Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 779 57026 56009 2026-11-07T23:16:30Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of South Africa | common_name = South Africa | native_name = {{small|{{name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(in other official languages)''}}<ref>{{Cite act |institution=Parliament of the Republic of South Africa |title=Constitution Eighteenth Amendment Act |date=27 July 2023 |volume=697 |number=47665 |language=en, tn}}</ref> | af = {{lang|af|Republiek van Suid-Afrika}} | zu = {{lang|zu|iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika}} | ss = {{lang|ss|iRiphabhlikhi yoMzantsi Afrika}} | nso = {{lang|nso|Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa}} | st = {{lang|st|Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa}} | tn = {{lang|tn|Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa}} | ts = {{lang|ts|Riphabliki ya Afrika Dzonga}} | xh = {{lang|xh|IRiphablikhi yoMzantsi-Afrika}} | ve = {{lang|ve|Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe}} | nr = {{lang|nr|iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika}} }}}} | image_flag = Flag of South Africa.svg | alt_flag = | flag2_border = | image_coat = Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg | coa_size = 75 | alt_coat = | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = "{{lang|xam|ǃke e꞉ ǀxarra ǁke}}"&nbsp;([[ǀXam language|ǀXam]])<br />"[[Unity in diversity]]" | national_anthem = "[[National anthem of South Africa|National Anthem of South Africa]]" <div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="centre">[[File:South Africa National Anthem.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:South Africa (centered orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe| [[File:South Africa adm location map.svg|frameless]]|Show map of South Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = [[Pretoria]] <small>(executive)</small>{{efn|Pretoria serves as the executive capital of South Africa, hosting the Union Buildings and the offices of the President and Cabinet.<ref name="three capitals1"/>}}<ref name="glance">{{cite web|title=South Africa at a glance |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|website=South African Government |access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=26 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526163527/https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|url-status=live }}</ref><hr />[[Cape Town]] <small>(legislative)</small>{{efn|Cape Town is the legislative capital, home to the Parliament of South Africa, including the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces.<ref name="three capitals1">{{cite web |title=South Africa's Three Capital Cities |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africas-three-capital-cities |website=gov.za |publisher=Government of South Africa |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref>}}<ref name="glance" /><hr />[[Bloemfontein]] <small>(judicial)</small>{{efn|Bloemfontein serves as the judicial capital, hosting the Supreme Court of Appeal, the highest court for non-constitutional matters in South Africa.<ref name="three capitals1" />}}<ref name="glance" /> | largest_city = {{nowrap|[[Johannesburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|title=Principal Agglomerations of the World|publisher=City Population|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225073559/http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|url-status=live }}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} | population_density_km2 = 50.8 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 169th | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 63,015,904<ref name="Census-2022" /> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 62,027,503<ref name="Census-2022" /> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 23rd | population_census_year = [[2022 South African census|2022]] | population_census_rank = 23rd | official_languages = '''[[Languages of South Africa|12 languages]]'''<ref name="constitution.1.6">{{cite book|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|title=The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa|publisher=Constitutional Court of South Africa|year=2013|edition=2013 English version|at=ch.&nbsp;1, s.&nbsp;6|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174423/https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="parliament.gov.za"/>{{idp| * [[Afrikaans]] * [[South African English|English]] * [[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]] * [[Pedi language|Sepedi]] * [[Sotho language|Sesotho]] * [[Tswana language|Setswana]] * [[South African Sign Language]] * [[Swazi language|Swazi]] * [[Venda language|Tshivenda]] * [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] * [[Tsonga language|Xitsonga]] * [[Zulu language|Zulu]] }} {{collapsible list | titlestyle = text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;font-size:100%;<!--size of [show]/[hide] link--> | liststyle = text-align:left;white-space:nowrap; | title=Languages with special status<ref name="constitution.1.6"/>|[[Khoe languages]]| [[Khoekhoe language|Nama]]|[[Khoisan languages]]|[[German language|German]]|[[Greek language|Greek]]|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|[[Hindi]]|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|[[Urdu]]|[[Arabic]]|[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]|[[Sanskrit]] }} | regional_languages = | languages2_type = | languages2 = | ethnic_groups_year = 2022<ref name="Mitchley">{{Cite web |last=Mitchley |first=Alex |title=SA's population swells to 62 million - 2022 census at a glance |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/sas-population-swells-to-62-million-2022-census-at-a-glance-20231010 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=News24 |language=en-US |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011171333/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/sas-population-swells-to-62-million-2022-census-at-a-glance-20231010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | {{nowrap|81.4% [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black]]}} | 8.2% [[Coloureds|Coloured]] | 7.3% [[White South Africans|White]] | 2.7% [[Indian South Africans|Indian]] or [[Asian (South Africa)|Asian]] | 0.4% other }} | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |85.3% [[Christianity in South Africa|Christianity]] |7.8% [[Traditional African religions|Traditional faiths]] |3.1% [[Irreligion in South Africa|No religion]] |1.6% [[Islam in South Africa|Islam]] |1.1% [[Hinduism in South Africa|Hinduism]] |1.1% other}} | religion_year = 2022 | religion_ref = <ref name="Census-2022"/> | demonym = {{hlist|[[Demographics of South Africa|South African]]}} | government_type = Unitary [[Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency|parliamentary republic with an executive presidency]] | leader_title1 = [[President of South Africa|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] | leader_title2 = [[Deputy President of South Africa|Deputy President]] | leader_name2 = [[Paul Mashatile]] | leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa|Speaker of the National Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Thoko Didiza]] | leader_title4 = [[Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces]] | leader_name4 = [[Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of South Africa|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = [[Mandisa Maya]] | legislature = [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[National Council of Provinces]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence | sovereignty_note = {{nowrap|from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]}} | established_event1 = [[Union of South Africa|Union]] | established_date1 = 31 May 1910 | established_event2 = [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] | established_date2 = 11 December 1931 | established_event3 = [[1960 South African republic referendum|Republic]] | established_date3 = 31 May 1961 | established_event4 = [[Constitution of South Africa|Current constitution]] | established_date4 = 4 February 1997 | area_km2 = 1,221,037 | area_footnote = | area_rank = 24th | area_sq_mi = 471,443 | percent_water = 0.380 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.071 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 April 2026 |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 33rd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $16,740<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 107th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $479.964 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 39th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,503<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 107th | Gini = 63.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2023 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite report|title=Human Development Report 2025: A matter of choice: People and possibilities in the age of AI|author=UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2025_HDR/HDR25_Statistical_Annex_I-HDI_Table.pdf |date=6 May 2025|publisher=UNDP|access-date=28 September 2025|archive-date=6 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006062920/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2025_HDR/HDR25_Statistical_Annex_I-HDI_Table.pdf}}</ref> | Gini_rank = <!-- 2nd --><!-- hid rank as source not clear --> | HDI = 0.741 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year.--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 106th | currency = [[South African rand]] | currency_code = ZAR | time_zone = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | DST_note = | time_zone_DST = | antipodes = | date_format = Short formats: * yyyy/mm/dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for en-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816213516/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * yyyy-mm-dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for af-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505092248/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|+27]] | iso3166code = ZA | cctld = [[.za]] | today = }} [[Karolo:Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] == Ethimoloji == Leina "AforikaBorwa " le tswa mo lefelong le naga eno e leng mo go lone kwa ntlheng ya borwa jwa Aforika. Fa e sena go tlhomiwa, naga eno e ne ya bidiwa Union of South Africa ka Seesemane le {{Lang|nl|Unie van Zuid-Afrika}} ka [[Se-dutch|Sedatšhe]], e le bontsha gore e simolotse fa go ne go kopanngwa dikolone tse nne tsa Boritane. Go tloga ka 1961, leina le leleele la semmuso ka Seesemane e ntse e le "Republic of South Africa" le {{Lang|af|Republiek van Suid-Afrika}} ka [[Seburu|Seaforikanse]]. Naga e na le leina la semmuso ka [[Dipuo tsa semmuso tsa Aforikaborwa|dipuo di le 12 tsa semmuso]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The text |url=https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/constitution/the-text |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225080137/https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/constitution/the-text |archive-date=25 December 2023 |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=www.concourt.org.za}}</ref> '''Mzansi''', e tserwe go tswa mo lefokong la [[Sethosa|Sexhosa]] {{Lang|xh|uMzantsi}} le le rayang "borwa", ke leina le le tlwaelegileng la AforikaBorwa, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Livermon |first=Xavier |year=2008 |title=Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-8121-1 |editor-last=Nuttall |editor-first=Sarah |location=Durham |page=283 |chapter=Sounds in the City |quote=''Mzansi'' is another black urban vernacular term popular with the youth and standing for South Africa. |access-date=5 January 2016 |editor-last2=Mbembé |editor-first2=Achille |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502074447/https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C |archive-date=2 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mzansi DiToloki |url=http://www.deafsa.co.za/mzansi_ditoloki/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116135926/http://www.deafsa.co.za/mzansi_ditoloki/ |archive-date=16 January 2014 |access-date=15 January 2014 |publisher=Deaf Federation of South Africa |quote=uMzantsi in Xhosa means 'south', Mzansi means this country, South Africa}}</ref> fa makoko mangwe a sepolotiki [[Bo-Aforika-Jotlhe|a Pan-Africanist]] a rata lefoko " Azania ", le le tswang mo Segerikeng, e seng mo puong ya Aforika. k7e88f2xjt072khpjr1cs6vyyc5bvn3 0 2077 57076 55527 2026-11-08T11:35:18Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Wikipedia | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-tn.svg|250px]] | logo_caption = Sekano sa [[Wikipedia]] | screenshot = Wikipedia Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = Wikipedia portal showing the different languages sorted by article count | collapsible = yes | caption = Tebego ya tsebe ya konokono ya Wikipedia ka komputara | type = [[Maranyane a encyclopedia]] | language_count = {{NUMBEROF|languages|Wikipedia}} | country_of_origin = United States | owner = {{Unbulleted list|[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|}} | authors = {{Unbulleted list|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}} | url = {{URL|https://www.wikipedia.org/|wikipedia.org}} | commercial = Nyaa | registration = Wa ithopela | num_users = [[List of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]] active editors<ref> To be considered [[Special:ActiveUsers|active]], a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.</ref><br />[[list of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]] registered users | launch_date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|p=yes|br=yes|2001|1|15}} | current_status = Active | content_license = {{Nowrap|[[Creative Commons license|CC Attribution / Share-Alike]] 3.0}}<br />Most text is also dual-licensed under [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; media licensing varies | programming_language = [[LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]] platform<ref name="roadchap">{{cite web |url=https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |title= Top 40 Website Programming Languages |website= rogchap.com |author= Chapman, Roger |date= September 6, 2011 |access-date= September 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922015103/https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |archive-date= September 22, 2013}}</ref> | oclc = 52075003 }} Wikipedia [e] ke [[:en:Encyclopedia|ensaetlopedia]] ya mahala ya maranyane e e kwadilweng le go tlhokomelwa ke setšhaba sa baithaopi, ba ba itsiweng jaaka [[:en:Wikipedians|Bawikipedia]], ka [[:en:Open_collaboration|tirisanommogo e e bulegileng]] le serweboleta sa [[:en:Wiki|wiki]] sa [[:en:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]]. E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Jimmy_Wales|Jimmy Wales]] le [[:en:Larry_Sanger|Larry Sanger]] ka ngwaga wa 2001, Wikipedia e ntse e amogelwa fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2003 ke [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], [[:en:501(c)(3)_organization|mokgatlho wa Amerika o o sa direng dipoelo]] o o tshegediwang thata ke meneelo ya babadi.<ref>[[:en:Lisa_Seitz-Gruwell|Seitz-Gruwell, Lisa]] (October 23, 2023)[[foundationsite:news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/|. "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia"]]. [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241008212455/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ Archived] from the original on October 8, 2024. Retrieved December 27, 2023.</ref> Wikipedia ke buka e kgolo go tsotlhe ya [[:en:Reference_work|tshedimosetso e e dirisediwang go batla tshedimosetso,]] gape ke yone e e balwang thata mo ditsong.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher "Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher]". ''[https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher The Economist]''. January 9, 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210107165356/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher Archived] from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.</ref><ref>[[:en:Chris_Anderson_(writer)|Anderson, Chris]] (May 8, 2006). [https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html "Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100".] ''[https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html Time]''. [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/500px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png Archived] from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2017.</ref> Kwa tshimologong e ne e le teng ka Seesemane fela, Wikipedia e godile [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|go fitlha dipuo di feta]] [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|makgolo a mararo]] mme ke nngwe ya [[:en:List_of_most-visited_websites|lefelo la tshedimosetso mo maranyaneng tse di etelwang thata]] mo lefatsheng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2026. [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]], e e nang le [[:en:Article_(publishing)|dipego]] di feta didikadike di le supa, e sa ntse e le yone e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo dikgatisong, tse mmogo di nang le dipego di feta didikadike di le masome a a marataro le bosupa mme gape e amogela maeto a a fetang didikadike di le sekete le makgolo a matlhano tsa didirisiwa tse di farologaneng le diphetogo di ka nna didikadike di le lesome le boraro kgwedi le kgwedi, e leng palogare ya diphetogo di ka nna tlhano ka motsotswana. Go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 2025, mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong ya batho ba ba etelang Wikipedia ba ne ba tswa kwa lefatsheng la United States, fa lefatshe la Japane le ne le emela mo e ka nnang karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong, mme mafatshe a United Kingdom, Germany le Russia tsotlhe di ne di emela mo e ka nnang karolo ya botlhano mo lekgolong nngwe le nngwe.<ref>[https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org/#geography "wikipedia.org]". ''Similarweb''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200605091241/https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org#geography Archived] from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2026.</ref> Wikipedia e ile ya akgolwa ka ntlha ya popego ya yone ya ka fa gare le setso, e e [[:en:Democratization_of_knowledge|kgontshang go dira gore kitso e nne ya]] [[:en:Democratization_of_knowledge|puso ya batho ka batho]], le ka ntlha ya go akaretsa dilo tse dintsi ka dikgang tse di farologaneng, [[:en:Censorship_of_Wikipedia|Wikipedia e ile ya tlhotlhomisiwa]] ke dipuso dingwe tsa bosetšhaba, go simolola ka ditsebe tse di rileng go ya kwa saeteng yotlhe, ka dinako tse dingwe ka ntlha ya go kgala puso kgotsa ka ntlha ya diteng tse di tsewang di le bosula .<ref>Treisman, Rachel (April 1, 2022). [https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine "Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war]". ''[[:en:NPR|NPR]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine Archived] from the original on December 2, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2023.</ref><ref>Skipper, Ben (December 7, 2015). [https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138 "China's government has blocked Wikipedia in its entirety again"]. ''International Business Times UK''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111142/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138 Archived] from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.</ref> Ensaekolopedia eo e kile ya tshwaiwa diphoso ka ntlha ya go sekamela mo letlhakoreng le le lengwe mo mokgweng wa yone wa go tlhagisa tshedimosetso. Sekao ke go se neye basadi tshiamelo e e lekanang le ya banna (gender bias) le go sa emele dinaga tsa Borwa jwa Lefatshe (Global South) ka tekatekano. Gape, boikanyego jwa tshedimosetso ya Wikipedia bo ne bo belaelwa gantsi mo dingwageng tsa bo-2000, mme go simolola kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo-2010, e simolotse go amogelwa le go akgolwa thata. Ditlhogo tsa Wikipedia tse di buang ka ditiragalo tse di sa tswang go diragala di dirisiwa gantsi ke batho ba le bantsi e le metswedi ya tshedimosetso ya bosheng. [[Category:Wikipedia]] == Ditso == Go ne ga lekeletswa diensaetlolopedia tse di farologaneng tsa tirisanommogo tsa mo mafaratlhatlheng (inthanete) pele ga go simololwa ga Wikipedia, mme tsotlhe tsa atlega fela e seng mo go kalo kalo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Garber |first=Megan |date=October 12, 2011 |title=The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed? |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=Nieman Lab}}</ref> Wikipedia e simolotse e le lenaneo le le tlaleletsang Nupedia, e leng thulaganyo ya mahala ya mafaratlhatlha a inthanete ya ensaetlolopedia ya puo ya Sekgoa e makwalo a yone a neng a kwalwa ke baitseanape le go sekasekwa ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo e e tlhomameng. <ref name="KockJungSyn2016">{{Cite journal |last=Kock |first=Ned |author-link=Ned Kock |last2=Jung |first2=Yusun |last3=Syn |first3=Thant |date=2016 |title=Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges |url=https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[International Journal of e-Collaboration]] |publisher=IGI Global |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 |issn=1548-3681 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2016}}</ref> E tlhomilwe ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2000, e le ya Bomis, e leng kompone ya web portal . Batho ba bagolo ba yone e ne e le Mookamedi-mogolo wa Bomis e bong Jimmy Wales le Larry Sanger, morulaganyi-mogolo wa Nupedia mme moragonyana wa Wikipedia. Nupedia e neilwe teseletso lantlha ka fa tlase ga teseletso ya yone ya Diteng tse di Buletsweng tsa Nupedia. Pele ga Wikipedia e tlhongwa, Nupedia e ne ya fetogela kwa Teseletso ya Dikwalo ya Mahala ya GNU se se rotloediwa ke Richard Stallman . Gantsi Wales o fiwa tlotla gore o ne a kgona go tlhalosa ka botlalo maikano a go dira ensaetlolopedia e makwalo a yone a kgonang go kwalwa le go baakangwa ke setshaba , fa Sanger ene a bokelwa go tswa ka leano la go dirisa wiki go fitlhelela maikano ao. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-15 |title=Tech Rewind: How Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia came to be |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/health-and-fitness/article/tech-rewind--how-wikipedia--the-free-encyclopedia-came-to-be-15915177 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2001, Sanger o ne a ntsha mogopolo mo dithomelong tsa Nupedia go tlhama wiki gore e bereke go "thusa" lenaneo la Nupedia. <ref name="nupedia feeder from WP 1" group="W">{{Cite news|last=Sanger|first=Larry|date=January 10, 2001|title=Let's Make a Wiki|url=https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|access-date=December 26, 2008|publisher=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> === Tshimololo le kgolo === Wikipedia e simolodisitswe ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2001, (ka dinako tse dingwe le bidiwa "Letsatsi la Wikipedia"), {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=7}} e le kgatiso e le nngwe ya puo ya Sekgoa e e nang le leina la kgolagano ya ''www.wikipedia.com'', mme le ne la bolelwa ke Sanger mo dithomelong tsa Nupedia. Leina le, le le duleng ka Sanger go thibela tshenyo epe e e ka nnang teng mo leineng la Nupedia, <ref>{{Cite news|last=Larry Sanger|author-link=Larry Sanger|date=11 January 2001|title=Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki...|publisher=Nupedia mailing list|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|access-date=10 July 2026|archivedate=14 April 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414021138/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html}}</ref> le simolotse mo motswakong wa mafoko ''wiki'' le ''encyclopedia'' . Wales o boletse gore kgopolo ya Wikipedia e ne ya tlhotlhelediwa ke dikgopolo tsa thulaganyo e e sa rulaganngwang e e neng e amana le Friedrich Hayek le [[Austrian School|Sekolo sa tsa itsholelo sa kwa Austria]] morago ga gore moitseanape wa tsa itsholelo yo o ratang kgololesego e bong Mark Thornton a supe megopolo ye . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-04-15|title=Wikipedia's Model Follows Hayek - WSJ|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123976347774119699}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mangu-Ward |first=Katherine |date=2007-05-30 |title=Wikipedia and Beyond |url=https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725210204/https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |archive-date=July 25, 2021 |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=Reason.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Segolobogolo, Wales o ne ya tlhotlhelediwa ke polelo ya ga Hayek ya Tiriso ya Kitso mo Setšhabeng e e neng e bolela gore e ne e le "konokono" mo mogopolong wa gagwe ka ga "kafa a ka laolang lenaneo la Wikipedia ka teng". <ref name=":0" /> Molao wa tsamaiso ya yone o o botlhokwa wa " pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore " o ne wa simolola mo ngwageng wa yone wa ntlha . {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=29}}Mme fela, go ne go na le melao e mmalwa, mme e ne e bereka e sa laolwe ke Nupedia. Bomis kwa tshimologong e ne e ikaeletse gore e nne kgwebo e e dirang dipoelo. <ref name="Seth-Finkelstein">{{Cite news|date=September 25, 2008|title=Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> Wikipedia e ne ya bona bakwadi/batlatsi ba ntlha go tswa mo Nupedia, dipego tsa ''Slashdot'', le go dira dikgolagano tsa enjene ya patlo ya webo. Dikgatiso tsa puo di ne tsa tlhamiwa go simolola ka Mopitlo 2001, mme palo yotlhe ya tse di ne di dirisiwang di le lekgolo le masome a le marataro le bongwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 2004. Nupedia le Wikipedia di ne tsa nna mmogo go fitlhela disefara tsa Nupedia di emisetswa ruri ka 2003, mme dikwalo tsa yone di ne tsa tsenngwa mo Wikipedia. Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e fetile letshwao la dikwalo tse di didikadike di le pedi (2 million) ka Lwetse a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2007, mme se se ne sa e dira gore e nne ensaetlolopedia e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe tse di kileng tsa kokoanngwa, e feta ''Ensaetlolopedia ya Yongle'' e e neng ya dirwa kwa China ka nako ya puso ya ga Ming ka 1408, e e neng e tshwere rekoto ya teng dingwaga di ka nna makgolo a le marataro. Ka ntlha ya go tshaba papatso ya dikgwebo le go tlhoka taolo, badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Sepanishe ba ne ba tswa mo Wikipedia go tlhama {{Lang|es|[[Enciclopedia Libre]]}} ka Tlhakole 2002. <ref name="EL fears and start 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008 |url=https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006065927/https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |archive-date=October 6, 2008 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Osdir}}</ref> Morago ga moo Wales o ne a ntsha kitsiso ya gore Wikipedia ga e kitla e bontsha dikgang tsa ipapatso mme ya fetola kgolagano ya dikhomphiutha go tswa go ''wikipedia.com'' go ya go ''wikipedia.org'' . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |date=August 16, 2002 |title=Brion VIBBER at pobox.com |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620071550/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html |archive-date=June 20, 2014 |access-date=December 8, 2020 |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> Morago ga paka ya ntlha ya kgolo e e kwa godimo, <ref name="wikisym slowing growth 1" /> go lebega selekanyo sa kgolo ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa go ya ka dipalo tsa dikwalo tse disha le tsa bakwadi e ne ya tsholetsega thata go bapa le ngwaga wa 2007 o simolola. <ref name="guardian WP user peak 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia approaches its limits|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist|access-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref> Kgatiso e e ne ya fitlhelela dikwalo di le didikadike di le tharo ka Phatwe 2009. Dikwalo di ka nna sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi di ne di tsenngwa mo ensaetlolopedia ye ka letsatsi ka ngwaga wa 2006; ka 2013 palogare eo e ne e tsamaela makgolo a le boferabobedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Wikipedia)) |author-link=Special:History/Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |title=Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826234512/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia%27s_growth |archive-date=August 26, 2011 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Setlhopha kwa Lekalaneng la Dipatlisiso la Palo Alto se ne sa amanya go fokotsega mo ga kgolo le "go oketsega ga kgokagano le ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo, go se akarediwe batho ba basha mo lenaneong, le go gana diphetogo tse disha". Ba bangwe ba ne ba akantsha gore kgolo e ne ya fokotsega ka gonne dikwalo tse di ka bidiwang " [[wiktionary:low-hanging fruit|tse di motlhofo thata]] "— tsa ditlhogo tse di tshwanelwang ke go nna dikwalo—di ne di setse di tlhamilwe le go agiwa thata. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Cohen|author-link=Noam Cohen|title=Wikipedia&nbsp;– Exploring Fact City|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele 2009, mmatlisisi mongwe kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Rey Juan Carlos kwa Madrid, kwa Spain, o ne a fitlhela gore Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne e latlhegetswe ke bakwadi/batlatsi ba le dikete di le masome a mane le boferabongwe mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse tharo tsa 2009; fa e bapisiwa, e ne e latlhegetswe ke bakwadi ba le dikete di le nne le makgolo a le boferabongwe fela mo pakeng e e tshwanang ka 2008. <ref name="guardian editors leaving 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors|title=Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words|work=The Guardian|location=London|first=Jenny|last=Kleeman|date=November 26, 2009|access-date=December 13, 2016}}</ref> ''Pego ya The Wall Street'' e ne ya umaka melao e e farologaneng e e dirisiwang mo go direng dikwalo le dikganetsano tse di amanang le diteng tsa one gareng ga mabaka a a dirang gore go nne le tlwaelo ya kgang ye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=Geoffrey A. |last2=Angwin |first2=Julia |date=November 27, 2009 |title=Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204041034/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969 |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Wales o ne a ganetsa dikgang tse ka 2009, a ganela dikgang tsa phokotsego le go belaela mokgwa wa patlisiso eo. <ref name="telegraph Wales WP not losing editors 1">{{Cite news|last=Barnett|first=Emma|date=November 26, 2009|title=Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html|access-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref> Morago ga dingwaga di le pedi, ka 2011, o ne a amogela gore go nnile le phokotsego e nnye, a lemoga phokotsego go tswa go "bakwadi ba ba fetang dikete di le masome a mararo le borataro go le sekae" ka Seetebosigo 2010 go ya go ba le dikete di le masome a mararo le botlhano le makgolo a le boferabobedi ka Seetebosigo 2011. Mo go yone potsolotso eo, o ne a bolela gape gore palo ya bakwadi e ne e "tlhomame e bile e tswelelela pele". <ref name="wiki-women">{{Cite news|last=Rawlinson|first=Kevin|date=August 8, 2011|title=Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html|access-date=April 5, 2012}}</ref> Setlhogo sa lekwalo la 2013 la ''MIT Technology Review'', "Go wela tlase ga Wikipedia", se ne sa belaela polelo e, sa bega gore fa e sale ka 2007 Wikipedia e ne e latlhegetswe ke nngwetharong ya bakwadi ba yone ba ba ithaopileng, mme sa akantsha gore ba ba setseng ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo thata mo dintlheng tse dinnye. <ref name="Simonite-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Simonite |first=Tom |date=October 22, 2013 |title=The Decline of Wikipedia |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |journal=[[MIT Technology Review]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731083716/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref> Ka Phukwi 2012, ''The Atlantic'' e ne ya bega gore palo ya batsamaisi le yone e ne e fokotsega. <ref name="Meyer-2012">{{Cite news|last=Meyer|first=Robinson|date=July 16, 2012|title=3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatseele 2013, bukana ya ditshwantsho ya ''New York'' e ne ya bolela jaana, "Wikipedia, webosaete ya borataro e e dirisiwang thata, e lebagane le mathata a tsamaiso ya one." Palo ya bakwadi ba esaentlolopedia ya Sekgoa ba ba e dirisang gangwe le gape fa e sa le ka nako eo e ntse e tlhomame morago ga nako e telele ya go wela tlase. <ref>{{Cite news|last=F.|first=G.|date=May 5, 2013|title=Who really runs Wikipedia?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/05/05/who-really-runs-wikipedia|access-date=November 26, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandiberg |first=Michael |date=February 23, 2020 |title=Mapping Wikipedia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115131524/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023 |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2014, Subodh Varma yo o neng a begela ''The Economic Times'' o ne a supa gore ga se fela gore kgolo ya Wikipedia e ne e eme, e ne e "latlhegetswe ke palo ya dipono tsa dikwalo di ka nna lesome mo lekgolong ngogola. Go nnile le phokotsego ye e ka nnang dikadikadike di le dikete tse pedi (2 billion) fa gare ga Sedimonthole 2012 le Sedimonthole 2013. Diphetolelo tsa yone tse di ratiwang thata ke tsone tse di eteletseng pele mo tsebeng: dipono tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa di fokotsegile ka lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong (12%), tsa mofuta wa Sejeremane di fokotsegile ka lesome le bosupa mo lekgolong (17%) mme tsa mofuta wa Sejapane di fokotsegile ka boferabongwe mo lekgolong (9%)." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|last=Varma|first=Subodh|date=January 20, 2014|title=Google eating into Wikipedia page views?|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms|access-date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> Varma o ne a tlatsa a re, "Le fa baokamedi ba Wikipedia ba akanya gore se se ka tswa se bakilwe ke diphoso tsa go tsaa dipalo, baitseanape ba bangwe ba akanya gore lenaneo la Google la Knowledge Graphs le le simolotsweng ngogola le ka tswa le ne le tsaya badirisi ba Wikipedia." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> Fa go ikgolagangwa le ene, Clay Shirky, morutintshi-mmogo kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa New York le modiri ka ene kwa Lekalana la Setšhaba le mafaratlhatlha a Inthanete la Berkman Klein la Harvard o ne a bolela gore o belaela gore bontsi jwa go fokotsega ga go lebelewa ga ditsebe go bakilwe ke Dikerafo tsa Kitso, a bolela jaana, "Fa o ka kgona go bona karabo ya potso ya gago mo tsebeng ya patlo, ga o tlhoke go [tobetsa] go ya pele." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> Kwa bokhutlong jwa Sedimonthole 2016, Wikipedia e ne ya fiwa maemo a botlhano mo webosaeteng e e itseweng thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara. <ref name="Alexa">{{Cite web |title=Alexa Top 500 Global Sites |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |access-date=December 28, 2016 |website=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Firikgong 2023, go setse go nopotswe dikwalo di le dikete di le masome a matlhano le botlhano le makgolo a le bosupa le masome a le boferabongwe le bongwe (55 791) tsa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa makgetho a le dikete di le masome a le boferabongwe le bobedi le makgolo a le mararo (92 300 ) mo dibukaneng tsa barutegi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citations of Wikipedia as an Online Resource |url=https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |publisher=exaly}}</ref> tse go tswa mo go tsone tiriso ya dikitso tsa dikhomphiutha e neng e le tsebe e e nopotsweng thata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citations of Cloud Computing |url=https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |publisher=exaly}}</ref> === Dithulaganyo tse di berekang le yone === Wikipedia e tlhamile mananeo a le mmalwa a a berekang le ensaetlolopedia, tse gape e leng diwiki tse di tsamaisiwang ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] . [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mananeo a mangwe a Wikimedia]] a a akaretsa Wiktionary, lenaneo la bukana ya ithunthuntso mafoko e e neng ya simololwa ka Sedimonthole 2002, Wikiquote, kokoanyo ya dinopolo tse di tlhamilweng beke morago ga gore Wikimedia e simololwe, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Woods |first=Dan |year=2007 |title=Wikis for dummies |url=https://archive.org/details/wikisfordummies0000wood |last2=Theony |first2=Peter |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-05066-8 |edition=1st |location=Hoboken, NJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/wikisfordummies0000wood/page/58 58] |chapter=3: The Thousand Problem-Solving Faces of Wikis |oclc=1300481129 |ol=5741003W}}</ref> Wikibooks, kokoanyo ya dibukathuto tsa mahala tse di kwadilweng ka tirisanommogo, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Meta-Wiki)) |author-link=m:Special:History/Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |title=Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319183224/http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> [[Wikimedia Commons]] . e e neng e diretswe metswedi ya dikgang ya kitso e e gololesegileng, Wikinews, ya bobegadikgang jo bo dirisanang mmogo, le Wikiversity, lenaneo la go tlhama didirisiwa tsa go ithuta tsa mahala le go tlamela ka ditiro tsa go ithuta ka inthanete. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Wikiversity)) |author-link=v:Special:History/Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |title=Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724204635/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |archive-date=July 24, 2015 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikiversity |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Lenaneo le lengwe la Wikipedia, Wikispecies, le nankolola mefuta ya ditshedi tsotlhe, mme ga e a bulegela go ka tlaletswa ke setšhaba. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 18, 2005 |title=NET News: Calling All Taxonomists |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2005-02-18_307_5712/page/1021 |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5712 |page=1021 |doi=10.1126/science.307.5712.1021a |s2cid=220095354 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ka 2012, Wikivoyage, e leng kaedi ya mesepele e e ka tlaleletswang, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luyt |first=Brendan |date=January 1, 2020 |title=A new kind of travel guide or more of the same? Wikivoyage and Cambodia |journal=Online Information Review |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=356–371 |doi=10.1108/OIR-03-2020-0104}}</ref> le Wikidata, e leng motheo wa kitso o o ka tlaleletswang le one, di ne tsa simololwa. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Matthew |date=March 30, 2012 |title=The Wikipedia data revolution |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Diphitlhelelo === [[File:List_of_Wikipedia_articles_by_language_-_March_2024.svg|thumb|[[Cartogram]] showing number of articles in the top 88 Wikipedias ({{as of|2024|3|lc=y|post=).}} The size of the circles for Wikipedias that have less than a million articles is fixed and not proportional to the size of the Wikipedia. The smallest Wikipedia that made the cutoff is the [[Haitian Creole]] Wikipedia with 69K articles.{{efn|As of April 2026, the [[Haitian Creole]] Wikipedia, with 72K articles, is in 91st place when ranked by number of articles.}}<br /> The languages are roughly grouped by region: <br />{{hlist|{{legend0|#4C0099|[[Northern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CC0000|[[Southern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CCCC00|[[Eastern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CC6600|[[Middle East]]}}|{{legend0|#4C9900|[[East Asia]]}}|{{legend0|#00CDFF|[[Indian subcontinent]]}}|{{legend0|#660000|[[Sub-Saharan Africa]]}}|{{legend0|#808080|[[Central Asia]]}}|{{legend0|#6600CC|[[Caribbean]]}}}} ]] Ka Firikgong 2007, Wikipedia e ne ya nna nngwe ya diwebosaete tse di lesome tse di tumileng thata kwa Amerika, go ya ka Comscore Networks. <ref name="Comscore-2007">{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2007 |title=New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic |url=https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819190445/https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Comscore]] |page=3 |format=PDF}}</ref> Ka badirisi ba yone ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le masome a mane le bobedi le dikete di le makgolo a le boferabongwe (42.9), e ne ya nna mo maemong a boferabongwe, e feta ''The New York Times'' (maemo a lesome) le Apple (maemo a lesome le bongwe). <ref name="Comscore-2007" /> Se se ne sa tshwaya koketsego e e bonalang go feta Firikgong 2006, fa Wikipedia e ne e le mo maemong a bomasome a le mararo le boraro, ka badirisi ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le lesome le boferabobedi le dikete di le makgolo a le mararo ka (18.3 million). Ka 2014, e ne ya amogela dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le dikete tse di boferabobedi (8 billion) kgwedi le kgwedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report&nbsp;– Wikipedia Page Views Per Country |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020212633/http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |archive-date=October 20, 2011 |access-date=March 8, 2015 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Tlhakole a le malatsi ae boferabongwe, 2014, ''The New York Times'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e na le &nbsp;dipono tsa ditsebe di le dikadikadike di le dikete tse dilesome le boferabobedi (18 billion) le badirisi ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le makgolo a le matlhano (500 million) ka kgwedi, "go ya ka ditekanyetso tsa comScore". <ref name="small screen">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=February 9, 2014|title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Go ema ka Mopitlo 2023, e ne le mo maemong a borataro ka go tuma go ya kaSimilarweb.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Similarweb |title=Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=[[Similarweb]]}}</ref> Jeff Loveland le Joseph Reagle ba nganga gore, mo tsamaisong, Wikipedia e latela mokgwa wa tsela e e telele wa diensaetlolopedia tsa ditso tse di kokoantseng ditokafatso ka bonya ka bonya ka " go kokoanya ga stigmergy ". <ref name="sagepub WP and encyclopedic production 1">{{Cite journal |last=Loveland |first=Jeff |last2=Reagle |first2=Joseph |date=January 15, 2013 |title=Wikipedia and encyclopedic production |journal=New Media & Society |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=1294 |doi=10.1177/1461444812470428 |issn=1461-4448 |s2cid=27886998}}</ref> <ref name="theatlantic WP actually a reversion 1">{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Rebecca J. |date=January 30, 2013 |title=What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229051117/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697/ |archive-date=December 29, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2013 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome le boferabobedi, ngwaga wa 2012, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne ya nna le seabe mo motseletseleng wa ditshupetso tse di rulagantsweng kgatlhanong le melao e mebedi e e neng e tshitshintswe kwa Lekgotlaneng la United States — Molao wa go Emisa go Utswa bodiratsi/dikwalo mo mafaratlhatlheng (SOPA) le Molao wa PROTECT IP (PIPA)—ka go fifatsa ditsebe tsa yone dioura di le masome a mabedi le bone . <ref name="LA Times Jan 19">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress|url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/wikipedia-sopa-blackout-congressional-representatives.html|access-date=March 6, 2012}}</ref> Batho ba feta didikadike di le lekgolo le le lengwe le masome a mabedi ba bone tsebe e e neng e tlhalosa go fifafatsa moo e e neng e tsere maemo a diteng tsa ensaetlolopedia nakwana e e seng ya sennela ruri. <ref name="BBC WP blackout protest 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16590585|access-date=January 19, 2012}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=SOPA/Blackoutpage |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622185443/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |archive-date=June 22, 2018 |access-date=January 19, 2012 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Firikgong 2013, 274301 Wikipedia, e leng asteroid, e ne ya bidiwa ka Wikipedia; <ref>{{Cite news|last=Workman|first=Robert|date=January 5, 2013|title=Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia'|work=[[Space.com]]|url=https://www.space.com/19643-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> ka Phalane 2014, Wikipedia e ne ya tlotlomatswa ka ''Sefikantswe sa Wikipedia'' ; <ref>{{Cite news|last=Katz|first=Leslie|date=October 27, 2014|title=A Wikipedia monument? It's true (we're pretty sure)|work=[[CNET]]|url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/a-wikipedia-monument-its-true-were-pretty-sure/|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> mme, ka Phukwi 2015, ditshutiso tsa Wikipedia di le lekgolo le le lengwe le borataro (106) mo go tse di dikete di le bosupa le makgolo a le mane le masome a le bosupa le boraro (7 473) tse di nang le ditsebe di le makgolo a le masupa 700 di ne tsa nna teng e le Wikipedia e e Gatisitsweng . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=June 18, 2015 |title=You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Wikipedia for $500,000 |url=https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017154940/https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/ |archive-date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=VentureBeat}}</ref> Ka Moranang 2019, sefofane sa Iseraele se se fologang mo ngweding, Beresheet, se ne sa wela mo godimo ga [[Ngwedi]] se tshotse dikhophi tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia ya sekgoa tsotlhe di gateletswe mo dipoleiting tse ditshesane tsa nikele; baitseanape ba re go ka direga gore dipoleiti tse di ne tsa seka tsa amega fa tiragalo e ya go wa ga sefofane e diragala. <ref name="WRD-20190805">{{Cite news|last=Oberhaus|first=Daniel|date=August 5, 2019|title=A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|url=https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/|access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="VOX-20190806">{{Cite news|last=Resnick|first=Brian|title=Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon&nbsp;– The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun.|url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission|date=August 6, 2019|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2019, baitseanape ba maranyane ba ne ba bega gore 16 GB otlhe wa dikwalo tse di tswang mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa o tsentswe mo DNA ya maitirelo . <ref name="CNET-20190629">{{Cite news|last=Shankland|first=Stephen|date=June 29, 2019|title=Startup packs all 16&nbsp;GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech&nbsp;– Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes.|work=[[CNET]]|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/|access-date=August 15, 2023}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le lesome le boferabobedi, 2023, Wikipedia e ne ya simolodisa webosaete e ntšha e e baakantsweng , e e bidiwang " Vector 2022 ". <ref name="Pearl-2023">{{Cite web |last=Pearl |first=Mike |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out. |url=https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012235/https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> <ref name="Tech Desk-2023">{{Cite web |last=Tech Desk |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119054103/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/ |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |access-date=January 22, 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> E ne e na le tsebe ya lenaneo e e tlhamilweng sesha, e sutisetsa tafole ya diteng kafa molemeng go e dira baara e e kafa thoko, le diphetogo di le dintsi fa go tobediwang teng go tlhopha tse o batlang go di dirisa jaaka sedirisiwa sa go tlhopha puo. <ref name="Tech Desk-2023" /> <ref group="W">{{Cite news|date=January 18, 2023|title=Wikipedia Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ntšhafatso e e ne ya amogela tsibogo e e sa siamang kwa tshimologong, segolobogolo fa bakwadi botlhe ba Wikipedia ya Seswahili ba ne ba tlhopha go busetsa diphetogo morago. <ref name="Pearl-2023" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rauwerda |first=Annie |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point. |url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Bobedi jo, Sanger le Wales ba ne tsenelela dipotsolotso tse di phatlalatsa kwa bokhutlong jwa 2025 ka ga dikakanyo tsa bone ka ga maemo le seemo sa Wikipedia, go fitlha go felela fa dingwageng tsa one tse di masome a mabedi le botlhano e ntse e le mo tirisong ka Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2026; Wales o ne a tlhagelela mo thulaganyong ya dikgang tsa PBS mo lenaneong la GZERO World e e neng e botsolodiwa ke Ian Bremmer mme Sanger o ne a tlhagelela mo Dikgannyeng tsa Fox, e e neng e botsolodiwa ke Ashley Rindsberg . Buka ya ga Wales ya ''Melao e e Supa ya go Ikanyega'' e ne ya gatisiwa ke Penguin Random House ka Phalane 2025 . E ne ya tlhalosiwa ke mogatisi jaaka "kakanyo e e tseneletseng ka ga mathata a lefatshe a go ikanyega le kitso" e le buka e e kanokang "melao ya go tshepana" e e letleletseng kgolo le katlego ya Wikipedia. <ref name="Penguin">{{Cite web |title=The Seven Rules of Trust |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/734278/the-seven-rules-of-trust-by-jimmy-wales-with-dan-gardner/ |access-date=22 October 2025 |website=[[Penguin Random House]] |language=en}}</ref> === Ditlamorago tsa maranyane a botlhale jwa maiterelo (generative AI ) mo dipalong tsa dipono tsa ditsebe tsa Wikipedia === Fa e sa le ka Firikgong 2024, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o begile koketsego ya sephatlo mo lekgolong ya tiriso tsa dibandwith go tswa mo go bapaleng diteng tsa bobegakgang mo mananeong a one otlhe. Go ya ka mokgatlho yo, kgolo e e amana le mananeo a a iperekisang ka boone, kgotsa di-bot tsa " scraper ", tse di kokoanyang ditshutiso tsa kitso mo ditsebeng tsa Wikimedia gore di dirisiwe mo go katiseng didirisiwa tse ditona tsa puo le ditiro tse di amanang le tsone. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weaver |first=Tanya |date=2025-04-04 |title=AI scraper bots putting costly strain on Wikimedia infrastructure |url=https://eandt.theiet.org/2025/04/04/ai-scraper-bots-are-putting-costly-strain-wikimedias-infrastructure |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=eandt.theiet.org}}</ref> Ka Phalane 2025, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne wa bega palo kakanyetso e le boferabobedi mo lekgolong ya phokotsego ya pharakano fa go bapisiwa le kgwedi e e tshwanang ka 2024 mo diponong tse di dirilweng ke batho. Ba bua gore se se bontsha tiriso ya Maranyane a botlhale jwa maitirelo le metswedi ya dikgang di sedimosa ka fa batho ba ratang go batla kitso/dikgang ka teng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ha |first=Anthony |date=2025-10-18 |title=Wikipedia says traffic is falling due to AI search summaries and social video |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-and-social-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221202413/https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-and-social-video/ |archive-date=December 21, 2025 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Marshall |date=2025-10-17 |title=New User Trends on Wikipedia |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Diff}}</ref> == Tirisanommogo ya bakwadi == [[File:History_Comparison_Example_(Vector).png|thumb|Dipharologano tse di gateletsweng mo dikwalong tsa setlhogo se le sengwe]] === Melawana === Ka ntlha ya go tuma ga Wikipedia mo go ntseng go oketsega, dikgatiso dingwe, di akaretsa le tsa Sekgoa, di simolodisitse melawana e e laolang go tlaleletsa dikwalo fa gongwe. Ka sekai, mo Wikipedia ya sekgoa le dikgatiso dingwe tsa dipuo, badirisi ba ba nang le diphetogo di le lesome tsa dikwalo mme gape ba na le malatsi a le mane e le badirisi ke bone fela ba ba ka dirang dikwalo tse disha. Mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, gareng ga tse dingwe, ditsebe tse di bakang dikganetsano thata, tse di masisi, kgotsa tse di nang le kgonagalo ya go senngwa di ile tsa sirelediwa ka selekanyo se se farologaneng. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hafner|first1=Katie|date=June 17, 2006|title=Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html|access-date=December 5, 2016}}</ref> Tsebe e e senngwang gantsi e ka nna "e e sireleditsweng bontlhabongwe" kgotsa "e e sireleditsweng e netefaditswe gape e atolositswe", se se rayang gore ke fela bakwadi ba ba "tlhomamisitsweng" kgotsa ba ba "netefaditsweng mo go atolositsweng" ba ka e fetolang. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12–13}}Setlhogo se se bakang dikganetsano thata se ka nna sa lotlelwa gore e nne batsamaisi fela ba ba ka dirang diphetogo. Lekwalo la 2021 mo ''Columbia Journalism Review'' le ne la supa melawana ya Wikipedia ya go sireletsa ditsebe jaaka "gongwe tsela e e botlhokwa thata" e e nang le yone ya go "laola mmaraka wa yone wa megopolo". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |last2=Benjakob |first2=Omer |date=January 14, 2021 |title=Wikipedia is twenty. It's time to start covering it better. |url=https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117150508/https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |access-date=January 15, 2021 |website=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]}}</ref> Wikipedia e abetse di- bot ditiro dingwe . tsamaiso ya algorithm ya mofuta yoo e bonolo go tsenngwa mo tirisong le go lekanyediwa, mme go gana go amogela diphetogo mo go itirisang (automated rejection ) go ka tswa go nnile le seabe mo go fokotsegeng ga bakwadi ba ba matlhagatlhaga ba Wikipedia. <ref name="Ren-2024">{{Cite journal |last=Ren |first=Yuqing |last2=Zhang |first2=Haifeng |last3=Kraut |first3=Robert E. |date=February 29, 2024 |title=How Did They Build the Free Encyclopedia? A Literature Review of Collaboration and Coordination among Wikipedia Editors |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |url-status=live |journal=ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–48 |doi=10.1145/3617369 |issn=1073-0516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912194101/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |archive-date=September 12, 2024 |access-date=September 12, 2024}}</ref> Di-bot di tshwanetse go amogelwa ke badirisi pele ga ditiro tsa tsone di tsenngwa mo tirisong. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=36}} Mo dikgannyeng tse dingwe, bakwadi botlhe ba letlelelwa go romela diphetogo, fela go tlhokega tshekatsheko mo bakwading bangwe, go lebilwe diemo dingwe. Ka sekai, Wikipedia ya Sejeremane e boloka "diphetolo tse di tlhomameng" tsa dikwalo tse di fentseng go tlhatlhobiwa mo go rileng. Morago ga diteko tse di tsereng nako e telele le dipuisano tsa badirisi, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne ya tlhagisa thulaganyo ya "diphetogo tse di santseng di letilwe" ka Sedimonthole ngwaga wa 2012. <ref name="BInsider pending changes intro 1">{{Cite news|last=Henderson|first=William|date=December 10, 2012|title=Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks|work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pending-changes-safeguard-on-wikipedia-2012-12|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo ye, diphetogo tsa badirisi ba basha le ba ba sa kwadisiwang mo dikwalong dingwe tse di bakang dikganetsano kgotsa tse di nnang di senngwa di sekasekwa ke badirisi ba ba tlhomameng pele ga di gatisiwa. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Frewin|first1=Jonathan|date=June 15, 2010|title=Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing|journal=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10312095|access-date=August 21, 2014}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, melawana ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo e fokotsa go nna le seabe ga bakwadi ga mmogo le maiteko a go kabakanya morafe wa badirisi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ajmani |first=Leah |last2=Vincent |first2=Nicholas |last3=Chancellor |first3=Stevie |date=September 28, 2023 |title=Peer Produced Friction: How Page Protection on Wikipedia Affects Editor Engagement and Concentration |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=7 |issue=CSCW2 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1145/3610198 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915061444/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> Dikwalo tse di amanang le kgotlhang ya Iseraele le Palestina di bewa ka fa tlase ga tshireletso e e atolositsweng e e netefaditsweng. <ref name="Harrison-2023">{{Cite news|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|date=October 26, 2023|title=Wikipedia Is Covering the War in Israel and Gaza Better Than X|url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/10/wikipedia-elon-musk-gaza-hamas-israel-x-twitter-dispute.html|access-date=December 20, 2023|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> Bakwadi gape ba ka dira phetogo ya go boela morago mafoko a bone gangwe fela ka letsatsi go ralala ensaetlolopedia yotlhe mme ba ka thibelwa ruri go tlaleletsa dikwalo tse di amanang le yone. Melawana e e simolotswe ka 2008. <ref name="Benjakob-2020a">{{Cite news|last=Benjakob|first=Omer|date=October 4, 2020|title=The Second Intifada Still Rages on Wikipedia|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-10-04/ty-article/.highlight/the-second-intifada-still-rages-on-wikipedia/0000017f-e7fb-da9b-a1ff-efff2c230000|access-date=March 6, 2024|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong 2025, Komiti ya Katlholo e ne ya simolodisa "melawana e e lekalekanang ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo", e e tlhokang gore badirisi ba ba nang le dithibelo ba neele fela nngwetharong ya diphetolo tsa bone mo dikwalong tse di amanang le kgotlhang ya Iseraele le Palestina le fa go se na melao epe ya boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang e e robilweng. <ref name="Elia-Shalev-2025">{{Cite web |last=Elia-Shalev |first=Asaf |date=January 24, 2025 |title=Edit wars over Israel spur rare ban of 8 Wikipedia editors — from both sides |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610091420/https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |archive-date=June 10, 2025 |access-date=May 27, 2025 |website=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]}}</ref> === Tshekatsheko ya diphetogo === [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|tsebe ya diphetolo ya Wikipedia]] Le fa diphetogo di sa sekasekwe ka thulaganyo, sofotewere ya Wikipedia e tlamela ka didirisiwa tse di letlelelang mongwe le mongwe go sekaseka diphetogo tse di dirilweng ke ba bangwe. Tsebe ya Ditso ya lekwalo lengwe le sengwe e golagana le diphetolo dingwe le dingwe tsa yone.