/999/91500?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=true 10.1086/ahr/74.3.999].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg|thumb|Botona ba mafatshe a matlhano a maloko a selekane ka ngwaga wa 1944 kwa bokopanong jwa mafatshe a selekane: go tswa kwa molemeng Mackenzie King (Canada), Jan Smuts (Aforika Borwa), Winston Churchill (United Kingdom), Peter Fraser (New Zealand) le John Curtin (Australia)]] Kgolagano ya mafatshe a selekane, e dule mo bokopanong jwa dikolone. Kakanyo e ne e tsile ka Jan Smuts ka ngwaga wa 1917 fa a tlhama mafoko a "mafatshe a selekane a Britain" a bo a nna le ponelopele ya botsalano jwa mo isagong jwa melaometheo, kwa bokopanong jwa kagiso kwa Paris ka ngwaga wa 1919, jo bo neng bo tseneletswe ke baemedi go tswa kwa mafatsheng a a eteletseng a mangwe pele le la United Kingdom.<ref>F.S. Crafford, ''Jan Smuts: A Biography'' (2005) p. 142</ref><ref>The Irish [[:en:Oath_of_Allegiance_(Ireland)|Oath of Allegiance]], agreed in 1921, included the [[:en:Irish_Free_State|Irish Free State]]'s "adherence to and membership of the group of nations forming the British Commonwealth of Nations".</ref> Mafoko a a ne a lemogiwa ke tumalano ya Anglo-Irish ya ngwaga wa 1921, kwa mafoko a mafatshe a selekane a Britain a neng a emelediwa ka bogosi jwa Britain ka mafoko a maikano a a neng a dirilwe ke maloko a palamente ya Irish Free State.<ref>[[:en:Frank_Pakenham,_7th_Earl_of_Longford|Pakenham, Frank]] (1972). ''Peace by ordeal: an account, from first-hand sources of the negotiation and signature of the Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921''. Sidgwick and Jackson. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-283-97908-8|978-0-283-97908-8]]</bdi>.</ref> === Go amogelwa le go tlhomamisiwa === Kwa kopanong ya kitsiso ya Balfour ya ngwaga wa 1936, lefatshe la United Kingdom ga mmogo le a mangwe a le a rteletseng pele, a ne a dumalana gore a ikemetse a le mo bogosing jwa Britain, a lekana ka maemo, go sena le le kwa tlase ga a mangwe ka gope, mme a kopantswe ke go nna boikanyego mo koroneng, ebile a kopantswe e le maloko a lekgotla la mafatshe a selekane. Lefoko la bolekane le ne la amogelwa semmuso go tlhalosa lekgotla le.<ref>''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA297&redir_esc=y Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism]''. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. 1991. pp. 297–298. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26257-9|<bdi>978-0-313-26257-9</bdi>.]]</ref> Dintlha tse tsa botsalano di ne tsa dirwa semmuso ke molao wa Westminster wa 1931, o o neng o ama Canada go sa tlhoke go tlhomamisiwa, mme mafatshe a  [[Australia|Australia,]] New Zealand le Newfoundland one a ne a tshwanelwa ke go tlhomamisa molao gore o dirisiwe. Lefatshe la Newfoundland le ne la seka la tlhomamisa molao ka ntlha ya mathata a itsholelo le letlhoko la go thusiwa ka tsa madi go tswa kwa London, le ne la amogela go seegelwa fa thoko ga go ipusa ga lone ka ngwaga wa 1934, mme go puso e ne ya boela mo taolong ya London. Lefatshe la Newfoundland morago le ne la kopana le la Canada go nna kgaolo ya lone ya bo lesome ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>Webb, Jeff A. (January 2003)[https://web.archive.org/web/20231209010155/https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/commission-government.php . "The Commission of Government, 1934–1949"]. ''Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141220171931/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/law/commission_gov.html Archived] from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2025.</ref> Mafatshe a Australia le New Zealand a ne a tlhomamisa molao ka ngwaga wa 1942 le 1947 ka go tlhomagana ga one.<ref>''[https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdb/au/legis/cth/consol_act/sowaa1942379/ Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942]'' (Cth)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110522195038/http://www.parliament.nz/en-NZ/ParlSupport/ResearchPapers/9/1/8/00PLLawRP07041-New-Zealand-sovereignty-1857-1907-1947-or-1987.htm "New Zealand Sovereignty: 1857, 1907, 1947, or 1987?".] ''New Zealand Parliament''. August 2007. Archived from [http://www.parliament.nz/en-NZ/ParlSupport/ResearchPapers/9/1/8/00PLLawRP07041-New-Zealand-sovereignty-1857-1907-1947-or-1987.htm the original] on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2025.</ref> Le ntswa lefatshe la Union of South Africa e ne e se lengwe la mafatshe a a busiwang a a neng a tlhoka go amogela molao wa Westminster gore o diragadiwe, melao e le mebedi - wa seemo sa bokopano wa 1934, le wa ditiro tsa babusi ba bogosi wa 1934 e ne ya fetisiwa ke palamente ya Aforika Borwa go tlhomamisa maemo a Aforika Borwa jaaka lefatshe le le ikemetseng, le go golaganya molao wa Westminster le wa [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>Dugard, John; Bethlehem, Daniel; Plessis, Max du; Katz, Anton (2005). ''International law: a South African perspective''. Lansdowne, South Africa: Juta. p. 19. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7021-7121-5|<bdi>978-0-7021-7121-5</bdi>.]]</ref> === Ntwa ya bobedi ya mafatshe === [[Setshwantsho:British Commonwealth and allies.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho go tswa kwa ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, se supa masole a Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, kolone ya borwa jwa Rhodesia, Aforika Borwa le Imperial India.]] Mafatshe a selekane le bogosi a ne a amega mo dintlheng tsotlhe tsa ntwa ya bobedi ya mafatshe. Leano la go katisa bakgweetis ba difofane la mafatshe a selekane le ne la tlhamelwa bakgweetsa difofabe go tswa mo bogosing le mo mafatsheng a bo a eteletseng pele, le tlhamilwe ke dipuso tsa United Kingdom, Canada. Australia le New Zealand.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100928040820/http://www.airmuseum.ca:80/bcatp.html "History of the Creation of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan".] ''Commonwealth Air Training Plan Museum''. 28 September 2010. Archived from [https://airmuseum.ca/about/the-bcatp/bcatp-facilities-in-manitoba/ the original] on 28 September 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a6651218.shtml "Fact File : Commonwealth and Allied Forces]". ''BBC''. Retrieved 23 July 2025</ref> Mephato ya masole go tswa Australia, Britain, British Raj le New Zealand e ne e le bontlha bongwe jwa sesole sa Britain sa mafatshe a selekane mo ntweng ya Japan morago ga ntwa ya bobedi ya mafatshe.<ref>[https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/atwar/bcof "British Commonwealth Occupation Force 1945–52"]. ''Australian War Memorial''. Retrieved 23 July 2025.</ref> === Kgololesego mo bokoloneng le go ipusa === Morago ga ntwa ya bobedi ya mafatshe e sena go fela, bogosi jwa Britain bo ne jwa phatlaladiwa ka bonya ka bonya. Bontsi jwa dintlha tsa bone di ne di ikemetse e le mafatshe a a ipusang, ebile e le maloko a mafatshe a selekane. Go setse mafatshe a le lesome le bone a a ipusang kwa dikgaolong tse di kwa moseja tse di nang le kamano ya sepolotikk le la United Kingdom. Ka Moranang ngwaga wa 1949, morago ga kitsiso ya London, lefoko "British" le ne la ntshiwa mo setlhogong sa mafatshe a selekane go supa phetogo.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20090804012916/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/191086/34493/187367/celebrating_thecommonwealth_60/ Celebrating thecommonwealth@60]". Commonwealth Secretariat. 26 April 2009. Archived from [https://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/191086/34493/187367/celebrating_thecommonwealth_60 the original] on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2025.</ref> Burma le Aden ke tsone fela dikgaolo tse e neng e le dikolone taa Britain ka nako ya ntwa tse di neng tsa seka tsa tsena mo mafatsheng a selekane ka boipuso. Mafatshe a a neng a sireleditswe ke Britain a a neng a seka a nna maloko a selekane ke la Egypt (le le tsereng boipuso ka 1922), la Iraq (ka 1932), Transjordan (1946), Palestine (le bontlha jwa lone e nnileng kgaolo ya Israel ka 1948), Sudan (1956), British Somaliland (le le neng la agisana le la pele la Italian Somaliland ka ngwaga wa 1960 go tlhama Somali Republic), Kuwait(1961), Bahrain (1971), Oman (1971), Qatar (1971) le United Arab Emirates (1971).<ref>Chris Cook and John Paxton, ''Commonwealth Political Facts'' (Macmillan, 1978).</ref> Lekgotla la mafatshe a selekane morago ga ntwa le ne la neelwa thomo e ntsha ke Queen Elizabeth wa bobedi ka letsatsi la kgaso ya gagwe ya matsalo a ga Keresete ka ngwaga wa 1953, e mo go yone a neng a  bonelapele mafatshe a selekane e le selo se sesha, se agetswe mo moweng wa setho wa botsalano, boikanyego, le keletso ya kgololesego le kagiso.<ref>Brian Harrison, ''Seeking a Role: The United Kingdom 1951—1970'' (Oxford UP, 2009), p. 102.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, ledi la Britain le ne le le bokoa mo le neng le ka se bereke ntle le la United States. Fa godimo ga foo, tatlhegelo ya tshireletso le maemo a madi e ne ya digela tlase ponelopele ya ga Joseph Chamberlain ya lekgolo la dingwaga di le masome a mabedi ya bogosi jwa mafatshe bo bo ka kopanyang go busiwa, tshireletsego e e tshwanang, le kgolo ya batho. Fa godimo ga moo, seabe sa United Kingdom mo dikgannyeng tsa mafatshe se ne sa fokotsega, bogolo jang ka ditatlhegelo tsa mafatshe a India le Singapore.<ref>Harrison, ''Seeking a Role: The United Kingdom 1951—1970'', p. 103.</ref>Fa mapolotiki a Britain pele a ne a solofela gore lekgotla la mafatshe a selekane le tlaa babalela thotloetso ya Britain, ba ne ba latlhegelwa ke tshepho, go bua Krishnan Srinivasan. Tshepho ya Pele e ne ya nyelela ka bonya ka bonya fa melao ya Britain e sekasekiwa kwa dikopanong tsa mafatshe a selekane. Maikutlo a batho mo setshabeng a ne a nna a tshwenyego fa batho ba mafatshe a e seng a batho basweu ba tshologela koo ka bontsi. <ref>Krishnan Srinivasan, "Nobody's Commonwealth? The Commonwealth in Britain's post-imperial adjustment." ''Commonwealth & Comparative Politics'' 44.2 (2006): 257–269.</ref> Mafoko mafatshe a selekane a masha le ne la simolola go dirisiwa kwa United Kingdom (bogolo jang ka ngwaga wa 1960 go tsena 1970) go supa mafatshe a a gololesegileng mo bosheng, go remeletswe thata mo go a eseng a batho basweu le a a santseng a tlhabologa. A ne a dirisiwa thata mo dingangisanong mabapi le go fuduga go tswa kwa mafatsheng ao.<ref>Hennessy, Patrick (5 June 2004). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1463759/Blair-calls-for-quotas-on-immigrants-from-New-Commonwealth.html "Blair calls for quotas on immigrants from 'New Commonwealth'"]. [[:en:The_Daily_Telegraph|''The Telegraph''.]] Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180819203727/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1463759/Blair-calls-for-quotas-on-immigrants-from-New-Commonwealth.html the original] on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2025.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le dikolone tsa pele ga 1945 a ne a itsiwe jaaka mafatshe a selekane a magologolo<ref>de Villiers, Marq (1998). "Review of ''The Ambiguous Champion: Canada and South Africa in the Trudeau and Mulroney Years'' by Linda Freeman". ''International Journal''. '''53''' (4): 783–785 : 783.</ref> kgotsa mafatshe a selekane a batho basweu.<ref>Merriman, J.; Winter, J., eds. (2006). "British Empire". ''Europe since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction''. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 45. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31366-5|978-0-684-31366-5]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC#OCLC|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/title/68221208 68221208].</ref> === Mafatshe a selekane a a itlhophetseng mmusi === Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 1949, lefatshe la Ireland le ne la nna la puso ya tlhopho go ya ka molao wa 1948 wa Irish Republic of Ireland; ka go dira jalo, le ne la tlogela lekgotla la mafatshe a selekane semmuso.<ref>[[:en:John_Henry_Whyte|Whyte, J. H]]. (2010). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=PfFXarIhGqEC&pg=PA277&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false "Economic crisis and political cold war, 1949-57"]. In Hill, J. R. (ed.). ''A New History of Ireland''. Vol. VII: Ireland, 1921–84. Oxford University Press. p. 277 (footnote 20). [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161559-7|978-0-19-161559-7]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230215111753/https://books.google.com/books?id=PfFXarIhGqEC&pg=PA277 Archived] from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2025. <q>The Republic of Ireland Act, 1948...repealed the external relations act, and provided for the declaration of a republic, which came into force on 18 Apr. 1949, when Ireland left the commonwealth.</q></ref> Fa lefatshe la Ireland le ise ke le tseye karolo mo lekgotleng la mafatshe a selekane fa e sale ka dingwaga tsa 1930, dikolone tse dingwe di ne di eletsa go ikemela mme di sa latlhegelwe ke kamano ya tsone le mafatshe a selekane. Kgang e, go ne ga buisanwa ka yone ka Moranang ngwaga wa 1949 kwa bokopanong jwa mafatshe a selekane jwa botona. Ka fa tlase ga kitsiso ya London, jaaka e kwadilwe ke V.K Krishna Menon, lefatshe la India le ne la dumalana, fa le nna le le ikemetseng ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 1950, le tla sala le ntse le le mo lekgotleng la mafatshe a selekane la bo la amogela go etelelwa pele ke la Britain e le sesupo sa tshwaragano e e gololesegoleng ya mafatshe a e leng maloko a lone, ka jalo le nne tlhogo ya mafatshe a selekane. Fa a utlwa se, Kgosi George wa botlhano o ne a bolelela Menon: "ka jalo, ke nnile jalo".<ref>"[https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/staying-loyal-to-george/ Staying loyal to George]". ''Indian Express''. 19 February 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110515213125/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/staying-loyal-to-george/581730/0 Archived] from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2025.</ref> Mafatshe a mangwe a selekane a a neng a ikemela a ne a itlhophela go tswa mo lekgotleng, fa a mangwe jaaka Guyana, Mauritius le Dominica a santse a le maloko.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54174794 "Barbados to remove Queen Elizabeth as head of state"]. ''BBC News''. 16 September 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210311160055/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54174794 Archived] from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2025.</ref> Tona o o tlhomamisitsweng wa lefatshe la India o ne a supa ka Motsheganong a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 1949, morago ga a sena go tlhomamisiwa ka nako ya dingangisano tsa mafelo a botlhopelo are: Re tsena mo lekgotleng la mafatshe a selekane ka gore re akanya gore go tlaa se solegela molemo le dilo dingwe mo lefatsheng tse re eletsang go di dira. Mafatshe a mangwe a selekane a batla re sala mo go one ka akanya gore go dira jalo go tlaa ba solegela molemo. Go tlgaloganyesega gore ke bomolemo jwa mafatshe a a mo lekgotleng, ka jalo a a tsenelela. Ka mo go tshwanang, go papamaditswe gore lefatshe lengwe le lengwe le gololesegile go tsaya tsela ya lone; e ka nna gore ba ka tsamaya, nako tse dingwe ba kgaogane le lekgotla...mme fela kwa ntla ga go ntsha tse di bosula ka lekgotla, go botoka go nna le kamano e e ka dirang molemo mo lefatsheng le eseng go le senya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131109080743/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol8p1.htm "Constituent Assembly Debates] (India)". [[:en:Delhi|Delhi]]: [[:en:Parliament_of_India|Parliament of India.]] 16 May 1949. Archived from [http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol8p1.htm the original] on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2025.