{{efn|Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely.}} Mo dikwalong ka bontsi, mongwe le mongwe o ka lebelela diphetogo tse disha mme gape a baakanya diphetolo tsa ba bangwe ka go tobetsa kgokagano e e mo tsebeng ya Ditso tsa lekwalo la teng. Badirisi ba ba kwadisitsweng ba ka nna ba tlhokometse dikwalo tse di ba kgatlhang ka go nna le "lenaneo la ditebelelo" gore ba kgone go itsisiwe ka diphetogo. "Kanoko ya ditsebe tse disha" ke thulaganyo e mo go yone dikwalo tse di sa tswang go tlhamiwa di tlholwang go bona gore a di na le mathata a a bonalang. Ka 2003, moithuti wa setlankana sa PhD sa dithuto tsa itsholelo Andrea Ciffolilli o ne a bolela gore ditshenyegelo tse di kwa tlase tsa go nna le seabe mo wiki di ne tsa dira gore go nne le tlhabololo ya tirisanommogo, le gore dikarolo tsa mofuta yoo di ne di letlelela gore go nne motlhofo go bona diphetolo tse di fetileng tsa tsebe, mme go ne go thusa ka "dikatlholo tse di agang" go na le "dikatlholo tse di senyang". <ref name="FMonday collaborative effort 1">{{Cite journal |last=Ciffolilli |first=Andrea |date=December 2003 |title=Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia |journal=First Monday |volume=8 |issue=12 |doi=10.5210/fm.v8i12.1108 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tshenyo === Phetogo epe e e tshosetsang go thokgama ga Wikipedia ka bomo e tsewa e le go senya. Mefuta e e tlwaelegileng thata e e bonalang ya go senya e akaretsa go oketsa ka dilo tse di fatlhang le metlae e e sa siamang; gape e ka akaretsa ipapatso le mefuta e mengwe ya spam. Ka dinako tse dingwe bakwadi ba senya dikwalo ka go tlosa diteng kgotsa go tsenya tsebe e e senang sepe gotlhelele. Mefuta e e sa tlwaelegang thata ya tshenyo, jaaka go tlaletsa dikwalo ka dikgang tse di utlwalang mme di se boammaaruri ka bomo, di ka nna dingalo thata go lemosega. Batho ba ba senyang dikwalo ba ka tsenya fomate e e sa amaneng le sepe, ba fetola motheo wa tsebe jaaka setlhogo sa tsebe kgotsa go aroganngwa ga yone ka ditlhopha, ba dirisa khoutu e e ka fa tlase ga lekwalo ka boferefere, kgotsa ba dirisa ditshwantsho ka tsela e e kgoreletsang. [[File:John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg|alt=White-haired elderly gentleman in suit and tie speaks at a podium.|left|thumb|Mmegadikgang wa MoAmerika John Seigenthaler (1927–2014), setlhogo sa tiragalo ya buka ya botshelo jwa ga Seigenthaler]] Tshenyo e e bonalang ka kakaretso e motlhofo go ka ntshiwa mo dikwalong tsa Wikipedia; nako ya bogare ya go e lemoga le go e baakanya ke metsotso e le mmalwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, tshenyo ye nngwe e tsaya lobaka thata go ka lemogwa le go baakanngwa. Mo tiragalong ya buka ya botshelo jwa ga Seigenthaler, mokwadi mongwe yo o neng a ipipile leina a sa itsiwe o ne a tsenya kgang ye e e seng boammaaruri mo lekwalong la botshelo jwa moeteledipele wa sepolotiki wa Amerika e bong John Seigenthaler ka Motsheganong 2005, a mo kaya mo go maaka jaaka mmelaelwa wa polao ya ga John F. Kennedy . E ne ya nna e sa baakanngwa dikgwedi di le nne. Seigenthaler, mookamedi yo o simolotseng ''USA Today'' le motlhami wa lekgotlana la kgololesego ya Lekalana la Phetolo ya Ntlha kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Vanderbilt, o ne a leletsa motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia e bong Jimmy Wales mme a mmotsa gore a o na le tsela epe ya go itse gore ke mang yo o tsentseng kgang ye e senang boammaaruri yeo. Wales o ne a re ga itse, le fa mong wa molato a ne a feleletsa a latedisiwa. <ref name="book The World is Flat 1">{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Thomas L. |year=2007 |title=The World is Flat |url=https://archive.org/details/worldisflatbrief0000frie_r7b0 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus & Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-29278-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldisflatbrief0000frie_r7b0/page/124 124]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Brian |date=November 17, 2006 |title=Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace |url=https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140311/https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |archive-date=December 21, 2012 |access-date=November 17, 2012 |publisher=[[First Amendment Center]]}}</ref> Morago ga tiragalo e, Seigenthaler o ne a tlhalosa Wikipedia e le "sedirisiwa sa patlisiso se se nang le diphoso gape se sena maikarabelo". Tiragalo e e ne ya dira gore go dirwe diphetogo tsa melawana kwa Wikipedia tsa go gagamatsa go netefadiwa ga dikwalo tse di buang ka matshelo a batho ba ba tshelang. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Helm|first=Burt|title=Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress"|url=https://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress|date=December 13, 2005|access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref> === Dikganetsano le dintwa tsa go tlaleletsa dikwalo === Bakwadi ba Wikipedia gantsi ba na le go sa dumalane mabapi le diteng, tse di ka tlotliwang mo ditsebeng tsa Puisano tsa dikwalo. Dikganetsano di ka felela ka diphetogo tse di gaisanang gangwe le gape mo dikwalong, tse di bidiwang "ntwa ya go tlaleletsa". <ref name="NBC WP editorial warzone 12">{{Cite news|last=Coldewey|first=Devin|date=June 21, 2012|title=Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study|department=Technology|work=[[NBC News]]|url=https://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793|access-date=March 26, 2021|archivedate=August 26, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113318/http://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793}}</ref> E bonwa ke botlhe jaaka seemo se se senyang didirisiwa mme go sena kitso epe e e mosola e e tsengwang, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalyanasundaram |first=Arun |date=December 2015 |title=2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) |last2=Wei |first2=Wei |last3=Carley |first3=Kathleen M. |last4=Herbsleb |first4=James D. |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4673-9743-8 |location=Huntington Beach, CA |pages=276–287 |chapter=An agent-based model of edit wars in Wikipedia: How and when is consensus reached |citeseerx=10.1.1.715.2758 |doi=10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171}}</ref> gape e a kgalwa ka e tsewa e dira ngwao ya gore bakwadi ba nne le kgaisano e nang le kgotlhang <ref>{{Cite book |last=Suh |first=Bongwon |date=2009 |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration |last2=Convertino |first2=Gregorio |last3=Chi |first3=Ed H. |last4=Pirolli |first4=Peter |publisher=ACM Press |isbn=978-1-60558-730-1 |location=Orlando, FL |pages=1–10 |chapter=The singularity is not near |doi=10.1145/1641309.1641322 |doi-access=free}}</ref> se se amangwang le dikarolo tsa bong tsa banna tsa setso . <ref>{{Cite news|last=Torres|first=Nicole|date=June 2, 2016|title=Why Do So Few Women Edit Wikipedia?|url=https://hbr.org/2016/06/why-do-so-few-women-edit-wikipedia|access-date=August 20, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bear |first=Julia B. |last2=Collier |first2=Benjamin |date=March 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |journal=Sex Roles |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625}}</ref> Dipatlisiso di itebagantse thata le, sekai, go tlhoka botho ka dikganetsano, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khazraie |first=Marzieh |last2=Talebzadeh |first2=Hossein |date=February 7, 2020 |title="Wikipedia does NOT tolerate your babbling!": Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=163 |pages=46–65 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914115833/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |archive-date=September 14, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smirnov |first=Ivan |last2=Oprea |first2=Camelia |last3=Strohmaier |first3=Markus |date=December 1, 2023 |editor-last=Ognyanova |editor-first=Katherine |title=Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Wikipedia |url=https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |url-status=live |journal=PNAS Nexus |volume=2 |issue=12 |doi=10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385 |issn=2752-6542 |pmc=10697426 |pmid=38059265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007101400/https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |doi-access=free |article-number=pgad385}}</ref> tlhotlheletso ya dikampa tsa bakwadi tse di gaisanang, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lerner |first=Jürgen |last2=Lomi |first2=Alessandro |date=December 21, 2020 |title=The free encyclopedia that anyone can dispute: An analysis of the micro-structural dynamics of positive and negative relations in the production of contentious Wikipedia articles |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |url-status=live |journal=Social Networks |volume=60 |pages=11–25 |doi=10.1016/j.socnet.2018.12.003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126001010/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |archive-date=November 26, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris-O'Connor |first=Danielle A. |last2=Strotmann |first2=Andreas |last3=Zhao |first3=Dangzhi |date=April 4, 2023 |title=The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=784–810 |doi=10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090 |issn=0022-0418 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020151300/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |archive-date=October 20, 2023 |access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> popego ya dipuisano, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziembowicz |first=Karolina |last2=Roszczyńska-Kurasińska |first2=Magdalena |last3=Rychwalska |first3=Agnieszka |last4=Nowak |first4=Andrzej |date=October 3, 2022 |title=Predicting conflict-prone disputes using the structure of turn-taking: the case of Wikipedia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |url-status=live |journal=Information, Communication & Society |volume=25 |issue=13 |pages=1987–2005 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |issn=1369-118X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091334/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> le phetogo ya dikgotlhang go tlhoma mogopolo mo metsweding. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=Anamika |date=August 25, 2020 |title=Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration |last2=Kaur |first2=Rishemjit |last3=Iyengar |first3=S. R.S. |publisher=ACM |isbn=978-1-4503-8779-8 |pages=1–10 |chapter=Dynamics of Edit War Sequences in Wikipedia |doi=10.1145/3412569.3412585 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915052238/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Ruprechter">{{Cite journal |last=Ruprechter |first=Thorsten |last2=Santos |first2=Tiago |last3=Helic |first3=Denis |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Relating Wikipedia article quality to edit behavior and link structure |journal=Applied Network Science |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y |issn=2364-8228 |doi-access=free |article-number=61}}</ref> Taha Yasseri wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Oxford o ne a sekaseka dikgotlhang tsa go tlaleletsa/kwala dikwalo le go rarabololwa ga tsone mo patlisisong ya 2013. <ref name="Yasseri-2014">{{Cite book |last=Yasseri |first=Taha |author-link=Taha Yasseri |year=2014 |title=The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis |last2=Spoerri |first2=Anselm |last3=Graham |first3=Mark |last4=Kertész |first4=János |author-link4=János Kertész |publisher=Scarecrow Press |editor-last=Fichman, P. |doi=10.2139/SSRN.2269392 |ssrn=2269392 |editor-last2=Hara, N.}}</ref> Yasseri o ne a nganga gore go boela morago mo go bonolo fela kgotsa ditiro tsa "go dirolola" e ne e se selekanyo se se botlhokwa thata sa boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang jwa tiro kwa Wikipedia. O ne a ikaegile boemong jwa seo ka leano la "bakwadi ba le babedi ba bereka mmogo go boela ditlaleletso morago", le e leng gore mokwadi a le mongwe o tlaabo a busetsa morago go tlaleletsa ga mokwadi yo mongwe yo morago ga moo, ka tatelano, a boelang go busetsa tlaleletso ya mokwadi wa ntlha morago. Maduo a ne a tsenngwa mo lenaneong la diphetolelo di le mmalwa tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia. Dikgotlhang tsa dipalo tse tharo tse di tona mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne e le tsa dikwalo tsa ga George W. Bush, botlhokapuso, le Muhammad . <ref name="Yasseri-2014" /> Fa go bapisiwa, mo Wikipedia ya Jeremane, dikgotlhang tsa dipalo tse tharo tse di tona ka nako ya patlisiso e ne e le tsa dikwalo tse di neng di bua ka Croatia, Scientology, le megopolo ka tiragalo ya 9/11 . <ref name="Yasseri-2014" /> Ka 2020, babatlisisi ba ne ba supa dikgato tse dingwe ka maitsholo a bakwadi, go feta go boela morago ditlaleletso ka bobedi, go supa dikgotlhang tsa go tlaleletsa dikwalo go ralala Wikipedia. <ref name="Ruprechter"/> Bakwadi gape ba ngangisana ka go phimolwa ga dikwalo mo Wikipedia, ka dingangisano tse di ntseng jalo di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a le matlhano fa e sa le Wikipedia e simololwa go tloga ka 2019. Fa lekwalo le sena go tlhophiwa go phimolwa, kganetsano gantsi e laolwa ke ditlhopo tsa ntlha (gore a le bolokwe kgotsa le phimolwe) le ka go umaka melawana ya tse di rileng tsa setlhogo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mayfield |first=Elijah |last2=Black |first2=Alan W. |date=November 7, 2019 |title=Analyzing Wikipedia Deletion Debates with a Group Decision-Making Forecast Model |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=3 |issue=CSCW |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1145/3359308 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915025504/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> == Melao le diteng == Wikipedia e na le mafelo a maina a a farologaneng a le lesome le bongwe mme dikwalo tsa yone di teng mo ''lefelong la maremelelo'' . Mafelo a mangwe a maina a na le ketapele pele ga setlhogo sa tsebe ya one mme a diragatsa maikaelelo a a farologaneng. Sekai, lefelo la maina a lenaneo le o a dirisa ketapele ''ya Wikipedia'' mme gape le dirisediwa dipuisano tse di amanang le go ipusa. Bontsi jwa babadi ga ba itse ka mafelo a a mangwe a maina. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=3}} Melaometheo ya morafe wa badirisi ba Wikipedia e akareditswe mo "Dipilara tse Tlhano", fa melaometheo e e tseneletseng ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo e tlhagisiwa mo melaong le dikaedi tse dintsi tse di diretsweng go bopa diteng mo go tshwanetseng. Dipilara tse tlhano tseo ke: * Wikipedia ke ensaetlolopedia * Wikipedia e kwadilwe ka tsela e e sa tseyeng letlhakore * Diteng tsa Wikipedia ke tsa mahala tse mongwe le mongwe a ka di dirisang, a di tlaleletsa, le go di anamisa * Bakwadi ba Wikipedia ba tshwanetse go tshwarana ka tlotlo le maitseo * Wikipedia ga e na melao e e kgopo Melao e e tlhamilweng ke badirisi e bolokwa mo lefelong la maina la Wikipedia, mme bakwai ba Wikipedia ba kwala le go tlhabolola melao le dikaelo tsa webosaete go ya ka tumalano ya badirisi. <ref name="pcworld who's behind WP">{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2008 |title=Who's behind Wikipedia? |url=https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id;1866322157;fp;2;fpid;2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209110303/https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id%3B1866322157%3Bfp%3B2%3Bfpid%3B2 |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |access-date=February 7, 2008 |website=PC World |page=2}}</ref> Kwa tshimologong, melao ya dikgatiso tse e seng tsa Sekgoa tsa Wikipedia e ne e beilwe mo thanolong ya melao ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa. Fa e sa le ka nako eo e ile ya fapoga golo gongwe. === Melao ya diteng le dikaelo === Go ya ka melao ya morafe wa badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, lekwalo lengwe le lengwe mo Wikipedia le tshwanetse go nna le setlhogo se se maleba go nna mo [[wiktionary:encyclopedic|ensaetlolopedia]] mme e se lekwalo le le kwadilweng kana le utlwalega jaaka buka ya tlhaloso ya mafoko. Setlhogo gape se tshwanetse go fitlhelela maemo a Wikipedia a "notability", se se rayang gore setlhogo se tshwanetse gore a bo se kile sa akarediwa thata mo metsweding e e ikanyegang e e ikemetseng ka nosi mo setlhogong sa lekwalo leo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}}Wikipedia e ikaeletse go fetisa fela kitso e e setseng e tlhomilwe gape e lemogwa ka jalo ga e a tshwanela go tlhagisa dipatlisiso tsa ntlha tsa setlhogo sa palo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=32}}Ditlhogo tsa dipalo tse dingwe, jaaka tsa mapolotiki le barutegi, di na le melwana e e kgethegileng. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}}La bofelo, Wikipedia e tshwanetse go supa karolo e e sa tseyeng letlhakore. Se se fitlhelelwa ka go soboka metswedi e e ikanyegang, go dirisa puo e e sa tseyeng letlhakore, le go tlhomamisa gore go tlhagisiwa dintlha tse dintsintsi go ikaegile ka gore di tlhagelela go le kana kang. Dikgang/kitso gape e tshwanetse gore a bo e ka netefadiwa. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=5–7}}Lekwalo le le senang dinopolo le ka nna la tshwaiwa kgotsa la phimolwa gotlhelele. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=33}}Se ka dinako tse dingwe se ka dira gore go phimolwe lekwalo(tshedimosetso) , le fa e le boammaaruri, e le gore ga e na metswedi sentle. <ref name="IHT WP valid info wrong removable 1">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=August 9, 2011|title=For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far|page=18|newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]]}}</ref> Jaaka fa melao ya Wikipedia e ntse e fetoga mo tsamaong ya nako, gape e nna dingalo, palo ya yone e ile ya gola. Ka 2008, go ne go na le ditsebe tsa melao di le masome a mane le bone le ditsebe tsa dikaelo di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane le boferabobedi (248); ka 2013, barutegi ba ne ba bala ditsebe tsa melao di le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le boferabobedi le boraro (383) le ditsebe tsa dikaelo di le makgolo a le mane le masome a le mane le boferabongwe (449). <ref name="Ren-2024"/> == Tsamaiso/Puso == Puso ya ntlha ya Wikipedia e ne ya kopanya dikarolo tsa puso ya batho ka batho le tsa tatelano ya maemo fa nako e ntse e tsamaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=April 18, 2005 |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir |url=https://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525051304/http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml |archive-date=May 25, 2009 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=[[Slashdot]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kostakis |first=Vasilis |date=March 2010 |title=Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists |url=https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |url-status=live |journal=First Monday |volume=15 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310125049/https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021}}</ref> Lekwalo ga le tsewe e le la motlhami wa lone kgotsa mokwadi ope yo mongwe, le fa e le yo go buiwang ka ene (setlhogo) mo go lone. Bakwadi ba ba mo maemong a a siameng mo morafeng ww badirisi ba ka kopa ditshwanelo tse dingwe tsa bodirisi, se se ka ba nayang bokgoni jwa setegeniki jwa go dira ditiro dingwe tse di kgethegileng. Ditshwanelo dingwe tsa bodirisi di neelwa ka go itirisa (automatically), jaaka ditlhopha tse ''di netefaditsweng ka go itirisa'' le ''tse di netefaditsweng tse di atolositsweng'', fa dingwaga tsa akhaonte le diphetogo tsa dikwalo tse di batliwang di fitlhelelwa. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12–13}} === Batsamaisi === Bakwadi ba ba nang le kitso ya bodirisi ba ka tlhopha go tsenelela ditlhopho tsa " botsamaisi ", jo bo akaretsang bokgoni jwa go phimola ditsebe kgotsa go di thibela gore di se ka tsa fetolwa mo dikgetseng tsa tshenyo e e masisi kgotsa dikgotlhang tsa dikwalo. Batsamaisi ga ba a tshwanela go nna le dithata dipe tse di kgethegileng tsa go dira ditshwetso; go na le seo, dithata tsa bone di lekanyeditswe thata mo go direng diphetogo tse di botlhokwa thata tsa mananeo mme ka jalo ga di letlelelwe bakwadi ba ba tlwaelesegileng, le go diragatsa dithibelo tse di ikaeletseng go thibela bakwadi ba ba kgoreletsang go dira diphetogo tse di senang mosola. <ref name=":6" group="W" /> Ka 2012, bakwadi ba le mmalwa ba ne ba nna batsamaisi fa ba bapisiwa le dingwaga tsa pele tsa Wikipedia, bontlhabongwe jwa lobaka la kgang e e le gore thulaganyo ya go tlhatlhoba batsamaisi ba ba ka nnang teng e ne e setse e gagametse thata. <ref name="Meyer-2012"/> Ka 2022, go ne ga nna le kopo e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata ya botsamaisi ka ga maikutlo a ntlhopheng yo o neng a le kgatlhanong le Trump; kwa bofelong, ba ne ba newa botsamaisi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Inside Wikipedia's Historic, Fiercely Contested "Election" |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824123521/https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref> === Tharabololo ya dikgotlhang === Mo tsamaong ya nako, Wikipedia e tlhamile thulaganyo ya go rarabolola dikgotlhang e e sa tlhomamang tota-tota. Go tlhomamisa tumalano gareng ga morafe wa badirisi, bakwadi ba ka tlhagisa dikgang kwa makgotlaneng a badirisi a a maleba, ba batla dikakgelo kwa ntle ka dikopo tsa maikutlo a boraro, kgotsa ba simolola dipuisano tsa morafe wa badirisi ka kakaretso, yo o bidiwang "kopo ya kakgelo", e mo go yone di-bot di tsenyang puisano eo mo lenaneong le le kopantsweng la dipuisano, mme bakwadi a bo ba lalediwa go tsaya karolo, mme morago ba sutlhe puisano eo mo lenaneong morago ga malatsi a le masome a boraro. Le fa go ntse jalo, bakwadi ba na le tshwanelo ya go tswala (le go sutlha) puisano eo pele kgotsa morago ga nako. Fa maduo a puisano a sa bonale sentle, mokwadi yo o gaufi yo o sa amegeng yo gantsi a leng mo maemong a a siameng a ka ntsha katlholo go ya ka maatla a mabaka a a ntshiwang le palo ya batho ba ba ngangisanang mo matlhakoreng otlhe. <ref name="Bandler-2024">{{Citation|last=Bandler|first=Aaron|date=June 21, 2024|title=Wikipedia Editors Label ADL Only Reliable for Antisemitism When 'Israel and Zionism Are Not Concerned'|url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/united-states/372532/wikipedia-editors-label-adl-only-reliable-for-antisemitism-when-israel-and-zionism-are-not-concerned/|access-date=May 3, 2025}}</ref> Badirisi ba Wikipedia ba gatelela gore thulaganyo e ga se go tlhopha ka go umaka dipego tsa maikutlo mo dipuisanong tseo jaaka "!vote", e mo go lone letshwao la kgakgamatso e leng letshwao la go ganetsa ka tsela e e utlwalang mme le bidiwa "nnyaa". <ref>{{Citation|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|title=Wikipedia's War on the Daily Mail|date=July 1, 2021|work=Slate|url=https://slate.com/technology/2021/07/wikipedia-daily-mail-generally-unreliable.html|access-date=May 13, 2025|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> Wikipedia e rotloetsa ditharabololo tsa dikgotlhang, tse Jemielniak a reng di kgethegile thata mo dithutong tsa mokgatlho, le fa go nnile le kgatlhego ya bosheng jaana mo go ageng tumalano mo lephateng le. <ref name="Jemielniak">{{Cite book |last=Jemielniak |first=Dariusz |year=2014 |title=Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia |url=https://archive.org/details/commonknowledgee0000jemi |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-9120-5 |location=Stanford, CA |doi=10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9 |jstor=j.ctvqsdrf9}}</ref> Reagle le Sue Gardner ba nganga gore mekgwa ya go aga tumalano e tshwana le e e dirisiwang ke ba-Quakers . <ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=62}}Pharologanyo le diphuthego tsa ba-Quaker ke go tlhoka motsamaisi fa go na le go sa dumalana, e leng seabe se se tshamekiwang ke mokwaledi mo diphuthegong tsa Ba-Quaker. <ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=83}} ==== Komiti ya Katlholo ==== Komiti ya Katlholo e okametse thulaganyo ya bofelo ya tharabololo ya dikgotlhang. Le fa gantsi dikgotlhang di tsoga ka ntlha ya go sa dumalane ka megopolo e mebedi e e ganetsanang ka lekwalo le tshwanetseng go balega ka teng, Komiti ya Katlholo e gana tota ka go dira tshwetso ka tlhamalalo ka mogopolo yo o tshwanetseng go amogelwa. <ref name="Hoffman-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=David A. |last2=Mehra |first2=Salil K. |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Wikitruth Through Wikiorder |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |url-status=live |journal=Emory Law Journal |volume=59 |issue=1 |ssrn=1354424 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613214656/https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |archive-date=June 13, 2021 |access-date=November 15, 2024}}</ref> Ditshekatsheko tsa dipalopalo di supa gore komiti ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e itlhokomolosa diteng tsa dikgotlhang mme go na le moo e remelela thata mo goreng dikgotlhang di tsamaisiwe jang, e sa dire thata go rarabolola dikgotlhang le go dira kagiso fa gare ga bakwadi ba ba ganetsenang, mme e ntsha bakwadi ba ba dingalo e ntse e letla bakwadi ba tlhaga go boela go tsaya karolo gape. <ref name="Hoffman-2009"/> Ka jalo, komiti ga e laole diteng tsa dikwalo, le fa ka dinako tse dingwe e kgala diphetogo tsa diteng fa e tsaya gore diteng tse disha di tlola melao ya Wikipedia (sekai, fa diteng tse disha di tsewa di tsaya letlhakore).{{efn|The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate.}} Ditharabololo tse di dirisiwang gantsi di akaretsa dikgalemo le go beewa leitlho thata( di dirisiwa mo dikgetseng di le masome a le marataro le boraro mo lekgolong (63%)) le go kobela ruri bakwadi mo dikwalong (masome a le mane le boraro mo lekgolong (43%)), dikgang tsa setlhogo (masome a le mabedi le boraro mo lekgolong (23%)), kgotsa mo Wikipedia (lesome le borataro mo lekgolong(16%)). <ref name="Hoffman-2009" /> Go kobelwa ruri mo go feletseng mo Wikipedia gantsi go beetswe fela dikgetse di tshwana le go ipaya o le motho yo mongwe le boitshwaro jwa go sa dirisana le batho ba bangwe sentle . Fa boitshwaro e se go ipaya o le motho yo mongwe kgotsa go nna kgatlhanong le go tshela sentle le batho ba bangwe, mme e le jwa dintwa tsa dikwalo le go roba melao e mengwe ya go tlaleletsa/kwala dikwalo, ditharabololo di na le go ema ka dikgalemo fela. <ref name="Hoffman-2009" /> == Morafe wa badirisi == [[File:Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm|start=00:04|thumbtime=00:16|thumb|Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego saWikimania 2005{{snd}}bokopano jwa ngwaga le ngwaga jwa badirisi ba Wikipedia le mananeo a mangwe a a tsamaisiwang ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], o ne o tshwaretswe kwa Frankfurt am Main, kwa Jeremane, ka Phatwe a le malatsi a le mane go fitlhela a le boferabobedi.]] Lekwalo lengwe le lengwe le modirisi mongwe le mongwe wa Wikipedia o na le tsebe e a amanang le yone gape e e kgethegileng ya "puo". Dilo tse di bopa tsela ya konokono ya dipuisano gore bakwadi ba kgone go abelana megopolo, go rulaganya le go ngangisana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Viégas |first=Fernanda B. |author-link=Fernanda B. Viégas |last2=Wattenberg |first2=Martin M. |author-link2=Martin M. Wattenberg |last3=Kriss |first3=Jesse |last4=van Ham |first4=Frank |date=January 3, 2007 |title=Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205111038/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2007 |access-date=June 27, 2008 |publisher=Visual Communication Lab, [[IBM Research]]}}</ref> Morafe wa Wikipedia o tlhalositswe fa o tswana le setlhopha sa bodumedi, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20|title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults|first1=Charles|last1=Arthur|date=December 15, 2005|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> le fa go sa tewe ka mekgwa e e sa lolamang fela ka dinako tsotlhe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html|title=Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site|first1=Kristie|last1=Lu Stout|publisher=CNN|date=August 4, 2003|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Go rata go nna seoposengwe ga one, le fa go tlhoka go mpampetsa mo go akaretsang go tlhokomologa dintlha tsa go itshupa, go biditswe " go nna kgatlhanong le go itseela kwa maemong a a kwa godimo " . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=December 31, 2004 |title=Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism |url=https://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101011352/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021 |website=[[Kuro5hin]], Op–Ed |quote=There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)}}</ref> [[File:Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv|right|thumb|Badiri ba Wikipedia le batlhokomedi ba [[Motlobo wa ditso wa Borithane]] ba dirisana mmogo mo lekwalong la Hoxne Hoard ka Seetebosigo 2010.]] Wikipedia ga e tlhoke gore bakwadi ba yone le ba na le seabe ba itshupe gore ke bomang. Fa Wikipedia e ntse e gola, potso ya "Ke mang yo o kwalang Wikipedia?" e ne ya nna nngwe ya dipotso tse di neng di botswa thata teng.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kittur |first=Aniket |year=2007 |title=CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |publisher=Viktoria Institute |chapter=Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie |citeseerx=10.1.1.212.8218}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o kile a bolela gore ke fela "morafe&nbsp;... setlhopha se se ineetseng sa baithaopi ba le makgolo a le mmalwa" se se dirang bontsi jwa ditshwaelo mo Wikipedia le gore ka jalo lenaneo le "le tshwana fela le mokgatlho mongwe le mongwe yo o tlwaelesegileng". <ref name="blodget">{{Cite news|last=Blodget|first=Henry|date=January 3, 2009|title=Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?|work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway|access-date=January 26, 2023}}</ref> Ka Wikipedia e ikaegile ka tiro ya boithaopo, bakwadi gantsi ba remelela mo dikgannyeng tse di ba kgatlhang. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=61–62}} Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e na le dikwalo di le didikadile di le bosupa le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le boferabongwe le masome a le matlhano le bone ({{self-reference link|Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}}}), bakwadi ba ba kwadisitsweng ba le didikadike di le masome a matlhano le boraro le dikete di le makgolo a marataro le masome a le bosupa le botlhano le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le mane le bongwe ({{self-reference link|Special:ListUsers|{{NUMBEROFUSERS}}}}), le bakwadi ba ba ba tlhaga ba dinako tsotlhe ba le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane le boferabongwe le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa( {{self-reference link|Special:ActiveUsers|{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}}} ). Mokwadi o tsewa a le tlhaga fa a dirile phetogo/tlaleletso e le nngwe kgotsa go feta mo malatsing a le masome a mararo a a fetileng. Bakwadi ba ba palelwang ke go sela morago mekgwa ya Wikipedia, e e tshwanang le go saena ditshwaelo tsa tsebe ya puisano, ba ka supa ka tlhamalalo gore ke batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle ga Wikipedia, mme se sa oketsa kgonagalo ya gore badirisi ba ba mo teng ga Wikipedia ba ka nna ba lebisa kgotsa ba fokotsa ditshwaelo tsa bone. Go nna modirisi yo o mo teng ga Wikipedia go akaretsa ditshenyegelo tse di sa reng sepe: motsaakarolo o solofetswe go ithuta dikhoutu tsa maranyane tse di rileng tsa Wikipedia, go ineela mo thulaganyong e ka dinako dingwe e leng dingalo ya go rarabolola dikgotlhang, le go ithuta "ngwao e e makatsang e e humileng metlae le dikakgelo tsa mo teng". <ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1" /> Bakwadi ba ba sa tseneng mo teng ga ensaetlolopedia ke " badirisi ba maemo a bobedi " mo Wikipedia ka tsela nngwe, <ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1">{{Cite journal |year=2010 |title=Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences |url=https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |url-status=live |journal=Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law |volume=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126220032/https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |archive-date=January 26, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |via=Santa Clara Law Digital Commons}}</ref> ka gonne "batsayakarolo ba amogetswe semmuso ke maloko a morafe wa wiki, ba ba nang le kgatlhego e e tseneletseng mo go somareleng boleng jwa tiro e e ntshiwang, go lebilwe go nna le seabe ga bone mo go tswelelang", <ref name="legal edu and WP 1">{{Cite journal |date=March 2007 |title=Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-legal-education_2007-03_57_1/page/n8 |journal=Journal of Legal Education |publisher=[[Association of American Law Schools]] |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |jstor=42894005}}</ref> mme ditso tsa go nna le seabe tsa bakwadi ba ba sa itsiweng ba sa ikwadisa mme ba lemogwa ka . diaterese tsa bone fela ga di amane le mokwadi ope ka tlhomamo. <ref name="legal edu and WP 1" /> Bakwadi ba basha gantsi ba sokola go tlhaloganya marara a Wikipedia. Bakwadi ba ba nang le maitemogelo/kitso ba rotloediwa gore ba seka ba "tlhasela" badirisi ba ba sha gore ba kgone go dira mowa wa go amogela batho. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=10–11}} === Dipatlisiso === Patlisiso ya 2007 e e dirilweng ke babatlisisi go tswa kwa Dartmouth College e bone gore "badirisi ba ba sa itsiweng le ba ba sa tseyeng karolo thata mo Wikipedia&nbsp;... ke motswedi o o ikanyegang wa kitso fela jaaka badirisi ba ba ikwadisang mo saeteng e". <ref name="sciam good samaritans 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=good-samaritans-are-on-the-money|title=Wikipedia "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money|work=Scientific American|date=October 19, 2007|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o boletse ka 2009 gore "[Go] bonala gore go feta sephatlo mo lekgolong (50%) ya diphetogo tsotlhe di dirwa ke 0.7% fela ya badirisi&nbsp;... Batho ba le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi le bone&nbsp;... Mme tota, bobedi mo lekgolong (2%) e etlhaga thata, e leng batho ba le sekete le makgolo a mane , ba dirile 73.4% ya diphetogo tsotlhe." <ref name="blodget"/> Le fa go ntse jalo, morulaganyi wa ''Business Insider'' gape e le mmegadikgang Henry Blodget o bontshitse ka 2009 gore mo bontlhengbongwe jwa dikwalo tse di tlhophilweng fela go sena lenaneo, bontsi jwa diteng tsa Wikipedia (tse di lekanngwang ka selekanyo sa mokwalo o o tsentsweng o o sa ntseng o le teng go fitlha ka sampole ya bosheng) di tlhamilwe ke "batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle", fa bontsi jwa go kwala le go fomata go dirwa ke "badirisi ba ba mo teng". <ref name="blodget" /> Ka 2008, setlhogo sa bukana ya ditshwantsho le dikgang y''a Slate'' e ne ya bega gore "bongwe fela mo lekgolong la badirisi ba Wikipedia ke bone ba ba dirang mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa diphetogo tsa saete e." <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.slate.com/id/2184487|title=The Wisdom of the Chaperones|date=February 22, 2008|first=Chris|last=Wilson|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=August 13, 2014}}</ref> Mokgwa o wa go sekaseka go tsaa karolo o ne wa ganetswa morago ke Aaron Swartz, yo o neng a lemotsha gore dikwalo di le mmalwa tse a neng a di tsaya disampole di ne di na le dikarolo tse ditona tsa diteng tsa tsone (tse di lekanngwang ka palo ya ditlhaka) tse di neng di dirilwe ke badirisi ba ba nang le dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa bokwadi/go tlaleletsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Aaron |date=September 4, 2006 |title=Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia? |url=https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803134036/https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=February 23, 2008}}</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya 2008 e fitlhetse gore batho ba Wikipedia ba ne ba sa dumalane thata, ba sa bulegela megopolo, e bile ba se kelo-tlhoko go feta ba bangwe, <ref name="liebertonline view on WP users 1">{{Cite journal |last=Amichai-Hamburger |first=Yair |last2=Lamdan |first2=Naama |last3=Madiel |first3=Rinat |last4=Hayat |first4=Tsahi |year=2008 |title=Personality Characteristics of Wikipedia Members |journal=CyberPsychology & Behavior |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=679–681 |doi=10.1089/cpb.2007.0225 |pmid=18954273}}</ref> le fa kakgelo morago e ne ya supa diphoso tse di masisi, di akaretsa gore phatliso e ne e supa go bulegela megopolo mo go kwa godimo le gore dipharologano tsa setlhopha sa taolo le disampole di ne di le dinnye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGreal |first=Scott A. |date=March 11, 2013 |title=The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Wikipedia Members |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716155007/https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=[[Psychology Today]]}}</ref> Go ya ka patlisiso ya 2009, go na le "bosupi jwa kganetso e e golang go tswa mo morafeng wa badirisi ba Wikipedia mabapi le diteng tse disha". <ref name="newscientist WP boom to bust 1">{{Cite web |last=Giles |first=Jim |date=August 4, 2009 |title=After the boom, is Wikipedia heading for bust? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421215605/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |archive-date=April 21, 2015 |access-date=September 18, 2017 |website=New Scientist}}</ref> === Kabakanyo ya badirisi === Dipatlisiso di le mmalwa di supile gore bontsi jwa batsaakarolo ba ba ithaopileng mo Wikipedia ke banna. Maduo a patlisiso ya [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] ka 2008 a supile gore bakwadi ba Wikipedia ba le lesome le boraro mo lekgolong(13%) fela e ne e le basadi. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|title=Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=January 31, 2011|access-date=October 28, 2013}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya se, dikolo tsa dithuto tse di kgolwane go ralala United States di ne tsa leka go kgothatsa basadi go nna batsaakarolo ba Wikipedia. <ref name="CBC News-2013" /> Ka tsela e e tshwanang, bontsi jwa dikolo tse di kgolwane tse, di akaretsa Yale le Brown, di ne di akgola baithuti ba ba tlhamang kgotsa ba ba tlaleletsa lekwalo le le amanang le basadi mo go tsa maranyane kgotsa mafaratlhatlha.<ref name="CBC News-2013">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ocad-to-storm-wikipedia-this-fall-1.1412807|title=OCAD to 'Storm Wikipedia' this fall|work=CBC News|date=August 27, 2013|access-date=August 21, 2014}}</ref> Andrew Lih, morutintshi-mogolo gape e le mankge wa maranyane, o ne a re lebaka la go bo a ne a akanya gore palo ya banna ba ba nang le seabe e feta palo ya basadi thata ke ka gore go itshupa o le mosadi go ka nna ga dira gore motho a ipeye mo kotsing ya "boitshwaro jo bo maswe, jo bo tshosang". <ref name="Bloomberg 2016">{{Cite news|date=December 22, 2016|title=Is Wikipedia Woke?|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-12-22/how-woke-is-wikipedia-s-editorial-pool?|access-date=September 21, 2022}}</ref> Dipego di supile gore MaAforika a emetswe ke dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa bakwadi mo Wikipedia. <ref name="memeb">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Andy |date=June 21, 2018 |title=The startling numbers behind Africa's Wikipedia knowledge gaps |url=https://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319170357/http://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/ |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=memeburn}}</ref> == Dikgatiso tsa dipuo == Mo bogompienong, go na le dikgatiso tsa dipuo di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane le bosupa ({{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}) tsa Wikipedia (tse gape di bidiwang ''diphetolelo tsa puo'', kgotsa fela ''Wikipedias'' ). Go tloga ka {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, di-Wikipedia tse thataro tse dikgolo, ka tatelano ya palo ya dikwalo, ke tsa Sekgoa ({{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|1}}), {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|2}}, Sejeremane {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|3}}, Sefora {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|4}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|5}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|6}} . <ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190350/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |access-date={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> DiWikipedia tsa bobedi le ya botlhano ka botona di beilwe mo maemong ao ke bot e e tlhamang dikwalo ya Lsjbot, e ka go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2013 e neng e tlhamile dikwalo di tsamaela sephatlo mo Wikipedia ya Se-Swedish, le bontsi jwa dikwalo mo Wikipedia ya Se-Cebuano le ya Se-Waray . Dipuo tse ka bobedi ke tsa Philippines . Mo godimo ga tse thataro tse di kwa godimo, di-Wikipedia tse dingwe di le lesome le bobedi di na le dikwalo tse di fetang sedikadike nngwe le nngwe ya tsone ( Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|7}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|8}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|9}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|10}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|11}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|12}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|13}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|14}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|15}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|20}} {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|16}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|21}} {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|17}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|18}} ), tse dingwe di le bosupa go feta di na le dikwalo tse di fetang dikete di le makgolo a matlhano {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|22}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|23}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|24}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|25}} ), tse dingwe tse di masome a mane le bone ba di na le tse di fetang dikete di le lekgolo , mme di le masome a boferabobedi le bobedi di na le tse di fetang dikete di le lesome. <ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W"/> E e tona go gaisa, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, e na le dikwalo di feta didikadike di le bosupa le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi (7.2 million). Go tloga go ema ka Firikgong 2021, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e amogela masome a le mane le boferabobedi mo lekgolong (48%) ya pharakano e e kokoantsweng ya Wikipedia, mme palo e e setseng e kgaogantswe mo gareng ga dipuo tse dingwe. Dikgatiso tse di kwa godimo di le lesome di emela mo e ka nnang masome a le boferabobedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (85%) ya pharakano yotlhe. Ka Wikipedia e beilwe mo Webo ka jalo e le ya lefatshe ka bophara, batsaakarolo mo kgatisong e le nngwe ya puo ba ka nna ba dirisa diteme (tsa puo e le nngwe) tse di farologaneng kgotsa ba ka tswa ba tswa kwa mafatsheng a a farologaneng (jaaka go ntse ka kgatiso ya Sekgoa).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)">citation needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Dipharologano tse di ka baka dikgotlhang dingwe ka ga dipharologano tsa go peleta (sekao, colour kgatlhanong ''le color'' ) <ref name="WP spelling MOS 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005104/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=November 6, 2023 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> kgotsa matlhakore. <ref name="WP countering bias 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005153/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Le fa dikgatiso tse di farologaneng tsa dipuo di tshegetswa ka melao ya lefatshe lotlhe jaaka " pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore ", di farologana mo dintlheng dingwe tsa melao le tiriso, segolobogolo mo go reng a ditshwantsho tse di sa newang teseletso ka kgololesego di ka dirisiwa ka maikaelelo a tiriso e e siameng . <ref name="WP meta fair use 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Non-free content |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116024114/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="IBM visual WP 1">{{Cite journal |last=Viégas |first=Fernanda B. |date=January 3, 2007 |title=The Visual Side of Wikipedia |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf |journal=Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024012919/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf |archive-date=October 24, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2007}}</ref> Diteng tsa dikwalo tse di buang ka setlhogo se le sengwe di ka farologana thata magareng ga dipuo, go ikaegile ka gore bakwadi ba dirisa metswedi efe le mabaka a mangwe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fians |first=Guilherme |date=September 16, 2025 |title=Wikipedia: Editing the narrative |url=https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924020710/https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |archive-date=September 24, 2025 |access-date=September 27, 2025 |publisher=[[Chartered Institute of Linguists]]}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o tlhalositse Wikipedia jaaka "maiteko a go tlhama le go anamisa ensaetlolopedia ya mahala ya boleng jo bo kwa godimo jo kgonegang mo mothong mongwe le mongwe mo lefatsheng ka puo ya gagwe". Le fa kgatiso nngwe le nngwe ya puo e dira e ikemetse ilka nosi, go dirwa maiteko mangwe a go di okamela tsotlhe. Di golagantswe ka bontlhabongwe ke Meta-Wiki, le wiki ya Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e e neetsweng go tlhokomela mananeo otlhe a yone (Wikipedia le a mangwe). <ref name="WP metawiki maintenance 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Meta-Wiki |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714061722/https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |archive-date=July 14, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2009 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Sekai, Meta-Wiki e fa dipalopalo tse di botlhokwa mo dikgatisong tsotlhe tsa puo tsa Wikipedia, <ref name="WP meta stats 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Meta-Wiki Statistics |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326192946/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |archive-date=March 26, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> gape e tlhokomela lenaneo la dikwalo tse Wikipedia nngwe le nngwe e tshwanetseng go nna le tsone. <ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=List of articles every Wikipedia should have |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321020418/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |archive-date=March 21, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Lenaneo le le amana le diteng tsa kwa tshimologong tsa dithuto: bayokerafi, ditso, dithuto tsa dipopego tsa lefatshe, tsa setšhaba, setso, maranyane, mafaratlhatlha, le dipalo. <ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W" /> Ga go thona gore dikwalo tse di amanang thata le puo e e rileng di se ka tsa nna le tse di tshwanang le tsone mo kgatisong e nngwe. Sekai, dikwalo tse di buang ka ditoropo tse dinnye kwa United States di ka nna tsa nna teng fela ka Sekgoa, le fa di fitlhelela ditlhokego tse di kgethegileng tsa mananeo a Wikipedia tsa dipuo tse dingwe. [[File:User_-_demography.svg|thumb|Palo kakanyetso ya botsaakarolo go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di farologaneng mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara go ya kwa dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia <ref name="PLoS One 2012" />]] Dikwalo tse di ranotsweng di emela fela karolo e nnye ya dikwalo mo dikgatisong di le dintsi, ka gore dikgatiso tseo ga di letlelele gore dikwalo di ranolwe ka botlalo mo go itirisang (automated). Dikwalo tse di leng teng ka dipuo tse di fetang bongwe di ka fa "dikgokagano tsa interwiki", tse di golaganyang le dikwalo tse di tshwanang le tsone mo dikgatisong tse dingwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Massa |first=Paolo |last2=Scrinzi |first2=Federico |date=January 4, 2013 |title=Manypedia: Comparing language points of view of Wikipedia communities |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.5210/fm.v18i1.3939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Manual:Interwiki |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203112631/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Thuto-patlisiso e e gatisitsweng ke ''PLOS One'' ka 2012 le yone e ne ya nna le palo kakanyetso ya dikarolo tsa go nna le seabe mo dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe. E ne ya bega gore selekanyo sa diphetogo tse di dirilweng go tswa kwa Amerika Bokone e ne e le masome a le matlhano le bongwe mo lekgolong (51%) mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, le masome a le mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (25%) mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e e motlhofo . <ref name="PLoS One 2012">{{Cite journal |last=Yasseri |first=Taha |last2=Sumi |first2=Robert |last3=Kertész |first3=János |author-link3=János Kertész |date=January 17, 2012 |title=Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |arxiv=1109.1746 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730091Y |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 |pmc=3260192 |pmid=22272279 |doi-access=free |article-number=e30091}}</ref> === Dipalo tsa bakwadi ba Wikipedia ya Sekgoa === Ka Mopitlo a rogwa, 2014, ''The Economist'', mo lekwalong la setlhogo sa "Isago ya Wikipedia", e ne ya umaka tshekatsheko e e amanang le tshedimosetso e e gatisitsweng ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e e bolelang gore "palo ya bakwadi ba mofuta wa puo ya Sekgoa e wetse tlase ka nngwetharong mo dingwageng di le bosupa." <ref name="economist1">{{Cite news|date=March 1, 2014|title=The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks|access-date=March 11, 2014}}</ref> Seelo sa go tlhokafala ga bakwadi ba ba tlhaga mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa se ne sa umakiwa ke ''The Economist'' jaaka se se farologaneng thata le dipalopalo tsa Wikipedia e e mo dipuong tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa). ''The Economist'' e ne ya bega gore palo ya ba na le seabe ba ba nang le palogare ya diphetogo di le tlhano kgotsa go feta ka kgwedi e ne e eme golo go le gongwe fa e sale ka 2008 mo Wikipedia ya dipuo tse dingwe, e le bakwadi ba ka nna dikete di masome a mane le bobedi (42 000) mo gare ga dipharologano tse e seng tsa sepe tsa dipaka tsa bakwadi ba ka nna dikete di le pedi go ya kwa godimo kgotsa kwa tlase. Palo ya bakwadi ba ba tlhaga mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, fa e bapisiwa mo go tsepameng, e ne ya umakiwa e le kwa setlhoeng ka 2007 e tsamaela dikete di le masome a matlhano (50,000) mme ya wela kwa tlase go nna dikete di le masome a mararo (30,000) kwa tshimologong ya 2014. <ref name="economist1" /> Go farologana le seo, tshekatsheko ya Wikipedia ka dipuo tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa) e supa katlego mo go tshwareng bakwadi ba ba tlhaga ka tsela e e kgonang go ntšhwafadiwa le e e tswelelang, ka dipalo tsa bone di nna di sa fetoge di nna fela fa diketeng di le masome mane le bobedi. Ga gona kakgelo epe e e dirilweng mabapi le maemo a a farologaneng a melao ya bokwadi mo Wikipedia ka dipuo tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa) e ka ntshang tsela e nngwe e e kgonegang mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa go tokafatsa sentle dielo tsa go tlhokafala ga bakwadi mo Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa. <ref name="economist1"/> == Kamogelo == <sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit &#x5B; tlhabolola &#x5D;]</sup> [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]] <ref name="Jemielniak"/> Ba ba neng ba e sekaseka ba boletse gore Wikipedia e bontsha go tsaya letlhakore ka tsela e e sa siamang .Ka 2010, mokwadi wa ditlhogo le mmegadikgang Edwin Black o ne a tlhalosa Wikipedia e le motswako wa "boammaaruri, bonnete jo bo sa felelang, le maaka mangwe". <ref name="EdwinBlack">{{Cite news|first=Edwin|last=Black|author-link=Edwin Black|date=April 19, 2010|work=[[History News Network]]|publisher=[[Columbian College of Arts and Sciences]]|title=Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437|access-date=October 21, 2014}}</ref> Metswedi e le mmalwa ya dikgang le baitseanape ba beile Wikipedia molato wa go tsaya letlhakore mo megopolong . Motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia Larry Sanger, yo o tlogetseng Wikipedia ka 2002 go tlhoma diwebosaete tse di gaisanang, o boletse gore Wikipedia e fetogile "maaka" e phatlalatsa dikgang tsa molema mo sepolotiking mme a tlhagisa gore lefelo le (Wikipedia) ga le sa tlhole le ikanyega.Ka 2022, molwela-kgololesego John Stossel o ne a ntsha mogopolo wa gore Wikipedia, lenaneo le a neng a le tshegetsa ka madi nako nngwe, go ne go lebega le fetogile thata mo tsamaong ya nako mo go tseyeng letlhakore la molema, segolobogolo mo dikgannyeng tsa sepolotiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Wikipedia Bias |url=https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209214140/https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/ |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=StosselTV}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, beke e le nngwe morago ga go kobiwa ga ga Vibber, WMF e ne ya koba babereki ba le barataro fa e ntse e tswala [[Wikimedia Foundation|setlhopha sa yone sa Community Tech]], mme se sa gakatsa maiteko a go ithola marapo ga bakwadi le go feta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Greis |first=Friedhelm |date=28 May 2026 |title=Nach Entlassung von Entwicklern: Wikipedia-Autoren drohen mit Streik |trans-title=After dismissal of developers Wikipedia writers threaten strike |url=https://www.golem.de/news/nach-entlassung-von-entwicklern-wikipedia-autoren-drohen-mit-streik-2605-209132.html |url-status=live |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Golem.de |language=de}}</ref> Baokamedi ba WMF ba ne ba bolela gore babereki ba Community Tech ba ka dira dikopo tsa maemo a a farologaneng mo mokgatlhong, le gore thulaganyo ya lenaneo la dikeletso e tla rulaganngwa sesha, gape gore WMF e tla amogela lekgotlana le le bonang tshegetso e bontsi go tswa mo babereking. Ba bangwe ba ne ba tshwaya diphoso ka tsela e e tshwanang. <ref name="Orlowski2005">{{Cite news|last=Orlowski|first=Andrew|date=December 16, 2005|title=Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though|url=https://www.theregister.com/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> Moitseanape wa tsa Itsholelo Tyler Cowen o ne a kwala jaana: "Fa ke ne ke ka tshwanelwa ke go akanyetsa gore a Wikipedia kgotsa setlhogo sa lekwalodikgang se se buang ka itsholelo se ka tswa se le boammaaruri morago ga go akanya ka lobaka lo loleele, ke ne ke tla tlhopha Wikipedia." O akgela ka gore metswedi mengwe ya setso ya dibuka tse e seng tsa dipolelo di na le go tlhoka tekatekano ga thulaganyo, mme maduo a padi tse, go ya ka kakanyo ya gagwe, di begwa go feta selekanyo mo dikwalong tsa dibukana tsa ditshwantsho mmogo le tshedimosetso e botlhokwa e e sa feleletsweng mo dipegong tsa dikgang. Amy Bruckman o nganga gore, ka ntlha ya palo ya basekaseki, "diteng tsa tsebe e e tlwaelesegileng ya Wikipedia tota ke mofuta o o ikanyegang go gaisa wa tshedimosetso o o kileng wa tlhamiwa". <ref name="PC 2021">{{Cite news|last=Stuart|first=S.C.|title=Wikipedia: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet?|url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-the-most-reliable-source-on-the-internet}}</ref> Ka Lwetse 2022, mmegadikgang wa ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' e bong Liam Mannix o ne a bolela gore: "Ga go na lebaka la go solofela gore Wikipedia e nnete .&nbsp;... Mme le fa go ntse jalo e nnete [go ntse jalo]." Batshwayadiphoso ba bolela gore go bo Wikipedia e bulegile le go tlhoka metswedi e e siameng ya bontsi jwa tshedimosetso/kitso go dira gore e se ka ya ikanyega. <ref name="TNY reliability issues 1">{{Cite news|last=Schiff|first=Stacy|author-link=Stacy Schiff|date=July 23, 2006|title=Know It All|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all|access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Go tsibogela kgang ya bakwadi ba ba duelwang go bua ka dikgang dingwe le dikgang tsa go bokwadi tse di sa senolwang, Wikipedia e ne ya bega mo lekwalong mo ''The Wall Street Journal'' gore e ne ya nonotsha melao ya yone kgatlhanong le go kwalwa/tlaleletsa mo go sa senolwang. <ref name="Elder-2014">{{Cite news|date=June 16, 2014|title=Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing|magazine=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-35861|access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Wales o gatelela gore diensaetlolopedia tsa mofuta ope fela gantsi ga di a tshwanela go dirisiwa jaaka metswedi e e ka umakiwang, mme ga go a tshwanela go ikaegiwa ka tsone. Setlhopha sa tekeletso se ne sa laelwa go ithuta pele ga ba tla mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo le go bona ditshwaelo ka bonako pele ga ba tsena (mofuta wa ntlwana ya borutelo e e fetotsweng), fa setlhopha sa taolo se ne sa newa ditaelo tse di tlhamaletseng mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo (mofuta o o tlwaelegileng wa mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo). Morago ga moo ditlhopha tse di ne tsa laelwa go dirisana mmogo go tlhama dikwalo tsa Wikipedia, tse di neng di tla bewa matshwao go ya ka boleng morago ga dithutopatlisiso. Ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le matlhano, 2014, Julie Beck, fa a ne a kwalela bukana ya ditshwantsho ya ''The Atlantic'' mo lekwalong le le bidiwang "Motswedi wa #1 wa Dingaka wa Tshedimosetso ya Tlhokomelo le Botsogo: Wikipedia", o ne a bolela gore "sephatlo mo lekgolong sa dingaka di batla tlhaloso ya malwetsi mo saeteng ya (Wikipedia), mme bangwe ba kwala dikwalo tse ka bobone go tokafatsa boleng jwa tshedimosetso e e leng teng." Mo lekwalong le le latelang mo ''The Atlantic'' la Motsheganong a le malatsi a bosupa, ka ngwaga wa 2014, setlhogo se ne se re "A Wikipedia e ka Tsamaya e Nna Mokwalo o o Tlhomameng wa Kalafi?", Julie Beck o ne a nopola mafoko a ga James Heilman wa WikiProject Medicine a re: "Gore fela dikgokedi tsa kitso di sekasekilwe ke balekane ga go reye gore ke tsa boleng jo bo kwa godimo." Beck o ne a oketsa a re: "Wikipedia e na le thulaganyo ya yone ya go sekaseka ga balekane pele ga dikwalo di ka tlhaolwa jaaka tse di 'siameng' kgotsa tse di 'tlhagisiwang'. Heilman, yo o kileng a nna le seabe mo thulaganyong eo pele, a re kwa tlase ga 'bongwe mo lekgolong' jwa dikwalo tsa kalafi tsa Wikipedia di ne tsa atlega." <ref name="theatlantic.com" /> === Go akaretsa ditlhogo le go tsaya letlhakore === Wikipedia e batla go tlhama tshoboko ya kitso yotlhe ya batho ka sebopego sa ensaetlolopedia ya mo inthaneteng, ka setlhogo sengwe le sengwe se akareditswe ka ensaetlolipedia mo lekwalong le le lengwe. E re ka e na le di-terabyte tsa mafelo a go baya mo disiking, e ka nna le ditlhogo tse dintsi thata go feta tse di ka akarediwang ke ensaetlolopedia epe e e gatisitsweng . Selekanyo se se tlhomameng le mokgwa wa go akaretsa ditlhogo mo Wikipedia o nna o sekasekwa ke bakwadii ba yone, mme go sa dumalane ga go tlwaelesega (bona go phimola le go akaretsa ). <ref name="Economist disagreements not uncommon">{{Cite news|date=March 6, 2008|title=The battle for Wikipedia's soul|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10789354|access-date=March 7, 2008|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> <ref name="telegraph WP torn apart 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=November 10, 2007|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html|access-date=November 23, 2010}}</ref> Wikipedia e na le dilo tse batho bangwe ba ka nnang ba di fitlhela di sa amogelesege, di kgopisa kgotsa di na le ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tsa tlhakanelo dikobo. Molao wa gore "Wikipedia ga e bipe" ka dinako tse dingwe e itshupile e tsosa dikganetsano: ka 2008, Wikipedia e ne ya gana boikuelo jwa mo inthaneteng kgatlhanong le go akarediwa ga ditshwantsho tsa ga Muhammad mo kgatisong ya Sekgoa ya lekwalo la yone la ga Muhammad, go nopotswe molao o. <ref>{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130231600/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|date=February 5, 2008|title=Wikipedia Islam Entry Is Criticized|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|access-date=January 30, 2023|issn=0362-4331|archivedate=January 30, 2023}}</ref> Go nna teng ga ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tsa tlhakanelo dikobo, ga mmogo le dilo tse di masisi tsa sepolotiki le bodumedi mo Wikipedia go dirile gore di bipiwe ke balaodi ba bosetšhaba kwa China le Pakistan, gareng ga mafatshe a mangwe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moon |first=Mariella |date=March 12, 2022 |title=Prominent editor of Russian Wikipedia pages detained in Belarus |url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313173559/https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)|Yahoo!]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Charles |date=December 8, 2008 |title=Wikipedia row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Ka thulaganyo ya yone ya "Wikipedia e Rata Metlobo ya dibuka", Wikipedia e dirisane mmogo le metlobo ya dibuka e metona ya setšhaba di tshwana le Motlobo wa dibuka wa Setšhaba wa New York wa dithuto tsa bodiragatsi go atolosa go akaretsa ga yone ditlhogo le dikwalo tse di sa emelwang sentle. <ref name="NYT subjects and articles">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/editing-wikipedia-at-the-new-york-public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html|title=Wikipedia's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection|last=Petrusich|first=Amanda|work=The New York Times|date=October 20, 2011|access-date=October 28, 2011}}</ref> Patlisiso nngwe ya 2011 e e dirilweng ke babatlisisi kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Minnesota e bontshitse gore bakwadi ba banna le ba basadi ba remelela mo dikgannyeng tse di farologaneng tsa bokwadi. Go ne go na le basadi ba le bantsi mo setlhopheng sa "batho le dithuto ysa bodiragatsi", fa banna ba ne ba remelela thata mo tsa "lefatshe le maranyane". Mokwadi mongwe wa ''The Guardian'' ka 2014 o ne a bolela gore go dirilwe maiteko a mantsi go tlamela ka dikgokedi tsa kitso tsa lenaneo la badiragatsi ba basadi ba ditshwantsho tsa tlhakanelo dikobo go na le lenaneo la bakwadi ba basadi . <ref name="GuardianAugust2014">{{Cite news|date=August 7, 2018|title=The Guardian view on Wikipedia: evolving truth|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth|access-date=January 31, 2023}}</ref> ==== Go tsaya letlhakore ga thulaganyo ==== Melao ya Wikipedia e ka nna ya lekanyetsa "bokgoni jwa yone jwa go emela kitso ya lefatshe lotlhe ka boammaaruri". Ka sekai, Wikipedia e tsaya fela metswedi e e gatisitsweng e le e e ka ikanngwang. Kitso ya molomo ya ditso tsa Setso ga se ka metlha e bonalang mo dikgatisong. Ditlhogo tse di kgaphetsweng kwa thoko le tsone di ka tlhoka go akarediwa thata mo metsweding e e ikanyegang. Ka jalo diteng tsa Wikipedia di lekanyeditswe ka ntlha ya go tlhoka tekatekano mo go tona ga thulaganyo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=37, 38, 47}} Dithuto tsa thuto tsa Wikipedia di bontshitse gore palogare ya motsaakarolo mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa ke monna yo mosweu wa Lekgoa yo o rutegileng, yo o nang le tshekamelo ya gore ke lekgoa la monna, wa dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano go ya kwa go di masome a mane le boferabongwe (15–49), go tswa kwa lefatsheng le le tlhabologileng, le bontsi jwa yone e leng la Bokeresete. <ref name="Livingstone2010">{{Cite journal |last=Livingstone |first=Randall M. |date=November 23, 2010 |title=Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Wikipedia Community Fighting for Information Neutrality |url=https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315 |url-status=live |journal=M/C Journal |volume=13 |issue=6 |doi=10.5204/mcj.315 |issn=1441-2616 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135911/https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315 |archive-date=November 21, 2022 |access-date=November 23, 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ntlha ya pono e e tsamaelanang (POV) e emetswe go feta selekanyo. <ref name="Hube2017">{{Cite book |last=Hube |first=Christoph |date=April 3, 2017 |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion |publisher=International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7 |location=Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE |pages=717–721 |chapter=Bias in Wikipedia |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053375 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3053375}}</ref> <ref name="Bjork-James-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Bjork-James |first=Carwil |date=July 3, 2021 |title=New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias |journal=New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=207–228 |bibcode=2021NRvHM..27..207B |doi=10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 |s2cid=234286415}}</ref> Go tlhoka tekatekano mo ga dipalopalo tsa bakwadi go felela go baka gore go nne le go tlhoka tekatekano mo setsong, mo go tseyeng letlhakore mo go tsa bong, le mo Wikipedia . <ref name="Ackerly-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Ackerly |first=Brooke A. |last2=Michelitch |first2=Kristin |date=2022 |title=Wikipedia and Political Science: Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives |journal=PS: Political Science & Politics |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=429–433 |doi=10.1017/S1049096521001463 |s2cid=247795102 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Beytía |first=Pablo |date=April 20, 2020 |title=Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-7024-0 |series=WWW '20 |location=New York |pages=806–810 |chapter=The Positioning Matters |doi=10.1145/3366424.3383569 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132221/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Go na le mefuta e mebedi e e anameng ya go tsaya letlhakore, e e ''sa tlhamalalang'' (fa setlhogo se tlogetswe) le ''e e tlhamaletseng'' (fa POV e e rileng e emetswe go feta selekanyo mo lekwalong kgotsa ke dikgokedi tsa kitso). <ref name="Hube2017" /> Ditshekatsheko tsa barutegi tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia di fitlhetse gore le fa dikwalo di nna di le nnete bile di se na tshedimosetso e e fapogileng, ga di a felela e bile ga di tlhagise dipono tsotlhe ka tsela e e sa tseyeng letlhakore . <ref name="Ackerly-2022"/> Ka 2011, Wales o ne a bolela gore go sa lekalekane ga kakaretso ya ditlhogo ke sesupo sa palo ya bakwadi, a nopola ka sekai "dibuka tsa botshelo tsa basadi ba ba tumileng mo ditsong le dintlha tse di amanang le tlhokomelo ya bana ba ba sa ntseng ba le bannye". <ref name="wiki-women"/> Padi ya Phalane a le malatsi a masome a mabedi, 2013, e e kwadilweng ke Tom Simonite mo ''Tlhatlhobong ya Maranyane'' ya MIT ya setlhogo se se reng " Go wela tlase ga Wikipedia " e ne ya bua ka ditlamorago tsa go tsaya letlhakore ga thulaganyo le go fokotsega ga melawana mo [[Wikipedia|go fokotsegeng ga palo ya bakwadi]] . <ref name="Simonite-2013"/> Patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Mark Graham wa Lefelo la Inthanete la Oxford ka 2009 e bontshitse gore go anamisiwa ga ditlhogo tsa dikwalo go ya ka mafelo ga go lekalekane thata, mme Aforika ke yone e e sa emelwang sentle. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Mark |date=November 12, 2009 |title=Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content |url=https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002051150/https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |archive-date=October 2, 2016 |website=Zerogeography}}</ref> Mo dikgatisong di le masome a mararo tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia, dikwalo le dikarolo tsa ditso ka kakaretso di ikaegile ka Yuropa mme di remeletse mo ditiragalong tsa bosheng. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Strohmaier |first=Markus |date=March 6, 2017 |title=Multilingual historical narratives on Wikipedia |url=https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |publisher=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences]] |chapter=KAT50 Society, Culture |doi=10.7802/1411 |quote=Wikipedia narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias). |access-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023846/https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Diteng tse di masisi === Wikipedia e ile ya kgalwa ka ntlha ya go letlelela tshedimosetso ka ga diteng tse di botlha thata. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Maxton|first=Richard|date=September 9, 2008|title=Wikipedia attacked over porn pages|journal=Macquarie Network|url=http://livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/09/09/Wikipedia_attacked_over_porn_pages}}</ref> Ditlhogo tse di bontshang se batshwayadiphoso bangwe ba se biditseng diteng tse di sa siamang (tse di tshwanang le boloko jwa setho, setopo, serwe sa bonna sa motho, molomo wa serwe sa bosadi, le go nna maponapona) di na le ditshwantsho tse di botlha le tshedimosetso e e feletseng e e ka bonwang motlhofo ke mongwe le mongwe yo o nang le inthanete, go akaretsa le bana. Lefelo le gape le akaretsa diteng tsa tlhakanelodikobo tse di tshwanang le ditshwantsho le ditshwantsho tsa motshikinyego tsa go itshwaratshwara dirwe tsa tlhakanelodikobo le go rota, ditshwantsho tsa zoophilia, le dinepe tsa difilimi tsa tlhakanelodikobo mo dikwalong tsa lone. Gape le na le dinepe tse e seng tsa thobalano tsa bana ba ba sa aparang . Setlhogo sa Wikipedia se se buang ka ''Virgin Killer'' —alebamo ya 1976 ya setlhopha sa mmino wa rock sa Jeremane sa Scorpions —se na le setshwantsho sa khabara ya ntlhantlha ya alebamo eno, se se bontshang mosetsana yo o sa aparang sepe yo o sa ntseng a gola . Khabara ya ntlhantlha e e neng ya gololwa e ne ya baka dikganetsano mme ga bewa e sele mo mafatsheng a mangwe. Ka Sedimonthole 2008, go kgona go bona lekwaloa Wikipedia ''ya Virgin Killer'' go ne ga thibelwa malatsi a le mane ke bontsi jwa batlamedi ba ditirelo tsa Inthanete kwa United Kingdom morago ga gore Mokgatlho wa Internet Watch (IWF) o dire tshwetso ya gore khabara ya alebamo e ne e le setshwantsho se se sa siamang se se seng kafa molaong mme wa tsenya URL ya lekwalo le mo "lenaneong la dikwalo tse di tlositsweng" la tlamela ba ditirelo tsa inthanete kwa Borithane ka lone. <ref name="Register ISP censorship">{{Cite news|title=Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover|first=Cade|last=Metz|newspaper=[[The Register]]|date=December 7, 2008|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia|access-date=May 10, 2009}}</ref> Ka Moranang 2010, Sanger o ne a kwalela Biro ya Dipatlisiso ya Bosetšhaba lekwalo, a tlhalosa matshwenyego a gagwe a gore ditlhopha tse pedi tsa ditshwantsho tse di mo Wikimedia Commons di ne di na le ditshwantsho tsa thobalano tsa bana, mme di ne di tlola molao wa puso wa Amerika wa ditshwantsho tse di leswe . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh|title=Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation|date=April 29, 2010|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=May 14, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Inquirer child abuse allegations">{{Cite news|date=April 29, 2010|title=Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI|work=The Inquirer|url=https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations|access-date=October 9, 2010|archivedate=May 1, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501174521/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations}}</ref> Moragonyana Sanger o ne a tlhalosa gore ditshwantsho tse, tse di neng di amana le go tlhakanela dikobo le bana le tse dingwe tse di neng di amana le go tlhakanela dikobo le bana, e ne e se tsa bana ba mmatota, mme o ne a re e ne e le " ditshwantsho tse di leswe tsa go sotlaka bana ka thobalano ", ka fa tlase ga Molao wa PROTECT wa 2003 . Molao oo o thibela ditshwantsho tsa thobalano tsa bana le dinepe tsa dipopae le ditshwantsho tsa bana tse di fatlhang go ya ka molao wa Amerika . Sanger o ne a tlhagisa gape matshwenyego a gagwe ka go kgona go bona ditshwantsho tse di mo Wikipedia tse kwa dikolong. <ref name="TET child porn accusations">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website|date=April 29, 2010|journal=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Wikipedia-blasts-co-founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website/articleshow/5871943.cms|access-date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> Mmueledi wa [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] Jay Walsh o ile a gana kgang ya ga Sanger ka maatla, a re Wikipedia e ne e se na "dilo tse di ka bonwang di se ka fa molaong. Fa re ne re na le tsone, re ne re tla di tlosa." Morago ga ngongorego ya ga Sanger, Wales elne ya phimola ditshwantsho tsa tlhakanelodikobo kwa ntle ga go buisana le morafe wa badirisi. Fa bakwadi ba baithaopi ba sena go nganga gore tshwetso e e dirilwe ka bonako, Wales o ne a ithaopela go tlogela dithata dingwe tse a neng a di tshwere jaaka karolo ya maemo a gagwe a go nna motlhami-mmogo. O ne a kwala mo molaetseng o o yang kwa lenaneong la go romela melaetsa la Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia gore kgato e ne e le "mo kgatlhegong ya go rotloetsa dipuisano ka ga dikgang tsa mmatota tsa filosofi/diteng, go na le go nna ka ga me le ka fa ke tsereng kgato ka bonako ka teng". <ref name="BBC News Wales cedes rights">{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm|title=Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights|work=BBC News|date=May 10, 2010|access-date=May 19, 2010}}</ref> Batshwayadiphoso, ba akaretsa le Wikipediocracy, ba ne ba lemoga gore bontsi jwa ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tse di phimotsweng mo Wikipedia fa e sale ka 2010 di tlhagile gape. <ref name="XBIZ">{{Cite news|date=September 17, 2013|title=Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break|work=XBIZ.com|url=https://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017|access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref> === Sephiri === Matshwenyego mangwe a sephiri mo kgannyeng ya Wikipedia a amana le tshwanelo ya motho ya go nna moagi yo o ikemetseng go na le go nna motho wa setšhaba mo matlhong a molao. <ref>{{Cite book |last=McStay |first=Andrew |date=2014 |title=Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |isbn=978-1-4541-9163-6 |series=Digital Formation |volume=86 |doi=10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9}}</ref>{{efn|See [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130081035/https://texaspress.com/index.php/publications/law-media/731-law-a-the-media-in-texas--libel-cases "Libel"] by David McHam for the legal distinction.}} Ke ntwa fa gare ga tshwanelo ya go sa itsiwe mo inthaneteng le tshwanelo ya go sa itsiwe mo botshelong jwa mmatota . Melao ya sephiri ya Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e bolela gore, "re dumela gore ga o a tshwanela go tlhoka go tlamela ka tshedimosetso ya gore o mang gore o nne le seabe mo mokgatlhong wa kitso ya mahala", mme e bolela gore "tshedimosetso ya gago" e ka nna ya abelanwa "Ka mabaka a semolao", "Go Go Sireletsa, Rona le Ba bangwe", kgotsa "Go Tlhaloganya le go Lekeletsa". <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Privacy policy |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131204008/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Ferikgong 2006, kgotlatshekelo ya Jeremane e ne ya laela gore Wikipedia ya Jeremane e tswalwe mo teng ga Jeremane ka gonne e ne e bolela leina ka botlalo la ga Boris Floric, aka "Tron", yo o neng a tlhasela mo maranyaneng yo o tlhokafetseng. Ka Tlhakole a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2006, taelo e e neng e le kgatlhanong le Wikimedia Deutschland e ne ya menolwa, mme kgotlatshekelo ya gana kgopolo ya gore tshwanelo ya ga Tron ya go nna le sephiri kgotsa ya batsadi ba gagwe e ne e gatakiwa. <ref name="heise Tron public issue 1">{{Cite news|last1=Kleinz|first1=Torsten|title=Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab [Update]|url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html|work=Heise Online|publisher=[[Heinz Heise]]|date=September 2, 2006|language=de}}</ref> Wikipedia e na le " " se se dirisang Znuny, e leng lefelo la sofotewere ya mahala ya motswedi o o bulegileng sa OTRS <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Volunteer Response Team |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Response_Team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202072211/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_response_team |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> go emelana le dipotso ntle le tlhoka go senola maina a batho ba ba amegang. Se se dirisiwa, ka sekai, mo go netefatseng tetla ya go dirisa ditshwantsho le metswedi e mengwe ya dikgang mo lenaneong. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=OTRS – A flexible Help Desk and IT-Service Management Software |url=https://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030215341/https://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-date=October 30, 2013 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |website=Open Technology Real Services |publisher=OTRS.com}}</ref> Mo bokhutlong jwa Moranang 2023, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o itsisitse gore Wikipedia ga e kitla e ineela mo ditlhomamisong dipe tsa dingwaga tse di ka tlhokwang ke molao wa UK wa Molao wa Pabalesego ya Inthanete . Rebecca MacKinnon wa Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne a bolela gore go tlholwa mo go ntseng jalo go tlaa lhulana le boineelo jwa webosaete jwa go kokoanya tshedimosetso e nnye ka batho ba ba tsenyang letsogo le babadi ba yone. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65388255|title=Wikipedia will not perform Online Safety Bill age checks|work=BBC|date=April 28, 2023|access-date=May 1, 2023}}</ref> === Kgethololo ya bong === Wikipedia e ne ya tlhalosiwa ka 2015 e le lefelo le e nang le setso sa ntwa sa [[Go Tlhaola Batho ka Bong|go tlhaola batho ka bong]] le go tshwenya . <ref name="Paling">{{Cite web |last=Paling |first=Emma |date=October 21, 2015 |title=Wikipedia's Hostility to Women |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231105811/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |archive-date=December 31, 2022 |access-date=October 24, 2015 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Auerbach |first=David |date=December 11, 2014 |title=Encyclopedia Frown |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |url-status=live |journal=Slate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023233133/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |archive-date=October 23, 2015 |access-date=October 24, 2015}}</ref> Go lemogiwa ga tiriso ya puo e e sotlang gone ga buiwa fa e le lebaka le le neng la tlhagisiwa ka 2013 la go tlhoka tekatekano ya bong jwa bakwadi Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Murphy|first=Dan|date=August 1, 2013|title=In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-misogyny|access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref> Go nnile le di-Edit-a-thon go rotloetsa bakwadi ba basadi le go oketsa go akaretsa dikgang tsa basadi. <ref>{{Cite news|title=High Museum to host virtual Wikipedia edit-a-thon to boost entries about women|url=https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/high-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-thon-boost-entries-about-women/TxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN/|access-date=October 24, 2020}}</ref> Ka Motsheganong 2018, mokwadi wa Wikipedia o ne a gana lekwalo le le neng le rometswe ka Donna Strickland ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go begwa mo metsweding ya dikgang. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Draft:Donna Strickland |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114656/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref name="Schlanger-2018">{{Cite web |last=Schlanger |first=Zoë |last2=Purtill |first2=Corinne |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Wikipedia rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough |url=https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025085329/https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/ |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}</ref> Dikgwedi di le tlhano morago ga tiragalo e, Strickland o ne a gapa Seetsele sa Nobel mo dithutong tsa Maranyane gore o na "le ditlhamo tse di tona mo lephateng la Maranyane a laser", mme a nna mosadi wa boraro go amogela seetsele se. <ref name="Schlanger-2018" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2018 |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141926/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref> Pele ga a fenya seetsele se, Strickland o ne a umakiwa fela mo Wikipedia mo lekwalong le le neng le bua ka mmereki ka ene le mofenyi-mmogo wa seetsele e bong Gérard Mourou . <ref name="Schlanger-2018" /> Go kgaphelwa thoko ga gagwe mo Wikipedia go ne ga dira gore Wikipedia e bonwe molato wa go tlhaola batho ka bong, mme Corinne Purtill yo o neng a kwalela ''Quartz'' o ne a bolela gore "gape ke thuto e e tlhamaletseng ka dikotsi tsa go kgetholola ka bong mo metsweding ya dikgang, le ditlamorago tse di anameng tsa go sa emelwe sentle." <ref name="Purtill-2018">{{Cite web |last=Purtill |first=Corinne |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Sexism at Wikipedia feeds off the sexism in the media |url=https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201022552/https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}</ref> Purtill o amanya kgang e le go tlhoka tekatekano ga bong mo go begeng ga bobegakgang. <ref name="Purtill-2018" /> Patlisiso e e tseneletseng ya 2008, e e gatisitsweng ka 2016, ke Julia B. Bear wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane tsa Kgwebo ya sa Stony Brook le Benjamin Collier wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Carnegie Mellon ba fitlhetse dipharologano tse di tona tsa bong mo go tshepeng boitseanape, go sa phuthologa ga bakwadi, le go tsibogela ditshwaelo tse di botlhokwa. "Basadi ba begile gore ga ba tshepe boitseanape jwa bone, ba tlhagisitse go sa phuthologa mo go tona mo bokwading(se gantsi se akaretsang kgotlhang), mme ba begile maikutlo a a seng molemo thata mo ditshwaelong tse di botlhokwa fa ba bapisiwa le banna." <ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 4, 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia ? – Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |url-status=live |journal=Sex Roles |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Science]] |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027122538/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |access-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref> === ''Dikwalo tse di tseneletseng tse di boferabongwe '' === ''"Dithesis di le boferabongwe"'' di kaya mogopolo wa diphetogo o o gatisitsweng ke Larry Sanger ka Phalane 2025. ''Dithesis tse di boferabongwe'' tsa ga Sanger mo Wikipedia di tlhagisa lenaneo la tshekatsheko e e botlhokwa la diphetogo la Wikipedia. Mogopolo o ke karolo ya maiteko a gagwe a a anameng a go lebagana le se Sanger a se tsayang e le dikgang tsa thulaganyo mo teng ga Wikipedia, tse di akaretsang, go tsaya letlhakore ga megopolo, go tlhoka go nna mo pepeneneng mo maemong a bakwadi, le tsamaiso e e sa direng sentle ya go dira ditshwetso e e theilweng morago ga ditumalano. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-04 |title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Unveils Plan To Fix Website's Biased 'Engine of Defamation' |url=https://www.nysun.com/article/wikipedia-co-founder-unveils-plan-to-fix-websites-biased-engine-of-defamation |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=The New York Sun |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=Nine Theses on Wikipedia |url=https://larrysanger.org/nine-theses/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=LarrySanger.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsamaiso == === Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia le mekgatlho e e amanang le one === [[File:Sue_Gardner_during_her_presentation_at_Wikimania_2013.jpg|thumb|Sue Gardner, mookamedi mogolo wa ntlha, ka 2013 kwa Wikimania]] Wikipedia e tshwarwa le go tlamelwa ka madi ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], e leng mokgatlho o o sa direng dipoelo gape o tsamaisang mananeo a a amanang le Wikipedia tse di tshwanang le Wiktionary le Dibuka tsa Wikipedia . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2018 |title=Wikimedia Projects |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011065720/https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Mokgatlho o o ikaegile ka meneelo ya setšhaba le dithuso tsa madi go duelela ditiro tsa one. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/17/wikimedias-approach-coronavirus-staffers-can-work-20-hours-week-get-paid-full-time/|access-date=February 25, 2021|date=March 17, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="financialstatements" group="W">{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Pampiri ya 990 ya Tirelo ya Lotseno ya 2020 e bontsha lotseno lwa $124,60.&nbsp;milione le ditshenyegelo tse e ka nnang tsa $112,200 &nbsp;milione, ka dithoto tse di ka nnang $1 200,20 milione le tse di duelelwang di ka nna $11&nbsp;milione. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524102009/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |access-date=October 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Motsheganong 2014, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne wa bitsa Lila Tretikov jaaka Mookamedi-mogolo wa one wa bobedi wa khuduthamaga, a tsaya marapo a ga Sue Gardner. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503035438/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |archive-date=May 3, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> ''The Wall Street Journal'' e ne ya bega ka Motsheganong a le bongwe, 2014, gore dikitso tsa ga Tretikov tsa maranyane, go tswa mo dingwageng tsa gagwe kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa California di naya Wikipedia tshono ya go tlhabologa ka tsela e e tsepameng thata e e kaelwang ke polelo ya gagwe e e boelediwang gantsi ya gore, "Tshedimosetso, fela jaaka phefo, e tlhoka go nna mahala." <ref name="Jeff Elder 2014">{{Cite news|date=May 1, 2014|title=Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-34824|access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114542/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|date=May 1, 2014|title=Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|access-date=February 1, 2023|archivedate=February 10, 2023}}</ref> Setlhogo sone se sa ''Wall Street Journal'' se ne sa bega ka dikaelo tse tsa tlhabololo go ya ka potsolotso le mmueledi Jay Walsh wa Wikimedia, yo o neng a " re Tretikov o tla rarabolola kgang eo ya ( go duela batho go go buelelela ) e le selo se se tlang pele. 'Tota re kgaratlhela go dira dilo mo pepeneneng .&nbsp;... Re gatelela gore go duela bakwadi go go buelelela ga go amogelesege.' Maiteko a go akaretsa batho ba ba farologaneng ba ba nang le seabe, tshegetso e e botoka ya dipuisano tsa Wikipedia, didirisiwa tse disha tsa lefatshe, go bona diteng tsa selegae bonolo, le didirisiwa tse dintsi tsa badirisi mo lefatsheng la bobedi le la boraro le tsone ke ditlapele", Walsh o ne a bolela jalo. <ref name="Jeff Elder 2014" /> Morago ga go tsamaya ga ga Tretikov mo Wikipedia ka ntlha ya mathata a a amanang le tiriso ya karolo ya "tshireletso e e feteletseng" e mefuta mengwe ya puo ya Wikipedia e e amogetseng, <ref group="W">{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125043521/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|date=August 13, 2014|title=Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|access-date=February 1, 2023|archivedate=January 25, 2023}}</ref> Katherine Maher o ne a nna Mookamedi-mogolo wa boraro wa Mokgatlho wa Wikipedia ka Seetebosigo 2016. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Lorente |first=Patricio |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Maher o ne a bolela gore nngwe ya ditlapele tsa gagwe e tla nna kgang ya go tshwenngwa ga bakwadi e e tlwaelesegileng mo Wikipedia jaaka go supilwe ke lekgotlana la Wikipedia ka Sedimonthole. O boleletse ''Bloomberg Businessweek'' mabapi le kgang ya go tshwenngwa a re: "Go dira gore batho ba akanye gore se ke selo se se tlang pele mo morafeng wa badirisi.&nbsp;... [mme paakanyo eo e tlhoka gore] e tshwanetse go nna go feta go bua fela." <ref name="Bloomberg 2016"/> Maher o ne a nna mokaedi wa khuduthamaga go fitlha ka Moranang 2021. <ref name="axios">{{Cite web |last=Salmon |first=Felix |date=February 4, 2021 |title=Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Wikipedia |url=https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204180613/https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=April 16, 2021 |website=Axios}}</ref> Maryana Iskander o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Mookamedimogolo yo o tsenang ka Lwetse 2021, mme a tsaya maemo a ka Firikgong 2022. O ne a bolela gore nngwe ya dilo tse a tla remelelang mo go tsone e tla nna go oketsa kabakanyo mo morafeng wa badirisi ba Wikimedia. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Lima|first=Cristiano|date=September 14, 2021|title=Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/14/wikipedia-maryana-iskander-ceo/|access-date=September 14, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Iskander o ne a dira go fitlha ka Firikgong 2026, fa Bernadette Meehan a ne a tsaya marapo a go nna Mookamedimogolo. Wikipedia gape e engwe nokeng ke mekgatlho le ditlhopha di le dintsi tse di dirisanang le Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia mme di tsamaisiwa ka bonosi, tse di bidiwang [[Wikimedia Foundation|ditlhopha tse di dirisanang le mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] . Tse di akaretsa dikgaolo tsa Wikimedia (tse e leng mekgatlho ya setšhaba kgotsa e e kwa tlase ga ya setšhaba, jaaka Wikimedia Deutschland le Wikimedia Fora), mekgatlho ya ditlhogo (e e tshwanang le Amical Wikimedia ya setšhaba sa puo ya Se-Catalan ), le ditlhopha tsa badirisi. Ditlhopha tse di tsaya karolo mo go rotloetseng, go tlhabololeng, le go thusa Wikipedia ka madi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia chapters |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112001834/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters |archive-date=November 12, 2005 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> === Ditiro tsa sofotewere le tshegetso/kemo nokeng === Go dira ga Wikipedia go ikaegile ka MediaWiki, e leng sofotewere ya wiki e e itiretsweng, e le ya mahala gape e bulegile se se kwadilweng ka PHP mme se agilwe mo thulaganyong ya polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya MySQL . <ref name="nedworks database system" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Bergsma |first=Mark |title=Wikimedia Architecture |url=https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204708/https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2009 |access-date=June 27, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Sofotewere e e akaretsa ditiriso tsa go dira mananeo a tshwana le puo e kgolo, dilo tse di farologaneng, thulaganyo ya go fetoladithempoleite, le go kaela gape URL . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=MediaWiki Features |url=https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202020544/https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=WikiMatrix}}</ref> MediaWiki e na le teseletso ka fa tlase ga Teseletso ya Botlhe ya GNU (GPL) mme e dirisiwa ke mananeo otlhe a Wikimedia, ga mmogo le mananeo a mangwe a mantsi a wiki. <ref name="nedworks database system" group="W" /> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Project:Copyrights |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022061355/https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Kwa tshimologong, Wikipedia e ne e tsamaisiwa mo UseModWiki e e kwadilweng ka Perl ke Clifford Adams (Kgato ya ntlha), e kwa tshimologong e neng e tlhoka CamelCase go dira dikgokagano tsa dikwalo; mofuta wa go dirisa masaka a mabedi se ne sa tsenngwa moragonyana. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=UseMod: UseModWiki |url=https://www.usemod.org/cgi-bin/wiki.pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017191620/http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/wiki.pl |archive-date=October 17, 2000 |website=UseModWiki}}</ref> Go simolola ka Firikgong 2002 (Kgato ya bobedi), Wikipedia e ne ya simolola go dira mo enjeneng ya wiki ya PHP e e nang le polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya MySQL; sofotewere e e ne e direlwa Wikipedia ke Magnus Manske . Sofotewere ya Kgato ya bobedi e ne ya fetolwa gangwe le gape go emelana le tlhokego e e neng e oketsega ka lobelo lo logolo . Ka Phukwi 2002 ( Kgato ya boraro ), Wikipedia e ne ya fetogela kwa sofotewereng ya kokomane ya boraro, e leng MediaWiki, e e neng e kwadilwe ke Lee Daniel Crocker . Dikatoloso di le mmalwa tsa MediaWiki di tsentswe go atolosa tiro ya sofotewere ya MediaWiki. Ka Moranang 2005, katoloso ya Lucene <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Snow |first=Michael |date=April 18, 2005 |title=Internal search function returns to service |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731211712/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search |archive-date=July 31, 2012 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |title=[Wikitech-l&#93; Lucene search |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330033506/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html |archive-date=March 30, 2013 |access-date=February 26, 2009 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> e ne ya tsenngwa mo patlong e e diritsweng mo teng ya MediaWiki mme Wikipedia e ne ya fetoga go tswa go MySQL go ya go Lucene go dirisiwa mo patlong. Moragonyana Lucene e ne ya emisediwa ka Patlisiso ya Cirrus e e theilweng mo Patlong ya Elastic . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Extension:CirrusSearch |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413230335/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki}}</ref> Ka Phukwi 2013, morago ga go dira diteko tse di tseneletseng tsa beta, katoloso ya WYSIWYG (Se o se Bonang ke se o se fiwang), VisualEditor, e ne ya bulwa gore e dirisiwe ke botlhe. <ref name="thenextwebve">{{Cite news|title=Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Wikipedia articles in English|url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english/|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html|title=Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors|access-date=August 18, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="TheEconomistVE">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia|title=Changes at Wikipedia: Seeing things|access-date=July 28, 2013}}</ref> E ne ya ganwa le go tshwaiwa diphoso thata, mme ya tlhalosiwa e le " bonya gape e na le diphoso". <ref name="Orlowski, Andrew">{{Cite web |last=Orlowski |first=Andrew |date=August 1, 2013 |title=Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804115056/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor |archive-date=August 4, 2013 |access-date=August 18, 2013 |website=The Register}}</ref> Karolo e ne ya fetolwa go tswa mo go tlhopheng go tswa go ya kwa go tlhopheng go tsena morago ga moo. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Forrester |first=James |date=April 25, 2013 |title=The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Go kwala mo go itirisang === Mananeo a dibalamakgolo(dikhompiutara) a a bidiwang di-bot gantsi di ile tsa dirisiwa go dira ditiro tse di motlhofo le tse di boelediwang, tse di tshwanang le go baakanya diphoso tse di tlwaelesegileng jaaka go peleta le mathata a mefuta ya tiriso, kgotsa go simolola dikwalo tse di tshwanang le go tsenya tsa dintlha tse digeographic ka mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng go tswa mo go wa tshedimosetso ya dipalopalo. <ref name="meetbots">{{Cite news|last=Nasaw|first=Daniel|date=July 24, 2012|title=Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Halliday|first=Josh|title=Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=July 26, 2012|access-date=September 5, 2012}}</ref> Mongwe wa bakwadi ba ba neng ba ntsha kganetsano, e bong Sverker Johansson, o ne a tlhama dikwalo ka bot ya gagwe ya Lsjbot, e go neng ga begwa gore e tlhama dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le lesome mo Wikipedia ya Se-Swedish ka malatsi a a rileng. <ref>{{Cite news|date=July 13, 2014|title=For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good Day's Work|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001|access-date=August 18, 2014}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, go na le di-bot tse di diretsweng go itsise bakwadi ka go itirisa fa ba dira diphoso tse di tlwaelesegileng tsa bokwadi (tse di tshwanang le dinopolo tse di sa tsamaelaneng kgotsa masaka a a sa tshwaneng). <ref group="W">{{Cite news|last=Aude|date=March 23, 2009|title=Abuse Filter is enabled|publisher=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/Abuse_Filter|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> Diphetolo tse di supilweng ka maaka ke di-bot e le tiro ya mokwadi yo o kobilweng di ka busediwa ke bakwadi ba bangwe. Bot e e lwantshanang le go senya e rulaganyeditswe go lemoga le go ntsha tshenyo ka bonako. <ref name="meetbots" /> Di-bot di kgona go supa diphetogo go tswa mo diakhaontong tse di rileng kgotsa mo ditlhopheng tsa diaterese tsa IP, jaaka go diragetse ka nako ya go thuntshiwa ga sefofane sa MH17 ka Phukwi 2014 fa go ne go begwa gore diphetogo di dirilwe ka di-IP tse di laolwang ke puso ya Russia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2014 |title=MH17 Wikipedia entry edited from Russian government IP address |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-stream/2014/7/21/mh17-wikipedia-entry-edited-from-russian-government-ip-address |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116002928/https://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201407211855-0023944 |archive-date=November 16, 2016 |access-date=July 22, 2014 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Di-bot mo Wikipedia di tshwanetse go amogelwa pele di tsenngwa mo tirisong. Go ya ka Andrew Lih, go ne go tla nna thata go akanya ka go atolosiwa ga Wikipedia mo go diragalang gompieno go dira dikadikadike tsa dikwalo fa go ne go sa dirisiwe di-bot tse di ntseng jalo. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lih |first=Andrew |year=2009 |title=The Wikipedia Revolution |publisher=[[Hachette Books]] |isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6 |pages=99–106 |oclc=232977686}}</ref> Ka Mopitlo 2026, moemedi wa AI, Tom, o ne a dira diphetogo mo Wikipedia ka fa tlase ga akhaonto ya TomWikiAssist. Akhaonto e e ne ya thibelwa ka ntlha ya go nna bot e e sa amogelweng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maiberg |first=Emmanuel |date=March 30, 2026 |title=An AI Agent Was Banned From Creating Wikipedia Articles, Then Wrote Angry Blogs About Being Banned |url=https://www.404media.co/an-ai-agent-was-banned-from-creating-wikipedia-articles-then-wrote-angry-blogs-about-being-banned/ |url-access=registration |access-date=April 12, 2026 |website=[[404 Media]]}}</ref> === Ditiro tsa hardwere le tshegetso/kemo nokeng === [[File:Wikipedia_webrequest_2022.png|alt=Diagram showing flow of data between Wikipedia's servers.|thumb|Setshwantsho sa lenaneo la thulaganyo go ema ka Phatwe 2022 [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2022]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]]]] Wikipedia mo bogompienong e dira mo ditlhopheng tse di kgethegileng tsa disefara tsa Linux tse di dirisang tsamaiso ya tiriso ya Debian . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Debian |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418084905/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le masome a mabedi, 2013, Wikipedia e ne e fuduseditse lefelo la yone la konokono la tshedimosetso kwa lefelong la Equinix kwa Ashburn, kwa Virginia . <ref group="W" name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/|title=It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home|first=Jason|last=Verge|access-date=June 5, 2016|date=January 14, 2013}}</ref> Lefelo la bobedi la tshedimosetso ya tiriso le ne la tlhamiwa ka 2014 kwa Carrollton, Texas, go tokafatsa go ikanyega ga Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data centers - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergsma |first=Mark |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Wikimedia Foundation selects CyrusOne in Dallas as new data center |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011353/https://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |archive-date=July 15, 2018 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=Diff}}</ref> Mafelo a a tshedimosetso ka bobedi a dira e le a konokono, mo dipakeng tse di farologaneng, mme e nngwe e dira jaaka ya bobedi ya tshedimosetso. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Switch Datacenter - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Switch_Datacenter |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org}}</ref> Ka 2017, Wikipedia e ne ya tsenya setlhopha sa go boloka tshedimosetso mo lefelong la Equinix kwa Singapore, e leng la ntlha la mofuta ono kwa Asia. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512040933/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |archive-date=May 12, 2019 |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator}}</ref> Ka 2022, go ne ga bulwa lefelo la go boloka tshedimosetso kwa Marseille, kwa Fora. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator}}</ref> Ka 2024, go ne ga bulwa lefelo la go boloka tshedimosetso kwa São Paulo, e leng la ntlha la mofuta o kwa Amerika Borwa. <ref group="W" name="Magru">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 26, 2024 |title=The journey to open our first data center in South America |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921054425/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/ |archive-date=September 21, 2024 |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Ngwanatseele 2024, ditlhopha tsa go boloka di-cache di kwa Amsterdam, kwa San Francisco, kwa Singapore, kwa Marseille le kwa São Paulo. <ref name=":13" group="W">{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2013 |title=Wikimedia servers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120023847/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers |archive-date=November 20, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data centers |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Dipatlisiso tsa mo teng le tlhabololo ya tsamaiso === Morago ga palo e e golang ya meneelo(madi) e e tsenang ka 2013 e e fetang dinomoro di le supa, <ref name="Simonite-2013"/> Mokgatlho o o fitlheletse selekanyo sa dithoto tse di bonwang di tshwanelega go akanyediwa ka fa tlase ga melaometheo ya itsholelo ya mokgatlho wa madirelo go supa tlhokego ya go beeletsa gape madi/meneelo mo dipatlisisong le mo tlhabololong ya Mokgatlho. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Scherer |first=Frederic M. |author-link=Frederic M. Scherer |date=2009 |title=Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716 |publisher=Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] |ssrn=1496716 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |orig-date=1970 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132257/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1496716 |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mananeo a mabedi a dipatlisiso tse di ntseng jalo tsa mo teng le tlhabololo a nnile tlhamo ya Modiri wa Ditshwantsho le thebo ya "Ke a leboga" e e fitlhelwang mo ditsong tsa go kwala, tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa go tokafatsa mathata a go lapisega ga mokwadi. <ref name="Simonite-2013" /> <ref name="Orlowski, Andrew"/> Dipalo kakanyetso tsa go beeletsa gape ke mekgatlho ya madirelo mo dipatlisisong tsa mo teng le tlhabololo di ne tsa ithutiwa ke Adam Jaffe, yo o kwadileng gore go ne go tshwanetse go laolwa selekanyo sa 4% go ya go 25% ka ngwaga, ka maranyane a maemo a a kwa godimo se se tlhokang seelo se se kwa godimo sa tshegetso ka go beeletsa gape mo mokgatlhong. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002">{{Cite book |last=Trajtenberg |first=Manuel |year=2002 |title=Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |last2=Jaffe |first2=Adam B. |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-27623-8 |pages=89–153 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ka maemong a 2013 a meneelo ya Wikimedia e kwadilwe jaaka e le didolara di le dikadikadike di le masome a mane ke botlhano, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=David |last2=Walsh |first2=Jay |year=2013 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> selekanyo sa tekanyetso se se badilweng se se akantshitsweng ke Jaffe sa go beeletsa gape mo dipatlisisong le mo tlhabololong se fa gare ga didolara di le 1.8.&nbsp;dimilione le 11.3&nbsp; milione ka ngwaga. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002" /> Ka 2019, selekanyo sa meneelo se ne sa begwa ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia gore ke didikadike tsa di dolara di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi ka ngwaga, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020) |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2 |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> go tlhabolola dipalokakanyetso tsa ga Jaffe tsa maemo a a kwa godimo a tshegetso go nna magareng ga dimilione di le $3.08 le 19,2&nbsp;milione ka ngwaga. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002" />[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|alt=Wikipedia Library logo|thumb|Sekano sa motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia]] === Dikgatiso tsa dikgang tse di mo teng === Mananeo a le mantsi a Wikimedia a na le dikgatiso tsa dikgang tsa mo teng. Lekwalodikgang la mo inthaneteng la [[Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia]] ''la The Signpost'' le ne la tlhongwa ka 2005 ke Michael Snow, motsamaisi wa Wikipedia yo o neng a tla nna leloko la khuduthamaga ya batlhokomedi ba Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ka 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Caroline |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301224408/https://www.cnet.com/news/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/ |archive-date=March 1, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[CNET]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|archiveurl=Noam Cohen}}</ref> Kgatiso e e akaretsa dikgang le ditiragalo go tswa kwa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia, le [[Wikimedia Foundation|mananeo a mangwe a Wikipedia]] . === Motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia === Bakwadi ba Wikipedia ka dinako tse dingwe ba sokola go fitlhelela metswedi e e duelwang e e tlhokegang go tokafatsa dikwalo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=64}}Motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia ke motswedi wa bakwadi ba Wikipedia o o nayang phitlhelelo ya mahala ya dikgatiso tse dintsi tsa mo maranyaneng, gore ba kgone go leba le go di nopola fa ba ntse ba kwala mo ensaetlolopedieng . <ref name="orlowitz">{{Cite journal |last=Orlowitz |first=Jake |date=January 2018 |title=The Wikipedia Library: the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422 |url-status=live |journal=JLIS.it |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.4403/jlis.it-12505 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132509/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422_The_wikipedia_library_The_biggest_encyclopedia_needs_a_digital_library_and_we_are_building_it |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> Bagatisi ba feta masome a marataro ba tlhophile go dirisana mmogo le motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia go tlamela ka phitlhelelo ya didirisiwa tsa bone: fa ICE Publishing e ne ya kopana go dira le bone ka 2020, mmueledi o ne a re "Ka go kgontsha bakwadi ba Wikipedia go fitlhelela diteng tsa rona mahala, re solofela go tsweledisa pele didirisiwa tse morafe o wa batlisisi ba di didirisang- ba kwala le go baakanya dikwalo tsa ditlhogo tsa Civil Engineering tse di balwang ke babadi ba le diketekete kgwedi le kgwedi." <ref name="hall">{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Sam |date=June 24, 2020 |title=ICE Publishing partners with The Wikipedia Library |url=https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161530/https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library |archive-date=November 13, 2022 |access-date=October 26, 2021 |website=ICE Virtual Library}}</ref> == Refferences == <references /> == Phitlhelelo ya diteng == === Teseletso ya diteng === Fa lenaneo le le simololwa ka 2001, mafoko otlhe mo Wikipedia a ne a akarediwa ke GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), e leng teseletso ya Copyleft e e letlang go anamisiwa gape, go tlhamiwa ga dibuka tse di tswang mo go yone, le go dirisiwa ga diteng ga kgwebo fa bakwadi ba ntse ba na le tshwanelo ya tiro ya bone. GFDL e diretswe dibukana tsa tiriso tsa sofotewere tse di tlang le mananeo asofotewere ya mahala tse di nang le teseletso ka fa tlase ga GPL . Se se dirile gore e nne tshwetso e e bokoa ya bukana ya tshupiso ka kakaretso: ka sekai, GFDL e tlhoka gore dikgatiso gape tsa didirisiwa go tswa mo Wikipedia di tle le moriti o o feletseng ya mokwalo wa GFDL. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318014154/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html |archive-date=March 18, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=GNU Operating System |publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Sedimonthole 2002, go ne ga gololwa teseletso ya Creative Commons ; e ne e diretswe ditiro tsa botlhami ka kakaretso, e seng fela dibukana tsa tiriso tsa sofotewere. Lenaneo la Wikipedia le ne la batla go fetogela kwa Creative Commons. <ref name="WPF switch to CC" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vermeir |first=Walter |date=December 1, 2007 |title=Resolution:License update |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903084619/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update |archive-date=September 3, 2011 |access-date=December 4, 2007 |website=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka gore GFDL le Creative Commons di ne di sa tsamaisane, ka Ngwanatseele 2008, morago ga kopo ya lenaneo, Mokgatlho wa Sofotewere ya Mahala (FSF) o ne wa golola mofuta o mosha wa GFDL o o neng o diretswe ka tlhamalalo go letla Wikipedia go naya CC BY-SA teseletso ya diteng tsa yone ka Phatwe 1, 2009 Ka Moranang 2009, Wikipedia le mananeo a yone a dingwe di ne tsa tshwara referantamo ya baagi botlhe, e e neng ya dira tshwetso ya go fetola ka Seetebosigo 2009. <ref name="MW licensing QA" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Licensing update/Questions and Answers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170801/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers |archive-date=July 16, 2020 |access-date=February 15, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="MW licensing timeline 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Licensing_update/Timeline |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817062932/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline |archive-date=August 17, 2022 |access-date=April 5, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="WP blog license migration" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Jay |date=May 21, 2009 |title=Wikimedia community approves license migration |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113042618/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration/ |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=May 21, 2009 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go tshwarwa ga dithoto tsa ditshwantsho (sekai, dithoto tsa dinepe) go a farologana go ralala dikgatiso tsa puo. Dikgatiso tse dingwe tsa puo, jaaka Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, di akaretsa dithoto tsa ditshwantsho tse e seng tsa mahala ka fa tlase ga thuto ya tiriso e e siameng, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Non-free content |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127162916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> fa tse dingwe di tlhophile go se dire jalo, bontlhabongwe jwa lebaka e le ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dithuto tsa tiriso e e siameng mo mafatsheng a bone (sekai, mo molaong wa ditshwanelo tsa botlhami wa Japane ). Dithoto tsa ditshwantsho/bobegadikgang tse di akareditsweng ke diteseletso tsa diteng tsa mahala (sekai, Creative Commons ' CC BY-SA ) di abelanwa go ralala dikgatiso tsa puo ka polokelo ya Wikimedia Commons, e leng lenaneo le le tsamaisiwang ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Commons:Fair use |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Fair_use |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131061136/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Fair_use |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Commons]]}}</ref> Go amogela ga Wikipedia ga melao e e farologaneng ya boditšhabatšhaba ya ditshwanelo tsa botlhami mabapi le ditshwantsho go dirile gore bangwe ba lemoge gore go akaretsa ga yone ga dikgang tsa dinepe go saletse kwa morago ga boleng jwa mokwalo wa ensaetlolopedia e. <ref name="NYT photos on WP">{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308110221/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html|title=Wikipedia May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html|access-date=March 9, 2013|archivedate=March 8, 2013}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ga se moabi wa diteseletso tsa diteng mo Wikipedia kgotsa mananeo a a amanang le one mme ke tirelo fela ya go amogela batho ba ba nang le seabe mo Wikipedia le ba ba o nayang diteseletso, e leng maemo a a neng a sirelediwa ka katlego ka 2004 kwa kgotlatshekelo kwa Fora. <ref name="reuters French defamation case">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia cleared in French defamation case|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSL0280486220071102|access-date=November 2, 2007}}</ref> <ref name="ars tech WP dumb suing case">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Nate |date=May 2, 2008 |title=Dumb idea: suing Wikipedia for calling you "dumb" |url=https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080502-dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806121938/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2008/05/dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.ars |archive-date=August 6, 2011 |access-date=May 4, 2008 |website=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> === Mefuta ya phitlhelelo === Ka gore diteng tsa Wikipedia di anamisiwa ka fa tlase ga teseletso e e bulegileng, mongwe le mongwe o ka di dirisa gape kgotsa a di anamisa gape ntle le go duedisiwa. Diteng tsa Wikipedia di gatisitswe ka mefuta e le mentsi, mo inthaneteng le kwa ntle ga inthanete, kwa ntle ga webosaete ya Wikipedia. Go na le diketekete tsa " mafelo a a tshwanang " a a gatisang gape diteng go tswa mo Wikipedia; tse pedi tse di tlhageletseng tse gape di akaretsang diteng tse di tswang mo metsweding e mengwe ke Reference.com le Answers.com . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reference.com Expands Content by Adding Wikipedia Encyclopedia to Search Capabilities |url=http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225094122/http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html |archive-date=February 25, 2009 |website=Lexico Publishing Group, LLC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Answers.com |url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203151141/https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[PCMag]]}}</ref> Sekai se sengwe ke Wapedia, e e neng ya simolola go bontsha diteng tsa Wikipedia ka mofuta o o siametseng tiriso ya mogala wa letheka pele ga Wikipedia ka boyone e dira jalo. <ref name=":16" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Seifi |first=Joe |date=August 27, 2007 |title=Wapedia review |url=https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423185926/https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=appSafari}}</ref> Dienjini dingwe tsa patlo tsa webo di dirisa diteng tsa Wikipedia ka tsela e e kgethegileng fa di bontsha maduo a patlo: dikai tsa tsone di akaretsa Microsoft Bing ( ka maranyane a a tserweng mo Powerset ) le DuckDuckGo . Dikokoanyo tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia di gatisitsee mo disking tsa pono . Mofuta wa Sekgoa o o neng wa gololwa ka 2006 o ne o na le dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le pedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia 0.5 available on a CD-ROM |url=http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602060411/http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php |archive-date=June 2, 2013 |website=Wikipedia On DVD}}</ref> Mofuta wa puo ya Se-Polish go tloga ka 2006 o na le dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane, <ref name="WM polish WP on dvd" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Polish Wikipedia on DVD |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_%28z_Helionem%29/en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040017/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_(z_Helionem)/en |archive-date=December 29, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> mofuta wa puo ya Sejeremane go tloga ka 2007/2008 o na le dikwalo di feta dikete di le makgolo a le marataro le masome a mabedi, mme mofuta wa puo ya Sepanishe go tloga ka 2011 o na le dikwalo di le dikete di le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=¿Qué es la CDPedia? |url=http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702023520/http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia |archive-date=July 2, 2011 |website=Py Ar |language=es}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, "Wikipedia ya Dikolo", motseletsele wa di-CD / di-DVD tsa Wikipedia tse di dirilweng ke Wikipedia le SOS Children, ke di tlhophilweng mahala go tswa mo Wikipedia e e diretsweng thuto ya bana ba dingwaga di le boferabobedi go ya go di le lesome le bosupa. <ref group="W">{{Cite news|title=2008–09 Wikipedia for Schools goes online|url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/2008-09_Wikipedia_for_Schools_goes_online}}</ref> Go nnile le maiteko a go tsenya karolwana e e tlhophilweng ya dikwalo tsa Wikipedia mo sebopegong sa buka e e gatisitsweng. <ref name="WP into books 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia turned into book|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="WP schools selection 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia Selection for Schools |url=https://schools-wikipedia.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804093730/https://schools-wikipedia.org/ |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=July 14, 2012 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Fa e sa le ka 2009, dibuka di le dikete di le masomesome tse di gatisitsweng fa di batliwa tse di thusitseng go dirwa ga dikwalo tsa Wikipedia tsa Sekgoa, Sejeremane, Se-Russia le Sefora di ile tsa gatisiwa ke kompone ya Amerika ya Books LLC le ke dikompone tse tharo tse di potlana tsa kwa Mauritius tsa mogatisi wa Jeremane VDM . Webosaete ya DBpedia, e e simolotsweng ka 2007, e ntsha tshedimosetso mo mabokosong a tshedimosetso le mo dipolelong tsa ditlhopha tsa Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bizer |first=Christian |last2=Lehmann |first2=Jens |last3=Kobilarov |first3=Georgi |last4=Auer |first4=Sören |last5=Becker |first5=Christian |last6=Cyganiak |first6=Richard |last7=Hellmann |first7=Sebastian |date=September 2009 |title=DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data |journal=Journal of Web Semantics |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=154–165 |citeseerx=10.1.1.150.4898 |doi=10.1016/j.websem.2009.07.002 |s2cid=16081721}}</ref> Wikimedia e tlhamile lenaneo la Wikidata ka maikaelelo a a tshwanang a go boloka dintlha tsa motheo go tswa mo tsebeng nngwe le nngwe ya Wikipedia le mananeo a mangwe a Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia le go e dira gore e nne teng ka sebopego sa bokao jo bo ka bodiwang, jwa RDF . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Introduction |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Tlhakole 2013, e na le diteng tse di fetang didikadike di le lesome. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Statistics |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Statistics |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> WikiReader ke sediriswa se se kgethegileng se se balelang kwa godimo se se nang le moriti wa Wikipedia o o seng mo inthaneteng, e e neng ya simolodisawa ke OpenMoko mme ya gololwa la ntlha ka 2009. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Moeller |first=Erik |date=October 13, 2009 |title=OpenMoko Launches WikiReader |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/10/13/openmoko-launches-wikireader/ |access-date=January 19, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go tsaya diteng tsotlhe tsa Wikipedia gore di dirisiwe gape go na le dikgwetlho, ka gore go dira ditshwantsho tse di tshwanang ka tlhamalalo ka Web crawler ga go rotloediwe. Wikipedia e gatisa " dithotobolo " tsa diteng tsa yone, mme tse ke tsa mafoko fela; go ema ka 2023 ga go na thotobolo e e leng teng ya ditshwantsho tsa Wikipedia. <ref name="WP image data dumps 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data dumps/What's available for download |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_dumps/What%27s_available_for_download |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> [[Wikimedia Foundation|Kgwebo ya Wikimedia]] ke tharabololo ya go dira dipoelo ka se. Dipuo di le mmalwa tsa Wikipedia le tsone di na le tafole ya dikgang, e mo go yone baithaopi ba arabang dipotso tse di bodiwang ke setšhaba. Go ya ka patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Pnina Shachaf mo ''Journal of Documentation'', boleng jwa tafole ya dikgang ya Wikipedia bo ka bapisiwa le tafole ya dikgang ya motlobo wa dibuka e e tlwaelesegileng, ka bonnete jwa masome a matlhano le botlhano mo lekgolong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shachaf |first=Pnina |date=October 16, 2009 |title=The paradox of expertise: is the Wikipedia Reference Desk as good as your library? |url=http://eprints.rclis.org/20329/1/Paradox%20of%20expertise-final.pdf |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=977–996 |doi=10.1108/00220410910998951}}</ref> ==== Phitlhelelo ka mogala wa letheka ==== [[File:Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_(2024)_(cropped).png|thumb|Mogala wa letheka o o bontshang Tsebekgolo ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa ka Phalane malatsi a le mabedi, 2024]] [[File:Wikipedia_page_views_by_device_type.webp|thumb|Dipono tsa tsebe ya Wikipedia go ya ka lefelo]] Sedirisiwa sa ntlha sa Wikipedia e ne e le gore badirisi ba kgone go bala le go kwaditeng tsa yone ba dirisa sedirisiwa fela sa patlo se se tlwaelesegileng sa webo ka kgolagano e e tlhomameng ya inthanete . Le fa diteng tsa Wikipedia di ntse di fitlhelelwa ka webo ya mogala wa letheka fa e sale ka Phukwi 2013, ''The New York Times'' ka Tlhakole 9, 2014, e ne ya nopola Erik Möller, mothusa mookamedi wa Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia, e bolela gore phetogo ya pharakano ya inthanete go tswa mo dikhompiutareng go ya kwa megaleng ya letheka e ne e le tona e bile e le selo se se bakang matshwenyego. Setlhogo sa ''The New York Times'' se ne sa bega dipalopalo tsa tshwantshanyo tsa diphetogo tse di dirwang ka mogala wa letheka a bolela gore, "Ke palo ya masome a le mabedi mo lekgolong ya babadi ba Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa ba ba balang dikwalo ka megala ya letheka, palo e e kwa tlase thata go na le palo ya pharakano megala ya letheka mo mafelong a mangwe a bobegakgang, a bontsi jwa one a tsamaelang palo ya sephatlo mo lekgolong. Mme go fetogela kwa megaleng ya letheka go ntse bonya le go feta." Ka 2014 ''The New York Times'' e begile gore Möller o abetse "setlhopha sa batlhami ba disofotewere ba le lesome ba ba remelelang mo tirisong ya megala ya letheka", mo palong yotlhe ya babereki ba ka nna makgolo a le mabedi ba ba berekang kwa Mokgatlhong wa Wikimedia. Nngwe ya matshwenyego a matona a a umakilweng ke ''The New York Times'' ka "go tlhabaela" ke gore Wikipedia e rarabolole ka katlego mathata le palo ya bakwadi ba ensaetlolopedia ya mo inthaneteng e ba gogelang go kwala le go tlhokomela diteng tsa yone ka mogala wa letheka. <ref name="small screen"/> Ka 2023, babereki ba Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ba ne ba godile go nna babereki ba ba fetang makgolo a le masupa. <ref name="WF10.23.23">{{Cite web |last=Seitz-Gruwell |first=Lisa |author-link=Lisa Seitz-Gruwell |date=October 23, 2023 |title=7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008212455/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |archive-date=October 8, 2024 |access-date=December 27, 2023 |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Phitlhelelo ya Wikipedia ka mogala wa letheka e ne ya kgonega go tloga ka 2004, ka Porothokholo ya Wireless Application (WAP), ka tirelo ya Wapedia . <ref name=":16" group="W"/> Ka Seetebosigo 2007, Wikipedia e ne ya simolola en.mobile.wikipedia.org, e leng webosaete ya semmuso ya didirisiwa tse di senang megala. Ka 2009, go ne ga gololwa semmuso tirelo e ntšha ya megala ya letheka, e e mo go en.m.wikipedia.org, e e direlang megala ya letheka e e gatetseng pele thata e tshwana le iPhone, didirisiwa tsa Android, kgotsa didiriswa tsa WebOS . <ref name="WM mobile added 1" group="W">{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2009 |title=Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched |url=https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111101614/http://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch/ |archive-date=January 11, 2010 |access-date=July 22, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Technical Blog |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Mekgwa e mengwe e le mmalwa ya go fitlhelela Wikipedia ka mogala wa letheka e ile ya bonala fa e sa le ka nako eo. Didiriswa le ditiriso di le dintsi di tokafatsa go bontshiwa ga diteng tsa Wikipedia mo megaleng ya letheka, fa tse dingwe gape di akaretsa ditiriso tse dingwe di tshwana le tiriso ya tshedimosetso ya Wikipedia e e tshwanang le tshedimosetso ya lefatshe . <ref name="androgeoid.com LPOI WP 1">{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2011 |title=Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia |url=https://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601092809/http://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia/ |archive-date=June 1, 2011 |access-date=May 15, 2011 |website=AndroGeoid}}</ref> <ref name="ilounge iphone gems WP">{{Cite web |last=Hollington |first=Jesse David |date=November 30, 2008 |title=iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps |url=https://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112235945/http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802/ |archive-date=January 12, 2009 |access-date=July 22, 2008 |website=iLounge}}</ref> App ya Android ya Wikipedia e ne ya gololwa ka Firikgong 2012, e ne ya tsenngwa ke batho ba ba fetang dikete di le makgolo a le matlhano le gape e nae dikakgelo tsa ditshekatsheko tse di siameng, mme ya bona maduo a a fetang bone mo botlhanong mo patlisisong ya badirisi ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mabedi 200 000 ba ba neng ba e tsenya go tswa mo Google. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Finc |first=Tomasz |date=January 26, 2012 |title=Announcing the Official Wikipedia Android App |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/01/26/announcing-the-official-wikipedia-android-app/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia&hl=en |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Google Play]]}}</ref> Mofuta wa iOS o ne wa gololwa ka Moranang a le boraro, 2013, mme wa nna le tshekatsheko e e tshwanang. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2014 |title=Wikipedia Mobile on the App Store on iTunes |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia-mobile/id324715238 |access-date=August 21, 2014 |website=[[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)]] |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref> [[Wikipedia Zero (Setswana)|Wikipedia Zero]] e ne e le maiteko a Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia a go atolosa phitlhelelo ya ensaetlolopedia e kwa mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa ka go dirisana le badiredi ba ditirelo tsa megala ya letheka go letla phitlhelelo ya mahala. <ref name=":17" group="W" /> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ellis|first=Justin|date=January 17, 2013|title=Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding|url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding|access-date=April 22, 2013|work=Nieman Lab}}</ref> E ne ya emisiwa ka Tlhakole 2018 ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go tsaya karolo ga badiredi ba ditirelo tsa megala ya letheka. <ref name=":17" group="W">{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2018 |title=Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2018/02/16/partnerships-new-approach/ |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Andrew Lih le Andrew Brown ka bobedi ba dumela gore go kwala mo Wikipedia ka megala ya letheka go thata, mme se se kgoba marapo batho ba basha ba ba ka eletsang go tsenya letsogo. <ref name="Lih-2015" /> <ref name="Brown-2015" /> Lih o bolela gore palo ya bakwadi ba Wikipedia e ntse e a fokotsega morago ga dingwaga di le mmalwa, <ref name="Lih-2015" /> mme Tom Simonite wa ''MIT Technology Review'' o bolela gore popego le melao ke yone e e dirang se. Simonite a re bangwe badirisi [[Morafe wa Wikipedia|ba Wikipedia]] ba dirisa melao le dikaelo tsa go laola ba bangwe mme bakwadi bao ba na le kgatlhego e e tseneletseng ya go nna fela ka boitshwaro jo bo ntseng jalo. <ref name="Simonite-2013"/> Lih o boletse gore go na le go sa dumalane magareng ga batsayakarolo ba ba leng teng gore se se ka rarabololwa jang. Lih o tshogela bokamoso jwa Wikipedia jwa nako e telele fa Brown ene a tshaba gore mathata a Wikipedia a tla nna a le teng, mme diensaetlolopedia tse di gaisanang le yone ga di kitla ka e ema pele. <ref name="Lih-2015">{{Cite news|last=Lih|first=Andrew|date=June 20, 2015|title=Can Wikipedia Survive?|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="Brown-2015">{{Cite news|last=Brown|first=Andrew|date=June 25, 2015|title=Wikipedia editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/25/wikipedia-editors-dying-breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> === Phitlhelelo kwa China === Phitlhelelo ya Wikipedia e thibetswe kwa boremelelong jwa China fa e sa le ka Motsheganong 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henochowicz |first=Anne |date=May 20, 2015 |title=Chinese Wikipedia Blocked by Great Firewall |url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504212406/https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/ |archive-date=May 4, 2017 |access-date=May 4, 2017 |website=[[China Digital Times]]}}</ref> Se se ne sa dirwa morago ga gore Wikipedia e simolole go dirisa encryption ya HTTPS, e e neng ya dira gore go bipa dilo dingwe go nne thata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=June 12, 2015 |title=The Wikimedia Foundation Turns On HTTPS By Default Across All Sites, Including Wikipedia |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824001601/https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/ |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |access-date=June 3, 2020 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref> == Tlhotlheletso ya yone == === Motswedi o o ikanyegang wa go lwantsha dikgang tse di seng boammaaruri === Ka 2017–18, morago ga go tlhatloga ga dipeo tsa maaka, Facebook le YouTube ka bobedi di ne tsa itsise gore di tla ikaega ka Wikipedia go thusa badirisi ba tsone go sekaseka dipego le go gana dikgang tsa maaka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Taylor |last2=Smith |first2=Jeff |last3=Leavitt |first3=Alex |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Helping People Better Assess the Stories They See in News Feed with the Context Button |url=https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111152311/https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/ |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Meta Platforms|Meta]]}}</ref> <ref name="Cohen-2018" /> Noam Cohen, fa a kwala mo go ''The Washington Post'' o ne a re, "Go ikaega ga YouTube ka Wikipedia go baakanya seemo go akantsha ka lefelo le lengwe le le tlhokang dikgang tse di boammaaruri, e leng neteweke ya botsalano ya Facebook, e e neng ya itsise ngogola gore Wikipedia e tla thusa badirisi ba yone go tlosa ' dikgang tse di seng boammaaruri '." <ref name="Cohen-2018">{{Cite news|archiveurl=Noam Cohen}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Constine |first=Josh |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Facebook fights fake news with author info, rolls out publisher context |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/03/facebook-author-info/ |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref> === Babadi === Ka Tlhakole 2014, ''The New York Times'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e le mo maemong a botlhano mo lefatsheng lotlhe mo diwebosaeteng tsotlhe, e bolela gore "Ka dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le lesome le boferabobedi le palo e e ka nnang dikadikadike di le makgolo a le matlhano ya baeng ba ba kgethegileng ka kgwedi,&nbsp;... Wikipedia e latela fela Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft, le Google, e leng yone e tona go di feta tsotlhe e na le &nbsp;baeng ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le 1.2." <ref name="small screen"/> Le fa go ntse jalo, maemo a yone a ne a wela kwa tlase go ya kwa maemong a bolesome le boraro lefatshe ka bophara ka Seetebosigo 2020 ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga go tuma ga diwebosaete tsa China tsa go reka dithoto mo inthaneteng. <ref name="Alexa"/> Webosaete e e ne ya boela mo maemong a yone go tloga ka Moranang 2022. <ref name="Alexa" /> Mo godimo ga kgolo ya palo ya dikwalo tsa yone, Wikipedia e kgonne go ipaya mo maemong a go nna webosaete ya metswedi ka kakaretso fa e sa le e tlhongwa ka 2001. Palo ya babadi ba Wikipedia lefatshe ka bophara e fitlheletse didikadike di le makgolo a mararo le masome a marataro le botlhano kwa bokhutlong jwa 2009. <ref name="365M" group="W">{{Cite web |last=West |first=Stuart |date=2010 |title=Wikipedia's Evolving Impact: slideshow presentation at TED2010 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/TED2010%2C_Stuart_West_full_presentation_updated_with_January_data.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Lenaneo la Inthanete Pew le Botshelo jwa Amerika le ne ya fitlhela gore bongwetharo jwa badirisi ba Inthanete ba kwa United States ba ne ba etela Wikipedia. Ka 2011, ''Business Insider'' e ne ya fa Wikipedia tlhwatlhwa ya didikadike tsa didolara di le nne fa e ne e letlelela di-ipapatso. <ref>{{Cite web |last=SAI |date=October 7, 2011 |title=The World's Most Valuable Startups |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2011-digital-100#7-wikimedia-foundation-wikipedia-7 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> Go ya ka "Patlisiso ya Babadi ba Wikipedia ya 2011", palogare ya dingwaga tsa babadi ba Wikipedia masome a mararo le borataro , ka tekatekano e e ka nnang teng fa gare ga bong. Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa babadi ba Wikipedia ba etela lefelo le makgetho a a fetang botlhano ka kgwedi, mme palo e e tshwanang ya babadi ba batla Wikipedia ka tlhamalalo mo maduong a bone mo dienjeneng tsa tshenko. Mo e ka nnang palo ya masome a le mane le bosupa mo lekgolong (47%) ya babadi ba Wikipedia ga ba lemoge gore Wikipedia ke mokgatlho o o sa direng dipoelo. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2012 |title=Research: Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209125719/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=April 16, 2014 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> Go ema ka Tlhakole 2023, Wikipedia e ngoka didirisiwa tse di kgethegileng di le didikadike di le pedi kgwedi le kgwedi, mme Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e amogela&nbsp;dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le lesome kgwedi le kgwedi. <ref name="Wikimedia_Stats" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711051858/https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects |archive-date=July 11, 2020 |access-date=August 8, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> ==== Bolwetsi jwa Covid-19 ==== Ka nako ya [[Bolwetse jwa Mogare wa Khorona 2019|bolwetsi jwa lefatshe lotlhe jwa Covid-19]], go bega ga leroborobo le ga Wikipedia le ntwa kgatlhanong le tshedimosetso e e seng boammaaruri go ne ga elwa tlhoko ke babegadikgang ba ditšhabatšhaba, mme ga tlisa koketsego ya babadi ba Wikipedia ka kakaretso. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Dodds|first=Laurence|date=April 3, 2020|title=Why Wikipedia is winning against the coronavirus 'infodemic'-GB|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/04/03/wikipedia-winning-against-coronavirus-infodemic/|access-date=February 3, 2023|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Noam Cohen o ne a kwala mo ''Wired'' gore maiteko a Wikipedia a go lwantsha tshedimosetso e e seng nnete e e amanang le leroborobo le a ne a farologana le a diwebosaete tse dingwe tse ditona, a re, "Ntle le fa Twitter, Facebook le tse dingwe di ka ithuta go rarabolola tshedimosetso e e semg boammaaruri ka tsela e e botoka thata, Wikipedia e tla nna lefelo la bofelo le le gaisang mo Inthaneteng." <ref name="Cohen-2020" /> Ka Phalane 2020, [[World Health Organisation|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Botsogo]] o wa dira kitsiso ya gore o ntsha ka kgololesego teseletso ya ditshwantsho tsa ithunthuntso tsa one le dilo tse dingwe go dirisiwa mo mananeong a Wikimedia. <ref>{{Cite news|date=October 22, 2020|title=Wikipedia and W.H.O. Join to Combat Covid-19 Misinformation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/health/wikipedia-who-coronavirus-health.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> Go ne go na le dikwalo tsa Wikipedia tse di amanang le COVID-19 di ka nna dikete di le bosupa mo diWikipedia go ralala DiWikipedia tse di lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le boferabobedi tse di farologaneng, go ema ka Ngwanatseele 2021. <sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit &#x5B; tlhabolola &#x5D;]</sup> [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2021]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenton |first=Amanda |last2=Humborg |first2=Christian |date=November 29, 2021 |title=Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530140630/https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ |archive-date=May 30, 2022 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKentonHumborg2021">Kenton, Amanda; Humborg, Christian (November 29, 2021). [https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ "Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better"]. ''[[TechCrunch]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220530140630/https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ Archived] from the original on May 30, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |date=August 26, 2021 |title=Learning to trust the internet again |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827002411/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWales2021">Wales, Jimmy (August 26, 2021). [https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again "Learning to trust the internet again"]. ''[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210827002411/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again Archived] from the original on August 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Bokao jwa Tlhotlheletso === [[File:Wikipedia_Monument_2.JPG|thumb|''Sefikantswe sa Wikipedia'' kwa Słubice, kwa Poland, se se dirilweng ke Mihran Hakobyan (2014)]] Diteng tsa Wikipedia gape di ile tsa dirisiwa mo dithutong, mo dibukeng, mo diphuthegong, le mo dikgetsing tsa kgotlatshekelo. <ref name="ssrn.com Wikipedian Justice 1">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Raghav |date=February 19, 2009 |title=Wikipedian Justice |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1346311 |s2cid=233749371 |ssrn=1346311}}</ref> Webosaete ya Palamente ya Canada e bua ka lekwalo la Wikipedia le le buang ka lenyalo la batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang mo karolong ya " dikgokagano tse di amanang le se" mo lenaneong la yone la "dipadi tse dingwe" tsa ''Molao wa Lenyalo la Semmuso'' . <ref name="parl.gc.ca same-sex marriage">{{Cite web |title=An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes |url=https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/en/bill/38-1/C-38?view=about |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=LEGISinfo |publisher=[[Parliament of Canada]]}}</ref> Dipolelo tsa ensaetlolopedia e di ntse di dirisiwa thata jaaka motswedi ke mekgatlho e tshwana le dikgotlatshekelo tsa puso ya United States le Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Dithoto Tsa Botlhale jwa tlhaloganyo —le mororo bogolo jang e le go tshegetsa tshedimosetso fela go na le gore tshedimosetso e e dirisiwe go tsaya tshwetso mo kgetsing. Diteng tse di tlhagelelang mo Wikipedia le tsone di ile tsa umakiwa jaaka motswedi le go umakiwa mo dipegong dingwe tsa Mokgatlho wa go tsaya ditlholwa wa United States . Ka Sedimonthole 2008, lekwalodikgang la maranyane ''la RNA Biology'' le ne la simolola karolo e ntšha ya go tlhalosa malapa a dimolekhule tsa RNA mme le tlhoka gore bakwadi ba ba neng ba na le seabe mo karolong e le bone ba romele lekwalo le le kwadilweng ka lelapa la RNA gore se gatisiwe mo Wikipedia. Wikipedia gape e dirisitswe jaaka motswedi mo bobegadikgannyeng, <ref name="ajr.org WP in the newsroom">{{Cite news|last1=Shaw|first1=Donna|date=February–March 2008|title=Wikipedia in the Newsroom|url=https://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461|access-date=February 11, 2008|archivedate=August 5, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805155909/https://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461}}</ref> gantsi kwantle ga go tlhalosiwa, mme babegadikgang ba le mmalwa ba ile ba kobiwa mo ditirong ka ntlha ya go utswa diteng mo Wikipedia . <ref name="shizuoka plagiarized WP 1">{{Cite news|title=Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia article|date=July 5, 2007|url=https://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070705page_id=364}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Richter|first1=Bob|date=January 9, 2007|title=Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered|url=https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html}}</ref> <ref name="starbulletin.com Inquiry prompts dismissal">{{Cite web |last=Bridgewater |first=Frank |title=Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal |url=https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128202726/https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html |archive-date=January 28, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Coscarelli |first=Joe |date=July 29, 2014 |title=Plagiarizing Wikipedia Is Still Plagiarism, at BuzzFeed or the New York Times |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818021218/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html |archive-date=August 18, 2022 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Intelligencer |publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref> Ka 2006, bukana ya ''Time'' e ne ya lemoga go nna le seabe ga Wikipedia (mmogo le YouTube, Reddit, MySpace, le Facebook) mo kgolong e e bonako ya tirisanommogo mo inthaneteng le dipuisano tsa didikadike tsa batho lefatshe ka bophara. Ka Lwetse 16, 2007, ''The Washington Post'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e le selo se se botlhokwa thata mo letsholong la ditlhopho la 2008 kwa United States, e bua e re: "Go kwala leina la ntlhopheng mo Google, mme magareng ga maduo a ntlha go na le tsebe ya Wikipedia, go dira gore se se nne botlhokwa fela jaaka ipapatso epe fela e e tlhalosang ntlhopheng. Go setse go kwalwa le baakangwa dikwalo ka bontlhopheng ba maemo a botautona go ngangisanwa ka tsone makgetho a le mantsi letsatsi le letsatsi." <ref name="WP.com WP election usage">{{Cite news|date=September 17, 2007|title=On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699_pf.html|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Lekwlo la Reuters la Phalane 2007, la setlhogo sa "Tsebe ya Wikipedia letshwao la bosheng la maemo", le ne la bega gore mo bosheng go nna le lekwalo la Wikipedia le le buang ka wena go netefatsa go itsege ga motho. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ablan|first=Jennifer|date=October 22, 2007|title=Wikipedia page the latest status symbol|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN2232893820071022?sp=true|access-date=October 24, 2007}}</ref> Lengwe la makgetho a ntlha a Wikipedia e neng ya nna le seabe mo kgannyeng ya puso e ne e le ka Lwetse 28, 2007, fa Mopolotiki wa Moitaly e bong Franco Grillini a ne a botsa tona wa metswedi le ditiro tsa setso ka ga tlhokego ya kgololesego ya go bona dilo tsotlhe . O boletse gore go tlhoka kgololesego e e ntseng jalo go ne ga pateletsa Wikipedia, "webosaete ya bosupa e e batliwang thata", go thibela ditshwantsho tsotlhe tsa dikago le botaki jwa segompieno jwa Italy, mme a bolela gore se se senya thata lotseno lwa bajanala. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grillini |first=Franco |author-link=Franco Grillini |date=March 30, 2009 |title=Comunicato Stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con "diritto di panorama" promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright |trans-title=Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interview with Rutelli about the "right to view" promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law |url=https://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330141810/https://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885 |archive-date=March 30, 2009 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |language=it}}</ref> [[File:Wikipedia,_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm|thumbtime=00:36.00|thumb|Wikipedia, matseno – Seetsele sa Erasmus sa 2015]] [[File:Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg|thumb|Jimmy Wales o amogela seetsele sa 2008 sa Quadriga sa ''Letsholo la Tshedimosetso'' mo boemong jwa Wikipedia.]] Setlhopha sa tiro se se neng se eteletswe pele ke Peter Stone ( se se neng se tlhamilwe jaaka karolo ya lenaneo kwa Stanford la Thutopatlisiso ya Dingwaga di le Lekgolo ka Botlhale jwa Maitirelo ) mo pegong ya sone se ne sa bitsa Wikipedia "sekai se se itsegeng thata sa go batla batho ba le bantsi .{{nbsp}}... se se fetang thata metswedi ya tshedimosetso e e kokoantsweng ka fa go tlwaelesegileng ka teng, e tshwana le diensaetlolopedia le dithanolo, ka selekanyo le boteng". <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |date=September 2016 |title=Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030 |url=https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208003001/https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |access-date=September 3, 2016 |website=One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) |publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Mo setlhogong sa kakanyo sa 2017 sa ''Wired'', Hossein Derakhshan o tlhalosa Wikipedia jaaka " nngwe ya dipilara tsa bofelo tse di setseng tsa webo e e bulegileng le e e sa tlhomamang " mme a bapisa go nna teng ga yone jaaka motswedi wa kitso e e theilweng mo dikwalong le ditirelo tsa dikgang le tsa neteweke ya botsalano, mme tsone di dirisiwa thata jaaka thelebishene. Mo go Derakhshan, maikaelelo a Wikipedia jaaka ensaetlolopedia a emela ngwao ya Motlha wa Tshedimoso wa go dirisa tlhaloganyo go fenya maikutlo, selo se a se tsayang se le "mo kotsing" ka ntlha ya "go fetoga ka iketlo go tswa mo setsong sa go kwala go ya kwa go sa go tsaya dinepe, se se rayang go fetoga go tswa mo tirisong ya tlhaloganyo go ya kwa maikutlong, go tsamaelana le bodiragatsi". Go na le " {{Lang|la|[[sapere aude]]}} " ( {{literal translation|dare to know|lk=on}} go batla go itse), dineteweke tsa botsalano di dirile gore go nne le setso sa "go se go nne le sebete sa go batla go itse". Se se diragala gape fa Wikipedia e lebagane le "bothata jo bo tshwenyang thata" go feta go tlamelwa ka madi, e leng "seelo se se fokotsegang sa kgolo ya palo ya ba ba tsenyang letsogo mo webosaeteng". Ka ntlha ya mo, kgwetlho ya Wikipedia le ba ba e dirisang ke go "boloka Wikipedia le tsholofetso ya yone ya kokoanyo ya mahala le e e bulegileng ya kitso yotlhe ya batho mo gare ga phenyo ya thelebishene e ntšha le ya bogologolo—kafa go ka kokoanngwang le go bolokwa kitso ka teng fa go sena ope yo o kgathalang ka go itse." <ref>{{Cite news|last=Derakhshan|first=Hossein|author-link=Hossein Derakhshan|date=October 19, 2017|title=How Social Media Endangers Knowledge|url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedias-fate-shows-how-the-web-endangers-knowledge/|department=Business|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|publisher=Condé Nast|issn=1059-1028|access-date=October 22, 2018}}</ref> ==== Dietsele ==== [[File:Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG|thumb|Setlhopha sa Wikipedia se etetse Palamente ya Asturias]] [[File:Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup.jpg|thumb|Kopano ya badirisi ba Wikipedia morago ga moletlo wa kabo dietsele wa Asturias wa 2015]] Wikipedia e fentse dietsele di le dintsi, e amogetse dietsele tsa yone tsa ntlha tse pedi tse di tona ka Motsheganong 2004. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Trophy shelf |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trophy_shelf |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> Sa ntlha e ne e le Nica ya Gauta ya Merafe ya Dijithale ya kgaisano ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya Prix Ars Electronica ; se se ne sa tla ka thuso ya madi a a kana ka €10 000 (£6 588; $12 700) le taletso ya go diragatsa go ipolela kwa Moletlong wa PAE Cyberarts kwa Austria moragonyana mo ngwageng oo. Sa bobedi e ne e le Sekgele sa Webby sa Baatlhodi sa setlhogo sa "morafe". <ref name="webbyawards WP awards 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php|title=Webby Awards 2004|publisher=The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences|year=2004}}</ref> Ka Lwetse 2008, Wikipedia e ne ya amogela seetsele sa Quadriga sa ''Letsholo la Tshedimosetso'' sa lephata la Jeremane mmogo le Boris Tadić, Eckart Höfling, le Peter Gabriel . Seetsele se se ne sa abelwa Wales ke David Weinberger . <ref name="loomarea.com WP award 1">{{Cite web |title=Die Quadriga – Award 2008 |url=https://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915140714/https://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008 |archive-date=September 15, 2008 |access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Ka 2015, Wikipedia e ne ya abelwa gotlhe Seetsele sa ngwaga le ngwaga sa Erasmus,se se akgolang ditshwaelo tse di kgethegileng mo setsong, mo setšhabeng kgotsa mo dithutong tsa batho, <ref name="EP2015">{{Cite web |title=Erasmus Prize – Praemium Erasmianum |url=https://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&page=Erasmusprijs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115214241/https://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&page=Erasmusprijs |archive-date=January 15, 2015 |access-date=January 15, 2015 |website=Praemium Erasmianum Foundation}}</ref> le Seetsele sa Kgosigadi ya Asturias sa Tirisanommogo ya Boditšhabatšhaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015 |trans-title=Princess of Asturias Award of International Cooperation 2015 |url=https://www.fpa.es/es/premios-princesa-de-asturias/premiados/2015-wikipedia.html?especifica=0&idCategoria=0&anio=2015&especifica=0 |access-date=June 17, 2015 |website=Fundación Princesa de Asturias |language=es}}</ref> Fa a bua kwa Palamenteng ya Asturia kwa Oviedo, toropo e e tshwarang moletlo wa dietsele, Jimmy Wales o ne a akgola tiro ya badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Asturia . <ref>{{Cite news|date=October 22, 2015|title=Los fundadores de Wikipedia destacan la versión en asturiano|language=es|newspaper=La Nueva España|url=https://www.lne.es/sociedad-cultura/2015/10/22/fundadores-wikipedia-destacan-version-asturiano/1830529.html|access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref> ==== Metlae ==== Rrametlae Stephen Colbert o tshwantshitse kgotsa o umakile Wikipedia mo dikarolong di le mmalwa mo pontshong ya gagwe ya ''The Colbert Report'' mme a tlhama lefoko le le amanang le lone la ''wikiality'', le le rayang gore "mmogo re ka tlhama boammaaruri jo rotlhe re dumalanang ka jone—boammaaruri jo re sa tswang go dumalana ka jone". Sekai se sengwe se ka bonwa mo go "Wikipedia e Keteka Dingwaga di le makgolo a le masupa le masome a le matlhano tsa Boipuso jwa Amerika", lekwalo la tsebe ya ntlha ya Phukwi 2006 mo ''The Onion'', <ref name="onion WP 750 years 1">{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2006 |title=Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence |url=https://www.theonion.com/articles/wikipedia-celebrates-750-years-of-american-indepen,2007/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325234026/http://www.theonion.com/articles/wikipedia-celebrates-750-years-of-american-indepen,2007/ |archive-date=March 25, 2010 |access-date=October 15, 2006 |website=[[The Onion]]}}</ref> mmogo le lekwalo mo ''The Onion la'' 2010 la "Molao wa LA' Tsebe ya Wikipedia e Lebilweng Makgetho a le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le bosupa le bone Gompieno". <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2010 |title='L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today |url=https://www.theonion.com/articles/la-law-wikipedia-page-viewed-874-times-today,18521/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405113731/http://www.theonion.com/articles/la-law-wikipedia-page-viewed-874-times-today,18521/ |archive-date=April 5, 2015 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[The Onion]]}}</ref> Mo tiragalong ya metlae ya thelebišene ya Amerika ya Moranang 2007 ya ''The Office'', motsamaisi wa ofisi ( Michael Scott ) o bontshiwa a ikaegile ka lekwalo la kakanyetso laWikipedia go bona tshedimosetso ka maano a dipuisano go mo thusa go buisana ka tuelo e e kwa tlase ya mmereki. Babogedi ba lenaneo le ba ne ba leka go oketsa go umakiwa ga tsebe e mo tiragalong e jaaka karolo ya setlhogo sa mmatota sa Wikipedia se se buang ka dipuisano, mme maiteko a a ne a thibelwa ke badirisi ba bangwe mo tsebeng ya puisano ya setlhogo se. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Jesdanun|first=Anick|date=April 12, 2007|title='Office' fans, inspired by Michael Scott, flock to edit Wikipedia|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-04-12-office-wikipedia_N.htm|access-date=December 12, 2014}}</ref> " My Number One Doctor ", e leng karolo ya 2007 ya lenaneo la thelebišene ''la Scrubs'', e ne e tshameka ka kgopolo ya gore Wikipedia ke sedirisiwa se se sa ikanyegeng sa motswedi, go na le tiragalo e mo go yone Perry Cox a tsibogelang molwetse mongwe yo o reng lekwalo la Wikipedia le mmontsha gore go ja dijo tse di sa butswang go busetsa morago ditlamorago tsa kankere ya marapo mme a tlatsa gore mokwadi wa lekwalo leo ke yo o kwadileng la Kaedi ya dipontsho tsa lenaneo la Battlestar Galactica gape. Ka 2008, webosaete ya metlae ''ya CollegeHumor'' e ne ya tlhagisa motshameko wa ditshwantsho o o bidiwang "Morutuntshi Wikipedia", se mo go sone Morutuntshi Wikipedia wa maitirelo a laelang baithuti ka motswako wa dipolelo tse di sa netefadiweng le tse di sa utlwaleng sentle fale le fale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frucci |first=Adam |date=September 16, 2008 |title=If Wikipedia Was a Professor, College Would Be Awesome [Citation Needed] |url=https://gizmodo.com/if-wikipedia-was-a-professor-college-would-be-awesome-5050507 |access-date=May 28, 2026 |website=Gizmodo}}</ref> Motshameko wa metlae ''wa ga Dilbert'' wa Motsheganong a le boferabobedi, 2009, o bontsha moanelwa yo o tshegetsang polelo e e sa kgonegeng ka go re, "Mphe metsotso e le lesome mme o bo o tlhola Wikipedia." Ka Phukwi 2009, BBC Radio 4 e ne ya gasa motseletsele wa metlae e e bidiwang ''Bigipedia'', e e neng e beilwe mo webosaeteng e e neng e le setshwantsho sa Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolf |first=Ian |date=June 4, 2010 |title=Bigipedia given second series |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/radio/news/319/bigipedia_given_second_series/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[British Comedy Guide]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWolf2010">Wolf, Ian (June 4, 2010). [https://www.comedy.co.uk/radio/news/319/bigipedia_given_second_series/ "Bigipedia given second series"]. ''[[British Comedy Guide]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Mengwe ya metshameko e e ne e tlhotlheleditswe ka tlhamalalo ke Wikipedia le dikwalo tsa yone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen |url=https://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731150008/http://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview |archive-date=July 31, 2009 |access-date=July 31, 2009 |website=[[British Comedy Guide]]}}</ref> Ka Phatwe 23, 2013, webosaete ya ''New Yorker'' e ne ya gatisa dipopae tse di nang le mafoko a : "Hee, Manning, a o akanyeditse ntwa ya maemedi e se se tsileng go e simolola mo tsebeng ya gago ya Wikipedia?" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Flake |first=Emily |author-link=Emily Flake |date=August 23, 2013 |title=Manning/Wikipedia cartoon |url=https://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012052730/https://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm |archive-date=October 12, 2014 |access-date=August 26, 2013 |website=Conde Nast Collection}}</ref> Dipopae tse di ne di bua ka Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (yo o tshotsweng e le Bradley Edward Manning), molweladitshwanelo wa Moamerika, mopolotiki, le lesole la nako e e fetileng la Sesole sa United States yo o neng a sa tswa go tswa e le mosadi yo o fetogileng bong . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2013 |title='I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement |url=http://www.today.com/news/i-am-chelsea-read-mannings-full-statement-6C10974052 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]]}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2024, ''Nature'' e ne ya gatisa tsebe ya puisano ya Wikipedia e e itlhametsweng ka fa tlase ga setlhogo se se reng "Fankase e e jang polasetiki e bakile letsatsi la katlholo" ka Emma Burnett. Tsebe e ya puisano e ne e amana le setlhogo se se itlhametsweng se se tlhalosang ditlamorago tse di sa ikaelelwang tsa go gololwa ga fankase e e jang polasetiki go phepafatsa mahura a a tsholotsweng. Lekwalo le le ne le na le ditlhogo tsa tsebe ya puisano tse di fitlhelwang mo Wikipedia, jaaka dipuisano tsa diphetogo mo tshekatshekong ya lekwalo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burnett |first=Emma |date=June 12, 2024 |title=Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday[2] [3] |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01723-z |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-01723-z |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=38867010 |access-date=May 28, 2026 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Kgatiso === [[File:WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG|right|thumb|Setlhopha sa Badiri ba Wikimedia ba kgaolo ya Wikimedia DC kwa phuthegong ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya Wikimedia ya DC ya 2013 ba eme fa pele ga ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' ''(kwa morago ka fa molemeng)'' kwa Bobolokelong jwa setšhaba jwa Amerika]] Ditlamorago tsa itsholelo tsa Wikipedia tse di bonalang thata e nnile loso lwa diensaetlolopedia tsa kgwebo, segolobogolo diphetolelo tse di gatisitsweng jaaka ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', tse di neng di sa kgone go gaisana le tse dingwe tsa mahala. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bosman |first=Julie |date=March 13, 2012 |title=After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses |url=https://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com//2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103001340/https://archive.nytimes.com/mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/ |archive-date=January 3, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2012 |title=Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Wikipedia [Infographic] |url=https://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629152825/http://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/ |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=GizmoCrazed}}</ref> <ref name="FT effect on traditional media">{{Cite news|archiveurl=Christopher Caldwell (journalist)}}</ref> Padi ya ga Nicholas Carr ya 2005 ya "The amorality of Web 2.0 " e kgala diwebosaete tse di nang le diteng tse di tlhamilweng ke badirisi (jaaka Wikipedia) ka ntlha ya go dira gore batlhagisi ba diteng ba baitseanape (le, go ya ka pono ya gagwe, ba ba kwa godimo) ba tswe mo kgwebong, ka gonne "mahala a feta boleng ka dinako tsotlhe". Carr o ne a kwala gore "Se se tlhagelelang mo diponong tse di itumedisang tsa Web 2.0 ke taolo ya batho ba ba senang maitemogelo thata. Nna ga ke kgone go akanya ka sepe se se tshosang go feta se." <ref name="RType WP traditional media effect 1">{{Cite web |last=Carr |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas G. Carr |date=October 3, 2005 |title=The amorality of Web 2.0 |url=https://www.roughtype.com/archives/2005/10/the_amorality_o.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804031256/https://www.roughtype.com/?p=110 |archive-date=August 4, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2006 |website=Rough Type}}</ref> Ba bangwe ba ganetsa mogopolo wa gore Wikipedia, kana maiteko a a tshwanang le yone, a tla tlosa dikgatiso tse di tlwaelesegileng gotlhe gotlhe. Chris Anderson, yo e kileng ya bo e le morulaganyi-mogolo wa ''Wired'', o ne a kwala mo go ''Nature'' gore mokgwa wa Wikipedia wa " botlhale jwa matshwititswiti " ga o kitla o tsaya maemo a dibukana tse di kwa godimo tsa Maranyane tse di nang le dithulaganyo tse di gagametseng tsa go sekasekwa . Tlhotlheletso ya Wikipedia mo kgwebong ya go gatisa dibuka tsa matshelo a batho e nnile selo se se tshwenyang bangwe. Molatedi wa tshedimosetso ya go gatisa dibuka Nielsen BookScan o boletse ka 2013 gore thekiso ya dibuka tsa matshelo a batho e ne ya wela tlase "ka mashetla tota". <ref name="Flood-2013" /> Kathryn Hughes, motlhatlheledi wa go kwala botshelo kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa East Anglia le mokwadi wa dibuka tse pedi tsa botshelo jwa motho o ne a kwala jaana, "Se se tshwenyang ke gore, fa o ka kgona go bona tshedimosetso eo yotlhe go tswa mo Wikipedia, go setse eng sa botshelo jwa motho?" <ref name="Flood-2013">{{Cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=February 7, 2013|title=Alison Flood: ''Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast?''|journal=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/feb/07/traditional-biography-shakespeare-breakfast|access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref> === Tiriso mo patlisisong === Wikipedia e dirisitswe thata jaaka khophase ya patlisiso ya dipuo mo thutapuong ya dikhompiutara, go batla tshedimosetso le go dirisa puo ya tlholego . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Matthew |date=November 23, 2017 |title=Building a Wikipedia Text Corpus for Natural Language Processing |url=https://www.kdnuggets.com/building-a-wikipedia-text-corpus-for-natural-language-processing.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528034621/https://www.kdnuggets.com/2017/11/building-wikipedia-text-corpus-nlp.html |archive-date=May 28, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=KDnuggets}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindemann |first=Luke |date=February 19, 2021 |title=Wikipedia Corpus |url=https://lukelindemann.com/wiki_corpus.html |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=lukelindemann.com}}</ref> Segolobogolo, gantsi e dira jaaka motheo wa kitso o o ikaeletseng bothata jwa go golaganya dilo, jo morago ga moo bo bidiwang "wikification", le bothata jo bo amanang le jone jwa go tlhalosa bokao jwa mafoko . Mekgwa e e tshwanang le wikification e ka dirisiwa gape go batla dikgokagano tse di "tlhaelang" mo Wikipedia. Ka 2015, babatlisisi ba Fora e bong José Lages wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Franche-Comté kwa Besançon le Dima Shepelyansky wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Paul Sabatier kwa Toulouse ba ne ba gatisa maemo a dikolo tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro tsa lefatshe lotlhe go ya ka dinopolo tsa barutegi tsa Wikipedia. <ref name="mitmining">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia-Mining Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/view/544266/wikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities/|access-date=December 27, 2015|work=[[MIT Technology Review]]|date=December 7, 2015|archivedate=February 1, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201174817/https://www.technologyreview.com/view/544266/wikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities/}}</ref> <ref name="harvardisonlymarmow">{{Cite news|title=Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world, according to this list|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/two-universities-beat-harvard-in-this-surprising-school-ranking-2015-12-09|access-date=December 27, 2015|work=[[MarketWatch]]|date=December 10, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List ranks institutions by search engine results and Wikipedia appearances|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/wikipedia-ranking-world-universities-top-100|access-date=December 27, 2015|work=[[Times Higher Education]]|date=December 15, 2015}}</ref> Ba dirisitse PageRank, CheiRank le dithulaganyo tse di tshwanang " di latelwa ke palo ya go tlhagelela mo dikgatisong di le masome a mabedi le bone tsa dipuo tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia (tatelano e e fologang) le lekgolo la dingwaga le di tlhomilweng mo go lone (tatelano e e tlhatlogang)". <ref name="wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lages, J. |last2=Patt, A. |last3=Shepelyansky, D. |year=2016 |title=Wikipedia ranking of world universities |journal=[[European Physical Journal B|Eur. Phys. J. B]] |volume=89 |page=69 |arxiv=1511.09021 |bibcode=2016EPJB...89...69L |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2016-60922-0 |s2cid=1965378}}</ref> Patlisiso e e ne ya tlhabololwa ka 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coquidé, C. |last2=Lages, J. |last3=Shepelyansky, D.L. |year=2019 |title=World influence and interactions of universities from Wikipedia networks. |journal=[[European Physical Journal B|Eur. Phys. J. B]] |volume=92 |page=3 |arxiv=1809.00332 |bibcode=2019EPJB...92....3C |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2018-90532-7 |s2cid=52154548}}</ref> Ka Sedimonthole 2015, John Julius Norwich o boletse, mo lekwalong le le gatisitsweng mo pampiring ya dikgang ya ''The Times'', gore jaaka rraditso o ne a dirisa Wikipedia "makgetho a ka nna lesome le bobedi ka letsatsi", mme "ga ise e mo lapise". O ne a e tlhalosa e le "motswedi o o mosola jaaka ope fela o o leng teng", o o nang le mefuta e e anameng mo e leng gore ga go kgonege go bona motho, lefelo, kgotsa selo se e se tlogetseng go sa buiwa ka sone le gore o ne a ka se ka a kwala dibuka tsa gagwe tse pedi tsa bofelo kwa ntle ga yone. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2015 |title=All hail Wikipedia |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/all-hail-wikipedia-l6t9cnhkl5m |access-date=October 1, 2024 |website=The Times}}</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya MIT ya 2017 e supa gore mafoko a a dirisiwang mo dikwalong tsa Wikipedia a feleletsa a le mo dikgatisong tsa maranyane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Neil |last2=Hanley |first2=Douglas |date=February 13, 2018 |title=Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence From a Randomized Control Trial |journal=MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 5238-17 |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505 |s2cid=30918097 |ssrn=3039505 |via=[[SSRN]]}}</ref> Dithuto tse di amanang le Wikipedia di ntse di dirisa go ithuta ka motšhini le botlhale jwa maitirelo <ref name="NYT-20230718">{{Cite news|last=Gertner|first=Jon|title=Wikipedia's Moment of Truth – Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right — without destroying itself in the process? + comment|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html#permid=126389255|date=July 18, 2023|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref> go tshegetsa ditiro tse di farologaneng. Nngwe ya dikarolo tse di botlhokwa thata ke go lemoga ka go itirisa ga go senngwa ga dikwalo le go sekaseka boleng jwa tshedimosetso mo Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asthana |first=Sumit |last2=Halfaker |first2=Aaron |author-link2=Aaron Halfaker |date=November 2018 |editor-last=Lampe |editor-first=Cliff |title=With Few Eyes, All Hoaxes are Deep |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |location=New York City |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |volume=2 |issue=CSCW |at=21 |doi=10.1145/3274290 |issn=2573-0142 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petroni |first=Fabio |last2=Broscheit |first2=Samuel |last3=Piktus |first3=Aleksandra |last4=Lewis |first4=Patrick |last5=Izacard |first5=Gautier |last6=Hosseini |first6=Lucas |last7=Dwivedi-Yu |first7=Jane |last8=Lomeli |first8=Maria |last9=Schick |first9=Timo |last10=Bevilacqua |first10=Michele |last11=Mazaré |first11=Pierre-Emmanuel |last12=Joulin |first12=Armand |last13=Grave |first13=Edouard |last14=Riedel |first14=Sebastian |date=2023 |title=Improving Wikipedia verifiability with AI |journal=[[Nature Machine Intelligence]] |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1142–1148 |arxiv=2207.06220 |doi=10.1038/s42256-023-00726-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Mananeo a a tsamaelanang == Diensaetlolopedia di le mmalwa tse di dirisanang tsa bobegakgang tse di akaretsang diphetolo tse di kwadilweng ke setšhaba di ne di le teng bogologolo pele ga Wikipedia e tlhongwa. Ya ntlha ya tsone e ne e le Lenaneo la BBC Domesday la 1986, le le neng le akaretsa mokwalo (o o tsentsweng mo dikhomphuteng tsa BBC Micro ) le dinepe go tswa mo bathong ba ba neng ba tsaa karolo ba feta sedikadike kwa UK, mme e ne e akaretsa thuto ka lefelo, botaki le ngwao ya UK. E ne e le ensaetlolopedia ya ntlha ya bobegakgang e e dipego (mme gape e ne e le yone ya ntlha e e tona ya bobegakgang e e golagantsweng ka dikgolagano tsa mo teng), ka bontsi jwa dikwalo di fitlhelelwa ka moalo wa UK. Setshwantsho sa bodirisi le karolo ya diteng tsa Lenaneo la Domesday di ne tsa dirwa mo webosaeteng go fitlha ka 2008 . Diensaetlolopedia di le mmalwa tse di nang le diteng tse di gololesegileng, tse di dirisanang mmogo di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka nako e le nngwe le Wikipedia (sekai , Everything2 ), mme moragonyana di le dintsi di ne tsa kopanngwa mo lenaneong le(sekai, GNE ). <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=The Free Encyclopedia Project |url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916022442/https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html |archive-date=September 16, 2025 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=GNU Operating System}}</ref> Nngwe ya diensaetlolopedia tsa bogologolo tsa mo inthaneteng tse di atlegileng thata tse di neng di akaretsa dikwalo tsa batho e ne e le h2g2, e e neng ya tlhamiwa ke Douglas Adams ka 1999 . Ensaetlolopedia ya h2g2 e ne e sa gagamala thata, e remeletse mo dikwalong tse di nang le metlae mme gape di ruta. Diwebosaete tsa kitso ya tirisanommogo tse di neng tsa latela di tlhotlheleditswe ke Wikipedia. Tse dingwe di dirisa tshekatsheko e e tlwaelesegileng ya balekane, di tshwana le ''Ensaetlolopedia ya Botshelo'' le diensaetlolopedia tsa mo inthaneteng tsa wiki ''tsa Scholarpedia'' le Citizendium . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Life |url=http://naturalhistory.si.edu/research/eol |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[National Museum of Natural History]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scholarpedia: the free peer-reviewed encyclopedia |url=http://applied-neuroscience.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222104006/http://applied-neuroscience.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79 |archive-date=February 22, 2012 |website=Society of Applied Neuroscience}}</ref> Ya bofelo e simolotswe ke Sanger ka maiteko a go tlhama mofuta o mongwe o o ikanyegang wa Wikipedia. <ref name="JayLyman">{{Cite news|first=Jay|last=Lyman|url=https://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html|title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site|publisher=LinuxInsider|date=September 20, 2006|access-date=June 27, 2007|archivedate=September 28, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002933/http://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html}}</ref> 1q2n5ophnqtif9ivhniwaue727a9l4i 0 8098 57049 57012 2026-11-08T06:40:40Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sportsperson|image=Letsile Tebogo (cropped).jpg|image_size=200|caption=Tebogo at the [[2023 World Athletics Championships]]|headercolor=#ABCAE9|nickname=#ABCAE9|nationality=[[Botswana]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|2003|6|7}}|birth_place=[[Kanye, Botswana]]|employer=[[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]|height=1.85 m<ref name="Tilastopaja.eu">{{cite web |url=https://www.tilastopaja.info/db/at.php?Sex=1&ID=343821 |title=Tilastopaja Oy Track and field statistics {{!