</ref> Kitsiso ya London gantsi e bonwa e le go tshwaya tshimologo ya mafatshe a selekane a sesha. Morago ga lefatshe la India, mafatshe a mangwe a ne a ikemela, kgotsa a nna a a ipusang a na le babusi ba one. Fa mafatshe a mangwe a ne a sala ka go busiwa ke mmusi wa United Kingdom, magosi a one a ne a nna ka mo go faroganeng, mme a tloga a ikemela. Bogosi bo bonwa e le seemo sa molao se se farologaneng, le ntswa  motho o o tshwanang e le ene kgosi ya mafatshe ao otlhe.<ref>[[:en:Vernon_Bogdanor|Bogdanor, Vernon]] (12 February 1998), ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=mN6SzMefot4C&q=%22overseas+realms%22&pg=PA289&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=%22overseas%20realms%22&f=false The Monarchy and the Constitution]'', New York: Oxford University Press, p. 288, ISBN 978-0-19-829334-7</ref><ref>High Commissioner in United Kingdom (24 November 1952). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20111123050633/http://www.international.gc.ca/department/history-histoire/dcer/details-en.asp?intRefid=3498 Royal Style and Titles]". ''Documents on Canadian External Relations > Royal Style and Titles''. '''18''' (2). DEA/50121-B-40. Archived from [https://www.international.gc.ca/department/history-histoire/dcer/details-en.asp?intRefid=3498 the origina]l on 23 November 2011.</ref><ref>Smy, William A. (2008). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120118205522/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb1372/is_1_46/ai_n29437278/ Royal titles and styles]". ''The Loyalist Gazette''. '''XLVI''' (1). Archived from [https://www.markmonitor.com/domain-inquiry/ the original] on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2025</ref><ref>Toporoski, Richard. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080209220704/http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/invisibl.htm The Invisible Crown]". Monarchy Canada. Archived from [http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/invisibl.htm the original] on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2025</ref> === Dikakanyetso tsa go akaretsa Europe === Ka nako e mafatshe a Germany, France, ga mmogo le Belgium, Italy, Luxemburg le Netherlands a ne a loga maano a se kwa morago e neng ya nna Europian Union, mafatshe a Aforika a a sa tswang go tsaya boipuso a ne a tsenelela lekgotla la mafatshe a selekane, dikakanyo tse dišha di ne di dirwa go itsa United Kingdom go ema a le nosi mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo. Kgwebo ya Britain le maaftshe a selekane e ne e le tona gane, go feta kgwebo ya lone le Europe. Ka ngwaga wa 1956 le 1957, puso ya Britain mo ketelelong pele ya ga tona Anthony Eden, ba ne ba tswa ka kakanyetso ya go tlhama go gweba mahala ga mafatshe a Europe fa ba ntse ba sireletsa maemo a mafatshe a selekane.<ref>Gowland, David; et al. (2009). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=dvt-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Britain and European Integration Since 1945: On the Sidelines]''. Routledge. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-134-35452-8</ref><ref>James R. V. Ellison, "Perfidious Albion? Britain, Plan G and European Integration, 1955–1956", ''Contemporary British History'' (1996) 10#4 pp 1–34.</ref><ref>Martin Schaad, "Plan G – A "Counterblast"? British Policy Towards the Messina Countries, 1956", ''Contemporary European History'' (1998) 7#1 pp 39–60</ref> == Metswedi == 2xoxygrnu1zvt6chitxiofewhvtt8sj 0 10902 56955 42122 2026-10-30T04:49:00Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 56955 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Lubanga Dyilo''' (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1960, Morule a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe) ke motho o o lebisitsweng melato go tswa kwa [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC) ebile e le ene motho wa ntlha go atlholwa ke lekgotla la International Criminal Court (ICC).<ref name=":0">BBC Staff. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17364988 "ICC Finds Congo Warlord Thomas Lubanga Guilty"]. ''BBC News''. Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref><ref>Gaskins, Richard, ed. (2022), [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/congo-trials-in-the-international-criminal-court/trial-of-thomas-lubanga/6A3F81C36F9A25920BF3DD465A8C2943 "The Trial of Thomas Lubanga",] ''The Congo Trials in the International Criminal Court'' (2 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 211–290, doi:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/congo-trials-in-the-international-criminal-court/trial-of-thomas-lubanga/6A3F81C36F9A25920BF3DD465A8C2943 10.1017/9781009208772.008], ISBN 978-1-009-20877-2</ref> O tlhamile a bo a etelela pele Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC) ebile o ne a na le seabe se segolo mo ntweng ya Itiru (go tswa ka 1999 go tsena ka 2007). Ditsuolodi mo taolong ya gagwe di lebisitswe melato ya go gataka ditshwanelo tsa setho makgetho a le mantsi, di akaretsa kganyaolo ya merafe, dipolao, petelelo, go kgaolwa dirwe, dipogiso le go thapa bana go ba dira masole ka dikgoka.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070607020701/http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/cases/ICC-01-04-01-06-2_tEnglish.pdf International Criminal Court] (10 February 2006). . Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref><ref name=":3">[[:en:Human_Rights_Watch|Human Rights Watch]] (16 March 2006). ''[https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/03/17/dr-congo-icc-arrest-first-step-justice D.R. Congo: ICC Arrest First Step to Justice]''. Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref><ref name=":4">[[:en:MONUSCO|United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (2004). ''Special report on the events in Ituri, January 2002 – December 2003'', pp. 23–24. S/2004/573.</ref> Ka Mopitlo a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa 2006, Lubanga o ne a nna motho wa ntlha go tshwarwa ka lokwalo lwa tetla lo lo ntshitsweng ke kgotlatshekelo ya mafatshefatshe.<ref name=":5">[[:en:BBC_News|BBC News]] (17 March 2006). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4815966.stm ''DR Congo rebel faces Hague trial''.] Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> Tsheko ya gagwe, ya melato ya ntwa ya go thapa bana ba ba dingwaga tse di kwa tlase ga le some le botlhano le go ba dirisa go tsaya karolo mo letlhoong,<ref name=":6">International Criminal Court (17 March 2006). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070709004144/http://www.icc-cpi.int/press/pressreleases/132.html First arrest for the International Criminal Court]''. Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> e simologile ka Firikgong a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa 2009,<ref name=":7">Mike Corder (26 January 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205092656/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jIIQpLKyj3NrhJa50Xg3Wte4yxJwD95UPQG80 ''International court begins case of Congo warlord''.] [[:en:Associated_Press|The Associated Press.]] Retrieved 29 July 2025.</ref> o ne a bonwa molato ka Mopitlo a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa 2012,<ref name=":0" /> a lebana le katlholo ya dingwaga tse di masome mararo. Ka Phukwi a le lesome ngwaga wa 2012, ntlwana ya ntlha ya tshekiso ya kgotlatshekelo ya mafatshefatshe ya ICC e ne ya atlholela Lubanga sebaka sa dingwaga di le lesome le bone mo kgolegelong,<ref>[https://www.icc-cpi.int/drc/lubanga "Lubanga Case".] ''International Criminal Court''. ICC. Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> ba atlhola gape gore nako e Lubanga a ineetseng ka yone kwa ICC ka 2006 go tsena letsatsi le a atlhotsweng ka lone, e tshwanetse go ntshiwa mo sebakeng seo sa dingwaga tse di lesome le bone, se se ne se raya gore o tlaa fokotsa dingwaga tsa a le mo kgolegelong ka dingwaga di le thataro.<ref>[[:en:AllAfrica|All Africa]] (10 July 2012)"[1]" Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> O ne a gololwa mo kgolegelong ka ngwaga wa 2020. == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana le lolwapa == Lubanga o tshotswe ka Morule a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 1960,<ref name=":1" /> kwa Djiba kwa kgaolong ya Ituri ya Republic of the Congo (Leopldville).<ref name=":1" /> Ke wa morafe wa Hema-Gegere.<ref>The [[:en:The_Hague_Justice_Portal|Hague Justice Portal]] (30 August 2006). ''[http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/eCache/DEF/5/068.html Lubanga charged with war crimes] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090527111422/http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/eCache/DEF/5/068.html Archived] 27 May 2009 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine.]] Retrieved 29 July 2025''</ref> O dirile dithuto tsa tlhaloganyo kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of Kisangani, kwa a neng a aloga ka degree.<ref name=":2">Reuters (29 January 2007). [https://www.thomsonreuters.com/en ''FACTBOX —- Congo militia leader Thomas Lubanga faces ICC trial''.] Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> O nyetse<ref name=":1" /> ebile o na le bana ba supa.<ref name=":2" /> == Kgotlhang ya Ituri == Ka nako ya ntwa ya bobedi ya Congo, Lubanga e ne e le ramasole gape e le tona wa tshireletso mo lekgotleng le le neng le dumala le Uganda la Congolese Rally for Democracy-Liberation (RCD-ML).<ref name=":8">[[:en:The_New_Humanitarian|IRIN]] (20 April 2005). ''[https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2007/02/06/youth-and-migration DRC: Who's who in Ituri – militia organisations, leaders]''. Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> Ka Phukwi ngwaga wa 2001, o ne a tlhama setlhopha sa ditsuolodi sa Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC).<ref name=":8" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2002 o simologa, Lubanga o ne a seegelwa kwa ntle mo go laoleng sesole sa RCD-ML a tswa mo setlhopheng.<ref name=":9">IRIN. [https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2007/02/06/youth-and-migration ''DRC: Opinion split in Ituri over rebel's indictment''.] Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> Ka Lwetse ngwaga wa 2002, o ne a nna tautona wa UPC a tlhama lekgamu la lone la sesole la Patriotic Force for the Liberation of teh Congo (FPLC).<ref>IRIN (2002). [https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/in-depth/youth-crisis-coming-age-21st-century ''DRC: Chronology of key events: 2 August 1998 – 14 December 2002''.] Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> Mo taolong ya ga Lubanga, lekgotla la UPC le bontsi jwa maloko a lone e neng e le ba morafe wa Hema,<ref name=":8" /> le ne la nna lengwe la batsaya karolo ba ba golo mo tlhaselong ya Ituri gareng ga ditlhopha tsa merafe ya Hema le Lendu. Le ne la tsaya taolo ya Bunia, toropokgolo ya kgaolo ya Ituri e e humileng gauta, ka ngwaga wa 2002,<ref name=":10">Arnaud Zajtman (9 November 2006). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6131516.stm ''Profile: DR Congo militia leader Thomas Lubanga''.] BBC News. Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> la gwetlha gore puso ya Congo e lemoge Ituri e le kgaolo.<ref>IRIN. [https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/in-depth/youth-crisis-coming-age-21st-century ''DRC: Ituri: Views from Kinshasa''.] Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> Lubanga o ne a tshwarwa ka Seetebosigo a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa 2002 a le mo thomong kwa Kinshasa, mme o ne a gololwa dibeke di le lesome morago, a neelwa mo boemong jwa tona wa puso o a neng a tserwe ka dikgoka.<ref name=":9" /> Lekgotla le le tlhokomelang ditshwanelo tsa setho le pegile UPC, fa e le mo taolong ya ga Lubanga, melato ya dikganyaolo tsa merafe, dipolao, dipogiso, petelelo le go kgaola batho dirwe, ga mmogo le go thata bana go ba dira masole.<ref name=":3" /> Gareng ga Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa 2002 le Seetebosigo 2003m UPC e ne e bolaile batho ba eseng masole ba le makgolo a robabobedi ka ntlha ya morafe wa bone kwa kgaolong ya meepo ya gauta ya Mongbwalu.<ref name=":3" /> Gareng ga Tlhakole a le lesome le borobabobedi le Mopitlo a le malatsi a mararo ngwaga wa 2003, UPC e ne begiwa fa e sentse metse e le masome mabedi le borataro mo kgaolong e le nngwe, ba bolaya batho ba ka nna makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano, ba bo ba pateletsa ba le dikete di le masome a marataro go tshaba mo malwapeng a bone.<ref name=":4" />Makgotla a ditshwanelo tsa setho a supa fa ka nako nngwe Lubanga a ne a na le bana ba a neng a ba dirile masole, ba dingwaga tse di fa gare ga borobabobedi le lesome le botlhano ba le dikete di le tharo.<ref>Nora Boustany (5 November 2006). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/04/AR2006110400947.html "Tribunal to Debut With Congo Case"]. ''Washington Post'', p. A21. Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> Go bolelwa fa a ne a laela lolwapa longwe le longwe mo kgaolong e e mo taolong ya gagwe go thusa maiteko a ntwa ka go aba sengwe: madi, kgomo, kgotsa ngwana gore a tsene mo sesoleng.<ref>IRIN (20 April 2005). [https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/in-depth/youth-crisis-coming-age-21st-century ''In-Depth: Justice for a Lawless World? Rights and reconciliation in a new era of international law''.] Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> Lekgotla la UPC le ne la patelediwa go tswa kwa Bunia ke sesole sa Uganda ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 2003.<ref name=":8" /> Lubanga morago o ne a fudugela kwa Kinshasa, kwa a neng a kwadisa UPC e le phathi ya sepolotiki,<ref>Wendel Broere (17 March 2006). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20250806160101/https://www.redorbit.com/news/international/433289/congo_hands_first_suspect_to_hague_war_crimes_court/index.html Congo hands first suspect to Hague war crimes court]''. Reuters. Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> mme o ne a tshwarwa ka Mopitlo a le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 2005,<ref>Trial Watch (2008). ''[http://www.trial-ch.org/en/resources/trial-watch/trial-watch/profiles/name/thomas-lubanga-dyilo/action/show/controller/Profile.html Thomas Lubanga Dyilo]''. Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> a amanngwa le polao ya batho ba morafe wa Bangladeshi ba ba neng ba rometswe ke United Nations go netefatsa kagiso ba le robabongwe kwa Ituri ka Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>IRIN (22 March 2005). [https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2007/02/06/youth-and-migration ''DRC: Another key Ituri leader arrested''.] Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> O ne a bewa kwa nngweng ya marobalo a a maemo a a kwa godimo kwa Kinshasa mme morago ga dikgwedi o ne a fudusediwa kwa kgolegelong ya legare ya Kinshasa.<ref name=":10" /> Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2025, mo pegong ya bone ya Democratic republic of the Congo (DRC), setlhopha sa baitseanape ba United Nations se ne sa pega Lubanga molato wa go ema nokeng ditlhopha tsa dibetsa, tsa Zaire le Ituri le letsholo la Mopitlo masome mabedi le boraro.<ref>[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250111-rdc-un-rapport-des-nations-unies-accuse-thomas-lubanga-de-soutenir-des-groupes-arm%C3%A9s-dans-l-est-du-pays RDC: un rapport des Nations unies accuse Thomas Lubanga de soutenir des groupes armés dans l'est du pays]. Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> == Tsheko == Ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 2004, puso ya Congo e ne ya a fa kgtolatshekelo ya mafatshefatshe go sekaseka le go atlhola melato e e mo taolong ya kgotlatshekelo eo, e go bolelwang e dirilwe gope fela mo kgaolong ya DRC fa e sale go tsenwa mo molaong wa Roma ka Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa 2002.