}} Letsile Tebogo |website=Tilastopaja.eu |access-date=24 June 2024 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328061705/https://www.tilastopaja.info/db/at.php?Sex=1&ID=343821 |url-status=dead}}</ref>|weight=77 kg<ref name="Tilastopaja.eu"/>|country=[[Botswana]]|sport=[[Sport of athletics|Athletics]]|event=[[Sprint (running)|Sprints]]|medaltemplates={{Medal|Sport|Men's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{BOT}}}} {{Medal|Competition|[[World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]}} {{Medal|Silver|[[2023 World Athletics Championships|2023 Budapest]]|[[2023 World Athletics Championships – Men's 100 metres|100&nbsp;m]]}} {{Medal|Bronze|2023 Budapest|[[2023 World Athletics Championships – Men's 200 metres|200&nbsp;m]]}} {{MedalCompetition | [[IAAF World Relays|World Relays]] }} {{MedalGold|[[2024 IAAF World Relays|2024 Nassau]]|[[2024 IAAF World Relays – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|4×400&nbsp;m relay]]}} {{Medal|Competition|[[African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]}} {{Medal|Gold|[[2022 African Championships in Athletics|2022 Saint Pierre]]|[[2022 African Championships in Athletics – Men's 200 metres|200&nbsp;m]]}} {{Medal|Competition|[[World Athletics U20 Championships|World U20 Championships]]}} {{Medal|Gold|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships|2021 Nairobi]]|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships – Men's 100 metres|100&nbsp;m]]}} {{Medal|Gold|[[2022 World Athletics U20 Championships|2022 Cali]]|[[2022 World Athletics U20 Championships – Men's 100 metres|100&nbsp;m]]}} {{Medal|Silver|2021 Nairobi|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships – Men's 200 metres|200&nbsp;m]]}} {{Medal|Silver|2022 Cali|[[2022 World Athletics U20 Championships – Men's 200 metres|200&nbsp;m]]}}}}'''Letsile Tebogo''' (o tshotswe ka Kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le supa ka ngwaga wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro (2003)<ref name=":0">[https://worldathletics.org/athletes/botswana/letsile-tebogo-14883897 "Letsile TEBOGO – Athlete Profile"]. ''[[:en:World_Athletics|World Athletics]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240418081510/https://worldathletics.org/athletes/botswana/letsile-tebogo-14883897 Archived] from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 20 Phalane 2025.</ref>), ke motabogi wa [[Botswana]]. O fentse seetsele sa gauta kwa [[Diolimpiking tsa Selemo tsa 2024|Diolimpiking tsa Selemo tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone 2024]] mo kgaisanong ya [[dimitara di le 200|dimitara di le makgolo a mabedi 200]], phenyo e ya gagwe e ne ya dira gore Botswana e nne le seetsele sa ntlha sa gauta sa Diolimpiki. Gape o ne a gapa seetsele sa selefera kwa [[Dikgaisanong tsa Lefatshe tsa 2023]] tsa [[100 m]] mme a o sala morago ka seetsele sa bronze mo [[200 m]] malatsi a le matlhano moragonyana.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/aug/20/usas-noah-lyles-wins-100m-world-title-as-hughes-seals-bronze-for-gb "USA's Noah Lyles wins 100m world title as Hughes seals bronze for GB"]. ''The Guardian''. The Associated Press. 20 August 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230820193856/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/aug/20/usas-noah-lyles-wins-100m-world-title-as-hughes-seals-bronze-for-gb Archived] from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 20 Phalane 2025.</ref> Tebogo o ne a fenya lebelo [[dimetara di le lekgolo]] le go tsaya maemo a bobedi mo go la [[200m]] kwa [[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships]] le [[2022 World Athletics Under-20 Championships]]. Ka 2021, o ne a nna motabogi wa ntlha wa Botswana go gapa sekgele sa 100 m mo maemong ape fela a Dikgaisano tsa Lefatshe. Ke [[mmampodi wa Aforika wa 200 m 2022]], a nna mofenyi yo mmotlana go gaisa botlhe wa sekgele seo mo ditsong tsa dikgaisano. O thubile [[300 m]] go gaisa botlhe mo lefatsheng, a taboga nako ya metsotswana e le 30.69 ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole a le lesome le bosupa,ka ngwaga wa dikete tse ped le masome a mabedi le bone (2024) kwa bogodimong jwa Pretoria, Aforika Borwa.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/letsile-tebogo-world-300m-best-pretoria "Tebogo breaks world 300 m best with 30.69 in Pretoria | REPORT | World Athletics"]. ''worldathletics.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240220013920/https://worldathletics.org/news/report/letsile-tebogo-world-300m-best-pretoria Archived] from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 Phalane 2025.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, kwa [[2022 World Athletics U20 Championships]] kwa [[Cali]], o ne a roba rekoto ya lefatshe ya U20 mo motshamekong wa dimetara di le lekgolo (100). Gape ke mmampodi wa Afrika wa dimetara di le makgolo a mabedi (200(, morago ga go fenya dikgaisano tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022 African Athletics Senior championships kwa [[Saint Pierre]], Mauritius. O ne a fenya gauta malatsi a le matlhano fela, morago ga a digela dingwaga dile lesome le boferabongwe. Sekgele se, se mo dira ene mmotlana go gaisa botlhe, yo o gapileng dietsele tsa gauta mo ditsong tsa kgaisano tse. Tebogo o tshwere rekoto [[ya lefatshe ya U20]] mo lebelong la 100 m fa e sale kakgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022). E ne e le monna wa ntlha go tswa kwa Botswana go thuba sekgala sa [[metsotswana e le lesome]]. == Tiro == Tebogo o ne a bona maitemogelo a gagwe a ntlha a boditšhabatšhaba a le dingwaga di le lesome le bosupa kwa [[Dikgaisanong tsa Lefatshe Lotlhe tsa Mabelo tsa 2021|Dikgaisanong tsa Lefatshe Lotlhe tsa Mabelo tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021)]] tse di neng di tshwerwe ka Motsheganong kwa [[Chorzów]], kwa Poland.<ref name=":0" /> Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe, o ne a gaisana kwa [[World Under-20 Championships]] kwa Nairobi, Kenya, a fenya [[dimitara di le 100]] mme a nna wa bobedi mo [[dimitara di le 200]].<ref name=":0" /> Erile ka Kgwedi ya Tlhakole a le lesome le borobabongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022), Tebogo o ne a fenya seetsele sa lebelo la dimethara di le lekgolo (100 m), la dikgaisano tsa Botswana Athletic Association championship mo nakong ya metsotso e le lesome le metsotswana e le boferabobedi (10.08 seconds).<ref>Kolantsho, Calistus (21 February 2022). [https://www.mmegi.bw/sports/letsile-sets-new-100m-record/news "Letsile sets new 100m record"]. ''Mmegi Online.'' Retrieved 23 February 2022.</ref> O ne a tokafatsa maduo a mo kgweding tse pedi, a a isa ko nakong ya metsotso e le borabobongwe le metsotswana e masome a boferabongwe le bosupa (9.96 seconds), ko lebelong la Gaborone International meet, a dira rekoto e ntsha ya [[under 20 world record.]]<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/world-u20-records-knighton-19-49-tebogo-9-96 "World U20 sprint records fall as Knighton runs 19.49 and Tebogo clocks 9.96"]. [[:en:World_Athletics|World Athletics]]. 30 April 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220501054944/https://worldathletics.org/news/report/world-u20-records-knighton-19-49-tebogo-9-96 Archived] from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 20 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) , o ne a tswelela a tokafatsa maduo ko lebelong la [[World athletic championships]] a a neng a tshwaretswe ko [[Eugene, Oregon.]] O ne a taboga mo nakong ya metsotso e le boferabongwe le metsotswana e ferabongwe le bone (9.94 seconds). Kgwedi e e latelang, o ne a tokafatsa maduo a gagwe gape, a taboga mo nakong ya masome a boferabongwe le metsotswana e masome a ferabongwe le bongwe (9.91 seconds), mo lebelong la 100m la dikgaisano tsa [[World Athletics U20 Championships]] kwa [[Cali]], Colombia.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-u20-championships/cali22/news/report/wu20-cali-22-day-two-afternoon-tebogo "Tebogo runs 9.91 world U20 record to claim 100m crown in Cali"]. [[:en:World_Athletics|World Athletics]]. 3 August 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220813033144/https://www.worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-u20-championships/cali22/news/report/wu20-cali-22-day-two-afternoon-tebogo Archived] from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 20 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.worldathletics.org/awards/news/spotlight-rising-stars-kerrica-hill-letsile-tebogo "Spotlight on Rising Stars: Kerrica Hill and Letsile Tebogo"]. ''[[:en:World_Athletics|World Athletics]]''. 10 November 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221110095054/https://worldathletics.org/awards/news/spotlight-rising-stars-kerrica-hill-letsile-tebogo Archived] from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 20 Phalane 2025.</ref> Morago ga mabelo a, o ne a ipelela phenyo e, a itshwantshanya le motshwari wa direkoto tsa 100 m le 200 m tsa lefatshe [[Usain Bolt.]]<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/tebogo-draws-bolt-comparisons-after-showboating-junior-record-2022-08-03/ "Tebogo draws Bolt comparisons after showboating to junior record"]. [[:en:Reuters|Reuters]]. 3 August 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220803053109/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/tebogo-draws-bolt-comparisons-after-showboating-junior-record-2022-08-03/ Archived] from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 20 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le boferabobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), Tebogo o ne a fenya makgaolakgang a 200 m kwa [[Diolimpiking tsa Paris]], mme a bona seetsele sa ntlha sa gauta sa Botswana ka nako ya 19.46s.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/articles/cp81x1k1yjno "Tebogo wins stunning 200m as Covid-hit Lyles denied"]. BBC Sport. Retrieved 20 Phalane 2025.</ref> Phenyo ya gagwe e ne ya dira gore go itsisiwe letsatsi la boikhutso kwa Botswana go keteka tiro ya gagwe e e boitshegang ka thapama ya kgwedi ya Phatwe e le boferabongwe.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/olympics-2024-botswana-tebogo-168aca162724619b2a1718eeb882696e/ "Botswana's people get the afternoon off work to celebrate a first gold at the Olympics"]. [[:en:Associated_Press|Associated Press]]. 9 August 2024. Retrieved 20 Phalane 2025.</ref> [[Puso ya Botswana]] le yone e ne ya mo abela matlo a mabedi go mo leboga ka phenyo ya gagwe.<ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240813-flags-and-dancing-as-botswana-welcomes-home-olympic-gold-1https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240813-flags-and-dancing-as-botswana-welcomes-home-olympic-gold-1 "Flags and dancing as Botswana welcomes home Olympic gold"]. [[:en:France_24|France 24]]. 13 August 2024. Retrieved 20 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), Tebogo o ne a nna mofenyi wa ntlha wa monna wa [[Kabo ya Naledi e e Tlhatlogang ya ga Jesse Owens]] e e sa tswang go tlhongwa kwa [[Wanda Diamond League Final in Brussel]]. 19.80 ya motshamiki yo wa dingwaga di le masome mabedi le motso e ne e le tiragatso e e gaisang ya makgaolakgang e e dirilweng ke motabogi wa monna wa dingwaga di le masome mabedi le boraro kgotsa kwa tlase, le fa a ne a sa fenya makgaolakgang.<ref>[https://www.diamondleague.com/news/general/jesse-owens-rising-star-award-letsile-tebogo/ "Jesse Owens Rising Star Award: Letsile Tebogo"]. ''IDL Diamond League''. Retrieved 20 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwgaa wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), ka ntlha ya phitlhelelo ya gagwe e e sa tlwaelesegang jaaka mmampodi wa Diolimpiki tsa Botswana, Tebogo o ne a amogela seetsele sa [[Mokgatlho wa Dikomiti tsa Bosetšhaba tsa Diolimpiki]] (ANOC) ya motabogi yo o gaisang wa monna wa Paris 2024.<ref>[https://olympics.com/en/news/julien-alfred-letsile-tebogo-anoc-awards-winners-complete-listympic-committees-2024-awards "Julien Alfred and Letsile Tebogo lead Association of National Olympic Committees 2024 awards"]. ''Olympics.com''. 30 October 2024.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwgaa wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), Tebogo o ne a bidiwa [[Motabogi wa Monna wa Ngwaga]] wa World Athletics.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/awards/news/hassan-tebogo-world-athletics-awards-2024 "Hassan and Tebogo named World Athletes of the Year"]. ''World Athletics''. 1 December 2024. Retrieved 20 Phalane 2025..</ref> Mo go yone tiragalo eo, Tebogo o ne a bidiwa mofenyi wa Motabogi wa Ngwaga wa Monna wa Lebala a le kwa pele ga mofenyi wa seetsele sa gauta wa Norway wa dimetara di le 5000 e bong J[[akob Ingebrigtsen]].<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/letsile-tebogo-botswana-sprinter-wins-male-athlete-of-the-year-after-impressive-olympics-performance/ar-AA1v4Xp6 "MSN"]. ''www.msn.com''. Retrieved 20 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwgaa wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025), mmampodi wa Diolimpiki Tebogo o ne a tlhomiwa go nna moemedi wa Letsatsi la Mabelo la Bana la ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025) ke [[World Athletics]].<ref>Admin, Runnerstribe (3 April 2025). [https://runnerstribe.com/latest-news/world-athletics-appoints-olympic-champion-tebogo-as-kids-athletics-day-2025-ambassador/ "World Athletics Appoints Olympic Champion Tebogo as Kids' Athletics Day 2025 Ambassador"]. ''Runner's Tribe''. Retrieved 20 Phalane 2025.</ref> Kwa [[2025 World Athletics Championships]], tse di neng di tshwaretswe kwa Tokyo, Japane, Tebogo o ne a kgaolwa mo makgaolakgannyeng a dimitara di le lekgolo (100), morago ga go simolola ka tsela e e sa siamang.<ref>[https://au.news.yahoo.com/disqualification-drama-as-gout-gouts-rivals-cop-stunning-setback-at-athletics-world-championships-221240591.html "Major twist for Gout Gout after disqualification drama at world championships"]. ''Yahoo News''. 14 September 2025. Retrieved 20 Phalane 2025.</ref> Kwa dikgaisanong tsa Lefatshe tsa Athletics tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025), tse di neng di tshwaretswe kwa Tokyo, Japane, Tebogo o ne a kgaolwa mo kgaisanong ya bofelo ya dimetara di le lekgolo (100), morago ga go simolola ka phoso.<ref>[https://au.news.yahoo.com/disqualification-drama-as-gout-gouts-rivals-cop-stunning-setback-at-athletics-world-championships-221240591.html "Major twist for Gout Gout after disqualification drama at world championships".] ''Yahoo News''. 14 September 2025. Retrieved 17 September 2025</ref> O ne a ikwadisetsa kgaisano ya makgaolakgang ya dimetara di le 200,<ref>Kano, Shintaro (18 September 2025). [https://www.olympics.com/en/news/world-athletics-championships-2025-men-200m-semi-final-lyles-tebogo-gout-results "World Athletics Championships Tokyo 2025: Noah Lyles unleashes men's 200m world lead of 19.51 to reach final; Gout Gout crashes out".] ''Olympics''. Retrieved 22 June 2026.</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/international-sports/noah-lyles-eyes-world-record-in-200m-final-against-letsile-tebogo-timing-how-to-watch-and-streaming-details/articleshow/123984514.cms "Noah Lyles eyes world record in 200m final against Letsile Tebogo: Timing, how to watch, and streaming details".] ''The Times of India''. 19 September 2025. ISSN&#x20;0971-8257. Retrieved 22 June 2026.</ref>kwa a fentseng mo maemong a bone morago ga Noah Lyles, Kenneth Bednarek, le Bryan Levell.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/articles/cddm3reng84o "World Athletics Championships 2025 results: Noah Lyles wins fourth 200m gold".] ''BBC Sport''. 19 September 2025. Retrieved 22 June 2026.</ref><ref>Kano, Shintaro (19 September 2025). [https://www.olympics.com/en/news/world-athletics-championships-2025-men-200m-lyles-final-results "World Athletics Championships Tokyo 2025: Noah Lyles four-peats in men's 200m to join Usain Bolt".] ''Olympics''. Retrieved 22 June 2026.</ref><ref>Jeffery, Nicole (19 September 2025). [https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-championships/world-athletics-championships-tokyo-2025-7190593/news/report/world-championships-tokyo-25-report-mens-200m "Lyles wins fourth world 200m title in Tokyo | News | Tokyo 25 | World Athletics Championships"]. ''World Athletics''. Retrieved 22 June 2026.</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome a mabedi le bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025), o ne a thusa Botswana go fenya 4 × 400 m relay ka nako ya 2:57.76.<ref>Phillips, Mitch; Mulvenney, Nick (21 September 2025). [https://www.reuters.com/sports/botswana-make-history-with-thrilling-4x400m-relay-gold-2025-09-21/ "Botswana make history with 4x400m relay gold, US take women's title"]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved 22 June 2026.</ref>Setlhopha se ne se na le Tebogo, [[Collen Kebinatshipi]], [[Bayapo Ndori]], le [[Lee Eppie]].<ref>Rowbottom, Mike (21 September 2025)[https://worldathletics.org/en/competitions/world-athletics-championships/world-athletics-championships-tokyo-2025-7190593/news/report/world-championships-tokyo-25-report-mens-4x400m . "Botswana claims gold in men's 4x400m in Tokyo | News | Tokyo 25 | World Athletics Championships"]. ''World Athletics''. Retrieved 22 June 2026.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borataro (2026), Tebogo o ne a taboga legato la bobedi la kgaisano ya 4 × 400 m kwa 2026 World Athletics Relays kwa Gaborone, Botswana, fa pele ga bareetsi ba kwa gae. Setlhopha se ne sa dira nako ya bofelo ya 2:54.47, e e neng e le rekoto ya kgaisano e bile e le ya boraro e e neng e le bonako go gaisa mo kgaisanong eo ka nako eo.<ref>Mulkeen, Jon (3 May 2026). [https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-relays/world-athletics-relays-7216920/news/report/gaborone-26-report-men-4x400m-final "Botswana bring World Relays to epic close with historic men's 4x400m win | News | Gaborone 26 | World Athletics Relays".] ''World Athletics''. Retrieved 22 June 2026.</ref><ref>Zaccardi, Nick (3 May 2026). [https://www.nbcsports.com/olympics/news/world-relays-2026-results-botswana "World Relays 2026: Botswana wins historic men's 4x400m; Michael Johnson relay split record falls".] ''NBC Sports''. Retrieved 22 June 2026.</ref> == Diphitlhelelo == === Tsa gagwe tse di gaisang === {| class="wikitable" !Sekgele !Nako (s) !Phefo !Lefelo !Letsatsi !Dinopolo |- |100 meters |9.86 | +1.0 m/s |Paris, France |August 4, 2024 |'''<abbr>NR</abbr>''' |- |200 meters |19.46 | |Paris, France |August 8, 2024 |'''<abbr>NR</abbr>''', '''<abbr>AR</abbr>''' |- |300 meters |30.69 | |Pretoria, South Africa |February 17, 2024 |'''<abbr>WB</abbr>''' |- |400 meters |44.29 | |Pretoria, South Africa |March 18, 2024 | |- ! colspan="6" |Youth and junior achievements |- |100 meters |9.91 | +0.8 m/s |Cali, Colombia |August 2, 2022 |World under-20 record |- |200 meters |19.96 | -1.0 m/s |Cali, Colombia |August 4, 2022 |'''<abbr>AU20R</abbr>''' |} === Dikgaisanyo tsa boditshabatshaba === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+A emetse  Botswana !Ngwaga !Kgaisano !Lefelo !Maemo !Tiragalo !Nako !Dinopolo |- | rowspan="3" |2021 |World Relays |Chorzów, Poland |13th (h) |4 × 100 m relay |39.55 |<abbr>SB</abbr> |- | rowspan="2" |World U20 Championships | rowspan="2" |Nairobi, Kenya |1st |100 m |10.19 | |- |2nd |200 m |20.38 | |- | rowspan="5" |2022 | rowspan="2" |African Championships | rowspan="2" |Saint Pierre, Mauritius |1st |200 m |20.26 | |- |– (f) |4 × 100 m relay |<abbr>DQ</abbr> |- |World Championships |Eugene, OR, United States |16th (sf) |100 m |10.17 |(h: '''<abbr>WU20R</abbr>''' '''<abbr>NR</abbr>''' ) |- | rowspan="2" |World U20 Championships | rowspan="2" |Cali, Colombia |1st |100 m |9.91 |'''<abbr>CR</abbr>''' '''<abbr>WU20R</abbr>''' '''<abbr>NR</abbr>''' |- |2nd |200 m |19.96 |'''<abbr>CR</abbr>''' |- | rowspan="2" |2023 | rowspan="2" |World Championships | rowspan="2" |Budapest, Hungary |2nd |100 m |9.88 |'''<abbr>NR</abbr>''' |- |3rd |200 m |19.81 |- | rowspan="4" |2024 |World Relays |Nassau, Bahamas |1st |4 × 400 m relay |2:59.11 |- | rowspan="3" |Olympic Games | rowspan="3" |Paris, France |6th |100 m |9.86 |'''<abbr>NR</abbr>''' |- |1st |200 m |19.46 |'''<abbr>AR</abbr>''' |- |2nd |4 × 400 m relay |2:54.53 |'''<abbr>AR</abbr>''' |- | rowspan="3" |2025 | rowspan="3" |World Championships | rowspan="3" |Tokyo, Japan |— |100 m |<abbr>DQ</abbr> |False start |- |4th |200 m |19.65 | |- |1st |4 × 400 m |2:57.76 | |} === Diphenyo tsa gagwe tsa Circuit le bommampodi === * [[Diamond League]] ** [[2023]]: [[Lausanne Athletissima]] (200 m) ** [[2024]]: [[Monaco Herculis]] (200 m), [[Lausanne Athletissima]] (200 m), [[Kamila Skolimowska Memorial]] (200 m), [[Rome Golden Gala]] (100 m), [[Zürich Weltklasse]] (200 m) ** [[2025]]: [[Doha Diamond League]] (200 m), [[Prefontaine Classic]] (200 m) * [[World Athletics Continental Tour]] ** [[2023]]: [[Botswana Golden Grand Prix]] (200 m) ** [[2024]]: Grand Prix Lombardia Brescia (200 m) ** [[2025]]: [[Botswana Golden Grand Prix]] (200 m) == Rekote ya Sechaba == * [[100 metres]]: '''9.91''' <small>(+0.8 m/s)</small> ( Cali, 3 August 2022) == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Lenaane la direkote tsa Botswana tsa mabelo]] == Metswedi == <references /> [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] b3vsi0na6tl55yxfkkdu83sibli2pc3 0 9412 57070 55817 2026-11-08T10:46:32Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Duma Boko 2025 (cropped).jpg|incumbent=[[Duma Boko]]|term=Dingwaga tse tlhano|date=Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024|residence=State House|deputy=Mothusa tona wa Botswana}} '''Tautona wa Botswana''' ke [[moeteledipele wa lefatshe]], tlhogo ya puso ya [[Botswana]], [[moetapele wa lephata la tsa tshirelso lefatshe|moetapele wa lephata la tsa tshireletso lefatshe]] go ya ka molaomotheo wa [[Botswana]].<ref>[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Botswana_2016 "Botswana 1966 (rev. 2016) Constitution – Constitute".] ''www.constituteproject.org''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Tautona o tlhophiwa ke khuduthamaga, ebong palamente, gantsi ke moeteledipele wa phathi e tona. Molaomotheo o beile sebaka sa puso mo dingwageng tse tlhano gabedi. Tautona wa ntlha go tlhophiwa ka molaomotheo ke Sir [[Seretse Khama]], o e neng e le tonakgolo go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1965 go tsena 1966, morago a dira e le tautona go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka Phukwi a le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#botswana "Countries Ba-Bo".] ''www.rulers.org''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Tautona wa gompieno ke [[Duma Boko]], o o tlhophilweng ke khuduthamaga ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024 morago ga ditlhopho tsa lefatshe tsa 2024. Tautona o ka ntshiwa mo setilong ka tshutiso ya go sa kgotsofalele ka fa a busang ka teng. == Setlha sa botautona == Tautona o tlhophiwa a bo a neelwa setlha sa dingwaga tse tlhano tse di mo setlheng sa [[National Assembly]].<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2023 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Pele tautona o ne a kgona go busediwa fela makgetho a le mantsi. Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1997, mo pusong ya tautona wa bobedi [[Quett Masire]], setlha sa botautona se ne sa dirisiwa ele la ntlha mo pusong.<ref>Padnani, Amisha (29 June 2017). [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/29/world/africa/ketumile-masire-dead-botswana-president.html "Ketumile Masire, Who Shaped and Led a Vibrant Botswana, Dies at 91"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref><ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210520204502/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history "History"]. ''www.parliament.gov.bw''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1998, tautona o ka nna mo setilong dingwaga di le lesome fela, di tlhomagana kgotsa di kgaogane.<ref name=":0" /> Tautona wa ntlha yo o lekantshitseng seelo sa setlha sa botautona ke [[Festus Mogae]] yo a neng a tshwanelwa ke go tlogela ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref>Cook, Candace; Siegle, Joseph. [https://africacenter.org/spotlight/circumvention-of-term-limits-weakens-governance-in-africa/ "Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa".] ''Africa Center for Strategic Studies''. Retrieved 26 September 2025.</ref> Tautona mongwe le mongwe o fiwa madi a bogodi.<ref>[https://botswanalaws.com/consolidated-statutes/principle-legislation/presidents-pensions-and-retirement-benefits "PRESIDENTS (PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT BENEFITS)".] ''Botswana Laws''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho tsa setshaba, bontlhopheng botlhe ba Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba ba bolela gore ba tshegetsa mang go nna Tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhopho. Fa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomolao, ntlhopheng wa lone wa botautona, ka metlha e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa [[kgolagano]], o nna tautona o mosha ka bonako ntle le go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120804023106/http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 "Constitution of Botswana 1966"]. ''www.commonlii.org''. Retrieved 28 Lwetse 2025.</ref><ref>[[:en:President_of_Botswana#CITEREFChaudry2009|Chaudry 2009.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:President_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2006|Ntuane 2006.]]</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ditlhopho tsa peomolao di dirwa ka [[go tlhopha ga ntlha]], ditlhopho di ntse di tlhagisa mebuso ya bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka ditlhopho tsa setshaba tsa ntlha ka 1965 mme ka jalo ditlhopho tsa botautona ka Maloko a Palamente ga di ise di ko di diragale. Tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba morago ga ditlhopho tsa setshaba tse di tlhagisang palamente e e senang mofenyi. Fa go ka direga gore go se nne le ntlhopheng ope yo o bonang bontsi jo bo bonolo, Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e tlhopha tautona ka ditlhopho tsa sephiri, ka bontsi jo bo bonolo jwa palogotlhe ya Maloko a Palamente (ntle le Maloko a Palamente a a 'tlhophilweng ka tsela e e faphegileng') a a tlhokegang go fenya. Ditlhopho tse di lekanyeditswe fela go bontlhopheng ba lekoko la bone le nang le bonnye jwa mapalamente a le lesome. Fa, morago ga dikgato di le tharo tsa go tlhopha, go sa tlhophiwe ntlhopheng ope, dikgato tse pedi tsa tlaleletso di ka dumelelwa ke [[sebui]], fa go tsewa gore ditlhopho tse di atlegileng di sa ntse di kgonega. Fa dikgato tseno le tsone di ka palelwa ke go ntsha mofenyi, kgotsa fa sebui se ka gana go ntsha tetla ya dikgato tse dingwe, Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e tla phatlaladiwa mme go tla tshwarwa [[ditlhopho tsa potlako]].<ref name=":1" /> Go falola ga ga tautona mo maemong a gagwe go ikaegile ka gore a puso ya bone [[e tshepiwa]] ke bontsi jwa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Ba ka tlosiwa ka [[kakanyetso ya go tlhoka tshepo]], e e dirang gore ba tlogele tiro kgotsa fa go sa nna jalo, [[palamente e phatlaladiwe]] fa tautona a ka gana go dira jalo, se se tsosang ditlhopho tsa potlako. == Dithata tsa ga Tautona == Tautona ke tlhogo ya lefatshe, tlhogo ya puso le molaodi mogolo wa [[sesole sa Botswana]]. Ditshwanelo, maikarabelo le tuelo ya ga tautona di kwadilwe mo Kgaolong ya III ya [[Molaomotheo]] le ditiro tse di latelang tse di fetisitsweng ke Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Dithata tsa tiragatso tsa rephaboliki di beilwe mo maruding a ga tautona, yo o firang badiredi ba ba farologanyeng mo maemong a a kwadilweng mo Molaomotheong, tse di botlhokwa thata mo go tsone ke ditona tsa kabinete le Baatlhodi ba Boikuelo ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo. Tautona o tshwanetse go buisana le Kabinete mo mererong e e farologaneng ya melao. Tautona o ne a ka dumela kgotsa a gana tumelelo ya gagwe mo melaong e e fetisitsweng ke Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Fa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e ka fetisa molaokakanyetso gape Tautona o tla amogela kgotsa a gana tumelelo ya gagwe mo malatsing a le masome mabedi le motso, kgotsa a ka phatlalatsa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Tautona o newa dithata tsa molaomotheo tsa go itsise maemo a tshoganyetso a setšhaba le go neelana ka maitshwarelo kgotsa go fetola ka kgakololo ya Komiti ya Bogakolodi ya Prerogative of Mercy. == Prime Minister of the Bechuanaland Protectorate == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! style="width:80px;" |Picture !Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} !Elected !Took office !Left office !Political Party |- ! style="background:{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}; color:white;" |1 | |'''[[Seretse Khama]]''' {{small|(1921–1980)}} |[[1965 Bechuanaland general election|1965]] |3 March 1965 |30 September 1966 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- |} == Tautona wa Botswana (1966–go tsena gompieno) == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! style="width:80px;" |Picture !Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} !Elected !Took office !Left office !Political Party |- ! 1 | |'''[[Seretse Khama]]''' {{small|(1921–1980)}} |[[1965 Bechuanaland general election|1965]] [[1969 Botswana general election|1969]] [[1974 Botswana general election|1974]] [[1979 Botswana general election|1979]] |30 September 1966 |13 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 2 |[[Setshwantsho:QuettMasire1980_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |'''[[Quett Masire]]''' {{small|(1925–2017)}} |[[1984 Botswana general election|1984]] [[1989 Botswana general election|1989]] [[1994 Botswana general election|1994]] |18 July 1980 |31 March 1998 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 3 |[[Setshwantsho:Festus_Mogae_2009-06-23.jpg|99x99px]] |'''[[Festus Mogae]]''' {{small|(1939–)}} |[[1999 Botswana general election|1999]] [[2004 Botswana general election|2004]] |1 April 1998 |1 April 2008 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 4 |[[Setshwantsho:Ian_Khama_(2014)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |'''[[Ian Khama]]''' {{small|(1953–)}} |[[2009 Botswana general election|2009]] [[2014 Botswana general election|2014]] |1 April 2008 |1 April 2018 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 5 |[[Setshwantsho:Illegal_Wildlife_Trade_Conference_London_2018_(45245990491)_(cropped_Version_2).jpg|83x83px]] |'''[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]''' {{small|(1961–)}} |[[2019 Botswana general election|2019]] |1 April 2018 |Incumbent |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- !6 | |[[Duma Boko]] (1969) |2024 |Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024 |O o mo pusong |BNF (UDC) |- |} == Batshwareledi ba ga Tautona wa Botswana == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" |Portrait ! rowspan="2" |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan="2" |Term of office ! rowspan="2" |Political party |- !Took office !Left office |- ! 1 |[[Setshwantsho:QuettMasire1980_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Quett Masire]]{{small|(1926–2017)}} |13 July 1980 |18 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 2 |[[Setshwantsho:No_image.png|80x80px]] |[[Lenyeletse Seretse]]{{small|(1921–1983)}} |26 July 1980 |29 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 3 | |[[Peter Mmusi]]{{small|(1928–1994)}} |9 January 1983 |10 January 1983 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 4 |[[Setshwantsho:Festus_Mogae_2009-06-23.jpg|99x99px]] |[[Festus Mogae]]{{small|(born 1939)}} |9 March 1992 |31 March 1992 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 5 |[[Setshwantsho:Ian_Khama_(2014)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Ian Khama]]{{small|(born 1953)}} |1 July 1998 |13 July 1998 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 6 |[[Setshwantsho:Mompati_Merafhe_071203-F-9074R-083_0YE9L.jpg|89x89px]] |[[Mompati Merafhe]]{{small|(1936–2015)}} |1 April 2008 |7 April 2008 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 7 |[[Setshwantsho:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe_(cropped_3x4).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]]{{small|(born 1938)}} |1 August 2012 |1 August 2012 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 8 |[[Setshwantsho:Mokgweetsi_E.K._Masisi,_President_of_the_Republic_of_Botswana.jpg|112x112px]] |[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]{{small|(born 1961)}} |1 April 2018 |1 April 2018 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 9 |[[Setshwantsho:Slumber_Tsogwane.JPG|95x95px]] |[[Slumber Tsogwane]]{{small|(born 1959)}} |1 April 2021 |26 April 2021 | |} == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Polotiki ya Botswana]] * [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa tautona wa Botswana]] == Metswedi == * [[Karolo:Bo tautona ba Botswana]] == Paka ya botautona == Tautona o tlhophelwa paka ya dingwaga di le tlhano e e tsamayang ka go lekalekana le paka ya lekgotla la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> Pele, tautona o ne a ka tlhophiwa gape makgetho a le mantsi fela. E rile ka ngwaga wa 1997, ka fa tlase ga puso ya tautona wa bobedi, rre [[Quett Masire]], go ne ga bewa ditekanyetso tsa paka mo ofising lekgetho la ntlha. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.parliament.gov.bw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520204502/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history |archive-date=2021-05-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1998, tautona o ntse a lekanyeditswe palo ya dingwaga di le lesome mo maemong (e e lekanang le dipaka tsa go busa di le pedi tse di tletseng), e ka tswa e le tsa go latelana kgotsa di kgaogane. <ref name=":0" /> Tautona wa ntlha yo go neng ga dirisiwa ditekanyetso tsa paka ya gagwe e ne e le rre [[Festus Mogae]], yo o neng a tshwanelwa ke go tlogela setilo sa botautona go ya go ile ka ngwaga wa 2008 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Candace |last2=Siegle |first2=Joseph |title=Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/circumvention-of-term-limits-weakens-governance-in-africa/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Africa Center for Strategic Studies}}</ref> Tautona mongwe le mongwe o bona madi a a duelwang kgwedi le kgwedi a a netefaditsweng morago ga go tlogela tiro. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PRESIDENTS (PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT BENEFITS) |url=https://botswanalaws.com/consolidated-statutes/principle-legislation/presidents-pensions-and-retirement-benefits |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Botswana Laws}}</ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho-kakaretso, bo ntlhopheng botlhe ba lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso ba bolela gore ba ema nokeng mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa. Fa lekoko kgotsa [[:en:Electoral_alliance|kgolagano]] e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomelao, ntlhopheng wa lone yo o emetseng botautona, yo e nnang fela e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano, o nna ene tautona yo moša gone foo kwa ntle ga go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804023106/http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |archive-date=2012-08-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntuane |first=Batsalo |date=2006-05-22 |title=Democratic forces must safeguard presidential term limits |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170008/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |archive-date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Mmegi.bw}}</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ntlha ya fa ditlhopho tsa lekgotla la peomolao di dirwa ka mofuta wa [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']], ditlhopho di ntse di ntsha dipuso tsa bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa ntlha ka ngwaga wa 1965]] mme ka jalo tlhopho ya botautona ka ntlha ya maloko a palamente ga e ise e diragale. == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho-kakaretso, bo ntlhopheng botlhe ba lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso ba bolela gore ba ema nokeng mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa. Fa lekoko kgotsa [[:en:Electoral_alliance|kgolagano]] e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomelao, ntlhopheng wa lone yo o emetseng botautona, yo e nnang fela e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano, o nna ene tautona yo moša gone foo kwa ntle ga go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804023106/http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |archive-date=2012-08-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntuane |first=Batsalo |date=2006-05-22 |title=Democratic forces must safeguard presidential term limits |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170008/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |archive-date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Mmegi.bw}}</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ntlha ya fa ditlhopho tsa lekgotla la peomolao di dirwa ka mofuta wa [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']], ditlhopho di ntse di ntsha dipuso tsa bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa ntlha ka ngwaga wa 1965]] mme ka jalo tlhopho ya botautona ka ntlha ya maloko a palamente ga e ise e diragale. Tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]] morago ga ditlhophokakaretso tse di tlhagisang [[:en:Hung_parliament|palamente e e sa nneng le bontsi jwa setlhopha sepe]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-12-01 |title=Election note: Botswana's 2014 parliamentary elections |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026137941500102X |journal=Electoral Studies |language=en-US |volume=40 |pages=444–447 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2015.05.001 |issn=0261-3794 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Fa go ka diragala gore go seka ga nna le ntlhopheng ope yo o bonang bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa ditlhopho, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le tlhopha tautona ka ditlhopho tsa sephiri, ka bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa maloko a palamente (ntle le maloko a palamente a a 'tlhophilweng ka tsela e e faphegileng') a a tlhokegang go fenya. Ditlhopho tse di lekanyeditswe fela bo ntlhopheng ba lekoko la bone le nang le bonnye jwa mapalamente a ka tshwara lesome. Fa e kare, morago ga makgetho a le mararo a go tlhopha, ga seka ga tlhophiwa ntlhopheng ope, makgetho a mangwe a le mabedi a tlaleletso a ka dumelelwa ke [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente,]] se se diragala fa go bonwa gore ditlhopho tse di atlegileng di sa ntse di ka kgonagala. Fa makgetho a, le one a ka palelwa ke go ntsha mofenyi, kgotsa fa motsamaisa dipuisano a ka gana go ntsha tetla ya makgetho a mangwe, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le a phatlaladiwa mme go bo go tshwarwa [[:en:Snap_election|ditlhopho tsa ka bonako]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804023106/http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |archive-date=2012-08-04 |url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 "Constitution of Botswana 1966"]. </cite></ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho-kakaretso, bo ntlhopheng botlhe ba lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso ba bolela gore ba ema nokeng mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa. Fa lekoko kgotsa [[:en:Electoral_alliance|kgolagano]] e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomelao, ntlhopheng wa lone yo o emetseng botautona, yo e nnang fela e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano, o nna ene tautona yo moša gone foo kwa ntle ga go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804023106/http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |archive-date=2012-08-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntuane |first=Batsalo |date=2006-05-22 |title=Democratic forces must safeguard presidential term limits |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170008/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |archive-date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Mmegi.bw}}</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ntlha ya fa ditlhopho tsa lekgotla la peomolao di dirwa ka mofuta wa [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']], ditlhopho di ntse di ntsha dipuso tsa bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa ntlha ka ngwaga wa 1965]] mme ka jalo tlhopho ya botautona ka ntlha ya maloko a palamente ga e ise e diragale. Tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]] morago ga ditlhophokakaretso tse di tlhagisang [[:en:Hung_parliament|palamente e e sa nneng le bontsi jwa setlhopha sepe]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-12-01 |title=Election note: Botswana's 2014 parliamentary elections |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026137941500102X |journal=Electoral Studies |language=en-US |volume=40 |pages=444–447 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2015.05.001 |issn=0261-3794 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Fa go ka diragala gore go seka ga nna le ntlhopheng ope yo o bonang bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa ditlhopho, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le tlhopha tautona ka ditlhopho tsa sephiri, ka bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa maloko a palamente (ntle le maloko a palamente a a 'tlhophilweng ka tsela e e faphegileng') a a tlhokegang go fenya. Ditlhopho tse di lekanyeditswe fela bo ntlhopheng ba lekoko la bone le nang le bonnye jwa mapalamente a ka tshwara lesome. Fa e kare, morago ga makgetho a le mararo a go tlhopha, ga seka ga tlhophiwa ntlhopheng ope, makgetho a mangwe a le mabedi a tlaleletso a ka dumelelwa ke [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente,]] se se diragala fa go bonwa gore ditlhopho tse di atlegileng di sa ntse di ka kgonagala. Fa makgetho a, le one a ka palelwa ke go ntsha mofenyi, kgotsa fa motsamaisa dipuisano a ka gana go ntsha tetla ya makgetho a mangwe, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le a phatlaladiwa mme go bo go tshwarwa [[:en:Snap_election|ditlhopho tsa ka bonako]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804023106/http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |archive-date=2012-08-04 |url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 "Constitution of Botswana 1966"]. </cite></ref> Go falola ga ga tautona mo go tshwareleleng maemo a gagwe go ikaegile ka gore a puso ya gagwe e [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|tshepiwa]] ke bontsi jwa maloko a lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. Tautona o ka sutisiwa mo maemong a gagwe ka [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|tlhopho ya go tlhoka tshepo]], e e felelang e dira gore ba tlogele setilo kgotsa fa go sa nna jalo, [[:en:Dissolution_of_parliament|palamente e a phatlaladiwa]] fa tautona a sa dumele go dira jalo, se se felela se dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako. == Dithata tsa botautona == Tautona ke mookamedi wa lefatshe, mookamedi wa puso le molaodi-mogolo wa [[:en:South_African_National_Defence_Force|sesole sa Botswana]] . Ditshwanelo, maikarabelo le dituelo tsa ga tautona di kwadilwe mo kgaolong ya boraro ya [[:en:Constitution_of_South_Africa|Molaotheo]] le ditiro tse di latelang tse di fetisitsweng ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. == Dithata tsa botautona == Tautona ke mookamedi wa lefatshe, mookamedi wa puso le molaodi-mogolo wa [[:en:South_African_National_Defence_Force|sesole sa Botswana]] . Ditshwanelo, maikarabelo le dituelo tsa ga tautona di kwadilwe mo kgaolong ya boraro ya [[:en:Constitution_of_South_Africa|Molaotheo]] le ditiro tse di latelang tse di fetisitsweng ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. Dithata tsa tsamaiso ya lefatshe di beilwe mo go tautona, yo o thapang matona a a farologaneng mo maemong a a balolotsweng mo Molaomotheong, a a botlhokwa le go feta go akaretsa matona a makalana a a farologaneng a puso le baatlhodi ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo. Tautona o tshwanetse go buisana le khabinete ya gagwe mo mererong e e farologaneng ya melao. Tautona o ka dumela kgotsa a gana tetla ya gagwe mo melaong e e fetisitsweng ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. Fa lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso le ka fetisa molaokakanyetso gape tautona o tlaa tshwanelwa ke go amogela kgotsa go gana tumelelo ya gagwe mo malatsing a le masome a mabedi le bongwe, kgotsa a ka phatlalatsa lekgotla la matona a puso. Tautona o fiwa dithata tsa molaotheo tsa go itsise diemo tsa tshoganetso tsa setšhaba le go aba maitshwarelo ka kgakololo ya komiti ya Bogakolodi ya maatla a go itshwarela kgotsa go fokotsa katlholo. == Dithata tsa moporesitente == Moporesitente ke tlhogo ya naga, tlhogo ya puso le molaodi-mogolo wa sesole sa Tshireletso sa Botswana . Ditshwanelo, maikarabelo le tuelo ya moporesitente di kwadilwe mo Kgaolong ya III ya Molaotheo le melao e e fetisitsweng ke Kokoano Bosetšhaba. Dithata tsa Khuduthamaga tsa rephaboliki di mo matsogong a mopresitente, yo o tlhophang badiredi ba ba farologaneng mo maemong a a umakilweng mo Molaotheong, a bohlokwa go gaisa ke ditona tsa kabinete le Baahlodi ba Boikuelo ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo. Moporesitente o tshwanetse go buisana le Kabinete mo mererong e e maleba ya pholisi. Moporesitente o ne a ka dumela kgotsa a gana go dumela melawana e e neng e fetisitswe ke Kokoano Bosetšhaba. Fa Kokoano Bosetšhaba e ka atlanegisa molaotlhomo gape, Moporesitente o tshwanetse go rebola kgotsa a seka a rebola mo malatsing a le 21, kgotsa a ka nna a tlhatlhamolola Kokoano Bosetšhaba. Moporesidente o neetswe dithata tsa molaotheo tsa go goeletsa maemo a tshoganyetso a setšhaba le go neela boitshwarelo kgotsa go fetola maemo ka kgakololo ya Komiti ya kgakololo ya Tshwanelo ya Kutlwelobotlhoko. ckq7rqmmvqncde2k1sp6da6b1t59cfn 0 9495 57046 50099 2026-11-08T05:09:39Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Katie McCabe|image=|caption=|full_name=Katie Alison McCabe<ref>{{cite web |url=https://editorial.uefa.com/resources/0273-14bdeb01a5bb-8a59ac035e46-1000/uwcl_-_bookinglist_before_qf_2nd_leg.pdf |title=UEFA Women's Champions League 2021/2022: Booking List before Quarter-finals, 2nd leg |publisher=[[UEFA]] |date=24 March 2022 |access-date=26 August 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826171006/https://editorial.uefa.com/resources/0273-14bdeb01a5bb-8a59ac035e46-1000/uwcl_-_bookinglist_before_qf_2nd_leg.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2022}}</ref>|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|09|21}}|birth_place=[[Kilnamanagh]], [[Dublin]], Ireland|height=5 ft 5 in|position=[[Winger (association football)|Winger]], [[forward (association football)|forward]], [[full-back (association football)|full-back]], [[wing-back (association football)|wing-back]]|currentclub=[[Arsenal W.F.C.|Arsenal]]|clubnumber=15|youthclubs1=[[Templeogue United FC]] [[St Francis L.F.C.|St Francis]]|clubs1=[[Raheny United F.C.|Raheny United]]|years1=2011–2015|clubs2=[[Shelbourne Ladies F.C.|Shelbourne]]|years2=2015|clubs3=[[Arsenal W.F.C.|Arsenal]]|years3=2015–2026|goals3=22|clubs4=→ [[Glasgow City F.C.|Glasgow City]] (loan)|years4=2017|nationalteam1=[[Republic of Ireland women's national under-17 football team|Republic of Ireland U17]]|nationalyears1=2010–2012|nationalgoals1=2|nationalteam2=[[Republic of Ireland women's national under-19 football team|Republic of Ireland U19]]|nationalyears2=2012–2014|nationalgoals2=8|nationalteam3=[[Republic of Ireland women's national football team|Republic of Ireland]]|nationalyears3=2015–|nationalgoals3=26}} '''Katie Alison McCabe''' (yo o tshotsweng ka Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le bongwe ka 1995) ke motshameki wa moIrish wa kgwele ya dinao e e porofeshionale yo o tshamekelang setlhopha sa liki ya Women's Super League sa Arsenal<ref>"[https://www.arsenal.com/women/players/katie-mccabe Katie McCabe]". ''www.arsenal.com''. Retrieved 23 February 2022.</ref> ebile ke mokapotene wa setlhopha sa bomme sa setshaba sa Republic of Ireland. Segolobogolo kwa molemeng wa kwa morago,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20230415030756/https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/04/02/england/wsl/arsenal-lfc/manchester-city-lfc/3856408/ Arsenal vs. Manchester City]". ''Women Soccerway''. 2 April 2023.</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20230415030756/https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/04/12/world/friendly-women/united-states/ireland-republic/4044124/ United States vs. Republic of Ireland]". ''Women Soccerway''. 12 April 2023.</ref> gape o kgona go dira e le motshameka motjatja wa molema<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20230415030800/https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/12/england/wsl/arsenal-lfc/reading-wfc/3856396/ Arsenal vs. Reading]". ''Women Soccerway''. 12 March 2023.</ref> le motshamekagare wa molema.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20230415030757/https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/02/22/world/friendly-women/china-pr/ireland-republic/4026271/ China PR vs. Republic of Ireland]". ''Women Soccerway''. 22 February 2023.</ref> Fa e le mosha, McCabe o fentse liki ya Irish Women's National League gabedi le kopi ya FAI Women's Cup gararo le Raheny United pele ga a saena le Arsenal ka 2015. Le Arsenal, o fentse kopi ya FA ka 2016, WSL ya 2018–19, League Cup tse pedi, o ne a bidiwa mo setlhopheng sa ngwaga sa PFA sa ngwaga wa 2021. Fa a sena go fiwa iponagatso ya Ireland ya ntlha ka 2015, o ne a bidiwa e le mokapotene ka 2017, mokapotene yo monnye go gaisa mo ditsong tsa setlhopha seo, a bo a bitswa motshameki wa bomme ba Ireland wa ngwaga ka 2021. The Guardian e mo tlhalositse fa e le sefatlhego sa mmatota sa kgwele ya dinao ya bomme ba maIrish.<ref>Downey, Sophie (19 July 2023). "[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/jul/19/katie-mccabe-republic-of-ireland-womens-world-cup-australia-football Katie McCabe embraces support with Ireland poised for World Cup debut]". ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 21 July 2023.</ref> == Tiro ya setlhopha == [[Setshwantsho:Katie McCabe 20191016.jpg|left|thumb|McCabe with [[:en:Arsenal_W.F.C.|Arsenal]] in 2019]] '''<big>Tiro ya bonana</big>''' Fa a gola, McCabe o ne a tshameka mo ditlhopheng tsa basimane tsa Kilnamanagh AFC le Crumlin United F.C. Fa a le dingwaga tse some, a tsena mo setlhopheng sa gagwe sa ntlha sa basetsana kwa Templeogue, a tshamekela ditlhopha tsotlhe tsa basetsana le tsa basimane go fitlhela a tshwara dingwaga tse lesome le boraro. Motshameki yo a neng a mo rata thata fa a sale ngwana e ne e le Damien Duff.<ref>Moran, Fionnuala (21 August 2019). "[https://evoke.ie/2019/08/21/inspire-women-in-business/katie-mccabe-soccer-star Katie McCabe went from asking Santa for Damien Duff's Ireland jersey to earning her own]".</ref> Nako ya gagwe kwa sekolong se segolwane, o ne a tshameka gape kgwele ya dinao ya Gaelic le baseketebolo.<ref>Duffy, Emma. "[https://www.the42.ie/katie-mccabe-the42-read82-5475524-Jun2021/ The rise of Katie McCabe, Ireland's youngest-ever captain and world-class Arsenal star]". ''The42''.</ref> '''<big>Women's National League: 2011–2015</big>''' Fa liki ya Women's National League (WNL) e tlhamiwa ka 2011, McCabe a saena le Raheny Unite. O ne a kile a ikatisa le setlhopha seo, mme melao ya liki e ne ya mo kganna go saena tumalano go fitlhela a tshwara dingwaga tse lesome le borataro. O ne a emela setlhopha seo mo metshamekong yotlhe mo setlheng sa ntlha. Mo ditlheng tse tharo a fenya bosimega ja liki gabedi le kopi ya FAI Women's Cup gararo ka tatelano le "The Pandas". Gape o ne a emela setlhopha seo kwa UEFA Women's Champions League.<ref>"[http://www.extratime.ie/player/11113155/katie_mccabe/ Katie McCabe - Rep of Ireland Women]". ''Extratime.ie''. Retrieved 29 December 2015.</ref> A tlolwa ke kgwedi tse nne mo setlheng sa 2013–14 a robegile leoto.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160127140513/http://www.echo.ie/sport/item/sports-person-of-the-year Sports Person of the Year]". [[:en:The_Echo_(Dublin_newspaper)|The Echo]]. 18 December 2014. Archived from [http://www.echo.ie/sport/item/sports-person-of-the-year the original] on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o, o ne a kwadisiwa ke Florida State University go tshamekela setlhopha sa kgwele ya dinao ya bomme sa Florida State Seminoles kwa Amerika, mme go fuduga ga gagwe ga folotsa ka ntata ya kgobalo ya gagwe.<ref>Larkin, Laura (23 July 2014). "[http://www.herald.ie/news/katie-overcomes-broken-leg-to-shine-as-girls-in-green-go-for-uefa-glory-30451951.html Katie overcomes broken leg to shine as Girls in Green go for UEFA glory]". [[:en:The_Herald_(Ireland)|The Herald (Ireland)]]. Retrieved 29 December 2015.</ref> Ka 2014–15 McCabe a nosa dino di le masome a mabedi le boraro kwa Raheny, di le pedi fa morago ga monosi yo o kwa godimo Áine O'Gorman wa UCD Waves.<ref>Hooper, Dave (30 April 2015). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20220826095038/https://wnl.fai.ie/news/412-ucd-waves-guarantee-second-spot.html UCD Waves guarantee second spot]". [[:en:Football_Association_of_Ireland|Football Association of Ireland]]. Archived from [http://wnl.fai.ie/news/412-ucd-waves-guarantee-second-spot.html the original] on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2016.</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele wa 2014, a nosa nno ya pulamadibogo ya Raheny mo makgaolakgannyeng a kopi ya FAI Women's Cup, go tswa mo tlhagokotlhaong ya dijarata di le masome a mararo le botlhano, a fenya kopi ya gagwe ya FAI ya bobedi le setlhopha seo.<ref>Maher, Gareth (2 November 2014). "[http://www.fai.ie/domestic/news/raheny-retain-fai-continental-tyres-women%E2%80%99s-cup Raheny retain FAI Continental Tyres Women's Cup]". www.fai.ie. Retrieved 24 January 2016.</ref> Mo setlheng sa 2015–16 McCabe a nna le setlhopha ka fa tlase ga leina la bone le lesha la Shelbourne Ladies. [[Setshwantsho:Arsenal Ladies Vs Bayern Munich (24934067101).jpg|left|thumb|McCabe making her Arsenal debut in February 2016]] '''<big>Arsenal: 2015–2017<br /></big>'''Ka Sedimonthole wa 2015 a saenela setlhopha sa kwa Lontone sa [[Arsenal W.F.C.|Arsenal]],<ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/35169502 Arsenal Ladies sign Katie McCabe from Shelbourne FC]". [[:en:BBC_Sport|BBC Sport]]. 23 December 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.</ref> a gana di tlaletso go tswa kwa Glasgowe City, Chelsea le Manchester City.<ref>Leonard, Stephen (15 January 2016). "[https://www.echo.ie/magic-mccabe-gunn-ing-for-glory-with-arsenal/ Magic McCabe Gunn'-ing for glory with Arsenal]". Echo.ie. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</ref> '''<big>Glasgow City: 2017 (kadimo)</big>''' Morago ga go sokola ka dikgobalo le nako ya go tshameka le setlhopha sa ntlha mo ngwageng wa gagwe wa ntlha le Arsenal, a ya kwa Glasgow City ka kadimo ka Phatlwe wa 2017, ka karolo ya bobedi ya setlha sa liki ya Scottish Women's Premier League.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40791615 Glasgow City: Club land Katie McCabe on loan from Arsenal]". ''BBC Sport''. 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.</ref> O ne a thusa go isa Glasgow City kwa bosimegeng ja maScottish le go dira iponagatso tse di mmalwa mo UEFA Champions League.<ref>Roche, Cian. "'[https://www.otbsports.com/soccer/katie-mccabe-arsenal-league-853842 I wanted to fall back in love with football at Arsenal' | Katie McCabe]". ''Off The Ball''.</ref> '''<big>Poelo kwa Arsenal: 2017–2026</big>''' Fa a boela kwa Arsenal fa kadimo ya gagwe e fela, motsamaisi yo mosha wa Arsenal Joe Montemurro a mo fudusetsa kwa maemong a motshameka morago yo o tetseng wa ka fa molemeng.<ref>"[https://www.arsenal.com/news/katie-mccabe-my-own-words Katie McCabe | In my own words]". ''www.arsenal.com''.</ref> Mo setlheng sa 2018–19 a thusa go isa Arsenal kwa bosimegeng ja FA WSL, a tshameka metsotso e e gaisitseng ya motshameki mongwe le mongwe mo setlhopheng.<ref>Stillman, Tim (6 May 2020). "[https://arseblog.news/2020/05/left-back-but-never-left-out-arseblog-exclusive-with-katie-mccabe/ Left-back but never left out: Arseblog exclusive with Katie McCabe | Arseblog News - the Arsenal news site]".</ref> Ka Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le borataro wa 2019 a saena koketso le Arsenal.<ref>"[https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2019/0326/1038719-ireland-captain-mccabe-signs-new-contract-with-arsenal/ Ireland captain McCabe signs new contract with Arsenal]". 26 March 2019 – via www.rte.ie.</ref> Malatsi a le matlhano moragonyana, mo mongwe wa metshameko ya bofelo ya ngwaga, a nosa nno ya botlhokwa e e neng e fenya motshameko kgatlhanong le Birmingham a baa Arsenal kwa godimo ga loko ya liki eo ka ntlha e le nngwe.<ref>"[https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2019/0331/1039768-katie-mccabe-hits-late-winner-to-keep-arsenal-top/ Katie McCabe hits late winner to keep Arsenal top]". 31 March 2019 – via www.rte.ie.</ref> == Metswedi == l0ts23z6gzl1u2itp0r9b2297g13jc4 0 9732 57045 36489 2026-11-08T05:09:22Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|nationalteam-update=00:00, 10 December 2022 (UTC)|club-update=18:10, 21 June 2020 (UTC)|name=Katharina Naschenweng|image=20150812 U19W AUTNOR Katharina Naschenweng 2923.jpg|caption=Naschenweng representing Austria U19 at a match in August 2015|full_name=Katharina Elisa Naschenweng<ref>{{cite web |url=https://editorial.uefa.com/resources/0270-13f3049c99a2-7af885136e39-1000/booking_list_before_md6.pdf |title=UEFA Women's Champions League 2021/2022: Booking List before Group Stage Matchday Six |publisher=[[UEFA]] |date=13 December 2021 |access-date=26 August 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109181032/https://editorial.uefa.com/resources/0270-13f3049c99a2-7af885136e39-1000/booking_list_before_md6.pdf |archive-date=9 January 2022}}</ref>|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|12|16}}|birth_place=[[Spittal an der Drau]], [[Austria]]|height={{height|m=1.74}}|position=[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]|currentclub=[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|FC Bayern Munich]]|clubnumber=19|youthclubs1=SV Rothenthurn|clubs1=[[SK Sturm Graz (women)|SK Sturm Graz]]|years1=2017–2019|caps1=0|goals1=0|clubs2=[[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|1899 Hoffenheim]]|years2=2019–2023|caps2=72|goals2=13|clubs3=[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|FC Bayern Munich]]|years3=2023–|caps3=0|goals3=0|nationalteam1=Austria U17|nationalyears1=2013–2014|nationalcaps1=15|nationalgoals1=0|nationalteam2=Austria U19|nationalyears2=2014–2016|nationalcaps2=18|nationalgoals2=1|nationalteam3=[[Austria women's national football team|Austria]]|nationalyears3=2016–|nationalcaps3=38|nationalgoals3=5}} '''Katharina Elisa Naschenweng''' (yo o tshotsweng ka Sedimonthole a le lesome le borataro ka 1997) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa kwa Austria yo o tshamekang kwa morago kwa [[FC Bayern Munich (bomme)|Bayern Munich]] mo Frauen-Bundesliga. == Tiro ya setlhopha == A tsholetswe kwa Spittal an der Drau, Naschenweng o simolotse go tshameka kgwele ya dinao kwa setlhopheng sa mo gae sa SV Rothenthurn. Fa a le dingwaga tse lesome boferabobedi a saena le setlhopha sa ÖFB-Frauenliga sa SK Sturm Graz. Dingwaga tse pedi morago, Naschenweng a ya kwa setlhopheng sa Bundesliga sa Hoffenheim.<ref>"[https://www.meinbezirk.at/spittal/c-sport/spittalerin-kathi-naschenweng-oefb-im-interview_a5444515 Zum EM-Start: Spittalerin Kathi Naschenweng (ÖFB) im Interview]". ''meinbezirk.at'' (in German). 6 July 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220706224053/https://www.meinbezirk.at/spittal/c-sport/spittalerin-kathi-naschenweng-oefb-im-interview_a5444515 Archived] from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</ref> Fa a sena go nosa dino tse nne mo metshamekong ya liki e le masome mabedi le boferabongwe, Naschenweng a oketsa tumalano ya gagwe le Hoffenheim go ralala 2023.