<ref>International Criminal Court (19 April 2004). ''[https://www.icc-cpi.int/pressrelease_details&id=19&l=en.html Prosecutor receives referral of the situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160914000947/http://www.icc-cpi.int/pressrelease_details%26id%3D19%26l%3Den.html Archived] 14 September 2016 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]''. Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref><ref>International Criminal Court (23 June 2004). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20180802040958/https://www.icc-cpi.int/pressrelease_details%26id%3D26%26l%3Den.html The Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court opens its first investigation] Archived 14 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine''. Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> Ka Tlhakole a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2006, tsheko ya pele ga tsheko ya ICC e ne ya lemoga fa go na le mabaka a a utlwalang a go dumela gore Lubanga o dirile melato ya ntwa ya go thapa bana ba ba kwa tlase ga dingwaga tse di lesome le botlhano le go ba dirisa mo ntweng, ba ntsha taolo ya go tshwarwa ga gagwe.<ref name=":1" /> Ka Mopitlo a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa 2006, Lubanga o ne a nna motho wa ntlha go tshwarwa ka taelo ya ICC, fa baeteledipele ba Congo ba ne ba mo tshwara ba bo ba mo isa go emela tsheko ya ICC.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>Alexandra Hudson (18 March 2006). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20231104153437/https://www.redorbit.com/news/international/433869/congo_suspect_to_face_war_crimes_charges/index.html Congo suspect to face war crimes charges]''. Reuters. Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> O ne a isiwa kwa the Hague ka sefofane kwa a neng a bewa kwa ntlong ya tshegetso ya ICC fa e sale ka Mopitlo a le lesome le bosupa ngwgaa wa 2006. Pele ga a pagama sefofane, Lubanga o ne a lela a bonwa ke mongwe le mongwe.<ref>BBC News (10 July 2012). [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17358799 "Profile: DR Congo militia leader Thomas Lubanga"]. BBC News.</ref> Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2009, ke mongwe wa batho ba le bane ba ba tshegeditsweng ke ICC, ba bangwe e le ditsuolodi tse pedi tse di loleng kgatlhanong le Lubanga mo ntweng ya Ituri: Germain katanga le Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui. Tsheko ya gagwe e simolotse ka Firikgong a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":7" /> Ka Mopitlo a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa 2012, Lubanga o ne a bonwa molato wa go tsaya basetsana le basimane ba ba dingwaga tse di kwa tlase ga lesome le botlhano le go ba pateletsa go lwa mo ntweng kwa Democratic Republic of the Congo ka 2002 le 2003. O ne a atlholelwa dingwaga di le masome a mararo fa a atlholwa ka Phukwi ngwaga wa 2012.<ref name=":0" /> == Katlholo == Ka Phukwi a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2012, Lubanga o ne a atlholelwa dingwaga di le lesome le bone ke lekgotla la ICC.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224221/http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFBRE8690C120120710 "(ICC jails Lubanga to 14 years)"]. Archived from [https://www.reuters.com/?edition-redirect=af the original] on 3 March 2016.</ref> Katlholo e e ne e le botlhokwa mo kgotlatshekelong ya ntlha ya mafatshefatshe, e e neng e sa tswa go ipelela dingwaga di le lesome. Moatlhodi Adrian Fulford o ne a re nako e Lubanga a e ntseng kwa matshegetsong e tlaa elwa tlhoko, se se raya gore katlholo ya gagwe e saletswe ke dingwaga di robabobedi fela.<ref>Reuters, Congo warlord jailed for 14 years in landmark case (10 July 2012)"[2]" Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> Fa a sekasekiwa lantlha ka kgwedi ya Phalane ngwaga wa 2015, Lubanga o ne a kopa balaodi ba ICC go mo ntsha mo toronkong pele ga nako,a tshepisa go rotloetsa kopano ebile a ikopa maitshwarelo ka batswasetlhabelo botlhe ka pogisego e ba e itemogetseng. Ka Lwetse ngwaga wa 2015, balaodi ba ne ba tsaya tshwetso ya go sa fokotse dingwaga tsa katlholo ya ga Lubanga morago ga go bona gore ga go na sepe se se dumalanang le gore a ntshiwe pele ga nako. Ba ne ba seka ba bona bosupi bo pe bo bo neng bo kgaoganya le melato ya gagwe ebile ba tlhomamisa gore Lubanga ga a ka atsaya kgato epe go tswela batswasetlhabelo ba gagwe mosola. Mo tshekatshekong ya bobedi, tshwetso ya balaodi e ne ya supa fa go sa nna le phetogo epe mo go dirisaneng le kgotlatshekelo kgotsa mo ditirong tsa gagwe go tswela batswasetlhabelo mosola. Ka Morule ngwaga wa 2015, Lubanga o ne a fudusetswa kwa DRC go feletsa katlholo ya gagwe a le kwa lefatsheng la ga bone kwa kgolegelong ya Makala. Ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa 2017, baatlhodi ba ICC Silvia Fernandez de Gurmendi, Howard Morrison le Piotr Hofmansk ba ne ba gana go fokotsa katlholo ya ga Lubanga, morago ga go lemoga gore ga go a nna le phetogo epe e e ka letlang gore a ntshiwe pele ga nako. baatlhodi ba ne ba supa gape gore ga ba bone mabaka a pe a go sekaseka tsheko ya ga Lubanga gape.<ref>[https://www.ijmonitor.org/2020/03/lubanga-icc-convict-no-1-and-longest-serving-detainee-completes-his-sentence-next-week/ Lubanga, ICC Convict No.1 and Longest-Serving Detainee, Completes His Sentence Next Week]</ref> Ka Mopitlo a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa 2020, Lubanga o ne a gololwa morago ga go nna kwa kgolegelong dingwaga di le lesome le bone.<ref>[https://www.theafricareport.com/24712/drc-former-warlord-thomas-lubanga-freed-after-serving-14-year-sentence/ DRC: Former warlord Thomas Lubanga freed after serving 14-year sentence]</ref> === Dikganetsano === Tsheko ya ga Lubanga, e le ya ntlha ya ICC,<ref>Agence France-Presse (18 November 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205092702/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h9G0ngqaMx513TRwakptt11ZrdCQ ''Road cleared for start of ICC's long-delayed first trial''.] Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> e ne ya baka dikganetsano tse dintsi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victor Tsilonis, Thomas Lubanga Dyilo: the Chronicle of a Case Foretold, 2008 (05) Intellectum, pp.27–42, |url=https://www.intellectum.org/articles/issues/intellectum5/en/ITL05p027042_Thomas_Lubanga_Dyilo_The%20Chronicle_of_a_Case_Foretold_Victor_Tsilonis_SLSA2009.pdf |access-date=2025-07-29 |archive-date=2025-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504063009/https://intellectum.org/articles/issues/intellectum5/en/ITL05p027042_Thomas_Lubanga_Dyilo_The%20Chronicle_of_a_Case_Foretold_Victor_Tsilonis_SLSA2009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Tsheko e ne ya emisiwa ka nakwana ka Seetebosigo a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa 2008 fa kgotlatshekelo e atlhola gore go gana go tswala bosupi ga mosekisi go senste tshwanelo ya ga Lubanga ya go sekisiwa mo go siameng.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080625052042/http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/cases/ICC-01-04-01-06-1401-ENG.pdf International Criminal Court] (13 June 2008). . Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> Mosekisi o ne a tsere bosupi kwa lekgotleng la United Nations le metswedi e mengwe ba dumalane gore ke sephiri, mme baatlhodi ba ne ba atlhola gore mosekisi ga a dirisa molao wa Roma sentle, ka jalo tsamaiso ya tsheko e sentswe mo jaanong go sa kgonagaleng go e amanya le go tsamaisiwa sentle. Ka Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2008, kgotlatshekelo e ne ya laela gore Lubanga a gololwe, ka mabaka a gore tsamaiso sentle ya tsheko ga e kgonagale. * Ditlhopha tsa ditshwanelo tsa setho di supile matshwenyego ka go tlhoka go atloga ga melato ya ga Lubanga, ba kopa mosekisi go oketsa melato.<ref>IRIN (9 November 2006). [https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2007/02/06/youth-and-migration ''DRC: ICC begins hearings in case against militia leader''.] Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref><ref name=":11">Stephanie Hanson (17 November 2006). ''[https://www.cfr.org/publication/12048/ Africa and the International Criminal Court]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20080226010634/http://www.cfr.org/publication/12048/ Archived] 26 February 2008 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. [[:en:Council_on_Foreign_Relations|Council on Foreign Relations.]] Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> makgotla a mantsi a ne a kwalela mosekisi ka 2006 ba nganga gore go retelelwa ke oketsa melato motshekong kgatlhanong le Lubanga go ka dira gore DRC e nyatse ICC.<ref>Avocats Sans Frontières, Center for Justice and Reconciliation, Coalition Nationale pour la Cour Pénale Internationale – RCD, [[:en:International_Federation_for_Human_Rights|Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l'Homme]], Human Rights Watch, [[:en:International_Center_for_Transitional_Justice|International Center for Transitional Justice]], [[:en:Redress_(charitable_organisation)|Redress]], Women’s Initiatives for Gender Justice (30 July 2006). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20211206052123/https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/07/31/dr-congo-icc-charges-raise-concern Joint letter to the Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court]''. Retrieved 29 July 2025</ref> * Mmueledi wa ga Lubanga o ne a nganga ka gore setlhopha sa gagwe se neetswe madi a mannye fa a tshwantshiwa le a ba ba sekisang, le gore bosupi le mafoko a basupi a diega go goroga, le gore ditokomane tse dintsi di ne di fetotswe thata mo go neng go le thaat go di bala.<ref name=":11" /> == Metswedi == 7t989n66s3y4swmlmmkead19dp5uln2 0 11761 56956 53537 2026-10-30T05:01:50Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 56956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Trix Vivier|birth_name=<!-- only use if different from name -->|image=Trix Vivier at the 2023 Silwerskermfees TV and Film Awards in Cape Town, South Africa.jpg|image caption=Trix Vivier at the 2023 Silwerskermfees TV and Film Awards in Cape Town, South Africa|alt=<!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1988|06|28|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Cape Town]], South Africa|death_date=<!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) -->|alma mater=Jan van Riebeeck High School, Waterfront Theater School.|occupation=Actress|years active=2013–present|mother=Adri Troski Vivier|father=Pieter De Bruin Vivier|relatives=[[Lea Vivier]] (sister)|image size=210px}} '''Trix Vivier''' (o tshotswe Seetebosigo a le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi ka 1988) ke [[modiragatsi]] wa [[difilimi]], [[thelebišene]], le [[bobogelo]] jwa Aforika Borwa, yo o itsegeng ka go tshameka karolo ya ga Flea van Jaarsveld mo motseletseleng wa thelebišene wa 2019 wa ''[[Trackers]]'', o a neng a itsege thata ka one le go amogelwa kwa mafatsheng a mangwe.<ref>Hale, Mike (12 June 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/arts/television/netflix-blood-and-water-trackers-cinemax.html "Netflix and Cinemax Go to South Africa for Real"]. ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>[[doi:10.2307/3916333|""Hit and Run Rheumatism," Makes Debut as New Disease"]]. ''The Science News-Letter''. '''37''' (25): 398. 22 June 1940. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3916333|10.2307/3916333]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0096-4018 0096-4018].</ref> Go tlhagelela ga gagwe mo filiming ya lorato ya Netflix ''Umjolo: Day Ones'', ''Juffrou X'', le ''[[Legacy]]'' ya Telenovela ya Multichoice go dirile gore a nne leina le le tlwaelesegileng mo Aforika Borwa. == Botshelo jwa pele le thuto == Vivier o tsholetswe kwa [[Melkbosstrand]], [[Cape Town|Motsekapa]], mme a godisiwa ke mmaagwe Adri Vivier, morutabana le rraagwe Pieter Vivier, [[mmueledi]].<ref name=":0">Fockema, Marisa. [https://www.netwerk24.com/huisgenoot/bekendes/hg-kuier-by-2-stersussies-fynskrif-se-lea-en-trackers-se-trix-20191115 "HG kuier by 2 stersussies – Fynskrif se Lea en Trackers se Trix"]. ''Huisgenoot''. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref> Vivier o tswa mo losikeng lwa [[Seburu]] mme o na le bana ba le bararo. Morwarraagwe yo mmotlana [[Lea Vivier]] le ene ke modiragatsi.<ref>[https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/rooi-rose/20190101/281775630215840 "PressReader"]. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025– via PressReader.</ref> Batsadi ba gagwe ba ne ba lemoga le go rotloetsa lorato lwa gagwe lwa bodiragatsi jwa tiragatso go tloga a sa le monnye<ref name=":0" /> mme o ne a dira tiro ya gagwe ya ntlha ya seporofešenale mo seraleng a le dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano mo go Annie Get Your Gun (Gilbert and Sullivan Society, 2004)<ref>Greenspan, Charlotte (2010-08-04), [[doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195111101.003.0014|"Annie Get Your Gun"]], ''Pick Yourself Up'', Oxford University Press, pp.149–162, retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref> le fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro mo ​​go ''Die Ander Marta'' (KKNK, [[Baxter Theatre]] 2005).<ref>[[doi:10.2307/j.ctt1djmg4b.17|"An Abused Woman"]], ''The Enigma Woman'', UNP - Nebraska, pp.179–198, retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref> O ne a dira materiki kwa [[Sekolong se Segolo sa Jan van Riebeeck]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180902211524/http://jvralumni.co.za/downloads/JvR%20Alumni%20Nuusbrokkies%202de%20Uigawe%20Oktober%202017%20.pdf "JvR Alumni Nuusbrokkies"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.jvralumni.co.za/downloads/JvR%20Alumni%20Nuusbrokkies%202de%20Uigawe%20Oktober%202017%20.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231204161507/https://janvanriebeeck.co.za/kultuur/ "Kultuur | Hoërskool Jan van Riebeeck"]. Janvanriebeeck.co.za. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref> mme a tswelela go ithuta le go aloga kwa Sekolong sa Bobogelo sa Waterfront kwa Motsekapa ka 2009.<ref>[https://f24c9a80-dbdd-4c88-89be-1182fab6ac8c.filesusr.com/ugd/03b688_ee7efc92aa094fd5a5ba3c88c3a37745.pdf "Perform Teach Create"] (PDF).</ref> == Tiro == [[Setshwantsho:Trix-Vivier.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Trix Vivier (ka fa molemeng thata) le batshameki ba Trackers kwa pontshong ya ntlha.]] Seabe sa ntlha sa ga Vivier se se neng se duelwa mo bobogelong e ne e le sa ga Pippi mo tlhagisong ya Bosetšhaba ya Bana ya ''Pippi Longstocking'' (2009).<ref>[[doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t051212|"Link, O(gle) Winston"]], ''Oxford Art Online'', Oxford University Press, 2003, retrieved 30 October 2025</ref><ref>[https://www.joburg.org.za/media_/Newsroom/Pages/2013%20articles/2011%20&%202012%20%20Articles/Pippi-to-delight-children.aspx "Pippi to delight children".] Joburg.org.za. Retrieved 6 May 2022.</ref> O ne a tswelela go dira tiro ya seporofešenale jaaka sebini le modiragatsi go tloga ka 2009 go fitlha ka 2013 a diragatsa mo metshamekong jaaka MIS<ref>[https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/1968249653400794/2016997158526043 "Andre Stolz Productions on Facebook"]. ''[[:en:Facebook|Facebook]]''. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022.^{[''[[:en:Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources#User-generated_content|user-generated source]]'']}</ref> ya ga [[Reza de Wet]], bobogelo jwa thuto<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211113143013/https://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=34782 "Artslink.co.za - It's Your Life - Aids programme with NCT"]. Archived from [https://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=34782 the original] on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 30 Phalane 2025.