<ref>"[https://onefootball.com/de/news/kathi-naschenweng-verlaengert-vorzeitig-33334312 Kathi Naschenweng verlängert vorzeitig]" (in German). [[:en:OneFootball|OneFootball]]. 8 July 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220712203547/https://onefootball.com/de/news/kathi-naschenweng-verlaengert-vorzeitig-33334312 Archived] from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</ref> Ka 2023, a saena le [[FC Bayern Munich (bomme)|FC Bayern Munich]].<ref>"[https://fcbayern.com/frauen/en/news/2023/01/fc-bayern-sign-katharina-naschenweng Archived copy]". [https://web.archive.org/web/20230715013426/https://fcbayern.com/frauen/en/news/2023/01/fc-bayern-sign-katharina-naschenweng Archived] from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</ref> == Tiro ya boditshabatshaba == Naschenweng e ne e le karolo ya setlhopha sa setshaba sa Austria sa U-17 se se neng se gaisana kwa UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship ya 2014 kwa Enyelane. Ene gape e le karolo ya setlhopha sa setshaba sa Austria sa U-19 se se neng se emetse Austria kwa UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship ya 2016 kwa Slovakia. Ka 2017, Naschenweng e ne e le tokololo ya setlhopha sa bomme ba le masome a mabedi le boraro se se neng se emetse Austria mme sa goroga kwa seka-makgaolakgang a UEFA Women's Euro.<ref>"[http://www.oefb.at/thalhammer-nominiert-23-spielerinnen-news26906 ÖSTERREICH SIEGT ZUM EURO-AUFTAKT!]". ''Austrian Football Association (ÖFB)''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170810004924/http://www.oefb.at/thalhammer-nominiert-23-spielerinnen-news26906 Archived] from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2017.</ref> === Dino tsa boditshabatshaba === ''Lenaane la dino le maduo a Austria pele:'' {| class="wikitable" !# !Letsatsi !Lefelo !Moganetsi !Dino !Maduo !Kgaisano |- |1. |22 October 2021 | rowspan="2" |Stadion Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria |Luxembourg |'''2'''–0 |5–0 | rowspan="2" |2023 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification |- |2. |12 April 2022 |Latvia |'''6'''–0 |8–0 |- |3. |11 July 2022 |St. Mary's Stadium, Southampton, England |Northern Ireland |'''2'''–0 |2–0 |UEFA Women's Euro 2022 |- |4. |6 September 2022 | rowspan="2" |Stadion Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria |North Macedonia |'''9'''–0 |10–0 |2023 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification |- |5. |11 April 2023 |Czech Republic |'''2'''–0 |2–0 |Motshameko wa botsalano |} == Metswedi == 8ut3rkhx4s5biywgi8ftd66q321hw05 0 10133 57062 38625 2026-11-08T10:06:08Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Sade|post-nominals={{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|commas=on|CBE}}|image=Sade Adu 1 (cropped).jpg|caption=Sade performing in 2011|birth_name=Helen Folasade Adu|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1959|01|16|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Ibadan]], [[British Nigeria]]|alma mater=[[Saint Martin's School of Art]]|occupation={{hlist|Singer|songwriter}}|years active=1982–present|spouse={{plainlist| * {{marriage|Carlos Pliego|1989|1995|end=divorced}} * {{marriage|Ian Watts|2007}} }}|children=1|website={{URL|sade.com}}|module={{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | background = solo_singer | origin = [[Essex]], England | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Soul music|Soul]]<ref name="EW20100111">{{Cite magazine |last=Brannigan Lynch |first=Joseph |date=2010-01-11 |title=Sade Strikes Back! The '80s soul star unleashes a surge of dancing desert soldiers |url=http://www.ew.com/article/2010/01/11/sade-solider-of-love-new-album |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011074127/http://www.ew.com/article/2010/01/11/sade-solider-of-love-new-album |archive-date=2016-10-11 |access-date=2016-04-28}}</ref> * [[sophisti-pop]]<ref name="AllMusicSophistiPop">{{Cite web |title=Sophisti-Pop Music Genre Overview |url=http://www.allmusic.com/style/sophisti-pop-ma0000011994 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424213106/http://www.allmusic.com/style/sophisti-pop-ma0000011994 |archive-date=2016-04-24 |access-date=2016-04-28 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]. [[All Media Network]]}}</ref> * [[smooth jazz]]<ref name="Billboard20120309">{{Cite magazine |date=2012-03-09 |title=Music's Top 40 Money Makers 2012 |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/musics-top-40-money-makers-2012-502623/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214092017/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/musics-top-40-money-makers-2012-502623/ |archive-date=2022-12-14 |access-date=2023-02-08}}</ref> *[[quiet storm]]<ref name="NewStatesman20180328">{{Cite web |last=Thorn |first=Tracy |date=2018-03-28 |title=The queen of "quiet storm": Tracey Thorn on the return of Sade |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/music-theatre/2018/03/queen-quiet-storm-tracey-thorn-return-sade |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117174358/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/music-theatre/2018/03/queen-quiet-storm-tracey-thorn-return-sade |archive-date=2019-01-17 |access-date=2019-01-17 |website=[[New Statesman]]}}</ref>}} | instrument = Vocals | label = {{flatlist| *[[Portrait Records|Portrait]] *[[Epic Records|Epic]] *[[RCA Records|RCA]] *[[Sony Music UK|Sony]]}} | current_member_of = [[Sade (band)|Sade]] }}}} '''Helen Folasade Adu''' CBE ([[:en:Yoruba_language|Yoruba]]: Fọláṣadé Adú [<nowiki/>[[:en:Help:IPA/Yoruba|fɔ̄láʃādé ādú]]]; o belegwe ka Firikgong a le lesome le borataro ka ngwaga wa 1959), yo o itsegeng ka leina la Sade Adu kgotsa Sade fela ([[:en:Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key|/ˈʃɑːdeɪ/ SHAH-day]]<ref>[[:en:John_C._Wells|Wells, John C.]] (2008). ''Longman Pronunciation Dictionary'' (3rd ed.). Longman. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0|978-1-4058-8118-0]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>Olausson, Lena; Sangster, Catherine (2006). ''Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation''. Oxford University Press. p. 338. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-19-280710-2|0-19-280710-2]]</bdi>.</ref>), ke moopedi wa kwa ga Mmamosadinyana yo o tsholetsweng kwa Nigeria, yo o itsegeng ka go nna moopedi yo mogolo wa setlhopha sa gagwe sa Sade. Ke mongwe wa baopedi ba basadi ba ba atlegileng go gaisa mo ditsong tsa ga Mmamosadinyana, mme gantsi o ne a tsewa jaaka motho yo o neng a tlhotlheletsa mmino wa segompieno.<ref>Sandall, Robert (31 January 2010). "[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sade-emerges-from-her-country-retreat-h70c0x3v32r Sade Emerges from Her Own Country Retrea]t". ''[[:en:The_Sunday_Times|The Sunday Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180520125745/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sade-emerges-from-her-country-retreat-h70c0x3v32r Archived] from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2015. (subscription required)</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20201231232343/http://www.vh1.com/news/1238/the-100-greatest-women-in-music/ The 100 Greatest Women In Music]". ''VH1 News''. Viacom International, Inc. 13 February 2012. Archived from [http://www.vh1.com/news/1238/the-100-greatest-women-in-music/ the original] on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2012.</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20230208144707/https://vmagazine.com/article/20-artists-reflect-on-the-enduring-inspiration-of-sade/ 20 Artists Reflect on the Enduring Inspiration of Sade]". ''V Magazine''. 7 September 2016. Archived from [https://vmagazine.com/article/20-artists-reflect-on-the-enduring-inspiration-of-sade/ the original] on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</ref> Katlego ya gagwe mo bodiragatsing jwa mmino e ne ya lemogiwa ka go fiwa Officer of the Order of the British Empire ka 2002, mme o ne a dirwa Commander ka 2017 Birthday Honours.<ref>Eccles, Peter R. (26 January 1986). "[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65863457/hartford-courant-26-jan-1986/ Sade: A Pop Sensation From England]". ''Hartford Courant''. pp. G3. Retrieved 8 February 2023.(subscription required)</ref> == Metswedi == qg3zkgtba0bgclujpyo3g3uqfbkzfk7 0 10184 57061 54121 2026-11-08T10:05:24Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Rwanda | common_name = Rwanda | image_flag = Flag of Rwanda.svg | alt_flag = Folaga ya Rwanda: Ditsela tse di botala jwa loapi,serolwana le tse di botala jwa tlhaga, le letsatsi le le serolwana kwa sekhutlwaneng se se mo mojeng kwa godimo | image_coat = Coat of arms of Rwanda.svg | alt_coat = The seal of Rwanda: central tribal devices, surmounted on a cog wheel and encircled by a square knot | national_motto = "Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu" <br />(English: "Unity, Work, Patriotism")<br />(French: "Unité, Travail, Patriotisme")<br />(Swahili: "Umoja, Kazi, Uzalendo") | national_anthem = "{{lang|rw|[[Rwanda Nziza]]|italic=no}}"<br />({{langx|en|"Beautiful Rwanda"}})<br /><div style="position: relative; top:0.2em;">{{center|[[File:Hymne National du Rwanda.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Location Rwanda AU Africa.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=[[Africa]] |region_color=light blue}} | capital = Kigali | coordinates = {{coord|1|56|38|S|30|3|34|E|type:city_region:RW-01|display=inline}} | largest_city = Kigali | official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Kinyarwanda]] |[[English language|English]] | <!--PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE FRENCH WITHOUT DISCUSSION ON THE TALK PAGE--> |[[Belgian French|French]] |[[Swahili language|Swahili]]}} | leader_name1 = Paul Kagame | ethnic_groups = {{tree list}} *100% [[Banyarwanda]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Rwanda: A Brief History of the Country|url=https://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/historical-background.shtml#:~:text=By%201994%2C%20Rwanda%27s%20population%20stood%20at%20more%20than%207%20million%20people%20comprising%203%20ethnic%20groups%3A%0Athe%20Hutu%20(who%20made%20up%20roughly%2085%25%20of%20the%20population)%2C%20the%20Tutsi%20(14%25)%2C%20and%20the%20Twa%20(1%25).|access-date=4 April 2018|website=United Nations|quote=By 1994, Rwanda's population stood at more than 7 million people comprising 3 ethnic groups: the Hutu (who made up roughly 85% of the population), the Tutsi (14%), and the Twa (1%).|archive-date=15 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715050927/https://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/historical-background.shtml#:~:text=By%201994%2C%20Rwanda%27s%20population%20stood%20at%20more%20than%207%20million%20people%20comprising%203%20ethnic%20groups%3A%0Athe%20Hutu%20(who%20made%20up%20roughly%2085%25%20of%20the%20population)%2C%20the%20Tutsi%20(14%25)%2C%20and%20the%20Twa%20(1%25).|url-status=live}}</ref> **85% [[Hutu]] **14% [[Tutsi]] **1% [[Great Lakes Twa|Twa]] {{Tree list/end}} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |93.8% [[Christianity]] |3.0% [[Irreligion|no religion]] |2.2% [[Islam in Rwanda|Islam]] |1.0% other<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/rwanda#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |title=Religions in Rwanda &#124; PEW-GRF |website=globalreligiousfutures.org |access-date=23 May 2021 |archive-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523001751/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/rwanda#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | area_km2 = 26,798<ref>{{cite web |url=https://au.int/ar/countryprofiles/republic-rwanda |title=Republic of Rwanda |publisher=African Union |access-date=13 January 2025 |archive-date=22 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122210501/https://au.int/ar/countryprofiles/republic-rwanda |url-status=dead }}</ref> | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $42.346 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.RW">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=714,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Rwanda) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019221331/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=714,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | HDI = 0.548 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | government_type = Unitary [[presidential republic]] under an [[authoritarian]] [[dictatorship]]<ref name="Yale University Press">{{cite book |last=Thomson |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Thomson |title=Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace |date=2018 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-23591-3 |page=185 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbxODwAAQBAJ&q=one-party+state |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022072324/https://books.google.com/books?id=RbxODwAAQBAJ&q=one-party+state |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Conversation">{{cite news |last1=Sebarenzi |first1=Joseph |last2=Twagiramungu |first2=Noel |title=Rwanda's economic growth could be derailed by its autocratic regime |url=https://theconversation.com/rwandas-economic-growth-could-be-derailed-by-its-autocratic-regime-114649 |access-date=5 September 2023 |work=The Conversation |date=8 April 2019 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905203956/https://theconversation.com/rwandas-economic-growth-could-be-derailed-by-its-autocratic-regime-114649 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Handbook of Restorative Justice">{{cite book |last=Waldorf |first=Lars |title=Handbook of Restorative Justice |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-34682-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jGV_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT619 ?] |chapter=Rwanda's failing experiment in restorative justice}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last=Beswick |first=Danielle |title=Aiding State Building and Sacrificing Peace Building? The Rwanda–UK relationship 1994–2011 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2011_32_10/page/1911 |journal=Third World Quarterly |date=2011 |volume=32 |issue=10 |pages=1911–1930 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2011.610593 |s2cid=153404360| issn=0143-6597 }}</ref><ref name="University of Chicago Press">{{cite book |last=Bowman |first=Warigia |title=Four. Imagining a Modern Rwanda: Sociotechnological Imaginaries, Information Technology, and the Postgenocide State |date=2015 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-27666-3 |page=87 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7208/9780226276663-004/html?lang=en |doi=10.7208/9780226276663-004 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905203958/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7208/9780226276663-004/html?lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal |last=Reyntjens |first=Filip |title=Behind the Façade of Rwanda's Elections |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |date=2011 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=64–69 |jstor=43133887 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43133887 |issn=1526-0054 |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905203956/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43133887 |url-status=live}}</ref><br> | population_estimate = 13,623,302<ref name="cia">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Rwanda |access-date=6 May 2024|year=2024}} (prior to 1994, its area was 26,798 km2)</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 76th | population_density_km2 = 517 | population_density_sq_mi = 1,340 | population_density_rank = 22nd | GDP_PPP_rank = 139th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $13.927 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.RW" /> | Gini = 43.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> }} Lefatshe la '''Rwanda''', le le tlhomamisitsweng semmuso ka leina la Republic of Rwanda, le kwa botlhaba jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]], mo mokgatsheng wa [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley|Great Rift Valley]], kwa makadiba a a itsegeng ka [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]] a kopanang teng le borwa-botlhaba jwa Aforika. Le dikaganyeditswe ke mafatshe a [[Uganda]], [[Tanzania]], [[Burundi]] le la [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]. Le itsege ka leina la sereto la "lefatshe la sekete sa dithaba" ka jaana le tlhatlogile ebile le na le dithaba tse dintsi kwa bophirima, dikgwa tse di kitlaneng kwa borwa-botlhaba le makadiba a mantsi mo lefatsheng ka bophara.Seemo sa bosa ke se se bothitho go ya kwa mogoteng, ka dipaka tse pedi tsa pula le tse pedi tse di kwakwaletseng mo ngwageng.ke lone lefatshe le le nang le palo e ntsi ya batho go feta mafatshe otlhe a Aforika, labotlhano mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka pophara. Toropokgolo ya lone ke [[Kigali]]. Batho bantlha go nna kwa lefelong le e ne e le batsumi-bakgobokanyi ka metlha ya leje le ya go thulwa ga tshipi, mme ba salwa morago ke batho bantsho. Batho ba ne ba tshwaragana ka makgotlana mme ba tloga ba nna ka magosi. E ne ya re dingwaga di le makgolokgo a le lesome le botlhano a a fetileng, lengwe la magosi a a neng a le ka fa tlase ga tlhokomelo ya ga Kgosi Gihanga, la phuta baagisanyi go simolodisa bogosi jwa Rwanda (Kingdom of Rwanda). Ba bogosi jwa Rwanda ba ne ba busa go simolola dingwaga tse di makgolo a le lesome le boferabobedi, dikgosi tsa bone tsa Tutsi di fenya magosi a mangwe ka sesole, maatla le go diragatsa melao e e letlanyang batho.Ka ngwaga wa 1987, lefatshe la Rwanda le ne la busiwa ke la [[Germany]] e le bontlha bongwe jwa German East Africa, mme morago la busiwa ke la [[Belgium]] ka ngwaga wa 1961 ka nako ya ntwa ya ntlha ya lefatshe. Mafatshe a mabedi a o a yuropa a ne a busa a dirisa kgosi wa kwa Rwanda, mme a tsweledisa molao wa puso ya Tutsi.Morafe wa Hutu o ne wa tlhanoga kwa ngwaga wa 1959, mme ba bolaya ba morafe wa Tutsi ba le bantsi, ka ngwaga wa 1962 ba ne ba simolodisa puso e e eteletsweng pele ke ba morafe wa Hutu, o eteletswe pele ke Tautona [[:en:Grégoire_Kayibanda|Gregoire Kayibanda.]] Ka ngwaga wa 1973 sesole se ne sa menola puso ya ga Kayibanda mme ba tsenya [[:en:Juvénal_Habyarimana|Juvenal Habyarimana]] mo pusong, o o neng a tsweledisa go busa ga morafe wa Hutu. Phathi ya polotiki ya [[:en:Rwandan_Patriotic_Front|Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)]] e e eteletsweng pele ke morafe wa Tutsi, e ne ya simolola ntwa ya selegae ka 1990. Habyarimana o ne a bolawa ka ngwaga wa 1994 ka kgwedi ya Moranang. Go ne ga nna dikgogakgogano le kganyaolo ya batho kwa Rwanda malatsi a le lekgolo. RPF e ne ya fedisa kganyaolo e ka phenyo ya sesole ka kgwedi ya Phukwi. Lefatshe la Rwanda le busitswe ke RPF e le nosi fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1994, e eteletswe pele ke ramasole wa pele ebong [[:en:Paul_Kagame|Paul Kagame]] o o nnileng tautona go tswa ka ngwaga wa 2000. Le ntswa lefatshe la Rwanda le sena tshenyetso sechaba e e kalo fa le tshwantshwangwa le mafatshe a a mabapi, le kwa tlase mo go buseng go sena bofitlha, ditshwanelo tsa setho le boleng jwa matshelo a batho. Bontsi jwa banni ba koo, ke ba ba dingwaga tse di kwa tlase mme ba nna kwa magaeng thata; lefatshe le Rwanda ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le palo e ntsi ya batho ba dingwaga tse di kwa tlase mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Batho ba kwa Rwanda ba tswa mo setlhopheng se se buang puo ele nngwe sa Banyarwanda, setlhopha se se na le ditlhophana tsa Hutu, Tutsi le Twa. Batho ba setlhophana sa Twa, ke batho ba ba nnang kwa sekgweng, ba le bakhutshwane ka lotso ebile ba kaiwa fa ele dikokomane tsa batho ba ntlha go nna kwa lefatsheng leo. Bontsi jwa badumedi kwa lefatsheng leo ke BaKeresete; teme ya konokono ke ya [[:en:Kinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]], e e buiwang ke batho ba ba tlholegang koo, mme dipuo tse di tswang kwa mafatsheng a sele tsa sekgoa, seFora le Swahili le tsone di tlhomamisitswe go buiwa mo lefatsheng leo. Itsholelo ya lefatshe la Rwanda e ikaegile ka temo-thuo. Dimela tsa kofi le tee ke tsone tse di rekisediwang mafatshe a mangwe thata. Lekalana la bojanala le tsweletse ka go gola ka bofefo, mme ebile jaanong e le lone le tsenyang madi a a tswang kwa ntle thata mo lefatsheng le. 48.8% ya banni ba lefatshe le e amilwe thata ke lehuma,fa 27.7% e na le kgonagalo ya go amega. Lefatshe le ke leloko la makgotla a [[:en:African_Union|African Union]], [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], [[:en:Commonwealth_of_Nations|Commonwealth of Nations]], [[:en:Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa|COMESA]], [[:en:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie|OIF]] le [[:en:East_African_Community|East African Community.]] == Ditso == [[Setshwantsho:Rwanda Nyanza Mwami Palace.jpg|left|thumb|Go agiwa sesha ga ntlo ya segosi kwa Nyanza bogologolo tala.]] Lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng e le Rwanda, le tswa bogologolong jwa dinako tsa fa metsi a ne a sule dikgapetlana.<ref>Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=Ezo5PQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y the Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History.] Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT press. ISBN 978-1-890951-34-4.[https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210159/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezo5PQAACAAJ Archived] from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2025.</ref> Dithibololo tsa baithutamarope di supa fa go na le bosupi jwa go phatlalala ga bonno jwa batsumi-bakgobokanyi ka metlha ya leje, ba salwa morago ke palo e e fa godingwana ya banni ba nako ya go thulwa ga tshipi, ba ba neng ba bopa dinkgwana le didirisiwa tsa tshipi.<ref>Dorsey, Learthen (1994). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/historical-dictionary-of-rwanda-by-learthen-dorsey-african-historical-dictionaries-series-no-60-metuchen-nj-and-london-scarecrow-press-1994-pp-xvi-437-55-isbn-0810828200/94D90F4D6E1F7CA1A471D25D644ED8A0 Historical Dictionary of Rwanda]. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-2820-9.</ref><ref>Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=Ezo5PQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History.]Cambridge, Massachusetts:MIT Press. ISBN 978-1-890951-34-4. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210159/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezo5PQAACAAJ Archived] from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2025. </ref> Banni ba ba pele, e ne e le bagologolwane ba morafe wa Twa, o o leng teng mo Rwanda gompieno. Ka ngwaga wa 3,000 pele ga Keresete, balemi barui le badisa ba [[:en:Central_Sudanic_languages|Central Sudanic]] le ba [[:en:Kuliak_languages|Kuliak]] ba simolola go aga mo Rwanda, ba salwa morago ke badisa ba ba neng ba bua puo ya [[:en:South_Cushitic_languages|South Cushitic]] ka ngwaga wa 2,000 B.C.<ref>Schoenbrun, David L. (1993). "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/183030?seq=1 We are what we eat: ancianet agriculture between the great lakes]". ''The Journal of African History''. '''34''' (1) : 15 -16. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/we-are-what-we-eat-ancient-agriculture-between-the-great-lakes1/369E954FE50C4D4146B9A9790ED8134A 10.1017/S0021853700032989.] JSTOR&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/183030 183030]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/We-Are-What-We-Eat%3A-Ancient-Agriculture-Between-the-Schoenbrun/70f11f735a3ff26c43e6b236aeb503edb951ae3c 162660041.]</ref><ref>Taylor, Christopher C. (13 September 2020). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=qHf8DwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y Sacrifice as Terror: the Rwandian Genocide of 1994]. Routledge.pp. 63 - 65. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-000-18448-8|978-1-000-18448-8]]</bdi>.</ref> Morafe wa Twa, o o neng o nna kwa sekgweng, o ne wa latlhegelwa ke bonno mme wa fudugela kwa mekgokoloseng ya dithaba.<ref>King, David C. (2007). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=1yLx1zSuh_QC&redir_esc=y Rwanda (Cultures of the World)]''. New York, N.Y.: Benchmark Books. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2333-1|978-0-7614-2333-1]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210200/https://books.google.com/books?id=1yLx1zSuh_QC Archived] from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2025.</ref> Go simolola ka ngwaga wa 800 B.C go tsena ka 1500 A.D, palo ya batho bantsho ya simolola go fudugela mo Rwanda, ba kgaola dikgwa gore ba dire masimo.Bakwadi ba ditso ba na le megopolo e le mentsi ka go fuduga ba batho bantsho; mongwe wa megopolo wa re banni bantlha e ne e le ba lotso lwa Hutu, mme ba Tutsi ba tla morago, e le lotso lo lo pharologanyo. Mogopolo o mongwe ke gore phudugo e nnile bonnya ebile e iketlile, ditlhopha tse di gorogang di kopana le ba ba bafitlhelang eseng go ba fenya. Mogopolo o o raya gore kgaogano ya merafe ya Hutu le Tutsi, e ne e le go tlhaolwa go ya ka maemo e seng ka lotso. == Metswedi == 0w6mgn9e3z4yi99q5namoh8w88sl0rn 0 10186 57064 40386 2026-11-08T10:22:47Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57064 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Senegal''',<ref>/ˌsɛnɪˈɡɔːl, -ˈɡɑːl/ ^ⓘ; French: ''Sénégal''; Wolof: ''Senegaal''; Pulaar: 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭, <small>romanized:</small> ''Senegaali''; Serer: ''Senegaal''; Arabic: السنغال, <small>romanized:</small> ''al-Sinigāl''</ref>semmuso ke Rephaboliki ya Senegal,<ref>French: ''République du Sénégal''; Wolof: ''Réewum Senegaal''; Pulaar : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Renndaandi Senegaali); Arabic: جمهورية السنغال, <small>romanized:</small> ''Jumhūriyya al-[[:en:Pulaar_language|Sinigāl]]''</ref>ke naga e e kwa bophirima jwa Afrika Bophirima, e e leng mo lotshitshing lwa [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Lewatle la Atlantic]]. E molelwane le Mauritania kwa bokone, Mali kwa botlhaba, Guinea kwa borwabotlhaba le Guinea-Bissau <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau</ref>kwa borwabophirima. {{Infobox country | demonym = Senegalese | area_km2 = 196,722<ref name="CIA Factbook"/> | area_rank = 86th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $78.547 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.SN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=722,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Senegal) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | HDI = 0.517 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | conventional_long_name = Republic of Senegal | common_name = Senegal | image_flag = Flag of Senegal.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Senegal.svg | national_anthem = <br />{{nowrap|"[[Le Lion rouge]]"}}<br />{{small|"The Red Lion"}}{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Senegal.ogg]]}} | image_map = Senegal (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=dark green}} | capital = [[Dakar]] | coordinates = {{Coord|14|40|N|17|25|W|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[French language|French]]<br>[[Wolof language|Wolof]] <br>[[Pulaar]] | languages_type = [[National language]]s | languages = {{hlist|[[Wolof language|Wolof]]|[[Serer language|Serer]]|[[Diola language|Diola]]|[[Hassaniya Arabic]]|[[Pulaar language|Pulaar]]|[[Soninke language|Soninke]]|[[Mandinka language|Mandinka]]{{Efn|name=SenegalNationalLangs|Article 1 of the 2001 Constitution of Senegal, which states that the national languages are Diola, Malinké, Pular, Sérère, Soninké and Wolof.<ref name="Languages">{{Cite web |title=Senegal's Constitution of 2001 with Amendments through 2016 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Senegal_2016.pdf?lang=en |website=Constitute Project |language=en |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410075501/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Senegal_2016.pdf?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>}}}} | languages2_type = [[Lingua franca]] | languages2 = {{hlist|[[Wolof language|Wolof]]{{Efn|name=WolofStatus|Information from the University of Pennsylvania's Center for African Studies estimates that about 90% of the Senegalese population understands or speaks Wolof as a first or second language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Studies Center{{!}} African Languages at Penn |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/afl/alwolof.htm |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=Center for African Studies at [[University of Pennsylvania]] |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129152750/https://www.africa.upenn.edu/afl/alwolof.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}}|[[French language|French]]|[[Pulaar]]|[[Serer language|Serer]]|[[Diola language|Diola]]|[[Hassaniya Arabic]]|[[Soninke language|Soninke]]|[[Malinke language|Malinke]]|[[Arabic]]{{Efn|name= ArabicStatus|Arabic is taught as a second language for religious reasons within the Senegalese educational system.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Falola |first=Toyin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3fhADwAAQBAJ&dq=Arabic+Status+in+Senegal&pg=PT190 |title=Africanizing Knowledge: African Studies Across the Disciplines |date=2017-11-30 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-32438-0 |pages=190 |language=en}}</ref>}}|[[Languages of Senegal|others]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{ubl| 39.7% [[Wolof people|Wolof]] |27.5% [[Fula people|Fula]] |16.0% [[Serer people|Serer]] |4.9% [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] |4.2% [[Jola people|Jola]] |2.4% [[Soninke people|Soninke]] |5.4% [[Ethnic groups in Senegal|others]]}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="CIA Factbook">{{cite web |title=Senegal |date=2022-08-23 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2024-01-23 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143936/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{ubl| 97.2% [[Religion in Senegal|Islam]] |2.7% [[Religion in Senegal|Christianity]] |0.1% other}} | religion_ref = <ref name="CIA Factbook"/> | leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Senegal|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Bassirou Diomaye Faye]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Senegal|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Ousmane Sonko]] | leader_title3 = [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Senegal|President of the National Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Malick Ndiaye]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Senegal)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Senegal|Independence]] | established_event1 = Republic established | established_date1 = 25 November 1958 | established_event2 = Independence from France{{efn|With [[French Sudan]], as the [[Mali Federation]].}} | established_date2 = 20 June 1960 | established_event3 = Withdrawal from<br />the [[Mali Federation]] | established_date3 = 20 August 1960 | established_event4 = Dissolution of the [[Senegambia Confederation]] | established_date4 = 30 September 1989 | area_sq_mi = 75,955 | percent_water = 2.1 | population_estimate = {{Increase}} 18,847,519<ref name="CIA Factbook"/> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 68th | GDP_PPP_rank = 106th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase }} $4,324<ref name="IMFWEO.SN" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 156th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $31.141 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.SN" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 111th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase }} $1,714<ref name="IMFWEO.SN" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 157th | Gini = 40.3 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2 March 2011 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225120531/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 169th | currency = [[West African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XOF | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = {{sp}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[+221]] | cctld = [[.sn]] | religion_year = 2019 | flag_p1 = Flag of Mali (1959–1961).svg }} Senegal e batla e dikaganyeditse [[:en:The_Gambia|Gambia,]] naga e e tsereng karolo e tshesane ya naga go bapa le dintshi tsa Noka ya Gambia, e e kgaoganyang kgaolo ya borwa jwa Senegal ya Casamance go tswa mo nageng yotlhe.<ref>"Which Countries Border The Gambia?". ''WorldAtlas''. 28 August 2018. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-countries-border-the-gambia.html]</ref> Gape e na le molelwane wa lewatle le Cape Verde. Motsemogolo wa Senegal wa tsa ikonomi le wa dipolotiki ke Dakar. Senegal ke naga e e kwa bophirima jwa lefatshe la Old World, kgotsa Afro-Eurasia.<ref>Janet H. Gritzner, Charles F. Gritzner – 2009, Senegal – Page 8</ref>E ne ya bidiwa ka leina la [[:en:Senegal_River|Noka ya Senegal]], e e molelwaneng wa yone kwa botlhaba le kwa bokone.<ref>culturetrip (31 May 2018). "The Real Story Behind Senegal's Name". ''Culture Trip''. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2023.[https://web.archive.org/web/20221206024446/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/]</ref>Tlelaemete ya teng e tshwana le ya kwa [[:en:Sahel|Sahelian,]] le fa gone go na le paka ya dipula. Senegal e na le bogolo jwa sekgala sa disekwerekilometara di le 197 000 mme e na le baagi ba le dimilione di le 18<ref>"World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.[https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/senegal/overview]</ref>.Naga ke rephaboliki ya mopresidente; fa e sale naga e tlhomiwa ka 1960, e ntse e tsewa jaaka nngwe ya dinaga tse di tlhomameng mo kontinenteng ya Aforika.Ka 2024 V-Dem Democracy Indices, Senegal e beilwe mo maemong a bo 68 mo temokerasing ya ditlhopho lefatshe ka bophara le bo 4 mo [[:en:Electoral_democracy_in_Africa|temokerasing ya ditlhopho mo Afrika.]] Puso e ne ya tlhomiwa jaaka karolo ya boipuso jwa [[:en:French_West_Africa|French West Africa]] go tswa mo pusong ya [[:en:French_colonial_empire|bokoloniale ya Fora.]] Ka ntlha ya hisetori eno, Sefora ke puo ya semmuso, mme e tlhaloganngwa ke palo e nnye fela ya baagi.<ref>Jacques Leclerc (4 October 2010). "Sénégal". ''Trésor de la langue française au Québec''. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.[http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/senegal.htm]</ref> Go buiwa dipuo di feta 30 kwa Senegal. Wolof ke puo e e buiwang thata, ka 80% ya baagi ba e bua jaaka puo ya ntlha kgotsa ya bobedi,e dira jaaka puo e e dirisiwang ke batho ba le bantsi kwa Senegal mmogo le Sefora. Fela jaaka dinaga tse dingwe tsa Afrika, naga eno e na le merafe le dipuo tse di farologaneng, tse dikgolo mo go tsone ke tsa Ba-Wolof, Ba-Fula le Ba-Serer.<ref>Pariona, Amber (27 September 2017). "What Languages Are Spoken in Senegal?". ''WorldAtlas''. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-senegal.html]</ref> Batho b[[:en:Lingua_franca|a Senegal ke Bamoseleme ka bontsi]].Senegal e tsewa e le naga e e humanegileng e e nang le dikoloto tse dintsi, e e nang le maemo a a kwa tlase mo Human Development Index (lefelo la bo169 mo go la bo193). Bontsi jwa baagi ba nna kwa lotshitshing mme ba dira mo temothuong kgotsa madirelong a mangwe a dijo; madirelo a mangwe a magolo a akaretsa meepo, bojanala le ditirelo. Naga ga e na metswedi ya tlholego e e botlhokwa, mme motheo wa tlhabololo ya yone o mo thutong, [tlhalosa] koo go diriswang halofo ya tekanyetsokabo ya puso gone.Senegal ke leloko la African Union, United Nations, [[:en:Economic_Community_of_West_African_States|Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS), Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Organization of Islamic Cooperation, le Community of Sahel Saharan States. Mo lefatsheng la metshameko ya dikoloi, Senegal e itsege ka Paris-Dakar Rally. == Letshwao == Naga ya Senegal e teeletswe ka [[:en:Senegal_River|Noka ya Senegal.]] Leina la noka le ka tswa le tswa mo puong ya [[:en:Portuguese_language|Sepotokisi]] ya leina la noka ya Zenaga, e gape e itsegeng e le Sanhaja.<ref>Holloway, Beetle (31 May 2018). "The Real Story Behind Senegal's Name". ''Culture Trip''. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20221206024446/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/]</ref> Ka tsela e nngwe, e ka nna motswako wa modimo o mogolo mo bodumeding jwa Serer (Rog Sene) le o gal e e rayang mmele wa metsi mo puong ya Serer. Mokwadi wa Mofora le moruti David Boilat o ne a ntsha kgopolo ya gore leina le tswa mo lefokong la Se-Wolof "sunuu gaal", le le rayang "ketshe ya rona". == Histori == '''Dinako tsa pele le tsa pele ga bokoloniale''' Dilo tse di fitlhetsweng ke baithutamarope mo lefelong leno di bontsha gore Senegal e ne e nnile le batho mo metlheng ya pele ga ditiragalo tsa hisitori mme e ne e nniwa ke ditlhopha tse di farologaneng tsa merafe. Mebuso mengwe e ne ya tlhamiwa mo ngwagakgolong wa bosupa: Takrur mo ngwagakgolong wa borataro, Namandiru le [[:en:Jolof_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Jolof]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bo13 le wa bo14. Senegal Botlhaba e kile ya bo e le karolo ya [[:en:Ghana_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Ghana.]] Boiselamo bo ne jwa tlisiwa ka Toucouleur le Soninke ba ikgolaganya le bogosi jwa Almoravid jwa Maghreb, ba ba neng ba bo anamisa ka thuso ya Almoravids le ditsala tsa Toucouleur. Tsamaiso eno e ne ya lebana le kganetso go tswa mo merafeng ya ditumelo tsa setso, segolobogolo Ba-Serer. Mo ngwagakgolong wa bo 13 le wa bo 14, kgaolo e ne ya nna ka fa tlase ga tlhotlheletso ya mebuso e e kwa botlhaba; Mmuso wa Jolof wa Senegal le one o ne wa tlhomiwa mo nakong eno. Mo kgaolong ya Senegambia, magareng ga 1300 le 1900, go ne go na le bokgoba jwa nngwetharong ya baagi, gantsi ka ntlha ya go tshwarwa mo ntweng.<ref>Klein, Martin A., ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914'', p. 7, Edinburgh University Press (1968) ISBN 0-8047-0621-2[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0621-2]</ref><ref>Gravrand, Henry, ''La civilisation Sereer, Pangool,'' p. 13. [[Dakar]], Nouvelles Editions Africaines (1990), ISBN 2-7236-1055-1</ref> Mo ngwagakgolong wa bo 14 Mmusomogolo wa Jolof o ne wa nna maatla thata, o kopantse Cayor le magosi a Baol, Siné, Saloum, Waalo, Futa Tooro le Bambouk, kgotsa bontsi jwa Afrika Bophirima ya gompieno. Mmusomogolo e ne e le kopano ya boithaopo ya dinaga tse di farologaneng go na le go agiwa ka phenyo ya sesole. Mmuso o ne wa tlhomiwa ke Ndiadiane Ndiaye, karolo ya Serer le karolo ya Toucouleur, yo o neng a kgona go bopa kgolagano le merafe e mentsi, mme a wa ka 1549 ka go fenngwa le go bolawa ga Lele Fouli Fak ke Amari Ngone Sobel Fall. == Puso le dipolotiki == [[Setshwantsho:Macky Sall - 2008.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Macky_Sall|Macky Sall]], Tautona wa Senegal (2012–2024)]] Senegal ke repaboliki e e nang le moporesidente; moporesidente o tlhophiwa dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le tlhano go tloga ka 2016, pele e ne e le dingwaga di le supa go tloga ka boipuso go fitlha ka 2001, dingwaga di le tlhano go tloga ka 2001 go fitlha ka 2008, le dingwaga di le supa gape go tloga ka 2008 go fitlha ka 2016, ke batlhophi ba bagolo. Moporesidente wa ntlha, [[:en:Léopold_Sédar_Senghor|Léopold Sédar Senghor,]] e ne e le mmoki le mokwadi, e bile e ne e le Moafrika wa ntlha go tlhophiwa go nna leloko la Académie française. Tautona wa bobedi wa Senegal, Abdou Diouf, moragonyana o ne a nna mokwaledi-kakaretso wa Organisation de la Francophonie. Tautona wa boraro e ne e le Abdoulaye Wade, yo e neng e le mmueledi. Moporesidente wa bone e ne e le Macky Sall, yo o tlhophilweng ka Mopitlwe 2012 mme a tlhophiwa gape ka Tlhakole 2019.<ref>"Senegal election: President Macky Sall wins second term", ''BBC News'', 28 February 2019, archived from the original on 13 May 2019, retrieved 10 August [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47400711 2019]</ref>Ka 25 Mopitlwe 2024, Bassirou Diomaye Faye o ne a nna mopresidente wa botlhano yo o tlhophilweng ka tsela ya temokerasi. Senegal e na le makoko a sepolotiki a a fetang 80. Palamente e e nang le ntlwana e le nngwe e na le Kokoano Bosetšhaba, e e nang le ditulo di le 150 (Senate e ne e le teng go tloga ka 1999 go ya go 2001 le 2007 go ya go 2012).Gape go na le boatlhodi jo bo ikemetseng kwa Senegal. Dikgotlatshekelo tse di kwa godimo tsa naga tse di sekasekang dikgang tsa kgwebo ke lekgotla la molaotheo le kgotlatshekelo ya boatlhodi, tse maloko a tsone a tlhophiwang ke tautona.<ref>"Senegal's top court confirms Bassirou Diomaye Faye's election victory". ''Al Jazeera''. Archived from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/29/senegals-top-court-confirms-bassirou-diomaye-fayes-election-victory]</ref> == Setso sa sepolotiki == [[Setshwantsho:Abdoulaye Wade in 16-05-2007.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Abdoulaye_Wade|Abdoulaye Wade]], Tautona wa Senegal (2000–2012)]] Ga jaana, Senegal e na le setso sa sepolotiki sa temokerasi, e leng nngwe ya diphetogo tsa temokerasi tse di atlegileng thata mo Afrika morago ga bokoloniale. Balaodi ba selegae ba tlhophiwa ke tautona mme ba ikarabelela mo go ene. [[:en:Marabout|Marabouts]], baeteledipele ba bodumedi ba makoko a a farologaneng a Bamoselema a Senegal, le bone ba nnile le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ya sepolotiki mo nageng eo segolobogolo ka nako ya fa Wade e ne e le tautona. Ka 2009, Freedom House e ne ya fokotsa maemo a Senegal go tswa go "Free" go ya go "Partially Free", go ikaegilwe ka maatla a a okeditsweng a puso. Ka 2014, e ne e setse e amogetse maemo a yona a go nna naga e e gololesegileng.<ref>"Senegal – Country report – Freedom in the World – 2014". ''Freedomhouse.org''. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2017.[https://web.archive.org/web/20141010204829/http://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/senegal-0#.VEWVY_nF-So]</ref> Ka 2008, Senegal e feditse mo maemong a bo 12 mo Ibrahim Index of African Governance[[:en:Ibrahim_Index_of_African_Governance|.Ibrahim Index ke tekanyetso]] e e akaretsang ya puso ya Aforika (e e lekanyeditsweng mo Sub-Saharan Aforika go fitlha ka 2008), e e ikaegileng ka dipalo tse di farologaneng tse di bontshang katlego e dipuso di nayang baagi ba tsone dithoto tsa botlhokwa tsa sepolotiki. Fa dinaga tsa Afrika Bokone di ne di tsenngwa mo lenaneong ka 2009, maemo a Senegal a 2008 a ne a fokodiwa go nna a bo15 (Tunisia, Egepeto le Morocco di ne di le kwa pele ga Senegal). Go tloga ka 2012, maemo a Senegal mo Ibrahim Index a fokotsegile ka ntlha e nngwe gape go ya go 16 mo dinageng di le 52 tsa Afrika. Ka 22 Tlhakole 2011, Senegal e ne ya kgaola dikamano tsa sedipolomate le Iran, e re e ne ya neela batsuolodi dibetsa tse di bolaileng masole a Senegal mo kgotlhang ya Casamance. Ditlhopho tsa mopresidente tsa 2012 di ne di na le kganetsano ka ntlha ya go itlhagisa ga Moporesitente Wade, jaaka kganetso e ne ya ganetsa gore ga a tshwanela go tsewa a tshwanelega go itlhagisa gape. Mekgatlho e le mmalwa ya kganetso ya basha, go akaretsa M23 le Y'en a Marre, e ne ya tlhagelela ka Seetebosigo 2011. Kwa bofelong, Macky Sall wa Alliance for the Republic o ne a fenya, mme Wade o ne a ineela mo go Sall. Phetogo eno ya kagiso le ya temokerasi e ne ya amogelwa ke babogedi ba le bantsi ba dinaga di sele, jaaka E jaaka pontsho ya "go gola". Ka 19 Lwetse 2012, babadi ba ne ba tlhopha go fedisa Senate go boloka madi a a fopholediwang go nna $15 million.<ref>"Senegal Votes to do Away With Senate to Save Money". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2012.[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140257/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/senegal-votes-do-away-senate-save-money]</ref> Ka Phatwe 2017, lekoko le le busang le ne la fenya ka phenyo e kgolo mo ditlhophong tsa palamente. Moporesidente Macky Sall o ne a tsaya ditulo di le 125 mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba ya ditulo di le 165.Ka 2019 mopresidente Macky Sall o ne a fenya ditlhopho tsa go tlhophiwa gape mo kgetlong la ntlha. Ka 2 Moranang 2024, motlhatlhami wa gagwe Bassirou Diomaye Faye o ne a ikana. Boeteledipele mo maitlhomong a puso ya lefatshe Senegal e ntse e le mongwe wa ba ba saenneng tumelano ya go bitsa kopano ya go kwala molaotheo wa lefatshe.Ka ntlha ya seo, ka 1968, e ne e le la ntlha mo hisetoring ya motho, lekgotla la lefatshe la dikopano le kopane go kwala le go amogela molaotheo wa lefatshe la Federation of Earth.Léopold Sédar Senghor, moporesidente wa Senegal wa nako eo o ne a saena tumalano ya go bitsa Lekgotla la Lefatshe la go Tlhoma Molao. '''Dikamano tsa kwa ntle''' Senegal e na le maemo a a kwa godimo mo mekgatlhong e mentsi ya boditšhabatšhaba mme e ne e le leloko la Khansele ya Tshireletso ya UN ka 1988 -89 le 2015 - 2016. E ne ya tlhophiwa go nna leloko la Khomišene ya Ditshwanelo tsa Botho ya Lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng ka 1997. E re ka Senegal e le tsala ya dinaga tsa Bophirima, segolobogolo ya United States, e ile ya buelela thata gore dinaga tse di tlhabologileng di thuse dinaga tsa Lefatshe le le Tlhabologang. Tona ya tsa kwa ntle ya Senegal ke Aïssata Tall Sall. O simolotse tiro ka Ngwanatsele 2020. Go ya ka hisetori, Senegal e ntse e le gaufi le Fora, e e kileng ya nna kolone ya yone, mme seno se bakile kgotlhang e kgolo le batho mme e ne e le lengwe la mabaka a a dirileng gore Moporesitente wa pele Macky Sall a latlhegelwe ke tshegetso. Ba-Senegal ba ne ba tlhola ba ngongorega ka gore Sall o ne a tlhola a fa dikhampani tsa Mafora dikonteraka tsa go ntsha metswedi ya tlholego ya Senegal go na le go fa dikonteraka go mongwe le mongwe yo o neng a ka fa Senegal tharabololo e e gaisang. Gape ba ne ba dumela gore Fora e ne e pateletsa Macky Sall gore a tsenele paka ya boraro e e sa dumalaneng le molaotheo. Morago ga go ngangisana ka gore a a ka tsenela lekgetlo la boraro ka dikgwedi, Sall ga a ka a dira jalo. Senegal e na le dikamano tse di siameng le baagisani ba yone. Le fa go na le kgatelopele e e bonalang sentle mo dintlheng tse dingwe le Mauritania (tshireletso ya melelwane, tsamaiso ya metswedi, go kopanngwa ga ikonomi, jalo le jalo), go fopholediwa gore go na le batshabi ba le 35 000 ba Mauritanian (ba ba fopholediwang go 40 000 ba ba neng ba kobiwa kwa nageng ya bone ka 1989) ba sala kwa Senegal. Dikamano tsa Morocco-Senegal le tsona di ne di le botsalano, jaaka Bassirou Diomaye Faye a laletsa kgosi ya Morocco kwa moletlong wa gagwe wa go ikana ka 2024. '''Tsa sesole''' [[Setshwantsho:Landmine warning sign near Ziguinchor, Senegal.jpg|thumb|kwa Senegal]] Masole a Senegal a na le masole a ka nna 17 000 a masole, a sesole sa difofane, a sesole sa lewatle le a masole. Sesole sa Senegal se amogela bontsi jwa katiso, didirisiwa le tshegetso go tswa kwa Fora le United States, mme ka selekanyo se sennye kwa Jeremane. Go sa itshunye nko ga sesole mo dikgannyeng tsa sepolotiki go ile ga thusa gore Senegal e nne e tlhomame fa e sa le e bona boipuso. Senegal e tsere karolo mo maitekong a mantsi a boditšhabatšhaba le a kgaolo a go boloka kagiso. Bosheng jaana, ka ngwaga wa 2000, Senegal e ne ya romela setlhopha sa masole kwa Democratic Republic of Congo go ya go nna le seabe mo tirong ya United Nations ya go dira gore go nne le kagiso, e leng MONUC, mme e ne ya dumela go romela setlhopha sa masole a a thapisitsweng ke United States kwa Sierra Leone go ya go direla UNAMSIL, e leng tiro e nngwe ya lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng ya go dira gore go nne le kagiso. Ka 2015, Senegal e ne ya nna le seabe mo letsholong la sesole le le neng le eteletswe pele ke Saudi Arabia kwa Yemen kgatlhanong le Shia Houthis. == Dipopego tsa lefatshe == Senegal e kwa bophirima jwa kontinente ya Afrika. E fa gare ga latitude 12° le 17°N, le longitude 11° le 18°W. [[Setshwantsho:Senegal map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|mapa wa Senegal]] Senegal e dikologilwe ke lewatle la Atlantic go ya kwa bophirima, Mauritania go ya kwa bokone, Mali go ya kwa botlhaba, le Guinea le Guinea-Bissau go ya kwa borwa; mo teng e dikologile Gambia ka botlalo, e leng kwa bokone, botlhaba le borwa, ntle le lotshitshi lo lokhutshwane lwa Atlantic lwa Gambia. Naga ya Senegal e na le dipoa tsa motlhaba tsa kwa bophirima jwa Sahel tse di tlhatlogelang kwa tlase ga dithaba kwa borwabotlhaba. Fano gape go fitlhelwa ntlha e e kwa godimo ya Senegal, Baunez ridge e e leng 2.7 km borwabotlhaba jwa Nepen Diakha kwa 648 m (2,126 ft).Molelwane wa kwa bokone o bopiwa ke Noka ya Senegal; dinoka tse dingwe di akaretsa Noka ya Gambia le ya Casamance. Motsemogolo wa teng e leng Dakar, o kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa Cape Verde, e leng karolo e e kwa bophirima jwa kontinente ya Afrika. [[Setshwantsho:Casamance landscape.jpg|thumb|lefelo la Casamance]] Ditlhaketlhake tsa Cape Verde di dikilometara di le 560 (350 mi) go tswa kwa lotshitshing lwa Senegal, mme Cap-Vert ("Cape Green") ke lefelo la lewatle, le le kwa tlase ga "Les Mammelles", lekgotlho la dimetara di le 105 (344 ft) le le emeng kwa ntlheng e le nngwe ya Cape-Vert peninsula e go agilweng motsemogolo wa Senegal Dakar mo go yone, le 1 kilometara (0.6 mi) kwa borwa jwa "Pointe des Almadies", ntlha e e kwa bophirima jwa Afrika. Senegal e na le dikgaolo di le nne tsa ikholoji tsa lefatshe: dikgwa tsa Guinea-savanna mosaic, Sahelian Acacia savanna, West Sudan savanna, le di-mangroves tsa Guinea. 83] E ne e na le tekanyetso ya 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ya 7.11/10, e e beileng mo maemong a bo 56 lefatshe ka bophara mo dinageng di le 172. == Ikonomi == [[Setshwantsho:Map of Trans-African Highways.PNG|thumb|mapa wa '''Trans-African Highways''']] [[:en:Economy_of_Senegal|Ikonomi ya Senegal]] e tsamaisiwa ke meepo, kago, bojanala, go thaya ditlhapi le temothuo, tse e leng metswedi e megolo ya ditiro mo mafelong a magae, le fa go na le metswedi e mentsi ya tshipi, zircon, gase, gauta, di-phosphate, le go ribololwa ga oli ga bosheng. Ikonomi ya Senegal e bona bontsi jwa madi a e a amogelang go tswa kwa dinageng di sele ka ditlhapi, di-phosphate, matonkomane, bojanala le ditirelo. Jaaka nngwe ya dikarolo tse di laolang tsa ikonomi, lephata la temothuo la Senegal le tlhasetswe thata ke maemo a tikologo, jaaka go fetofetoga ga pula le phetogo ya tlelaemete, le diphetogo mo ditlhotlhweng tsa l[[:en:Commodity_market|efatshe tsa dikuno.]] [[:en:Dakar|Dakar]], toropokgolo ya maloba ya French West Africa, gape ke legae la dibanka le ditheo tse dingwe tse di direlang botlhe ba ba buang Sefora ba Afrika Bophirima, mme ke lefelo la thomelontle le dipalangwa mo kgaolong. Senegal gape e na le nngwe ya madirelo a a tlhabologileng thata a bojanala mo Afrika. Ikonomi ya Senegal e ikaegile ka thuso ya dinaga di sele. Ke leloko la World Trade Organization. Mathata a magolo a tlhabololo ya ikonomi ya naga ke bonweenwee jo bogolo le bosiamisi jo bo sa direng sentle, ditsamaiso tsa tsamaiso tse di bonya thata, le lephata la thuto le le sa atlegeng. <ref>The Economist, The African Century, March 28th 2020.</ref> '''Temothuo''' Karolo e ke nopolo go tswa mo Temothuong kwa Senegal.[edit] Barekisi ba dinawa tsa kgomo gaufi le Thies, kwa Senegal Temothuo ke nngwe ya dikarolo tse di laolang tsa ikonomi ya Senegal, le fa Senegal e le mo kgaolong ya Sahel e e nang le komelelo e e tlwaelegileng. Ka gonne ke fela bokana ka 5% ya lefatshe le le nosediwang,[citation needed] Senegal e tswelela go ikaega ka temothuo e e fepiwang ka pula. Temothuo e tsaya bokana ka 75% ya badiri. Le fa go na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya ntshokuno ya temothuo, bontsi jwa balemirui ba ntshetsa ditlhokego tsa go iphedisa. Millet, raese, mmidi le mabele ke dijalo tsa konokono tse di jewang kwa Senegal. Ntshokuno e laolwa ke komelelo le matshosetsi a disenyi tse di jaaka tsie, dinonyane, dintshi tsa maungo, le dintshi tse ditshweu.<ref> [[:en:Foreign_Agricultural_Service|This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.]]</ref>Ho feta moo, ditlamorao tsa phetoho ya tlelaemete Senegal di lebelletswe ho senya moruo wa temo haholo ka lebaka la boemo ba lehodimo bo feteletseng jwalo ka komello, hammoho le dithemphereitjha tse eketsehileng.<ref>"Senegal factsheet: Climate information and agricultural planning". ''2016report.futureclimateafrica.org''. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.</ref> Senegal ke morekisi wa dijo tsa nete, bogolosegolo tsa raese, e e emelang mo e ka nnang 75% ya dithomeloteng tsa dithollo. Matonkomane, ntšhi, le letseta ke dijalo tse di botlhokwa tsa madi, mme mefuta e e farologaneng ya maungo le merogo e jalelwa mebaraka ya selegae le ya thomelontle. Ka 2006 diromelwantle tsa gum arabic di ne tsa tlhatlogela kwa go diranta di le dimilione di le 280, mme seno sa dira gore e nne yone e e di gogang kwa pele mo go tsa temothuo. Dinawa tse ditala, tamati ya madirelo, tamati ya tšheri, magapu le mango ke dijalo tse dikgolo tsa merogo tse di dirang madi kwa Senegal. Kgaolo ya Casamance, e e kgaogantsweng le Senegal yotlhe ke Gambia, ke kgaolo e e botlhokwa e e tlhagisang temothuo, fela e e senang mafaratlhatlha kgotsa dikgolagano tsa dipalangwa go tokafatsa bokgoni jwa yona.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Agricultural_Service</ref> Le fa go sa tlhabololwe go tshwara ditlhapi ka diatla, lekala la go tshwara ditlhapi le sa ntse le le motswedi o mogolo wa ikonomi wa Senegal le le le amogelang madi a mantsi a kwa ntle. Makala a leruo le a dikgogo ga a ise a tlhabologe mme a na le bokgoni jwa go tlhabololwa, tlhabololo le kgolo. Senegal e reka bontsi jwa mashi le dikumo tsa yone tsa mashi go tswa kwa dinageng tse dingwe. Lekala le thibetswe ka ntlha ya dipholo tse di kwa tlase le dipeeletso tse di lekanyeditsweng. Tlhagiso e e ka nnang teng ya diphologolo le ditlhagiswa tsa sekgwa e kwa godimo e bile e farologane mme e ka, fa e rulagantswe sentle, e solegela balemirui ba ba humanegileng molemo kwa metseselegaeng. Le fa lekala la temothuo le amilwe ke tlhaselo ya tsie ka 2004, le tsogile mme ntshokuno yotlhe ya temothuo e solofetswe go oketsega ka 6.1% ka 2006 le 5.1% ka 2007.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Agricultural_Service</ref> '''Go tshwara ditlhapi''' Mekoro ya go tshwara ditlhapi kwa Dakar [[Setshwantsho:Yoff Beach (Dakar), Senegal 2013 (8750149526).jpg|thumb|Yoff Beach,Senegal 2013]] Senegal e na le lefelo le le kgethegileng la go tshwara ditlhapi la boleele jwa dikilometara di le 22 le le ntseng le tlolwa ka metlha mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana (go tloga ka 2014). Go ile ga fopholediwa gore batshwaraditlhapi ba naga eno ba latlhegelwa ke ditone di le 300 000 tsa ditlhapi ngwaga le ngwaga ka ntlha ya go tshwara ditlhapi go se ka fa molaong. Puso ya Senegal e lekile go laola go tshwara ditlhapi go go seng ka fa molaong go go dirwang ke dikepe tsa go tshwara ditlhapi, tse dingwe tsa tsone di kwadisitsweng kwa Russia, Mauritania, Belize le Ukraine. Ka Ferikgong 2014, sekepe sa go tshwara ditlhapi sa Russia, Oleg Naydenov, se ne sa gapiwa ke balaodi ba Senegal gaufi le molelwane wa lewatle le Guinea-Bissau.<ref>'Russia says factory ship was seized on Greenpeace's orders; Trawler held by Senegal over alleged illegal fishing' by John Vidal The Guardian (UK newspaper) 10 January 2014 page 23</ref> '''Mafolofolo''' Karolo e ke nopolo go tswa go Maatla kwa Senegal.[tseleganya] Tlhagiso ya motlakase kwa Senegal go ya ka motswedi Go tloga ka Moranang 2020, lekala la maatla kwa Senegal le na le bokgoni jo bo tsenngwang jwa dimekawate di le 1431 (MW).<ref>"Power Africa in Senegal | Power Africa". ''USAID''. 16 April 2020. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2020.</ref> Eneji e tlhagisiwa ke badirisi ba poraefete mme e rekisediwa koporasi ya eneji ya Senelec. Go ya ka pegelo ya 2020 ya Setheo sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa Maatla, Senegal e ne e na le mo e ka nnang 70% ya naga e e golagantsweng le keriti ya bosetšhaba.<ref>"Power Africa in Senegal | Power Africa". ''USAID''. 16 April 2020. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2020.</ref> Maano a ga jaana a puso a go tsenya motlakase a akaretsa dipeeletso mo marang a letsatsi a a sa diriseng keriti le kgolagano le keriti.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160519033840/https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/senegal "Power Africa in Senegal | Power Africa".] ''USAID''. 16 April 2020. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2020.</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160519033840/https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/senegal</ref> Bontsi jwa tlhagiso ya maatla e tswa mo ditukising tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng, bontsi jwa tsone e le disele le gase (733 ya 864 MW).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160519033840/https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/senegal</ref> Palo e e oketsegang ya tlhagiso ya maatla e tswa mo metsweding e e tswelelang pele, e e jaaka Letamo la Manantali kwa Mali le polasi e ntšha ya phefo kwa Thiès e e neng ya bulwa ka 2020—le fa go ntse jalo, e sa ntse e le karolo e nnye ya tlhagiso yotlhe. Le fa go nnile le koketsego ya tlhagiso ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010, ikonomi e kgorelediwa gangwe le gape ke tlhaelo ya maatla fa e bapisiwa le tlhokego. == Dipalopalo == Setlhogo se segolo: Dipalopalo tsa Senegal Baagi ba Senegal go tloga ka 1960 go ya go 2017 (ka dimilione) Senegal e na le baagi ba ka nna dimilione di le 18, mme mo e ka nnang diperesente di le 42 tsa bone ba nna kwa metseselegaeng. Kitlano mo mafelong ano e farologana go tswa go baagi ba ka nna 77 mo sekwere sa kilometara (200/sq mi) mo kgaolong ya bophirima-bogare go ya go ba le 2 mo sekwere sa kilometara (5.2/sq mi) mo karolong e e omileng ya botlhaba. == Metswedi == <references /> 9nqqcopyvlfz4gaiz2j9hdwyfz554l1 0 10195 57035 38990 2026-11-08T02:18:32Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | area_km2 = 110,860<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/#geography|title=Cuba|date=20 February 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=14 February 2025|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812170744/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/#geography|url-status=dead}}</ref> | conventional_long_name = Republic of Cuba | common_name = Cuba | native_name = | image_flag = Flag of Cuba.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Cuba.svg | alt_coat = A shield in front of a Fasces crowned by the Phrygian Cap, all supported by an oak branch and a laurel wreath | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{lang|es|[[Patria o Muerte, Venceremos]]}}<br />("Homeland or Death, We Shall Overcome!"){{lower|0.2em|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bc.gob.cu/english/cuban_bills.asp |title=Cuban Peso Bills |publisher=Central Bank of Cuba |year=2015 |access-date=14 February 2025 |archive-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926193856/http://www.bc.gob.cu/English/cuban_bills.asp}}</ref><!