</ref> jwa mmino mo gae le kwa mafatsheng a sele<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210514012724/https://www.apm.co.za/artiste/trix-vivier-836/ "APM"]. ''Artistes Personal Management''. Retrieved 30 October 2025.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260426144552/https://www.theheroineproject.org/post/trix-vivier Trix Vivier][''[[:en:Wikipedia:Link_rot|permanent dead link]]''] theheroineproject.org</ref> le mo Ditlhagisong tse dintsi tsa Bobogelo jwa Bana<ref>[https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-star-south-africa-late-edition/20091005/282346855861856 "PressReader"]. Retrieved 20 November 2023 – via PressReader.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211113143013/https://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=31147 "Artslink.co.za - Peter Rabbit enthrals yet another generation".] Archived from [https://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=31147 the original] on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211113143010/https://issuu.com/innercitygazette/docs/gazette13_september2_web "Inner City Gazette".] 12 September 2012.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211113143015/https://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=31100 "Artslink.co.za - Peter Rabbit and other Tales"]. Archived from [https://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=31100 the original] on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.</ref> pele ga a tsena mo Ditlhagisong tsa Bobogelo tsa Bana tsa ntlha mo motseletsele wa drama ya basha ya kykNET ya ''Sterlopers'' (2013 – 2016).<ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://www.netwerk24.com/huisgenoot/Nuus/nuwe-sa-ster-bieg-ek-was-n-pynlike-presteerder-20171103 "Nuwe SA ster bieg: 'Ek was 'n pynlike presteerder'"].</ref> Morago ga moo o ne a tswelela go tshameka dikarolo tse di eteletseng pele mo setshwantshong sa motshikhinyego mo diporojekeng jaaka ''[[Trackers]]'',<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200928015628/https://stories.showmax.com/whos-who-in-trackers/ "Who's who in Trackers"]. 22 October 2019.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210301154511/https://itmunch.com/warnermedias-latest-streaming-service-hbo-max-appears-youtube-tv-along-hbo-cinemax/ "WarnerMedia's latest streaming service HBO Max appears on YouTube TV, along with HBO & Cinemax"]. iTMunch. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2022.</ref> ''Minder as Niks'',<ref name=":2">https://www.netwerk24.com/netwerk24/kyk-en-luister/netwerk24tv/minder-as-niks/minde r-as-niks-al-die-episodes-op-een-plek-20221007</ref> ''Juffrou X'',<ref name=":3">[https://www.georgeherald.com/Entertainment/Article/150-locals-are-extras-in-new-tv-series-202404221116 "150 locals are extras in new TV series"]. ''George Herald''.</ref> le ''Umjolo: Day Ones''.<ref name=":4">Kumar, Akshay (28 December 2024). [https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Dec/28/umjolo-day-ones-review-of-flawed-creatures-and-more "'Umjolo: Day Ones' review: Of flawed creatures and more"]. ''The New Indian Express''.</ref> Ka Lwetse 2022, Vivier le ba lelapa la gagwe ba ne ba fudugela kwa [[Dubai]].<ref>Scheepers, Xanet (1 December 2022). "[https://www.citizen.co.za/lifestyle/entertainment/celebrity-news/trix-vivier-career-taking-off-commutes-between-3-countries/ Trix Vivier's career is taking off as she commutes between three countries"]. ''The Citizen''. Retrieved 30 October 2025.</ref><ref>Bedirian, Razmig. [https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film-tv/2023/12/15/uae-film-industry/ "A look back at the UAE's growing film industry"]. ''The National''.</ref> == Bodiragatsi == {| class="wikitable" !Setlhogo !Karolo !Ngwaga !Mofuta !Dinopolo !Metswedi |- |''Fynskrif'' |Bianca |2018 – 2020 |Series |Season 1 and 3 |<ref name=":0" /> |- |''American Monster'' |Rebecca Fenton |2019 |Series |Season 4 |<ref name=":5">[https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/trix-vivier/credits/3000366093/ "Trix Vivier"]. ''TVGuide.com''.</ref> |- |''Projek Dina'' |Megan |2019 |Series |1 episode |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191206142643/https://www.son.co.za/Alles-wat-mal-is/Gossip/nuwe-reeks-projek-dina-beloof-lekker-baie-drama-20191205 "Nuwe reeks 'Projek Dina' beloof lekker baie drama | die Son"]. Archived from [https://www.son.co.za/Alles-wat-mal-is/Gossip/nuwe-reeks-projek-dina-beloof-lekker-baie-drama-20191205 the original] on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2021.</ref> |- |''Die Spreeus'' |Anita Erasmus |2019 |Series |2 episodes |<ref>Rensburg, Liani Jansen van. [https://www.netwerk24.com/sarie/bekendes/ons-praat-met/trix-vivier-nee-was-n-norm-20190426 "Trix Vivier: 'Nee was die norm'"]. ''Sarie''.</ref> |- |''Waterfront'' |Kate Myburgh |2017 |Series |2 episodes |<ref>[https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/die-burger/20170801/281612420479678 "PressReader"]. Retrieved 20 November 2023 – via PressReader.</ref> |- |''Die Boekklub 2'' |Jana |2017 |Series | |<ref>[https://www.news24.com/life/new-local-series-explores-a-dark-side-to-the-waterfront-20171002 "New local series explores a dark side to the Waterfront"]. ''Life''.</ref> |- |''Die Boland Moorde 2'' |Isabel |2016 |Series |1 episode |<ref>Sieberhagen-Grey, Charlea. [https://www.netwerk24.com/huisgenoot/nuus/nuwe-sa-ster-bieg-ek-was-n-pynlike-presteerder-20171103 "Nuwe SA ster bieg: 'Ek was 'n pynlike presteerder'"]. ''Huisgenoot''. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</ref> |- |''[[7de Laan]]'' |Tineke |2018 |Series |11 episodes |<ref>Nortje (Saamgestel0, Michelle. [https://www.netwerk24.com/huisgenoot/vermaak/tv/hokaai-sorg-trix-vivier-vir-nog-drama-in-7de-laan-20180817 "Hokaai! Sorg Trix Vivier vir nóg drama in 7de Laan?"]. ''Huisgenoot''.</ref> |- |''Suidooster'' |Yolandi |2018 |Series |28 episodes |<ref name=":6">R, Delia du Toit | STILERING Fanie Cronjé | FOTO Leana. [https://www.netwerk24.com/sarie/bekendes/ons-praat-met/legacy-se-trix-vivier-moes-aanhou-en-uithou-20210504 "Legacy se Trix Vivier moes aanhou en uithou"]. ''Sarie''.</ref> |- |''Cowboy Dan'' |Joline |2018 |Short film |Short/Comedy/Drama |<ref name=":5" /> |- |''Versnel'' |Nadia |2017 |Short film |Short/Thriller |^{[''[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|citation needed]]'']} |- |''Van der Merwe'' |Receptionist |2017 |Film |Comedy |<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20240221094149/https://www.atlanticsun.co.za/news/sky-is-the-limit-for-vredehoek-actress Sky is the limit for Vredehoek actress]". ''Atlantic Sun''. 10 August 2017.</ref> |- |''[[The Dating Game Killer]]'' |Susan's friend |2017 |TV movie |Crime/Histort/Thriller |<ref>"[https://www.tvguide.com/movies/the-dating-game-killer/cast/2030173080/ The Dating Game Killer]". ''TVGuide.com''.</ref> |- |''[[Legacy]]'' |Petra Potgieter |2020–2021 |Series | |<ref name=":6" /> |- |''[[Trackers]]'' |Flea |2019 |Series | |<ref>Africa, AlgoaFM South. [https://www.algoafm.co.za/the-drive-with-roland-gaspar/mnet-original-series-trackers-launches-on-cinemax-in-the-usa-trackers-star-trix-vivier-talks-to-the-algoafm-drive-team "Website"]. ''www.algoafm.co.za''.</ref><ref>Roberts, Maryke (31 October 2019). [https://www.vrouekeur.co.za/bekendes/10-vrae-aan-trix-vivier "10 vrae aan Trix Vivier"]. ''Vrouekeur''.</ref> |- |''Fraksie'' |Jana Broeksma |2022–2023 |TV series |– |<ref>Taylor, Jody-Lynn. [https://www.netwerk24.com/huisgenoot/bekendes/trix-vivier-se-nuwe-lewe-oorsee-ek-moes-myself-sonder-n-padkaart-herondek-20231006 "Trix Vivier se nuwe lewe oorsee: Ek moes myself sonder 'n padkaart herontdek".] ''Huisgenoot''.</ref> |- |''Minder as Niks'' |Ami Prinsloo |2022 |TV series |– |<ref name=":2" /> |- |''Juffrou X'' |Inge Bester |2024 |Web series |– |<ref name=":3" /> |- |''Umjolo: Day Ones'' |Lead |2024 |TV movie |Netflix |<ref name=":4" /> |- |''The Trek'' |Jakoba Uys |2025 |Feature film |– |<ref>Barraclough, Leo (30 April 2024). [https://variety.com/2024/film/global/global-screen-the-trek-1235986120/ "Global Screen Boards Supernatural Survival Horror 'The Trek' (EXCLUSIVE)"].</ref> |} == References == [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] <references /> == Go Buisa go ya Pele == * [https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/huisgenoot/20191121/283893049859680 PressReader.com - Ditshwantshiso tsa Dijithale tsa Dikuranta le Dimakasine] * [https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2020-06-11/whats-on-tv-friday-trackers-on-cinemax-coronavirus "What's on TV Friday: 'Trackers' on Cinemax; coronavirus"]. ''[[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]]''. 12 Seetebosigo 2020. * [https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/tv/local/all-the-glitz-and-glam-at-the-premiere-of-trackers-35271166 "All the glitz and glam at the premiere of 'Trackers'"]. * [https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/vrouekeur/20191101/281556587600088 "PressReader"]. E bonwe ka 20 Ngwanatsele 2023 – ka PressReader. * Bellingan, Maretta. [https://www.netwerk24.com/netwerk24/sy-doen-dit-al-van-kleins-af-20171019 "Sy doen dit al van kleins af"]. ''Netwerk24''. E bonwe ka 20 Ngwanatsele 2023. * [https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/tv/local/trix-vivier-is-proud-of-legacy-despite-covid-19-challenges-b63e3710-5e41-41d2-b681-7a14bcfbd466 "Trix Vivier is proud of 'Legacy' despite Covid-19 challenges"]. * Bergh, Joanie. [https://www.netwerk24.com/huisgenoot/bekendes/lea-trix-en-moeder-adri-ma-en-dogters-bekoor-sa-op-tv-20210219 "Lea, Trix en moeder Adri: Ma en dogters bekoor SA op TV"]. ''Huisgenoot''. E bonwe ka 20 Ngwanatsele 2023. * [https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sarie/20200901/283347589536278 "PressReader"]. E bonwe ka 20 Ngwanatsele 2023 – ka PressReader. == Dikgolagano tsa kwa Ntle == * [[imdbname:6366742|Trix Vivier | Modiragatsi, Lefapha la Modumo]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210514012724/https://www.apm.co.za/artiste/trix-vivier-836/ APM] hdri01qkrlx2h8i4t6vrtpvdvjhkqrq 0 14768 56953 53566 2026-10-30T02:06:42Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 56953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company|name=National Development Bank of Botswana|image=National Development Bank of Botswana.jpg|type=ya puso|industry=Tsa Madi|founded=1963|hq_location=161 Wueens Road, [[Gaborone]] [[Botswana]]|key_people=[[Wilfred Mpai]] modulasetilo [[Lorato Morapedi]] mookamedimogolo|products=Diporojeke tsa temothuo, matlo, thuto, thekiso, kgwebo le madirelo|owner=[[Puso ya Botswana]]|website=https://www.ndb.bw/}} '''National Development Bank of Botswana''', ( '''NDB Botswana''' ) ke banka ya puso ya tlhabololo setshaba mo [[Botswana]]. <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Gobe Memo |date=26 July 2020 |title=Botswana: NDB to Reposition As an Agri-Bank |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202007270506.html |access-date=29 July 2020 |format=via [[AllAfrica.com]]}}</ref> == Lefelo == Ofisikgolo le lekalana le legolo la NDB Botswana di kwa 161 Queens Road, mo kgaolong ya dikgwebo e e fa gare ya Gaborone, toropokgolo ya Botswana. Banka e na le makalana a diofisi kwa [[Francistown]], [[Maun]] le [[Palapye]] . <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=National Development Bank of Botswana |date=29 July 2020 |title=Offices and Branch Locations of National Development Bank of Botswana |url=https://www.ndb.bw/introduction |access-date=29 July 2020 |publisher=National Development Bank of Botswana}}</ref> Ditekanyetso tsa lefatshe tsa ofisikgolo ya banka ke 24°39'25.0"S, 25°55'07.0"E (Bophara:-24.656944; Boleele:25.918611). == Kakaretso == NDB Botswana ke motheo wa madi o o tlhabololang setshaba. Le ntswa e thusa ka tsa madi mo ditirelong tsotlhe tsa tlhabololo itsholelo, go simoloa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi, e itebagantse le go thusa go tlhabolola tsa temothuo le go netefatsa gore go na le tshireletsego ya dijo mo Botswana. <ref name="2R"/> Go simologa Mopitlo a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa, dithoto tsotlhe tsa banka e di ne di le tsa madi a dipula a le bilone e le nngwe, didikadike di le makgolo a mane masome a mane le bone, dikete di le makgolo a supa, masome a matlhano le borobabobedi (didikadike tsa madi a di dolara di le lekgolo masome a mararo le borobabobedi), ka seabe sa bana le seabe sa didikadike di le makgolo a matlhano, masome a robabobedi le bosupa, dikete di le makgolo a mane, masome a mane le bone (didikadike tsa di dolara di le masome a matlhano le bobedi). <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=National Development Bank of Botswana |date=16 August 2017 |title=NDB Botswana Annual Report For The Year Ended 31 March 2017 |url=https://www.ndb.bw/sites/default/files/downloads/THE%20NDB%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%20FINAL.pdf |access-date=28 July 2020 |publisher=National Development Bank of Botswana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127013553/https://www.ndb.bw/sites/default/files/downloads/THE%20NDB%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%20FINAL.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ditso == National Development Bank of Botswana e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le boraro ka molao wa palamente. Maikaelelo magolo a yone ke go thusa mohama wa dikgwebo wa Botswana ka ditirelo tsa madi. Maikaelelo a yone a bobedi ke go bona dipoelo tse di kgotsofatsang mo matloleng a bana le seabe. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=National Development Bank of Botswana |date=28 July 2020 |title=Introduction to National Development Bank of Botswana |url=https://www.ndb.bw/introduction |access-date=28 July 2020 |publisher=National Development Bank of Botswana}}</ref> == Mong wa yone == Banka e ke ya [[puso ya Botswana]] ka botlalo . <ref name="5R"/> == Lekgotla la baokamedi == Go simolola ka Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi, ba ba latelang ba robabongwe, ba ne ba tlhama lekgotla la bokamedi jwa banka e: <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=National Development Bank of Botswana |date=28 July 2020 |title=Board Members of National Development Bank of Botswana |url=https://www.ndb.bw/board-members |access-date=28 July 2020 |publisher=National Development Bank of Botswana}}</ref> 1. Wilfred Mpai: [[Chairman|Modulasetilo]] 2. Patricia M. Makepe: Motlatsa Modulasetilo 3. Mendel Ngoni Nlanda: Mookamedi o e seng wa khuduthamaga 4. Olefile K. Mokatse: Mookamedi o e seng wa Khuduthamaga M Nyacuma 6. Gerald N. Nthebolan: Mookamedi o e seng wa Khuduthamaga 7. Onthusitse M. Mosiakgabo: Mookamedi o e seng wa Khuduthamaga 8. Oganeditse Marata: Mookmedi o e seng wa Khuduthamaga le 9. Colleen M. Motswaiso: Mookamedi o e seng wa Khuduthamaga. <ref name="6R" /> == Botsamaisi jo bo kwa godimo == Mookamedimogolo, o okametse batsamaisi ba bangwe ba robabongwe ba bagolo. Go simolola ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi, mookamedimogolo ke Mme Lorato Morapedi. <ref name="2R"/> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Lekgotla la babereki ba National Development Bank]] * Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Aforika * Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Uganda e e Lekanyeditsweng * Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Kenya * [[Lekgotla le le okametseng Makgetlho la Botswana|Lekgotla le le okametseng makgetho la Botswana]] * Lenaane la dibanka tsa tlhabololo ya ditshaba == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} fr65wpyn9wzu4l1f380mwuh4ik99m4a