--end lower:-->}} | national_anthem = {{lang|es|[[La Bayamesa]]}}<br />{{raise|0.2em|("The Bayamo Song"){{lower|0.2em|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mipais.cuba.cu/cat_en.php?idcat=91&idpadre=83&nivel=2 |title=National symbols |publisher=Government of Cuba |access-date=14 February 2025 |archive-date=15 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115200948/http://mipais.cuba.cu/cat_en.php?idcat=91&idpadre=83&nivel=2 |url-status=live }}</ref><!--end lower:-->}}<!--end raise:-->}}<br />{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Cuban national anthem (abridged version), performed by the U.S. Navy Band.oga]]}} | image_map = CUB orthographic.svg | map_caption = Cuba, a supilwe ka mmala wa botala jwa tlhaga jo bo gateletseng | capital = [[Havana]] | coordinates = {{coord|23|8|N|82|23|W|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Cuban Spanish|Spanish]] | languages2 = [[Haitian Creole]]<br/>English<br/>[[Lucumí language|Lucumí]]<br/>[[Galician language|Galician]]<br/>[[Corsican language|Corsican]] | languages2_type = Dipuo tse dingwe | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 64.12% [[White Cubans|White]] | 26.62% [[Multiracial people|Mixed]] | 9.26% [[Afro-Cubans|Afro-Cuban]] }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2012 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |58.9% [[Christianity in Cuba|Christianity]] |23.2% [[Irreligion in Latin America|no religion]] |17.6% [[folk religion]]s |0.3% other}} 2020 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/|title=Cuba – The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|date=6 October 2021|access-date=14 February 2025|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812170744/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | government_type = Unitary [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] one-party [[socialist state|socialist republic]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2019 |title=Constitution of Cuba |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Cuba_2019.pdf?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228032123/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Cuba_2019.pdf?lang=en |archive-date=2020-02-28 |access-date=14 february 2025 | publisher=National Assembly of People's Power|website=constituteproject.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/Voices/2019/10/04/New-Cuban-leadership-reflects-a-rebranding-of-Castro-dictatorship/2661570190990/ | title=New Cuban leadership reflects a rebranding of Castro dictatorship | access-date=11 February 2024 | archive-date=4 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604154206/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/Voices/2019/10/04/New-Cuban-leadership-reflects-a-rebranding-of-Castro-dictatorship/2661570190990/ | url-status=live }}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[President of Cuba|President]] and [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba|First Secretary]]{{efn|The most powerful political position is [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba]], not [[President of Cuba|President]]. The first secretary controls the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba|Politburo]] and the [[Secretariat of the Communist Party of Cuba|Secretariat]], Cuba's top decision-making bodies, making the officeholder ''de facto'' leader of Cuba.}} | population_density_km2 = 90.7 }} Lefatshe la '''Cuba''', le le tlhomamisitsweng semmuso ka leina la '''Republic of Cuba''', ke lefatshe la setlhaketlhake, le le dikaganyeditsweng ke ditlhaketlhake tse dingwe di akaretsa se setona sa Island of Cuba, Isla de la Juventud le tse dingwe tse dinnye. Lefatshe le le kwa bokopanong jwa lewatle la Carribean, [[Gulf of Mexico]] le Atlantic Ocean. Le kwa botlhaba jwa [[:en:Yucatán_Peninsula|Yucatan Peninsula]], kwa borwa jwa [[Florida]] le [[Bahamas]], bophirima jwa Hispaniola (Haiti/Dominican Republic), le bokone jwa lefatshe la mafatshe a [[Jamaica]] le [[Cayman Islands]]. Toropokgolo ya lone ke [[Havana]]. Lefatshe la Cuba le sala morago la [[Haiti]] le la [[Dominican Republic]] mo bontsing jwa palo ya batho, se se dira gore e nne lone la boraro kwa [[Carribean]] ka banni ba le di milione di le lesome. Ke lone lefatshe le letona go feta a mangwe ka sephara kwa Carribean. Lefelo le e leng Cuba gompieno, le sale le nna le banni go simolola ka dingwaga tse di dikete tse nne pele ga Keresete. Batho ba ditso tsa [[:en:Guanahatabey|Guanahatabey]] le [[:en:Taino|Taino]] ba thibeletse kwa lefatsheng le ka nako ya puso ya Spain diketekete tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng. Lefatshe le le tsere boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1902, morago ga go busiwa ke la [[USA|United States]] fa le sena go fenya ntwa gareng ga lone le la Spain le e leng lone le neng le busa Cuba pele. Ka ngwaga wa 1940, lefatshe la Cuba le ne la simolola molaomotheo o mosha, mme ga nna le dikgoberego tsa sepolotiki ka ngwaga wa 1952, mo go nneng ga salwa morago ke puso ya kgatelelo ya ga [[:en:Fulgencio_Batista|Fulgencio Batista]]. Puso ya ga Batista e ne ya phatlaladiwa ka ngwaga wa 1959, kgwedi ya Firikgong, e phatlaladiwa ke mokgatlho wa [[:en:26th_of_July_Movement|26th of July Movement.]] Phetogo e e ne ya tsisa molao wa puso ya ga [[:en:Fidel_Castro|Fidel Castro.]] Lefatshe la Cuba le na puso e e gatelelang, e go sa letlelelweng polotiki ya kganetso.<ref>[[:en:Steven_Levitsky|Levitsky, Steven]]; Way, Lucan A. (16 August 2010). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=NZDI05p1PDgC&pg=PA361&redir_esc=y Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War]''. [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press]]. pp. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|361–363. ISBN <bdi>978-1-139-49148-8</bdi>.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230409052842/https://books.google.com/books?id=NZDI05p1PDgC&pg=PA361 Archived] from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</ref><ref>Lachapelle, Jean; Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A.; Casey, Adam E. (2020). "[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/social-revolution-and-authoritarian-durability/B62A931E63978E8B8466225EC123D2A9 Social Revolution and Authoritarian Durability]". ''[[:en:World_Politics|World Politics]]''. '''72''' (4): 557–600. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/766945 10.1017/S0043887120000106]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0043-8871 0043-8871.] [[:en:Semantic_Scholar#S2CID|S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Social-Revolution-and-Authoritarian-Durability-Lachapelle-Levitsky/2ad11f3dab426757f92915179c23faf30a7e9884 225096277]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220121122958/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/social-revolution-and-authoritarian-durability/B62A931E63978E8B8466225EC123D2A9 Archived] from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</ref> Metswedi ya dikgang e e ikemetseng ga e letlelelwe<ref>Stein, Elizabeth Ann (2016). [https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-35 "Information and Civil Unrest in Dictatorships"]. ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics''. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-35 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.35]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022863-7|<bdi>978-0-19-022863-7</bdi>.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210806171105/https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-35 Archived] from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</ref> <ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2016/03/six-facts-about-censorship-in-cuba/ "Six facts about censorship in Cuba"]. Amnesty International. 11 March 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221011094221/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2016/03/six-facts-about-censorship-in-cuba/ Archived] from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</ref><ref>"[https://index.rsf.org/#!/index-details/CUB Press Freedom Index 2015]" [https://web.archive.org/web/20150827202105/http://index.rsf.org/#!/index-details/CUB Archived] 27 August 2015 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine,]] Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</ref>mme ebile dikgang di a sekasekwa pele gadi ka gatisiwa; lekgotla la Reporters Without Borders le supile fa lefatshe la Cuba e le lengwe la mafatshe a a sa siamang fa go tla mo go gololesegeng ga metswedi ya dikgang.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221403/http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/cl_en_2008.pdf "Press Freedom Index 2008"] (PDF). Reporters Without Borders. 2008. Archived from [https://rsf.org/en the original] (PDF) on 3 March 2009.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160419161741/http://index.rsf.org/#!/index-details/CUB "Press Freedom Index 2015"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150827202105/http://index.rsf.org/#!/index-details/CUB Archived] 27 August 2015 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine,]] Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</ref> Ka lotso lefatshe la Cuba le ka supiwa fa e le bontlha bongwe jwa Latin America. Ke leloko la United Nations, [[:en:Group_of_77|G77]], [[:en:Non-Aligned_Movement|Non-Aligned Movement]], [[:en:Organisation_of_African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_States|Organisation of African, Carribean and Pacific States]], [[:en:ALBA|ALBA]] le [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States.]] Itsholelo ya lone e ikaegile ka lekalana la bojanala, thekiso ya boitseanape, sukiri, motsoko le kofi. Lefatshe le, le ne le dira bontle thata mo go tsa thuto,<ref>"[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/comandante-pre-castro-cuba/ Pre-Castro Cuba | American Experience]". PBS. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210722110826/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/comandante-pre-castro-cuba/ Archived] from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</ref><ref>Greenberg, Jon (24 February 2020). "[https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/feb/24/bernie-sanders/sanders-correct-cuba-literacy-campaign-skimps-prop/ Fact-checking Bernie Sanders' claim on Cuba literacy under Castro]". ''[[:en:PolitiFact|PolitiFact]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210720000408/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/feb/24/bernie-sanders/sanders-correct-cuba-literacy-campaign-skimps-prop/ Archived] from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2025</ref> kgonagalo ya go tshela ga masea morago ga pelegi, le sebaka se batho ba tshelang ka sone, fa le tshwantshanngwa le a mangwe mo kgaolong e. Lefatshe la Cuba le na le lenaneo la botsogo le le karetsang batho botlhe ebile le netefatsa gore banni botlhe ba lone ba bona ditlamelo tsa botsogo ba sa di duelele sepe<ref>Geloso, Vincent; Pavlik, Jamie Bologna (1 April 2021). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014498320300784 "The Cuban revolution and infant mortality: A synthetic control approach"]. [[:en:Explorations_in_Economic_History|''Explorations in Economic History''.]] '''80''': 101376. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0014498320300784 10.1016/j.eeh.2020.101376]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0014-4983 0014-4983]. [[:en:Semantic_Scholar#S2CID|S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Cuban-Revolution-and-Infant-Mortality%3A-A-Pavlik-Geloso/4f7d47e20462f124d55f2b56b4a58b9796bfc6bb 229073336.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210720000409/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014498320300784 Archived] from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</ref><ref>[[:en:Glenn_Kessler_(journalist)|Kessler, Glenn]] (1 December 2016). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/12/01/justin-trudeaus-claim-that-castro-made-significant-improvements-to-cuban-health-care-and-education/ "Justin Trudeau's claim that Castro made 'significant improvements' to Cuban health care and education"]. [[:en:The_Washington_Post|''The Washington Post''.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200417102506/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/12/01/justin-trudeaus-claim-that-castro-made-significant-improvements-to-cuban-health-care-and-education/ Archived] from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</ref>; le ntswa dikgwetlho di akaretsa dituelo tse dikwa tlase tsa dingaka, go tlhoka go itekanela ga dikago, letlhoko la didirisiwa le go tlhoka go nna teng ga melemo.<ref>Editorial (16 May 2015). "[https://www.economist.com/leaders/2015/05/16/be-more-libre Be more libre]". ''The Economist''. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</ref><ref>The Committee Office, House of Commons (28 March 2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130821213607/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200001/cmselect/cmhealth/30/30ap91.htm "Cuban Health Care Systems and its implications for the NHS Plan]". Select Committee on Health. [http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200001/cmselect/cmhealth/30/30ap91.htm Archived] from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</ref> Patlisiso e e dirilweng ke ba Cuban Observatory of Human Rights (OCDH) ka ngwaga wa 2023, e akanyetsa fa 88% ya banni ba tshelela o lehumeng la nta ya tlhogo.<ref>[https://derechossocialescuba.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/ODS6_EN.pdf The State of Social Rights in Cuba: VI Report 2023"] (PDF). Observatorio Cubano de Derechos Humanos (OCDH). 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231005132152/https://derechossocialescuba.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/ODS6_EN.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</ref> Dijo tsa setso di tshwentse ba le bantsi ka jaana di sena dikotla ebile di le mofuta o mongwe fela. Jaaka go supilwe ke lephata la United Nations la [[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme]] (WFP), dijo tse di lekanyeditsweng di lekana bontlha bongwe fela jwa dijo tse di tlhokafalang, se se baka makoa.<ref>[https://www.14ymedio.com/cuba/informe-onu-senala-cubanos-malnutricion_1_1095543.html "Un informe de la ONU señala que los cubanos de 14 a 60 años sufren de malnutrición".] ''14ymedio'' (in Spanish). 5 April 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2024.</ref> == Tlholego == Baitseanape ba ditso ba dumela fa leina la Cuba le tswa mo puong ya Taino; mme le fa go ntse jalo, kwa le tlholegang teng ga go itsagale.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Cuba/Cultural-institutions#toc129488 "Cuba – Cultural institutions | history – geography".] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. p. 11. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170818052221/https://www.britannica.com/place/Cuba/Cultural-institutions#toc129488 Archived] from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</ref> Se leina le le se rayang ga go itsewe, mme le ka ranolwa ele 'kwa go leng bongola teng;<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090219192148/http://alfredcarrada.org/notes8.html "Alfred Carrada – The Dictionary of the Taino Language".] ''alfredcarrada.org''. Archived from [https://alfredcarrada.org/notes8.html the original] on 14 February 2025.</ref> kgotsa 'lefelo le le siameng thata'. == Ditso == === Pele ga puso ya Columbia === Batho ba thibeletse kwa Cuba dingwaga di le dikete tse thataro tse di fetileng, ba tswa kwa bokone jwa South America le kwa legareng la America.<ref name=":0">Fernandes, Daniel M.; Sirak, Kendra A.; Ringbauer, Harald; Sedig, Jakob; Rohland, Nadin; Cheronet, Olivia; Mah, Matthew; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Culleton, Brendan J.; Adamski, Nicole; Bernardos, Rebecca; Bravo, Guillermo; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kimberly (4 February 2021). "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7864882/ A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean"]. ''Nature''. '''590''' (7844): 103–110. [[:en:Bibcode|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.590..103F 2021Natur.590..103F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-03053-2 10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2.] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0028-0836 0028-0836.] [[:en:PubMed_Central#PMCID|PMC]] [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7864882/ 7864882]. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33361817/ 33361817.]</ref> Go goroga ga batho kwa Cuba go ne ga baka go nyelela ga diphologolo tse di neng di tlholega koo, bogolo jang diphologotswana tse di bidiwang 'sloths'. Batho ba teme ya [[:en:Arawakan_languages|Arawakan]], ba e leng bomogolwagolwane batho ba lotso lwa Taino, ba gorogile mo lefelong le ba tswa borwa jwa America dingwaga di ka nna sekete le makgolo a marataro tse di fetileng. Fa ba tshwantshwangwa le bathibeledi ba pele, batho ba lotso lwa Taino ba ne ba bopa ebile ba lema.<ref name=":0" /> Ditshupo tsa ntlha tsa go nna teng ga batho ba Taino kwa Cuba ke tsa di century di robabongwe morago ga loso lwa ga keresete. Ditlogolwana tsa banni ba pele ba kwa Cuba ba ne ba tswelella ba ya go tsena kwa bophirima jwa setlhaketlhake go fitlhelela ba tsena kwa Columbia kwa ba neng ba bidiwa batho ba lotso lwa [[:en:Guanahatabey|Guanahatabey]] ba e neng e le batsumi baphuthi.<ref name=":0" /> === Puso le ketelelopele ke lefatshe la Spain (1492 - 1898) === Morago ga go gorogela kwa setlhaketlhakeng se se neng se bidiwa [[:en:Guanahani|Guanahani]] ka ngwaga wa 1492, kgwedi ya Phalane e le lesome le bobedi ga ga [[:en:Christopher_Columbus|Christopher Columbus]], o ne a goroga mo Cuba ka ngwaga wa 1942, Phalane a le masome a mabedi le bosupa, mme a goroga kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa bokone botlhaba ka letsatsi le le latelang. Columbus o ne a tlhoma setlhaketlhake se go nna bogosi jwa Spain mme a se bitsa Isla Juana (John's Island) a se reelela ka leina la ga [[:en:John,_Prince_of_Asturias|John, kgosana ya kwa Asturias]]. [[Setshwantsho:DiegoVelazquezCuellar.jpg|left|thumb|Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar]] Ka ngwaga wa 1511, [[:en:Diego_Velázquez_de_Cuéllar|Diego Velazquez de Cuellar]] o ne a tlhoma manno a batho ba Spain kwa [[:en:Baracoa|Baracoa]]. Manno a mangwe a ne a sala morago a akaretsa [[:en:Havana|San Cristobal de la Habana]] le le simolodisitsweng ka ngwa wa 1514 mme morago ya nna toropokgolo ka ngwaga wa 1607. == Metswedi == bowue46o0qbhs77gn8rvcc4g2hn2zkm 0 10278 57057 39092 2026-11-08T08:46:54Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Federal Republic of Nigeria | common_name = Nigeria | native_name = {{smalldiv|{{unbulleted list|{{native name|ha|Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya}} |{{native name|ig|Ọ̀hàńjíkọ̀ Ọ̀hànézè Naìjíríyà}}|{{native name|yo|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìniira Àpapọ̀ Nàìjíríà}}}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Nigeria.svg | flag_size = 130 | image_coat = Coat of arms of Nigeria.svg | coa_size = 90 | national_motto = "Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress" | national_anthem = "[[Nigeria, We Hail Thee]]" <div style="padding-top:0.5em;"class="centre">[[File:Nigeria national anthem Nigeria, We hail thee midi.mid]]</div> | image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Nigeria (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Nigeria AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = [[Abuja]] | coordinates = {{coord|9|4|N|7|29|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Lagos]] | official_languages = [[English language|English]] | languages_type = [[National languages]] | languages = {{hlist|[[Hausa language|Hausa]]|[[Igbo language|Igbo]]|[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]}} | languages2_type = [[Regional languages]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=ng |title=Languages of Nigeria |publisher=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=12 September 2010 |archive-date=15 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915183101/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=NG |url-status=live }}</ref> | languages2 = Over [[Languages of Nigeria|525 languages]]<ref>{{cite book|title=An Atlas Of Nigerian Languages|last=Blench|first=Roger|publisher=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation|year=2014|location=Oxford}}</ref> | demonym = [[Nigerians|Nigerian]] | government_type = Federal [[presidential republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Nigeria|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Bola Tinubu]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Nigeria|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Kashim Shettima]] | leader_title3 = [[President of the Senate of Nigeria|Senate President]] | leader_name3 = [[Godswill Akpabio]] | leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria|House Speaker]] | leader_name4 = [[Tajudeen Abbas]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of Nigeria|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = [[Kudirat Kekere-Ekun]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Nigeria)|National Assembly]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Nigeria|Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|House of Representatives]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Nigeria|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from the [[British Empire|United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Northern Nigeria Protectorate]] | established_date1 = 1 January 1900 | established_event2 = [[Southern Nigeria Protectorate]] | established_date2 = 1 January 1900 | established_event3 = [[Colonial Nigeria|Unification of Nigeria]] | established_date3 = 1 January 1914 | established_event4 = [[Federation of Nigeria|Declared independent as a sovereign state]] | established_date4 = 1 October 1960 | established_event5 = [[Nigerian First Republic|Became a republic]] | established_date5 = 1 October 1963 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Nigeria|Current constitution]] | established_date6 = 29 May 1999 | area_km2 = 923,769 | area_rank = 31st | area_sq_mi = 356,667 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = 1.4 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 236,747,130<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Nigeria|year=2025}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 6th | population_density_km2 = 249.8 | population_density_sq_mi = 647 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = 42nd | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.443 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.NG">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=694,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Nigeria) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016041349/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=694,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_rank = 27th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $6,340<ref name="IMFWEO.NG" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 142nd | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $252.738 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.NG" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_rank = 53rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $1,110<ref name="IMFWEO.NG" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 167th | Gini = 35.1 <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = 2020 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty and Inequality Index |url=https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/download/1092 |access-date=8 June 2020 |website=National Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413210925/https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/download/1092 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.548 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=19 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 161st | currency = [[Nigerian naira|Naira]] (₦) | currency_code = NGN | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | utc_offset = +01:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = right<ref>{{cite web |author=Akinbode, Ayomide |title=Why Nigeria changed from Right-Hand Drive to Left-Hand Drive in 1972 |url=https://www.thehistoryville.com/nigeria-left-hand-drive-right-hand-drive/ |website=thehistoryville.com |quote=The terms 'right- and left-hand drive' refer to the position of the driver in the vehicle and are the reverse of the terms 'right- and left-hand traffic'. |date=2 April 2019 |access-date=9 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192243/https://www.thehistoryville.com/nigeria-left-hand-drive-right-hand-drive/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Nigeria|+234]] | cctld = [[.ng]] | today = | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="Africa: Nigeria">{{cite web |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/ |access-date=21 June 2020 |title=Africa: Nigeria |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2018 | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * 30% [[Hausa people|Hausa]] * 15.5% [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] * 15.2% [[Igbo people|Igbo]] * 6% [[Fula people|Fulani]] * 2.4% [[Tiv people|Tiv]] * 2.4% [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] * 1.8% [[Ibibio people|Ibibio]] * 1.8% [[Ijaw people|Ijaw]] * 19.9% [[List of ethnic groups in Nigeria|other]] }} | religion = <!--There's a consensus against including religious figures due to a lack of actual official data from the government, and different estimates from different sources keep leading to editwars.--> | religion_year = | religion_ref = }} Lefatshe la '''Nigeria''', le le tlhomamisitsweng semmuso ka leina la '''Federal Republic of Nigeria''', ke lefatshe le le kwa bophirima jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]].<ref>[https://nigeriaembassygermany.org/about-nigeria.htm "About Nigeria".] ''nigeriaembassygermany.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231015033706/https://nigeriaembassygermany.org/about-nigeria.htm Archived] from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2025</ref> Le fa gare ga kgaolo ya [[Sahel]] kwa bokone, le [[Gulf of Guinea]] mo lewatleng la [[Atlantic]] kwa borwa. Lefatshe le le bophara jwa dikhilomithara di le dikete di fle makgolo a ferabongwe, masome a mabedi le boraro, makgolo a supa, masome a marataro le boferabongwe. Le na le palo ya batho ba feta makgolo a mabedi le masome a mararo a dimilione, ke lone lefatshe le le nang le palo ya batho ba bantsi go feta mafatshe otlhe mo Aforika, mme ele la borataro mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Lefatshe la Nigeria le kopanetse molelwane le la [[Niger]] kwa bokone, la [[Chad]] kwa bokone botlhaba, [[Cameroon]] kwa botlhaba le [[Benin]] kwa bophirima. Lefatshe la Nigeria le na le dikgaolo di le masome a mararo le borataro le toropokgolo [[Abuja]]. Toropo e kgolo mo Nigeria go ya ka palo ya batho ke ya [[Lagos]], e e leng yone e kgolo mo Aforika ebile e le nngwe ya tse dikgolo mo lefatsheng ka kakaretso. Lefatshe la Nigeria ke legae la dingwao tse di farologaneng, dikgaolo tse di saleng di nna teng pele ga go busiwa ke mafatshe a mangwe le magosi a a saleng a nna teng pele ga meleniamo wa bobedi pele ga ga Keresete. Bogosi jwa [[:en:Hausa_Kingdoms|Hausa]] bo ne bo nna kwa bokone, fa jwa [[:en:Edo_people|Edo]] bo nnile kwa borwa, ba [[:en:Igbo_people|Igbo]] bone ba nna kwa bokone-botlhaba. Kwa borwa-bophirima, ba [[:en:Oyo_Empire|Oyo]] ba sala morago ba morafe wa [[:en:Yoruba_people|Yoruba]]. Kgaolo e Nigeria e leng mo go yone gompieno e ne e le legae la dikgaolo tsa ditoropo. <ref>Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M. (2022). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=gQ5YEAAAQBAJ&dq=info:QQoBnb_okD4J:scholar.google.com/&pg=PA136&redir_esc=y ''The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian History''.] Oxford University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-005009-2|<bdi>978-0-19-005009-2</bdi>.]]</ref> Lefatshe la Nigeria le na le dikgaolo di le dintsi, le nniwa ke merafe e feta makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano e bua diteme di le makgolo a matlhano, yotlhe e na le dingwao tse di farologaneng.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/africa-jan-june07-ethnic_04-05 "Ethnicity in Nigeria"]. PBS. 5 April 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171006235712/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/africa-jan-june07-ethnic_04-05/ Archived] from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2025.</ref> <ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG/ "Nigeria"]. ''Ethnologue''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210227084603/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG Archived] from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2025.</ref><ref>Pereltsvaig, Asya (16 June 2011). [https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html "Linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe – Languages Of The World"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155945/http://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html Archived] from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2025.</ref>Merafe e meraro e metona ke ya Hausa kwa bokone, Yoruba kwa bophirima le Igbo kwa botlhaba, yotlhe e le 60% wa batho botlhe ba lefatshe le.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200923163518/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/attachments/summaries/NI-summary.pdf "Nigeria – CIA World Factbook 2019"] (PDF). Archived from [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/attachments/summaries/NI-summary.pdf the original] (PDF) on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2025.</ref> Puo e e tlhomamisitsweng ke ya sekgoa, e le yone e e tlhophilweng go gokaganya batho lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>Mann, Charles C. (1990). "[https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED397681.pdf Choosing an Indigenous Official Language for Nigeria"] (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201202033702/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED397681.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2025.</ref> Molaomotheo wa Nigeria o netefatsa gore go nne le kgololesego ya ditumelo,<ref>[http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Powers_of_Federal_Republic_of_Nigeria "Nigerian Constitution"]. ''Nigeria Law''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160525192058/http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Powers_of_Federal_Republic_of_Nigeria Archived] from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2025.</ref> mme ebile ke legae la bontsi jwa batho ba tumelo ya Islam le baKeresete.<ref>[https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/ "The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations"]. ''Pew Research Center''. April 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210118120245/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/ Archived] from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2025.</ref> Lefatshe la Nigeria le kgaogantswe ka bogare gareng ga ma Muslim ba ba nnang kwa bokone le BaKeresete ba ba nnang kwa borwa; ditumelo tsa mo gae tsa ba merafe ya Igbo le Yoruba, di na le dipalonyana di se kae fela.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201018101915/https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Nigeria%20overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf "Nigeria Fact Sheet"] (PDF). United States Embassy in Nigeria. Archived from [https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Nigeria%20overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf the original] (PDF) on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2025.</ref> Lefatshe la Nigeria le bidiwa mogaka wa Aforika ke banni ba lone ka ntlha ya palo ya batho ba lone le itsholelo ya lone,<ref>"Nigeria: The African giant". [[:en:The_Round_Table_(journal)|''The Round Table''.]] '''50''' (197): 55–63. 1959. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00358535908452221 10.1080/00358535908452221]. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0035-8533 0035-8533.]</ref> ba lekgotla la [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] ba le supa fa e le mmaraka o o solofetsang, Nigeria ke leloko la [[African Union]] le makgotla a mangwe a akaretsa [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations,]] [[:en:Commonwealth_of_Nations|Commonwealth of Nations]], [[:en:Non-Aligned_Movement|NAM]],<ref>[https://www.nti.org/education-center/treaties-and-regimes/non-aligned-movement-nam/ "Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) – The Nuclear Threat Initiative".] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211019023811/https://www.nti.org/education-center/treaties-and-regimes/non-aligned-movement-nam/ Archived] from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2025.</ref> [[:en:ECOWAS|Economic Community of West African States]], [[:en:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation|Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] le la [[:en:OPEC|OPEC.]] == Tlholego == Leina la Nigeria le tswa mo leineng la [[:en:Niger_River|noka ya Niger]] e e ralalang lefatshe le. Leina le le ne la bewa ka ngwaga wa 1897,Firikgong a le malatsi a ferabobedi, le bewa ke mmega dikgang wa kwa Britain ebong [[:en:Flora_Shaw,_Lady_Lugard|Flora Shaw]]. Lefatshe la baagisanyi la Republic of Niger le lone le tsaya leina la lone mo nokeng e. Ditso tsa leina la Niger ga di itsiwe. Go belaesega e le go fetolwa ga leina la puo ya [[:en:Tuareg_people|Tuareg]] le le neng le dirisiwa ke banni ba ba bapileng le noka gaufi le [[:en:Timbuktu|Timbukhu]] pele ga puso ya maYuropa.<ref>The Arabic name ''nahr al-anhur'' is a direct translation of the Tuareg.</ref><ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/Niger "''Online Etymological Dictionary''"]. Etymonline.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170702152902/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Niger Archived] from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2025.</ref> pele ga Flora Shaw a akanyetsa leina le, maina a mangwe a a neng a kakantsho e ne e le Royal Niger Company Territories, Central Sudan, Niger Empire, Niger Sudan le Hausa Territories.<ref>Kperogi, Farooq A. [https://www.farooqkperogi.com/2019/04/natasha-h-akpotis-wildly-inaccurate.html?m=1 "Natasha H. Akpoti's Wildly Inaccurate History of Nigeria".] ''Notes From Atlanta''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230811040153/https://www.farooqkperogi.com/2019/04/natasha-h-akpotis-wildly-inaccurate.html?m=1 Archived] from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == sd709st3a2ysxgt97oj4xptryg835yb 0 10279 57054 56984 2026-11-08T07:11:47Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Mali | common_name = Mali | native_name = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:85%; |title = {{resize|1.0 em|Official names}} | {{Infobox | subbox=yes | bodystyle=font-size:77%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Bambara language|Bambara]]: | data1 = {{lang|bm|Mali ka Fasojamana / ߡߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/NkoOfficiel |title=Académie N'Ko Mali ߡߊ߰ߟߌ ߒߞߏ ߟߏ߲ߞߏ߫ ߘߎ߲ߓߎ |website=Twitter.com |author=Académie N’Ko Mali |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514112858/https://twitter.com/NkoOfficiel|archive-date=14 May 2022 |access-date=14 May 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | rowclass2 = mergedrow | label3 = [[Hassaniya]]: | data3 = {{lang|mey|جُمْهُورِيَّةْ مَالِي ({{lang|mey-Latn|Jumhūriyyet Māli}})}} | label2 = [[Fula language|Fula]]: | data2 = {{lang|ff|Republik bu Maali / 𞤈𞤫𞤨𞤵𞤦𞤤𞤭𞤳 𞤦𞤵 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭}} | rowclass3 = mergedrow | rowclass4 = mergedrow | label4 = [[Soninke language|Soninke]]: | data4 = {{lang|snk|Mali Tɔgɔbadugu}} | rowclass5 = mergedrow | label5 = [[Tamasheq languages|Tamasheq]]: | data5 = {{lang|taq-Latn|Tagduda n Mali}} / {{lang|taq|ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ}} | label6 = [[Songhai language|Songhai]]: | data6 = {{lang|ses-Latn|Mali Laamaa}}}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Mali.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Mali.svg | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Un peuple, un but, une foi"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br/>{{native phrase|bm|"Mɔgɔ kelen, laɲini kelen, dannaya kelen"}}<br/>"One people, one goal, one faith" | national_anthem = {{native name|fr|"[[Le Mali]]"|italic=no|nolink=on}}{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Malian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Mali (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Mali AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | capital = [[Bamako]] | coordinates = {{Coord|12|39|N|8|0|W|type:city}} | largest_city = Bamako | official_languages = {{nowrap|'''[[Languages of Mali|13 national languages]]'''<ref name="Lingua 2023">{{cite web |url=https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf |title=JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION |date=22 July 2023 |website=sgg-mali.ml |access-date=26 July 2023 |quote=Article 31 : Les langues nationales sont les langues officielles du Mali. |trans-quote=Article 31: The national languages are the official languages of Mali. |lang=fr |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808203503/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LangNat">{{cite web |url=https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2017/mali-jo-2017-39.pdf |title=JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2017-0735/P-RM DU 21 AOUT 2017 FIXANT L'ORGANISATION ET LES MODALITES DE FONCTIONNEMENT DES STRUCTURES DE L'EDUCATION NON FORMELLE |date=21 August 2017 |website=sgg-mali.ml |access-date=21 October 2023 |quote=Selon la Loi n°96- 049 du 23 août 1996, les langues nationales du Mali sont : (...) |trans-quote=According to Law No. 96-049 of 23 August 1996, the national languages of Mali are: (...) |lang=fr |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803235822/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2017/mali-jo-2017-39.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}} {{plainlist| * [[Bambara language|Bambara]] * [[Bobo language|Bobo]] * [[Hassaniya Arabic]] * [[Bozo language|Bozo]] * [[Escarpment Dogon|Dogon, Toro So]] * [[Fula language|Fula]] * [[Kassonke language|Kassonke]] * [[Maninka language|Maninke]] * [[Minyanka language|Minyanka]] * [[Senara language|Senufo, Senara]] * [[Koyraboro Senni|Songhay, Koyraboro Senni]] * [[Soninke language|Soninke]] * [[Tamasheq language|Tamasheq]] }} | languages_type = [[Working language]] | languages = {{unbulleted list|[[French language|French]] (de facto)<ref name="French">{{cite web |url=https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf |title=JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION |date=22 July 2023 |website=sgg-mali.ml |access-date=26 July 2023 |quote=Article 31 : Le français est la langue de travail. L’Etat peut adopter toute autre langue comme langue de travail. |trans-quote=Article 31: French is the working language. The State may adopt any other language as its working language. |lang=fr |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808203503/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | demonym = [[Demographics of Mali|Malian]] | area_km2 = 1,240,192 | area_rank = 23rd | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 33.3% [[Bambara people|Bambara]] | 13.3% [[Fula people|Fula]] | 9.6% [[Soninke people|Soninke]] | 9.6% [[Senufo people|Senufo]] / [[Bwa people|Bwa]] | 8.8% [[Mandinka people|Malinke]] | 8.7% [[Dogon people|Dogon]] | 5.9% [[Songhai people|Songhai]] | 3.5% [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] | 2.1% [[Bobo people|Bobo]] | 4.5% [[Demographics of Mali#Ethnic groups|other]]<ref name="CIA-2021-Mali">{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=CIA |title=Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ |website=CIA.gov |access-date=12 January 2010 |date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[presidential republic]] under a [[military junta]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Booty |first1=Natasha |last2=Pivac |first2=Mark |title=Assimi Goïta: President gets sweeping powers in new Mali constitution |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66282417 |access-date=4 August 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=23 July 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802043804/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66282417 |url-status=live }}</ref> | leader_name1 = [[Assimi Goïta]] (interim) | leader_title1 = [[List of heads of state of Mali|President]] | leader_title2 = [[List of heads of government of Mali|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Abdoulaye Maïga (officer)|Abdoulaye Maïga]] (interim) | legislature = [[National Assembly (Mali)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Mali|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Gao Empire]] | established_date1 = c. 7th century | established_event2 = [[Mali Empire]] | established_date2 = c. 1235 | established_event3 = [[Songhai Empire]] | established_date3 = c. 1430s | established_event4 = Establishment of the [[French Sudan|Sudanese Republic]] | established_date4 = 24 November 1958 | established_event5 = Merger with [[Senegal]] to create the [[Mali Federation]] | established_date5 = 4 April 1959 | established_event6 = Independence from France | established_date6 = 20 June 1960 | established_event7 = Dissolution of the Mali Federation | established_date7 = 20 August 1960 | established_event8 = Declaration of the Republic of Mali | established_date8 = 22 September 1960 | area_footnote = <ref name="bbc_com">{{cite web |title=Mali country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881370 |website=BBC News |access-date=17 October 2023 |date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=11 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911075500/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881370 |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_sq_mi = 478,839 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]].--> | percent_water = 1.6 | population_estimate = 21,990,607<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Mali|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $61.625 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.ML">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=678,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Mali) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017204907/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=678,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | HDI = 0.410 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | population_density_km2 = 11.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 30.3 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]].--> | population_density_rank = 215th | GDP_PPP_rank = 115th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,639<ref name="IMFWEO.ML" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 174th | GDP_nominal_rank = 123rd | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.309 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.ML" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $912<ref name="IMFWEO.ML" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 175th | Gini = 33.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2010 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=2 March 2011 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208203439/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |pages=274–277 |language=en |access-date=3 May 2024 |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501075007/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 188th | currency = [[West African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XOF | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = {{sp}} | drives_on = right<ref>[http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ Which side of the road do they drive on?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414073422/http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |date=14 April 2012 }} Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.</ref> | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | calling_code = [[+223]] | cctld = [[.ml]] | religion_year = 2021 }} Lefatshe la Mali<ref name=":0">/ˈmɑːli/ ^ⓘ; Bambara pronunciation: [<nowiki/>[[:en:Help:IPA|<nowiki>ma.li]</nowiki>]] [[:en:N'Ko_script|N'Ko script]]: ߡߊߟߌ [[:en:Fula_language|Fula]]: 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 [[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: </ref>,le le tlhomamisitsweng ka semmuso go nna Republic of Mali<ref name=":1">[[:en:Bambara_language|Bambara]]: ''Mali ka Fasojamana'', [[:en:N'Ko_script|N'Ko script]]: ߡߊߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ [[:en:Fula_language|Fula]]: 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭, <small>omanized:</small> ''Renndaandi Maali'' [[:en:Arabic_language|Arabic]]: جمهورية مالي, <small>[[:en:Romanization_of_Arabic|romanized]]:</small> ''Jumhūriyyāt Mālī''</ref>, ke [[lefatshe le le se nang lewatle]] mo [[Aforika Bophirima]]. [[Ke lefatshe la borobabedi ka bogolo mo Aforika,|Ke]] [[Ke lefatshe la borobabedi ka bogolo mo Aforika,|lefatshe la borobabedi ka bogolo mo Aforika,]] ka bogolo jwa dikilometara tse di fetang 1,240,192 (478,841 sq mi).<ref name=":2">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881370 Mali country profile]". ''BBC News''. 19 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230911075500/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881370 Archived] from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.</ref>Ke lefatshe le le dikologilwe ke [[Algeria]] kwa bokone, [[Niger]] kwa botlhaba, [[Mauritania]] kwa bokonebophirima, [[Burkina Faso]] le [[Ivory Coast]] kwa borwa, le [[Guinea]] le [[Senegal]] kwa bophirima. Palo ya batho ba kwa Mali e ka nna 23,290,000<ref name=":3">[https://population.un.org/wpp/ World Population Prospects 2022"]. [[:en:United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs|United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs,]] Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</ref> <ref name=":4">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230306213755/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100]" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United [[:en:United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs|Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division. Retrieved</ref>47.19% ya bone go akantswe gore ba tla bo ba le ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano 15 ka 2024. [[Toropokgolo]] ya yone le toropo e kgolo ke [[Bamako]]. Ke lefatshe le le nang le dipuo di le lesome le boraro 13 tsa semolao, mme [[Bambara]] ke yone e e buiwang thata. [[Melelwane]] e e kwa bokone ya lefatshe le e e ikemetseng ka nosi e fitlha kwa tengteng ga [[Sekaka sa Sahara]]. Karolo e e kwa borwa jwa lefatshe ,mo bontsi jwa baagi ba lone ba nnang kwa go sone, le le mo [[sekgweng sa Sudan]] mme se na le dinoka tsa [[Niger]] le [[Senegal]] tse di elelang mo go sone. itsholelo ya lefatshe e ikaegile ka temothuo le meepo ka metswedi ya lone ya tlholego e e tlhagelelang go akaretsa [[gouta]] (e e leng yone e e tlhagisang go gaisa mo Aforika)<ref name=":0" /> le [[letswai]]. <ref name=":1" /> Mali e ne e le karolo ya mebuso e meraro e e maatla e bile e humile ya [[Aforika Bophirima]] e e neng e laola [[kgwebo]] ya [[kwa moseja ga Sahara]]: [[Mmusomogolo wa Ghana]] (o [[Ghana]] e neng ya reelelwa leina la one), [[Mmusomogolo wa Mali]] (o Mali e reeletsweng leina la one), le [[Mmusomogolo wa Songhai]]. Ka ngwaga wa 1300, Mmusomogolo wa Mali e ne e le lefatshe le le humileng go gaisa mo Aforika<ref name=":2" /> le mmusimogolo wa lone wa lekgolo la bo lesome le bone 14 la dingwaga [[Mansa Musa]] yo go dumelwang gore e ne e le mongwe wa batho ba ba humileng go gaisa mo ditsong.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">[https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/people/954992/who-is-the-richest-person-of-all-time Who is the richest person of all time?]". ''The Week UK''. December 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220316215840/https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/people/954992/who-is-the-richest-person-of-all-time Archived] from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.</ref>[ Kwa ntle ga go nna lefelo la kgwebisano le meepo, Mali ya bogare e ne e le lefelo la [[tumelo ya Islam]], setso le kitso, ka [[Timbuktu]] e nna lefelo le le itsegeng la thuto ka [[madikolo]] ya yone, nngwe ya tsa bogologolo mo lefatsheng mme e santse e dira.[[Mmusomogolo wa Songhai]] o ne wa gapa mmusomogolo oo ka ngwaga wa 1468, o o neng wa latelwa ke sesole sa [[Saadian]] se se neng [[sa fenya Songhai ka 1591]]. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le boferabongwe 19, ka nako ya [[go lwela Aforika]], France e ne ya gapa taolo ya lefatshe la Mali, ya e dira karolo ya [[French Sudan]]; jaaka Republic of Sudan, go ne ga tlhamiwa [[kopano e khutshwane le Senegal]], go fitlhelela boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1960. Morago ga go ikgogela morago ga lefatshe la Senegal, Republic of Mali e ne ya tlhomiwa. Morago ga lobaka lo loleele lwa puso ya lekoko le le lengwe fela, go ne ga nna le phetogo ya puso ka ngwaga wa 1991 e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe molao motheo o mosha le go tlhomiwa ga puso ya batho ka batho ya makoko a mantsi kwa lefatsheng la Mali. Ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong ka 2012, [[go ne ga tsoga ntwa kwa bokone jwa Mali]], e mo go yone [[ditsuolodi tsa Ba-Tuareg]] di neng tsa laola kgaolo e e kwa bokone, mme ka Moranang [[ba ne ba bolela]] gore lefatshe le le ntšha la [[Azawad]]<ref name=":6">[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/07/world/africa/mali-rebels-proclaim-independent-state-in-north.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1333728086-ZXpwSz3KFqUnA4lteq4j4w Polgreen, Lydia and Cowell, Alan (6 April 2012) "Mali Rebels Proclaim Independent State in North]" Archived 28 July 2020 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], ''The New York Times''</ref> le kgaogane le bone. Kgotlhang e ne ya rarabololwa ke [[go menola puso ga sesole]] ka Mopitlwe 2012 <ref name=":7">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9161930/UN-Security-council-condemns-Mali-coup.html UN Security Council condemns Mali coup] [https://web.archive.org/web/20201128100600/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9161930/UN-Security-council-condemns-Mali-coup.html Archived] 28 November 2020 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Telegraph (23 March 2012). Retrieved 24 March 2013.</ref>mme morago ga moo go ne ga nna le ntwa magareng ga Ba-Tuareg le makoko a mangwe a ditsoulodi. Go tsibogela diphitlhelelo tsa kgaolo, sesole sa France se ne sa simolola [[Operation Serval]] ka Hirikgong 2013.<ref name=":8">[http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/01/12/la-france-demande-une-acceleration-de-la-mise-en-place-de-la-force-internationale-au-mali_1816033_3212.html "Mali – la France a mené une série de raids contre les islamistes]". ''Le Monde''. 12 January 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171020023450/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/01/12/la-france-demande-une-acceleration-de-la-mise-en-place-de-la-force-internationale-au-mali_1816033_3212.html Archived] from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2013.</ref> Kgwedi morago ga moo, masole a Malian le a France a ne a gapa karolo e kgolo ya bokone, le fa gone ntwa e ne ya tswelela. [[Ditlhopho tsa botautona]] di ne tsa tshwarwa ka di 28 Phukwi 2013, mme go ne ga tshwarwa ditlhopho tsa bobedi ka di 11 Phatwe, mme [[ditlhopho tsa kgotlapeomolao]] di ne tsa tshwarwa ka di 24 Ngwanatsele le 15 Sedimonthole 2013. Mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa ngwaga wa 2020, Mali e ne ya tlhaselwa gabedi ke masole a ga [[Assimi Goïta]]. == Thuto ya mafoko == Leina la Mali le tserwe mo leineng la Mmusomogolo wa Mali. Le raya "lefelo le kgosi e nnang mo go lone"<ref name=":9">Wolny, Philip (15 December 2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=u5HnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 Discovering the Empire of Mali]''. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 7. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781477718896|9781477718896]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210416180418/https://books.google.com/books?id=u5HnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 Archived] from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020.</ref>mme le kaya nonofo.<ref name=":10">Sasnett, Martena Tenney; Sepmeyer, Inez Hopkins (1 January 1967). ''[[iarchive:educationalsyste0000sasn|Educational Systems of Africa: Interpretations for Use in the Evaluation of Academic Credentials]]''. University of California Press. pp[[iarchive:educationalsyste0000sasn/page/673|. 673.]]</ref> Motsamai wa Mo-Maghreb wa lekgolo la bo lesome le bone 14 la dingwaga ebong Ibn Battuta o ne a bega gore motsemogolo wa mmusomogolo ono o ne o bidiwa Mali.<ref name=":11">Imperato, Pascal James; Imperato, Gavin H. (25 April 2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zf6xAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231 Historical Dictionary of Mali]''. Scarecrow Press. p. 231. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780810864023|9780810864023]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210827043448/https://books.google.com/books?id=zf6xAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231 Archived] from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020</ref><ref name=":12">[[:en:Djibril_Tamsir_Niane|Niane, Djibril]] (1965). ''Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali''</ref> Ngwao nngwe ya [[Ba-Mandinka]] e bolela gore mmusimogolo wa ntlha yo go buiwang ka ene e bong [[Sundiata Keita]] o ne a iphetola motlhaba-noka fa a sena go swela mo [[Nokeng ya Sankarani]] le gore go ne go ka kgonega gore go bonwe metsana mo lefelong la noka eno e e bidiwang "Mali wa bogologolo". Patlisiso ya seane sa kwa Mali e lemogile gore kwa Mali wa bogologolo, go na le motse o o bidiwang Malikoma, o o rayang "Mali o Mosha", le gore Mali e ka tswa e kile ya bo e le leina la toropo. <ref name=":13">Aku Adjandeh, Evelyn (July 2014). [http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/8845/1/A%20Study%20of%20Proverbs%20in%20Things%20Fall%20Apart%20and%20Sundiata%3B%20An%20Epic%20of%20Old%20Mali%20(Sundiata)%20-%202014.pdf "A STUDY OF PROVERBS IN THINGS FALL APART AND SUNDIATA: AN EPIC OF OLD MALI (SUNDIATA])" (PDF). University of Ghana, Legon – Institute of African Studies. p. 100. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170320054429/http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/8845/1/A%20Study%20of%20Proverbs%20in%20Things%20Fall%20Apart%20and%20Sundiata%3B%20An%20Epic%20of%20Old%20Mali%20(Sundiata)%20-%202014.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017</ref> Kgopolo e nngwe e kaya gore Mali ke tsela ya [[Ba-Fulani]] ya go bitsa leina la [[Ba-Mande]].<ref name=":15">Graft-Johnson, John Coleman De (1 January 1986)[https://books.google.com/books?id=LY5Lmc-To7cC&pg=PA92 . ''African Glory: The Story of Vanished Negro Civilizations'']. Black Classic Press. p. 92. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780933121034|9780933121034]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210416180445/https://books.google.com/books?id=LY5Lmc-To7cC&pg=PA92 Archived] from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020.</ref><ref name=":16">Fyle, C. Magbaily (1999). ''[[iarchive:introductiontohi0001fyle|Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa]]''. University Press of America. pp. [[iarchive:introductiontohi0001fyle/page/11|11.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780761814566|9780761814566]]</bdi>.</ref>Go akantshiwa gore modumo o o fetogileng o tlhodile phetogo e, ka gore mo puong ya Fulani karolo ya alveolar /nd/ e fetogela go /l/ mme segalo sa konokono sa segalo se a nyelela se bo se tlhatloga, se dira gore "Manden" e fetoge go nna /mali/.<ref name=":17">Aku Adjandeh, Evelyn (July 2014). "A [http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/8845/1/A%20Study%20of%20Proverbs%20in%20Things%20Fall%20Apart%20and%20Sundiata%3B%20An%20Epic%20of%20Old%20Mali%20(Sundiata)%20-%202014.pdf STUDY OF PROVERBS IN THINGS FALL APART AND SUNDIATA: AN EPIC OF OLD MALI (SUNDIATA)"] (PDF). University of Ghana, Legon – Institute of African Studies. p. 100. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170320054429/http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/8845/1/A%20Study%20of%20Proverbs%20in%20Things%20Fall%20Apart%20and%20Sundiata%3B%20An%20Epic%20of%20Old%20Mali%20(Sundiata)%20-%202014.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017</ref> == Ditso == '''Pele ga go nna kolone''' [[Setshwantsho:MALI empire map.PNG|thumb|The extent of the [[:en:Mali_Empire|Mali Empire's]] peak]] [[Setshwantsho:Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg|thumb|The pages above are from [[:en:Timbuktu_Manuscripts|Timbuktu Manuscripts]] written in Sudani script (a form of [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]]) from the [[:en:Mali_Empire|Mali Empire]] showing established knowledge of astronomy and mathematics. Today there are close to a million of these manuscripts found in [[:en:Timbuktu|Timbuktu]] alone.]] Botaki jwa maje a [[Sahara]] bo bontsha gore batho ba ne ba nna kwa bokone jwa Mali go tloga ka 10.000 B.C., fa Sahara e ne e le naga e e nonneng e bile e na le diphologolo tse dintsi tsa naga. Ditswaiso tsa bogologolo tsa letsopa di fitlhetswe kwa lefelong la Ounjougou kwa bogareng jwa Mali le le agilweng ka dingwaga tse di ka nnang 9 400 pele ga ga Keresete, mme go dumelwa gore ke sekai sa go itlhamelwa ga letsopa mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":18">Eric Huysecom, M. Rasse, L. Lespez, K. Neumann, A. Fahmy, A. Ballouche, S. Ozainne, M. Maggetti, Ch. Tribolo, S. Sorian: The emergence of pottery in Africa during the tenth millennium cal BC: new evidence from Ounjougou (Mali), in: Antiquity (2009), p. 906.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya simololwa ka 5000 BC mme tshipi e ne ya dirisiwa ka 500 BC. Mo ngwagakgolong wa ntlha pele ga Keresete, metse le ditoropo tsa bogologolo di ne tsa tlhamiwa ke batho ba Mande ba ba amanang le [[batho ba Soninke]], go bapa le noka ya Niger e e fa gare mo bogareng jwa Mali, go akaretsa [[Dia]] e e simolotseng go tloga ka 900 pele ga Keresete, <ref name=":19">Arazi, Noemie. "[http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444342/1/U591645.pdf Tracing History in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali -Archaeology, Oral Traditions and Written Sources]" (PDF). ''University College London''. Institute of Archaeology. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220213144217/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1444342/1/U591645.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2021</ref>mme ya fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone go tloga ka 600 pele ga Keresete,le [[Djenne-Djenno]], e e tsereng sebaka go tloga ka 300 pele ga Keresete go fitlha ka 900 morago ga Keresete.Mo lekgolong la borataro la dingwaga AD, kgwebo e e neng e dira madi a mantsi ya go rekisa gauta, letswai le makgoba e ne ya simologa, e leng se se neng sa dira gore go nne le mebuso e megolo ya Aforika Bophirima. Go na le ditemana di le mmalwa tse di buang ka Mali mo dibukeng tsa bogologolo tsa tumelo ya Islam. Gareng ga tsona go na le ditshupiso tsa "Pene" le "Malal" mo tirong ya [[al-Bakri]] ka 1068,<ref name=":20">al-Bakri in Nehemiah Levtzion and J. F. Pl Hopkins, eds and trans., ''Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History'' (New York and London: Cambridge University Press, 1981, reprint edn Princeton, New Jersey,: Marcus Wiener, 2000), pp. 82–83</ref> kgang ya go sokologa ga mmusi wa bogologolo, yo o neng a itsiwe ke [[Ibn Khaldun]] (ka 1397) jaaka Barmandana, <ref name=":21">ibn Khaldun in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds, and transl. ''Corpus'', p. 333.</ref>le dintlha di le mmalwa tsa thutafatshe mo tirong ya [[al-Idrisi]].<ref>al-Idrisi in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds. and transl, ''Corpus'', p. 108.</ref> Mali e kile ya bo e le karolo ya mebuso e meraro e e tumileng ya [[Aforika Bophirima e e neng e laola kgwebo]] ya gauta, letswai, dilwana tse dingwe tse di tlhwatlhwakgolo le [[makgoba]], segolobogolo ka nako ya puso ya ga [[Mansa Musa]] go tloga ka c. 1312 -  c. 1337.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mali&wvprov=sticky-header#Prof Mali country profile], p. 1</ref>[ [[Dikgosi tse tsa Sahelian]] di ne di sena melelwane e e thata ya sepolotiki kgotsa ditso tse di thata. <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mali&wvprov=sticky-header#Prof Mali country profile], p. 1</ref>[<nowiki/>[[Puso ya Ghana,]] e ne e laolwa ke [[Soninke]], batho ba ba buang [[SeMande]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mali&wvprov=sticky-header#Prof Mali country profile], p. 1.</ref> Mmusomogolo o ne wa atologa go ralala Aforika Bophirima go tloga ka ngwagakgolo wa boroba bobedi go fitlha ka 1078, fa o ne o fenngwa ke [[Ba-Almoravids]].<ref>[[Mali country profile]]. Mali was later responsible for the collapse of Islamic Slave Army from the North. The defeat of Tukuror Slave Army, was repeated by Mali against the France and Spanish Expeditionary Army in the 1800s ("Blanc et memoires"). p. 2.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:GriotsSambala.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Griot|Griots]] of [[:en:Sambala|Sambala]], king of Médina ([[:en:Fula_people|Fula people]], Mali), 1890. Photo by [[:en:Joannès_Barbier|Joannès Barbier]].]] [[Setshwantsho:TombouctouPachalik 4.png|thumb|Map of the [[:en:Pashalik_of_Timbuktu|Pashalik of Timbuktu]] (yellow-striped) as part of the [[:en:Saadi_dynasty|Saadi dynasty of Morocco]] (outlined black) within the [[:en:Songhai_Empire|Songhai Empire]] (outlined red), {{Circa|1591}}]] [[Ntwa ya kwa Kirina]] ka ngwaga wa 1235, e ne ya felela ka phenyo ya [[Ba-Mandinka]] ba ba neng ba eteletswe pele ke kgosana e e neng e le kwa botshwarwa e bong [[Sundiata Keita]], e e neng ya dira gore [[Mmusomogolo wa Sosso]] o phutlhame. [[Mmusomogolo wa Mali]] o ne wa tlhamiwa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Niger]], mme wa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa maatla a one ka lekgolo la bo lesome le bone 14 la dingwaga. <ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]]. Mali was later responsible for the collapse of Islamic Slave Army from the North. The defeat of Tukuror Slave Army, was repeated by Mali against the France and Spanish Expeditionary Army in the 1800s ("Blanc et memoires"). p. 2. This reference is used 14 times on this page.</ref>Ka fa tlase ga Mmusomogolo wa Mali, ditoropo tsa bogologolo tsa [[Djenné]] le [[Timbuktu]] e ne e le ditikwatikwe tsa kgwebo le thuto ya tumeIo ya Islam.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]]. Mali was later responsible for the collapse of Islamic Slave Army from the North. The defeat of Tukuror Slave Army, was repeated by Mali against the France and Spanish Expeditionary Army in the 1800s ("Blanc et memoires"). p. 2. This reference is used 14 times on this page.</ref>Mmusomogolo ono o ne wa wa moragonyana ka ntlha ya maano a a neng a le teng mo teng ga one, mme kgabagare o ne wa tseelwa sebaka ke [[Mmusomogolo wa Songhai]].<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]]. Mali was later responsible for the collapse of Islamic Slave Army from the North. The defeat of Tukuror Slave Army, was repeated by Mali against the France and Spanish Expeditionary Army in the 1800s ("Blanc et memoires"). p. 2. This reference is used 14 times on this page.</ref>Songhai e ne e le maatla a magolo kwa Afrika Bophirima a a neng a laolwa ke Mmusomogolo wa Mali.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]]. Mali was later responsible for the collapse of Islamic Slave Army from the North. The defeat of Tukuror Slave Army, was repeated by Mali against the France and Spanish Expeditionary Army in the 1800s ("Blanc et memoires"). p. 2. This reference is used 14 times on this page</ref> Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone 14, Ba-Songhai ba ne ba bona boipuso jwa bone go tswa mo Pusong ya Mali mme ba atologa, mme kgabagare ba nna karolo ya karolo yotlhe ya botlhaba ya mmusomogolo wa Mali .<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]]. Mali was later responsible for the collapse of Islamic Slave Army from the North. The defeat of Tukuror Slave Army, was repeated by Mali against the France and Spanish Expeditionary Army in the 1800s ("Blanc et memoires"). p. 2. This reference is used 14 times on this page</ref> Go phutlhama ga Mmusomogolo wa Songhai e ne e le ka ntlha ya [[tlhaselo ya Ma-Morocco]] ka 1591 ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[Judar Pasha]].<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]]. Mali was later responsible for the collapse of Islamic Slave Army from the North. The defeat of Tukuror Slave Army, was repeated by Mali against the France and Spanish Expeditionary Army in the 1800s ("Blanc et memoires"). p. 2. This reference is used 14 times on this page</ref> Go wa ga Mmusomogolo wa Songhai go ne ga supa go fela ga seabe sa kgaolo eno jaaka lefelo la kgwebo.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]]. Mali was later responsible for the collapse of Islamic Slave Army from the North. The defeat of Tukuror Slave Army, was repeated by Mali against the France and Spanish Expeditionary Army in the 1800s ("Blanc et memoires"). p. 2. This reference is used 14 times on this page</ref> Morago ga [[Go tlhamiwa ga ditsela tsa lewatle ke mebuso ya Europe|go tlhamiwa ga ditsela tsa lewatle ke mebuso ya]] [[Go tlhamiwa ga ditsela tsa lewatle ke mebuso ya Europe|Europe]], ditsela tsa kgwebo tsa trans-Sahara di ne tsa latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa. <ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]]. Mali was later responsible for the collapse of Islamic Slave Army from the North. The defeat of Tukuror Slave Army, was repeated by Mali against the France and Spanish Expeditionary Army in the 1800s ("Blanc et memoires"). p. 2. This reference is used 14 times on this page.</ref>Ka nako eo, khumo e ntsi ya Mmusomogolo wa Mali e ne ya oketsa dithoto tsa yone tsa kgwebo tsa [[letswai]] le [[gauta.]] Lengwe la [[mauba]] a a maswe go gaisa otlhe a a kileng a nna teng mo eo le diragetse ka lekgolo la bo lesome le le boferabobedi 18 la dingwaga. Go ya ka [[John Iliffe]], "Matlhotlhapelo a a maswe go gaisa e ne e le ka dingwaga tsa bo 1680, fa leuba le ne le anama go tswa kwa lotshitshing lwa Senegambian go ya kwa Upper Nile mme 'bontsi ba ne ba ithekisa go nna makgoba, fela go bona dijo,' mme segolo thata ka 1738 - 1756, fa bothata jo bogolo jo bo begilweng jwa go tshela jwa Aforika Bophirima, ka ntlha ya komelelo le tsie, go begwa gore bo bolaile sephatlho sa baagi ba [[Timbuktu]].<ref>[[:en:John_Iliffe_(historian)|John Iliffe]] (2007) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bNGN2URP_rUC Africans: the history of a continent]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225011/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNGN2URP_rUC&pg=&dq&hl=en Archived] 6 September 2015 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-521-68297-5</ref> == '''Puso ya Bokolone ya mmuso wa France''' == [[Setshwantsho:Africa. French West Africa. Currently the most important efforts of the Office du Niger are directed toward the... - NARA - 541637.jpg|thumb|Cotton being processed in [[:en:Niono|Niono]] into {{convert|400|lb|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}} bales for export to other parts of Africa and to France, c. 1950]] Mali e ne ya wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya mmuso wa France ka nako ya [[go lwela Aforika]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le boferabongwe 19. <ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]]. Mali was later responsible for the collapse of Islamic Slave Army from the North. The defeat of Tukuror Slave Army, was repeated by Mali against the France and Spanish Expeditionary Army in the 1800s ("Blanc et memoires"). p. 2.</ref>Ka 1905, bontsi jwa kgaolo e ne e le ka fa tlase ga taolo ya France jaaka karolo ya [[French Sudan]].<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile.]] Mali was later responsible for the collapse of Islamic Slave Army from the North. The defeat of Tukuror Slave Army, was repeated by Mali against the France and Spanish Expeditionary Army in the 1800s ("Blanc et memoires"). p. 2.</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele 1915, go ne ga tsoga khuduego e [[kgolo e e kgatlhanong le France]] mo merafeng e e mo dikgaolong tsa gompieno tsa Mali le Burkina Faso. <ref>[http://www.cairn.info/revue-autrepart-2003-2-page-35.htm#no3 La guerre coloniale du Bani-Volta, 1915-1916 (Burkina Faso, Mali)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20171029121219/http://www.cairn.info/revue-autrepart-2003-2-page-35.htm#no3 Archived] 29 October 2017 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback]] Machine, Autrepart, 2003</ref>Kganetso ya bofelo e ne ya gatelelwa fela ka kgwedi ya Lwetse1916. Ka nako ya fa go ne go gateletswe, metse e e fetang lekgolong 100 e ne ya senngwa ke masole a bokolone a France.<ref>''14-18 Étions-nous bien défendus ?'', Jean-Claude Flament, Société des écrivains, 2014</ref> Ka di 24 Ngwanaitsele 1958, Sudan ya France (e e neng ya fetola leina la yona go nna Republic of Sudan) e ne ya nna republic e e ipusang mo teng ga [[Setšhaba sa France]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Mali/Independent-Mali Independent Mali]". Britannica. 1946. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201119042637/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mali/Independent-Mali Archived] from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</ref>Ka Hirikgong 1959, Mali le [[Senegal]] di ne tsa kopana go nna [[Mokgatlho wa Mali]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Mali/Independent-Mali Independent Mali]". Britannica. 1946. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201119042637/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mali/Independent-Mali Archived] from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</ref> == '''Boipuso''' == Mokgatlho wa Mali o ne wa bona boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la France ka di 20 Seetebosigo 1960.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]]. Mali was later responsible for the collapse of Islamic Slave Army from the North. The defeat of Tukuror Slave Army, was repeated by Mali against the France and Spanish Expeditionary Army in the 1800s ("Blanc et memoires"). p. 2.</ref>Senegal e ne ya ikgogela morago mo kopanong ka Phatwe 1960, e e neng ya letla Republic of Sudan go nna Republic e e ikemetseng ya Mali ka di 22 Lwetse 1960, mme letsatsi leo jaanong ke [[Letsatsi la Boipuso]] jwa lefatshe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180920234345/http://maliembassy.us/index.php/2012-02-27-16-59-35/public-holidays Public Holidays]". ''Embassy of the Republic of Mali to the United States''. Archived from [http://maliembassy.us/index.php/2012-02-27-16-59-35/public-holidays the original] on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018</ref> [[Modibo Keïta]] o ne a tlhophiwa go nna tautona wa ntlha. <ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]]. Mali was later responsible for the collapse of Islamic Slave Army from the North. The defeat of Tukuror Slave Army, was repeated by Mali against the France and Spanish Expeditionary Army in the 1800s ("Blanc et memoires"). p. 2.</ref>O ne a tlhoma puso ya lekoko le le lengwe ka bonako, a tsaya tsela e e ikemetseng ya Aforika le ya bojammogo e e nang le dikamano tse di gaufi le Botlhaba, mme a tsenya mo tirisong bosetšhaba jo bo tseneletseng jwa metswedi ya itsholelo. <ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile.]] Mali was later responsible for the collapse of Islamic Slave Army from the North. The defeat of Tukuror Slave Army, was repeated by Mali against the France and Spanish Expeditionary Army in the 1800s ("Blanc et memoires"). p. 2.</ref>Ka 1960, palo ya batho ba kwa Mali e ne e begwa e le di dikadike di le 4.1.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130530011412/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/897ce24a48d43c82802565f700407640 Core document forming part of the reports of states parties: Mali.] United Nations Human Rights Website.</ref>Ka di 19 Ngwanatsele 1968, morago ga go wela tlase ga itsholelo, puso ya ga Keïta e ne ya thankgolwa ka ntwa ya sesole e e neng e eteletswe pele ke [[Moussa Traoré]],<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 3</ref>letsatsi le jaanong le ketekwang jaaka [[letsatsi la kgololesego]].<ref>"[http://aglobalworld.com/holidays-around-the-world/mali-liberation/ Liberation Day Commemorated in Mali]". [https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042457/http://aglobalworld.com/holidays-around-the-world/mali-liberation/ Archived] from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.</ref> == '''Puso ya ga Moussa Traoré''' == [[Setshwantsho:Place de la liberté - Bamako.jpg|thumb|WWI Commemorative Monument to the "Armée Noire"]] Puso e e neng ya latela e e neng e eteletswe pele ke masole, e Traoré e neng e le tautona wa yone, e ne ya leka go fetola itsholelo. Maiteko a gagwe a ne a kgorelediwa ke tlhakatlhakano ya sepolotiki le [[komelelo]] e e senyang go tloga ka 1968 go fitlha ka 1974, <ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 3</ref>e mo go yone leuba le bolaileng diketekete tsa batho.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4132326.stm Mali's nomads face famine] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210224054313/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4132326.stm Archived] 24 February 2021 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]". BBC News. 9 August 2005</ref>Puso ya ga Traoré e ne ya lebana le dikhuduego tsa baithuti tse di simolotseng kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970 le maiteko a mararo a go menola puso. Puso ya ga Traoré e ne ya gatelela batho botlhe ba ba neng ba sa dumalane le puso go fitlha kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile,]] p. 3</ref> Kganetso kgatlhanong le puso e e neng e le ya bonweenwee le ya bokgokgontshi ya Mojenerale Moussa Traoré e ne ya gola ka dingwaga tsa bo1980. Ka nako eno dithulaganyo tse di gagametseng, tse di neng di diretswe go kgotsofatsa dikopo tsa Letlole la Madi la Boditšhabatšhaba, di ne tsa lere mathata a a oketsegileng mo baaging ba lefatshe leo, fa batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba ba neng ba le gaufi le puso ba ne ba tshela ka dikhumo tse di neng di oketsega. Puso e ne ya tswelela go leka go dira diphetogo tsa itsholelo ,mme batho ba ne ba sa kgotsofala ka gope. <ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 3</ref>Go tsibogela ditlhokego tse di golang tsa mmuso wa batho ka batho wa makoko a mantsi, puso ya ga Traoré e letleletse kgololesego e e lekanyeditsweng ya sepolotiki kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo1980, fela e ne ya gana go tsenya tirisong tsamaiso ya mmuso wa batho ka batho o o tletseng. <ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 3</ref> Ka 1990, mekgatlho ya kganetso e e kopaneng e ne ya simolola go tlhagelela, mme e ne ya tlhakatlhakanngwa ke go tlhatloga ga tirisodikgoka ya semorafe kwa bokone morago ga go boa ga [[Ba-Tuareg]] ba le bantsi ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa [[Algeria]] le [[Libya]] ka nako ya komelelo. <ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 3</ref>Ditshupetso tsa kagiso tsa baithuti ka Hirikgong 1991 di ne tsa thibelwa setlhogo, ka go tshwarwa ga bontsi le go tlhokofadiwa ga baeteledipele le batsayakarolo. <ref>Mali March 1991 Revolution</ref>Go ne ga latela ditiro tse di neng di tletse tsa dikhuduego le go senngwa ga dikago tsa setšhaba, mme bontsi jwa ditiro tse di neng di dirwa ke ba ba neng ba ganetsa di ne di sa dirwe ka dikgoka.<ref>Mali March 1991 Revolution</ref> Go tloga ka 22 Mopitlo go fitlha ka di 26 Mopitlo 1991, go ne ga tshwarwa dikokoano tse dikgolo tse di neng di buelela puso ya batho ka batho le ditshupegetso tsa setšhaba tsotlhe mo ditoropong le kwa magaeng, tse di neng tsa itsege jaaka les évenements ("ditiragalo") kgotsa Phetogo ya Mopitlo. Kwa Bamako, go arabela ditshupegetso tse dikgolo tse di neng di rulagantswe ke baithuti ba mmadikolo mme moragonyana di ne tsa kopanngwa ke ba mokgatlho wa badiri le ba bangwe, masole a ne a thuntsha batho ba ba neng ba dira ditshupegetso tse di se nang thubakanyo. Go ne ga nna le dikhuduego ka bonako fela morago ga go thuntshiwa. Go ne ga agiwa ditshipi le go thibelwa ditsela mme Traoré o ne a bolela gore maemo a tshoganyetso a ne a le teng mme a tlhoma molao wa gore go se ka ga tsamaiwa bosigo. Le fa go ne go fopholediwa gore go sule batho ba le 300 mo malatsing a le mane, batho ba ba neng ba dira ditshupegetso ba ne ba tswelela go boela kwa Bamako letsatsi le letsatsi ba batla gore tautona wa puso ya bobusaesi a tlogele tiro le gore go tsenngwe melao ya puso ya batho ka batho mo tirisong.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616222251/http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/index.php/movements-and-campaigns/movements-and-campaigns-summaries?sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=34&sobi2Id=10 Nesbitt, Katherine. "Mali's March Revolution (1991])". International Center on Nonviolent Conflict. Archived from [http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/index.php/movements-and-campaigns/movements-and-campaigns-summaries?sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=34&sobi2Id=10 the original] on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2012</ref> Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le borataro 26,ka ngwaga wa 1991 ke letsatsi le le tshwayang kgotlhang e e neng ya nna teng fa gare ga masole le baithuti ba ba neng ba dira ditshupegetso ka kagiso e e neng ya felela ka gore go bolawe batho ba le bantsi ka fa tlase ga ditaelo tsa ga Traoré. Moragonyana ene le ditsala tsa gagwe tse tharo ba ne ba sekisiwa mme ba bonwa molato mme ba atlholelwa loso ka ntlha ya seabe sa bone mo go direng ditshwetso mo letsatsing leo. Gompieno, letsatsi le ke letsatsi la boikhutso la bosetšhaba go gopola ditiragalo tse di botlhoko le batho ba ba bolailweng.<ref>Bussa, Edward (26 March 2009). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120324235624/http://www.threadster.com/2009/03/mali-march-to-democracy/ Mali's March to Democracy]". ''Threadster.com''. Archived from [http://www.threadster.com/2009/03/mali-march-to-democracy/ the original] on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012</ref><ref>Mohsin, Haroon (18 August 2022). "[https://nationaltoday.com/martyrs-day-in-mali/ Martyr's Day in Mali]". ''National Today''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231017204906/https://nationaltoday.com/martyrs-day-in-mali/ Archived] from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref>Sesole sa ditlhakana tlhogo se se gakologelwa jaaka [[Phetogo ya Mopitlo ya ngwaga wa 1991]] ya kwa Mali.<ref>Turrittin, Jane (1991). "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4005962 Mali: People Topple Traoré]". ''Review of African Political Economy''. '''18''' (52): 97–103. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/03056249108703927|10.1080/03056249108703927.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-6244 0305-6244]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4005962 4005962]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230209170251/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4005962 Archived] from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023</ref> Ka di 26 Mopitlo, masole a ne a gana go thuntsha bontsi jwa batho ba ba neng ba le mo boipelaetsong, mme seno se ne sa felela ka dikhuduego tse di neng tsa felela ka gore diketekete tsa masole di tlogele dibetsa tsa tsone mme di ikgolaganye le mokgatlho o o neng o buelela mmuso wa batho ka batho. Mo thapameng eo, [[Lt. Col. Amadou Toumani Touré]] o ne a itsise ka radio gore o tshwere tautona wa mmusaesi, Moussa Traoré. == '''Puso ya Batho ka Batho ya makoko a mantsi''' == Mekgatlho ya kganetso e ne ya letlelelwa ka semolao, puso ya nakwana e ne ya tlhomiwa mme kopano ya bosetšhaba ya ditlhopha tsa selegae le tsa sepolotiki e ne ya kopana go kwala [[molaomotheo o montšhwa wa puso ya batho ka batho]] o o neng o tshwanetse go dumelelwa ke tumalano ya bosetšhaba.<ref>Nesbitt, Katherine. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616222251/http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/index.php/movements-and-campaigns/movements-and-campaigns-summaries?sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=34&sobi2Id=10 Mali's March Revolution (1991)]". International Center on Nonviolent Conflict. Archived from [http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/index.php/movements-and-campaigns/movements-and-campaigns-summaries?sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=34&sobi2Id=10 the original] on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 3</ref>Ka 1992, [[Alpha Oumar Konaré]] o ne a fenya ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa mmuso wa batho ka batho, tsa makoko a mantsi tsa botautona, pele a tlhophiwa gape go tsaya maemo a bobedi ka 1997, e e neng e le ya bofelo go dumelelwa ka fa tlase ga molaomotheo. [[Amadou Toumani Touré]], mo general yo o tlogetseng tiro yo e neng e le moeteledipele wa letlhakore la sesole la tsogologo ya puso ya batho ka batho ya ngwaga wa 1991, o ne a tlhophiwa ka ngwaga wa 2002. <ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 4</ref>Ka nako ya puso ya batho ka batho, Mali e ne e tsewa jaaka nngwe ya mafatshe a a tlhomameng mo dipolotiking le mo loagong mo Aforika.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101111133055/http://www.usaid.gov/locations/sub-saharan_africa/countries/mali/ USAID Africa: Mali]. USAID. Retrieved 15 May 2008. Retrieved</ref> [[Bokgoba]] bo sa ntse bo le teng kwa Mali gompieno ka batho ba ba ka nnang 200 000 ba ba tshwerweng ka tlhamalalo ke beng ba bone.<ref>Tran, Mark (23 October 2012). "[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/oct/23/mali-conflict-freedom-slave-descendants-peril Mali conflict puts freedom of 'slave descendants' in peril"]. ''The Guardian''. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131005100538/http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/oct/23/mali-conflict-freedom-slave-descendants-peril Archived] from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2012</ref> Ka nako ya Kgaratlho ya [[Ba-Tuareg ya 2012]], makgoba a maloba e ne e le setlhopha sa batho ba ba neng ba sa sireletsega mme go ne ga begwa gore makgoba mangwe a ne a thopiwa gape ke beng ba bone ba pele.<ref>York, Geoffrey (11 November 2012). [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/mali-chaos-gives-rise-to-slavery-persecution/article5186368/ "Mali chaos gives rise to slavery, persecution".] ''The Globe and Mail''. Toronto. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161129023715/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/mali-chaos-gives-rise-to-slavery-persecution/article5186368/ Archived] from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2017.</ref> == '''Dikgotlhang kwa Bokone jwa Mali''' == [[Setshwantsho:Le Mali confronté aux sanctions et à lavancée des rebelles islamistes (6904946068).jpg|thumb|Tuareg separatist rebels in Mali, January 2012]] Ka Hirikgong 2012 go ne ga simololwa [[botsuolodi jwa Ba-Tuareg]] kwa bokone jwa Mali, bo eteletswe pele ke [[Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Kgololo ya Azawad]] (MNLA). <ref>[http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-clashes-force-120-000-from-homes-20120222 Mali clashes force 120 000 from homes] [https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190149/http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-clashes-force-120-000-from-homes-20120222 Archived] 10 October 2017 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. News24 (22 February 2012). Retrieved 23 February 2012.</ref>Ka Mopitlo, modiredi wa sesole [[Amadou Sanogo]] o ne a tsaya puso ka [[go menola puso]], a bua ka go retelelwa ga ga Touré mo go thibeleng botsuolodi, mme seo sa dira gore go nne le dikiletso le thibelo ke [[Economic Community of West African States.]]<ref>Callimachi, Rukmini (3 April 2012) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120404171138/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/post-coup-mali-hit-with-sanctions-by-african-neighbours/article2390504/ "Post-coup Mali hit with sanctions by African neighbours".] ''Globe and Mail''. Retrieved </ref>MNLA e ne ya tsaya taolo ya bokone ka bonako, ya bolela boipuso jwa yona jaaka [[Azawad]].<ref>[http://www.france24.com/en/20120406-france-24-exclusive-tuareg-rebels-declare-independence-mlna-mali-ansar-dine-azawad Tuareg rebels declare independence in north Mali]". France 24. 6 April 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120408061146/http://www.france24.com/en/20120406-france-24-exclusive-tuareg-rebels-declare-independence-mlna-mali-ansar-dine-azawad Archived] from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo, ditlhopha tsa Islamist, go akaretsa [[Ansar Dine]] le [[Al-Qaeda mo Islamic Maghreb (AQIM]][[)]], ba ba neng ba thusitse MNLA go fenya puso, ba ne ba retologela go Tuareg mme ba tsaya taolo ya bokone<ref>Tiemoko Diallo; Adama Diarra (28 June 2012). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-crisis-idUSBRE85R15720120628 "Islamists declare full control of Mali's north]". ''Reuters''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200815183330/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-crisis/islamists-declare-full-control-of-malis-north-idUSBRE85R15720120628 Archived] from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2012.</ref> ka maikaelelo a go tsenya tirisong molao wa [[sharia]] kwa Mali.<ref>[https://archive.today/20121216092840/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h7XMRIbuZL6BjKF-U-RbRw5W30GA?docId=CNG.03a07b9823792a080c03447fb210148d.121 Mali Islamists want sharia not independence]". Agence France-Presse. 20 June 2012. Archived from [https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h7XMRIbuZL6BjKF-U-RbRw5W30GA?docId=CNG.03a07b9823792a080c03447fb210148d.121 the original] on 16 December 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.</ref><ref>[https://www.ictj.org/publication/possibilities-and-challenges-transitional-justice-mali "Mali Possibilities and Challenges for Transitional Justice in Mali"]. International Center for Transitional Justice. 9 January 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160918152945/https://www.ictj.org/publication/possibilities-and-challenges-transitional-justice-mali Archived] from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.</ref> Ka Hirikgong 11, 2013, [[Masole a France a tsenelela|masole a]] [[Masole a France a tsenelela|France a tsenelela]] ka kopo ya puso ya nakwana ya ga tautona [[Dioncounda Traoré]]. Ka di 30 tsa Hirikgong, go ne go na le kgatelopele e e rulagantsweng ya masole a lefatshe la France le a Malian a a neng a bolela fa a kgonne go gapa gape lefelo la bofelo le le neng le setse la Islamist la Kidal, le gape e neng e le la bofelo la ditoropokgolo tsa masepala tse tharo tsa bokone. <ref>French troops retake the last remaining Islamist urban stronghold in Mali.</ref>Ka di 2 Tlhakole, tautona wa France [[François Hollande]] o ne a kopana le Dioncounda Traoré mo ponatshegong ya setshaba kwa [[Timbuktu]] e e sa tswang go thopiwa gape. [[Setshwantsho:Northern Mali conflict.svg|thumb|Map showing the fullest extent of rebel-held territory in January 2013]] Ka Phatwe 2013, [[Ibrahim Boubacar Keita]] o ne a tlhophiwa go nna [[tautona yo moša wa Mali]] mo lekghethong la bobedi [[la ditlhopho]]. <ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23677124 Ibrahim Boubacar Keita wins Mali presidential election]". ''BBC News''. 13 August 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220120142538/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23677124 Archived] from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.</ref> == '''Ntwa ya Kwa Bogare Jwa Mali''' == Kwa kgaolong ya [[Mopti]] kwa bogare jwa Mali, kgotlhang e oketsegile fa e sale ka 2015 magareng ga merafe ya balemi jaaka [[Ba-Dogon]] le [[Ba-Bambara]], le badisa ba [[Ba-Fula]] [[(kana Ba-Fulani)]].<ref>[https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/in-depth/sahel-flames-Burkina-Faso-Mali-Niger-militancy-conflict "The Sahel in flames]". ''The New Humanitarian''. 31 May 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211113161848/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/in-depth/sahel-flames-Burkina-Faso-Mali-Niger-militancy-conflict Archived] from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/12/07/we-used-be-brothers/self-defense-group-abuses-central-mali ""We Used to Be Brothers" | Self-Defense Group Abuses in Central Mali"]. ''Human Rights Watch''. 7 December 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190402024327/https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/12/07/we-used-be-brothers/self-defense-group-abuses-central-mali Archived] from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</ref>Go ya ka ditso, matlhakore a mabedi a ne a lwa ka go bona lefatshe le metsi, mabaka a a neng a okediwa ke [[Phetogo ya tepo ya loapi|phetogo ya]] [[Phetogo ya tepo ya loapi|tepo ya loapi]],fa Fula e fudugela kwa mafelong a masha.<ref>Blake, James (29 March 2019). "[https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/29/radical-islamists-have-opened-a-new-front-in-mali/ Radical Islamists Have Opened a New Front in Mali"]. ''Foreign Policy''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190330032447/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/29/radical-islamists-have-opened-a-new-front-in-mali/ Archived] from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</ref>Ba Dogon le Bambara ba dirile "ditlhopha tsa go itshireletsa" <ref>[https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/12/07/we-used-be-brothers/self-defense-group-abuses-central-mali We Used to Be Brothers" | Self-Defense Group Abuses in Central Mali".] ''Human Rights Watch''. 7 December 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190402024327/https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/12/07/we-used-be-brothers/self-defense-group-abuses-central-mali Archived] from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</ref>go lwantsha Ba-Fula. Ba latofatsa Fula ka go dira le [[Islamists]] ba ba tshwaraganeng le [[Al-Qaeda]]. <ref>"[https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/12/07/we-used-be-brothers/self-defense-group-abuses-central-mali "We Used to Be Brothers" | Self-Defense Group Abuses in Central Mali"]. ''Human Rights Watch''. 7 December 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190402024327/https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/12/07/we-used-be-brothers/self-defense-group-abuses-central-mali Archived] from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</ref>Le fa bangwe ba Ba-Fula ba ile ba ikamanya le ditlhopha tsa Boiselamo, [[Human Rights Watch]] e bega gore dikgolagano tseno di ile tsa "fetelediwa le go dirisiwa ke batshameki ba ba farologaneng go fitlhelela maikaelelo a bone".<ref>"[https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/12/07/we-used-be-brothers/self-defense-group-abuses-central-mali We Used to Be Brothers" | Self-Defense Group Abuses in Central Mali"]. ''Human Rights Watch''. 7 December 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190402024327/https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/12/07/we-used-be-brothers/self-defense-group-abuses-central-mali Archived] from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</ref> ''O ne a oketsa ka molaodi wa sesole wa maemo a a kwa godimo wa Mali:''<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/12/07/we-used-be-brothers/self-defense-group-abuses-central-mali ""We Used to Be Brothers" | Self-Defense Group Abuses in Central Mali"]. ''Human Rights Watch''. 7 December 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190402024327/https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/12/07/we-used-be-brothers/self-defense-group-abuses-central-mali Archived] from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</ref> ''Ke buile ka thubakanyo e e golang le balaodi ba mme le dikgosana tsa metse go tswa mo matlhakoreng otlhe. Ee, go na le di-jihadist mo lefelong le, mme bothata jwa nnete ke bosenyi, bogodu jwa diphologolo, go baakanya melato  -  batho ba ikhumisa ka go dirisa ntwa kgatlhanong le dirukhutlhi jaaka sesiro.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/12/07/we-used-be-brothers/self-defense-group-abuses-central-mali ""We Used to Be Brothers" | Self-Defense Group Abuses in Central Mali"]. ''Human Rights Watch''. 7 December 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190402024327/https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/12/07/we-used-be-brothers/self-defense-group-abuses-central-mali Archived] from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</ref>'' ''Ntwa e ile ya dira gore go nne le masole a Ba-Dogon le Ba-Bambara. Mmuso wa Mali o belaelwa go tshegetsa dingwe tsa ditlhopha tseno ka fa tlase ga seipato sa go nna baemedi mo ntweng kgatlhanong le Islamists mo kgotlhang ya [[Bokone jwa Mali.]] <ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/07/24/au-mali-les-liaisons-dangereuses-entre-l-etat-et-les-milices_5335256_3212.html Au Mali, les liaisons dangereuses entre l'Etat et les milices]" (in French). 24 July 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190330013608/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/07/24/au-mali-les-liaisons-dangereuses-entre-l-etat-et-les-milices_5335256_3212.html Archived] from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</ref>Mmuso o ganetsa seno.<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/07/24/au-mali-les-liaisons-dangereuses-entre-l-etat-et-les-milices_5335256_3212.html "Au Mali, les liaisons dangereuses entre l'Etat et les milices]" (in French). 24 July 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190330013608/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/07/24/au-mali-les-liaisons-dangereuses-entre-l-etat-et-les-milices_5335256_3212.html Archived] from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</ref>Leloko le lengwe la sesole ke setlhopha sa Ba-Dogon sa [[Dan Na Ambassagou]], se se tlhamilweng ka 2016.<ref>"[https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/12/07/we-used-be-brothers/self-defense-group-abuses-central-mali "We Used to Be Brothers" | Self-Defense Group Abuses in Central Mali"]. ''Human Rights Watch''. 7 December 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190402024327/https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/12/07/we-used-be-brothers/self-defense-group-abuses-central-mali Archived] from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</ref>'' [[Setshwantsho:Modibo Sidibe voting in Bamako, 2018 Malian presidential election.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Modibo_Sidibe|Modibo Sidibe]] voting in Bamako, 2018 Malian presidential election]] Mo [[Ditlhophong tsa botautona jwa Mali tsa 2018|ditlhophong tsa]] [[Ditlhophong tsa botautona jwa Mali tsa 2018|botautona jwa Mali tsa 2018]] tse di neng di tshwerwe ka 29 Phukwi 2018, <ref>Mumbere, Daniel (10 July 2018). "[http://www.africanews.com/2018/07/10/mali-2018-presidential-election-background-to-a-critical-election-in-an/ Everything you need to know about Mali 2018 presidential election]". ''Africanews.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180724062858/http://www.africanews.com/2018/07/10/mali-2018-presidential-election-background-to-a-critical-election-in-an/ Archived] from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180212142217/http://maliactu.net/mali-election-presidentielle-2018-le-premier-tour-aura-lieu-le-dimanche-29-juillet/ Mali: Élection présidentielle 2018 : Le premier tour aura lieu le dimanche 29 juillet".] ''maliactu.net''. 12 February 2018. Archived from [http://maliactu.net/mali-election-presidentielle-2018-le-premier-tour-aura-lieu-le-dimanche-29-juillet/ the original] on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.</ref>ga go na moemedi ope yo o amogetseng go feta 50% ya ditlhopho mo kgetlong la ntlha. Go ne ga tshwarwa ditlhopho tsa bobedi ka 12 Phatwe 2018 fa gare ga bakgethi ba babedi ba ba kwa godimo, tautona [[Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta]] wa [[Rally for Mali]] le [[Soumaïla Cissé]] wa [[Union for the Republic and Democracy,]] mme Keïta o ne a tlhophiwa gape ka 67% ya ditlhopho.<ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/20180816-mali-incumbent-president-ibraham-boubacar-keita-wins-election Incumbent President Keita wins re-election in Mali]". ''France 24''. 16 August 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240116002945/https://www.france24.com/en/20180816-mali-incumbent-president-ibraham-boubacar-keita-wins-election Archived] from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse 2018, [[Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue]] e ne ya buisana le Dan Na Ambassagou ka go emisa ntwa ka tsela e le nngwe "ka ntlha ya kgotlhang e e kgatlhanong le setlhopha le ditlhopha tse dingwe tsa setšhaba tse di tlhometseng kwa bogareng jwa Mali". <ref>"[https://www.hdcentre.org/updates/youssouf-toloba-and-his-dan-nan-ambassagou-armed-group-sign-a-commitment-towards-a-ceasefire-in-central-mali/ Youssouf Toloba and his Dan Nan Ambassagou armed group sign a commitment towards a ceasefire in central Mali | HD Centre]". [https://web.archive.org/web/20190329224050/https://www.hdcentre.org/updates/youssouf-toloba-and-his-dan-nan-ambassagou-armed-group-sign-a-commitment-towards-a-ceasefire-in-central-mali/ Archived] from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, setlhopha se ne sa pegwa molato wa [[Polao e kgolo ya batho ba le lekgolo le masome a le borataro 160 ba motse wa Fula ka 24 Mopitlo 2019|polao e kgolo ya batho ba le]] [[Polao e kgolo ya batho ba le lekgolo le masome a le borataro 160 ba motse wa Fula ka 24 Mopitlo 2019|lekgolo le masome a le borataro 160 ba motse wa Fula ka 24 Mopitlo 2019]].<ref>"[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/united-nations-investigate-horrific-massacre-mali-190326135707656.html UN to probe 'horrific' Mali attacks as death toll jumps to 160]". Al-Jazeera. 26 March 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190329130105/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/united-nations-investigate-horrific-massacre-mali-190326135707656.html Archived] from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019</ref>Setlhopha se ne sa ganela tlhaselo, mme morago ga moo tautona wa Malian Keita o ne a laela setlhopha go phatlalala.<ref>[https://africanarguments.org/2019/03/26/insiders-insight-explaining-the-mali-massacre/ Insiders Insight: Explaining the Mali massacre"]. ''African Arguments''. 26 March 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200918134833/https://africanarguments.org/2019/03/26/insiders-insight-explaining-the-mali-massacre/ Archived] from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</ref> Mogakolodi yo o kgethegileng wa UN mo thibelong ya polao ya morafe, [[Adama Dieng]], o ne a tlhagisa ka go oketsega ga [[Tlhaolele ya kgotlhang|tlhaolele]] ya kgotlhang.<ref>"[https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/03/1035661 Central Mali: Top UN genocide prevention official sounds alarm over recent ethnically-targeted killings]". ''UN News''. 28 March 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190329172541/https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/03/1035661 Archived] from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</ref>Ka 2020, batho ba ba fetang 600,000 ba ne ba [[fudusitswe]] ke kgotlhang kwa Mali. <ref>Giannangeli, Marco (1 November 2020). "[https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/1354747/british-army-mali-west-africa-troops-war-terrorism-royal-anglian-light-dragoons-al-qaeda Britain 'sleepwalking' into deadly conflict in war-torn West Africa".] express.co.uk. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201126044622/https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/1354747/british-army-mali-west-africa-troops-war-terrorism-royal-anglian-light-dragoons-al-qaeda Archived] from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.</ref>Lekgotla la Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng le ne la bega gore palo ya bana ba ba bolailweng mo ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro tsa 2019 e ne e menagane gabedi go feta ya ngwaga otlhe wa 2018. Bontsi jwa bana ba bolailwe mo ditlhaselong tse di dirwang ke ditlhopha tsa merafe, mme bontsi jwa ditlhaselo tseno di diragetse mo tikologong ya [[Mopti]]. Go begwa gore dikolo di ka nna 900 di tswetswe le gore masole a a tlhometseng a kwadisitse bana.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/aug/13/sharp-rise-number-children-killed-mali Sharp rise in number of children killed in Mali's deadly attacks]". ''The Guardian''. 13 August 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190831235440/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/aug/13/sharp-rise-number-children-killed-mali Archived] from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2019.</ref> Mo bekeng ya ntlha ya Phalane 2019, ditlhaselo tse pedi tsa jihadist mo ditoropong tsa Boulikessi le [[Mondoro]] di bolaile masole a feta masome a mabedi le botlhano 25 a Mali gaufi le molelwane le [[Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso.]]<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20250212174400/http://en.puic.org/news/10181 PUIC Secretary General condemns terrorist attacks in Mali"]. [[:en:Parliamentary_Union_of_the_OIC_Member_States|Parliamentary Union of the OIC Member States]]. 8 October 2019. from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019</ref> Tautona Keïta o ne a bolela gore "ga go na ntwa ya sesole e e tla fenyang kwa Mali", a tswelela ka go re ga a akanye gore "e mo lenaneong la letsatsi gotlhelele mme e ka se re tshwenye". <ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20200807131029/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/10/07/world/mali-president-dismisses-coup-speculation-jihadi-attacks-kill-dozens-troops-near-burkina-faso-border/#.Xa8-j5IzbIU Mali president dismisses coup speculation after jihadi attacks kill dozens of troops near Burkina Faso border]". ''[[:en:Japantimes.co.jp|Japantimes.co.jp]]''. 7 October 2019. from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019</ref>Ka 1 Ngwanatsele 2019, [[ba-IS-GS]] ba bolaile bobotlana masole a le masome a matlhano 50 mo [[Tlhaselong ya Indelimane|tlhaselong ya Indelimane ya 2019]] kwa [[Kgaolong ya Ménaka]] ya Mali. <ref>"[https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/militants-kill-54-attack-mali-army-post-claims-responsibility-n1075721 Militants kill 54 in attack on Mali army post, ISIS claims responsibility".] ''[[:en:NBC_News|NBC News]]''. 3 November 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.</ref>Ka Tlhakole 2020, Human Rights Watch e ne ya kwala bosetlhogo jo bo dirilweng kgatlhanong le baagi kwa Central Mali mme ya re bobotlana go bolailwe baagi ba le makgolo a le mane le masome a matlhano le borataro 456, fa makgolokgolo a ne a gobala go tloga ka Hirikgong 2019 go fitlha ka Ngwanatsele.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/02/10/how-much-more-blood-must-be-spilled/atrocities-against-civilians-central-mali "How Much More Blood Must Be Spilled?"]. ''HRW''. 10 February 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230531102933/https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/02/10/how-much-more-blood-must-be-spilled/atrocities-against-civilians-central-mali Archived] from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.</ref> == '''2020s go menola puso le Assimi Goïta junta''' == [[Setshwantsho:Comité national pour le salut du Peuple - 2020 Malian coup d'Etat 2.jpg|thumb|Members of the [[:en:National_Committee_for_the_Salvation_of_the_People|National Committee for the Salvation of the People]], September 2020]] Dikhuduego tsa batho di simolotse ka 5 Seetebosigo 2020 morago ga go sa tsamaelane le maemo mo ditlhophong tsa palamente tsa Mopito le Moranang, go akaretsa le go galefa kgatlhanong le go tsewa ga moeteledipele wa kganetso [[Soumaïla Cissé]]. <ref>Ahmed, Baba (5 June 2020). "[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/thousands-malis-capital-demand-president-step-71093627 Thousands in Mali's capital demand that president step down"]. ''ABC News''. Associated Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200913072323/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/thousands-malis-capital-demand-president-step-71093627 Archived] from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.</ref><ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/06/kidnapped-mali-politician-and-french-aid-worker-freed Kidnapped Mali politician and French aid worker freed]". ''the Guardian''. 6 October 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210603113914/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/06/kidnapped-mali-politician-and-french-aid-worker-freed Archived] from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021</ref>Go ne ga swa batho ba le lesome le motso 11 go ya go ba le masome a mabedi le boraro 23 morago ga ditshupegetso tse di neng tsa tshwarwa go tloga ka 10 go ya go 13 Seetebosigo. <ref>[https://www.cnews.fr/monde/2020-08-19/tout-comprendre-sur-la-situation-au-mali-990104 TOUT COMPRENDRE SUR LA SITUATION AU MALI"] &#x5B;Understanding everything about the situation in Mali&#x5D;. ''CNews'' (in French). 19 August 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200826193119/https://www.cnews.fr/monde/2020-08-19/tout-comprendre-sur-la-situation-au-mali-990104 Archived] from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.</ref>Ka Phukwi, Tautona Keïta o ne a fedisa kgotlatshekelo ya molao motheo. Maloko a sesole a eteletswe pele ke Colonel [[Assimi Goïta]] le Colonel-Major [[Ismaël Wagué]] kwa [[Kati]], [[Kgaolo ya Koulikoro,]] ba simolotse botsuolodi ka di 18 Phatwe 2020.<ref name=":5" /> Tautona Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta le Tonakgolo [[Boubou Cissé]] ba ne ba tshwarwa, mme ka bonako morago ga bosigogare Keïta o ne a itsise go rola tiro ga gagwe, a re ga a batle go bona tshololo ya madi.<ref name=":6" /> Wagué o ne a itsise go tlhamiwa ga [[Komiti ya Bosetšhaba ya Poloko ya Batho]] (CNSP) mme a solofetsa ditlhopho mo isagweng. Go ne ga tlhomiwa molao wa go tswa mo gae mme mebila ya Bamako e ne e didimetse. <ref name=":7" />[[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS) e ne ya kgala go menola puso mme ya kopa gore Keïta a busediwe jaaka tautona.<ref name=":8" /> Ka 12 Lwetse 2020, CNSP e ne ya dumela gore go nne le phetogo ya sepolotiki ya dikgwedi di le lesome le boferabobedi 18 go ya go puso ya selegae. Moragonyana fela ga foo, [[Bah N'daw]] o ne a tlhophiwa go nna tautona wa nakwana ke setlhopha sa batho ba le lesome le bosupa 17 ba ba neng ba mo tlhopha, mme Goïta o ne a tlhophiwa go nna mothusa tautona. Puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka di 25 Lwetse 2020. Ka di 18 Hirikgong 2021, puso ya nakwana e ne ya itsise gore CNSP e fedisitswe, mo e ka nnang dikgwedi di le nne morago ga go solofediwa go ya ka tumelano ya ntlha.<ref name=":9" /> Dikgotlhang magareng ga puso ya selegae ya nakwana le sesole di ne tsa oketsega morago ga go fetisiwa ga maatla ka Lwetse 2020. Dikgotlhang di ne tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng ka di 24 Motsheganong 2021 morago ga phetogo ya khuduthamaga ya matona, koo baeteledipele ba babedi ba pheretlhego ya sesole ya 2020  -  [[Sadio Camara]] le [[Modibo Kone]]  -  ba neng ba emisediwa ke tsamaiso ya ga N'daw. <ref name=":10" />Moragonyana mo letsatsing leo, babegadikgang ba ne ba bega gore baeteledipele ba bararo ba botlhokwa ba baagi - Tautona N'daw, Tonakgolo [[Moctar Ouane]] le Tona ya Tshireletso [[Souleymane Doucouré]], ba ne ba tshwerwe kwa bothibelelong jwa sesole kwa [[Kati]], kwa ntle ga Bamako.<ref name=":11" /> Ka di 7 Seetebosigo 2021, molaodi wa sesole sa Mali Assimi Goïta o ne a ikana jaaka tautona wa nakwana.<ref name=":12" /> [[Setshwantsho:MaliWar.svg|thumb|Military situation in Mali. For a detailed map, see [[:en:Template:Mali_War_detailed_map|here.]]]] Ka 2022 le 2023, [[Islamic State]] [[kwa Greater Sahara]] e ne ya bona diphitlhelelo tse dikgolo mo [[Ntweng ya Mali]], e ne ya gapa dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa lefatshe kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Mali. [[Ansongo]] le [[Tidermène]] le bone ba ne ba tshwarwa ke setlhopha seo. <ref name=":13" />Mo bogareng jwa 2023, setlhopha sa dirukhutlhi se ne se okeditse palo ya mafelo a se neng se a laola gabedi fa e sale puso ya pele e thankgolwa le go tlhongwa ga puso ya sepolotiki.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2023/08/26/1196189708/islamic-state-mali-al-qaida-west-africa-extremist ''NPR: Islamic State group almost doubled its territory in Mali in under a year, U.N. says'',] NPR, 2023, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230827063702/https://www.npr.org/2023/08/26/1196189708/islamic-state-mali-al-qaida-west-africa-extremist archived] from the original on 27 August 2023, retrieved 27 August 2023</ref> Ka di 10 Hirikgong 2022, Mali e ne ya itsise go tswalwa ga melelwane ya yona mme ya bitsa baemedi ba le mmalwa go tswa kwa dinageng tsa ECOWAS go arabela dikotlhao tse di beilweng mo Mali ka go busetsa morago ditlhopho ka dingwaga di le nne. <ref>Ahmed, Baba (10 January 2022). "[https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Mali-s-junta-deplores-new-sanctions-imposed-by-16763433.php Mali's junta deplores new sanctions imposed by regional bloc"]. ''SFGate''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220110161440/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Mali-s-junta-deplores-new-sanctions-imposed-by-16763433.php Archived] from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022</ref>Ka di 4 Tlhakole, moemedi wa France o ne a kobiwa.<ref>"[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/5/thousands-in-mali-celebrate-expulsion-of-french-ambassador Thousands in Mali celebrate expulsion of French ambassador | Armed Groups News".] Al Jazeera. 5 February 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220207034714/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/5/thousands-in-mali-celebrate-expulsion-of-french-ambassador Archived] from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.</ref>Go ya ka [[Human Rights Watch]], masole a Malian le ba ba belaelwang gore ke masole a Russia a a hirilweng go tswa kwa [[Wagner Group]] ba bolaile banna ba le 300 ba e neng e se masole kwa bogareng jwa Mali ka Mopitlwe 2022. France e ne e simolotse go ntsha masole a France go tswa kwa Mali ka Tlhakole 2022, go simolola bokhutlo jwa [[Operation Barkhane.]]<ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60997602 Mali troops and suspected Russian fighters accused of massacre]". ''BBC News''. 5 April 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220406192814/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60997602 Archived] from the original on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.</ref> Ka di 2 Motsheganong, puso ya sesole e ne ya itsise go roba ditumalano tsa yona tsa tshireletso tse di rurifaditsweng ka 2013 le France, e leng kgato e nngwe gape ya go senyega ga dikamano tsa Malian-French.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/3/malis-junta-breaks-off-from-defence-accords-with-france Mali: Military government breaks defence accords with France]". ''AlJazeera.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220509235754/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/3/malis-junta-breaks-off-from-defence-accords-with-france Archived] from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved </ref> Kitsiso eno ya bofelo e ne ya tshwaiwa diphoso ke balaodi ba France mme ya tsewa e le "e e seng ka fa molaong". <ref>[https://www.theafricareport.com/201855/mali-france-opposed-to-assimi-goitas-junta-demanding-an-end-to-defence-agreements/ Mali: France opposed to Assimi Goïta's junta demanding an end to defence agreements]". ''The Africa Report.com''. 9 May 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220509155505/https://www.theafricareport.com/201855/mali-france-opposed-to-assimi-goitas-junta-demanding-an-end-to-defence-agreements/ Archived] from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022</ref>Setlhopha sa UN se begile gore mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse tharo tsa 2022, go bolailwe baagi ba le 543 mme ba le 269 ba ne ba gobala, ba tlhagisa gore tumelano ya kagiso ya 2015 magareng ga puso le ditlhopha tse di leng kgatlhanong le boipuso e ne e tshosediwa ke kotsi ya kgotlhang e e ka nnang teng lekgetlho la ntlha mo dingwageng di le tlhano. Pegelo e e lemogile gape koketsego e kgolo mo palong ya batho ba ba tlhokang thuso ya botho mo ngwageng o o fetileng.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/un-experts-malian-military-white-015227805.html UN experts: Malian military and 'white' soldiers killed 33]". ''Yahoo News''. 5 August 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220806021317/https://news.yahoo.com/un-experts-malian-military-white-015227805.html Archived] from the original on 6 August 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022.</ref> [[Sergey Lavrov]], tona wa tsa kwa ntle wa Russia, o ne a etela Bamako ka di 7 Tlhakole 2023 mme a re Moscow e tla tswelela go thusa Mali go tokafatsa bokgoni jwa sesole sa yone.<ref>[https://www.euronews.com/2023/02/08/russian-foreign-minister-sergei-lavrov-visits-mali-in-sign-of-deepening-ties Russian Foreign Minister visits Mali in sign of deepening ties]". ''EuroNews''. 8 February 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230208210854/http://www.euronews.com/2023/02/08/russian-foreign-minister-sergei-lavrov-visits-mali-in-sign-of-deepening-ties Archived] from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved </ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2023, Mali e ne ya tlosa Sefora, puo ya mmuso wa pele wa bokoloniale, jaaka puo ya semmuso ka tumelelo ya molao motheo o mošwa ka 97% ya batlhophi mo [[referandamong]] e e neng e tshwerwe ke lekgotla la sepolotiki.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/08/03/mali-french-new-constitution/ Mali demotes French, language of its former colonizer, in symbolic move".] ''Washington Post''. 4 August 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230803234614/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/08/03/mali-french-new-constitution/ Archived] from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.</ref>Ka di 7 Lwetse 2023, al-Qaeda e ne ya golaganya [[JNIM]] go [[tlhasela]] sekepe mo [[Nokeng ya Niger,]] ba bolaya bonnye baagi ba le 154.<ref>"[https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2023/11/01/mali-les-groupes-islamistes-armes-et-larmee-prennent-les-civils-pour-cible Mali : Les groupes islamistes armés et l'armée prennent les civils pour cible]" (in French). [[:en:Human_Rights_Watch|Human Rights Watch]]. 1 November 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231214185052/https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2023/11/01/mali-les-groupes-islamistes-armes-et-larmee-prennent-les-civils-pour-cible Archived] from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</ref> Ka July 2024, [[CSP-DPA]] batsuolodi le JNIM ba bolaile makgolokgolo a masole a Russia le masole a puso ya Mali ka nako ya [[Ntwa ya Tinzaouaten]].<ref>Darya Tarasova; Tim Lister; Avery Schmitz (29 July 2024). "[https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/29/africa/russian-mercenaries-wagner-killed-mali-intl-latam/index.html Dozens of Russian mercenaries killed in rebel ambush in Mali, in their worst known loss in Africa]". ''CNN''. Retrieved 30 July 2024.</ref> Ka di 5 Phatwe 2024 Republic of Mali e ne ya itsise gore e kgaola dikamano tsa sedipolomate le Ukraine.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240805181211/https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/mali-announces-severance-of-diplomatic-relations-1722838542.html Mali announces severance of diplomatic relations with Ukraine"]. [[:en:RBC-Ukraine|РБК]]. 5 August 2024. Archived from [https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/mali-announces-severance-of-diplomatic-relations-1722838542.html the original] on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78ld18lgr9o "Was Ukraine's role in big Wagner defeat an own goal in Africa]?". ''BBC News''. </ref> Ka di 17 Lwetse 2024, al-Qaeda e ne ya golaganngwa le JNIM ba [[tlhasela mafelo a le mmalwa]] go ralala Bamako, ba bolaya batho ba le 77 mme ba gobatsa ba bangwe ba le 255.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/20/attack-by-al-qaeda-linked-group-in-mali-killed-more-than-70-people Attack by al-Qaeda linked group in Mali killed more than 70 people][[:en:Al_Jazeera_English|". Al Jazeera English]]. 17 September 2024. Retrieved 20 September 2024</ref> == '''Dipopego tsa lefatshe''' == [[Setshwantsho:Mali sat.png|thumb|Satellite image of Mali]] Mali ke lefatshe le le dikaganyêditswêng ke mafatshe a mangwê, ka jalo ga le a bapa le lewatle kwa Aforika Bophirima, e e kwa borwabophirima jwa [[Algeria]]. E fa gare ga latitude [[10°]] le [[25°N]], le longitude [[13°W]] le [[5°E]]. Mali e bapile le molelwane le Algeria kwa [[bokone-bokone-botlhaba]], [[Niger]] kwa [[botlhaba]], [[Burkina Faso]] kwa [[borwabotlhaba]], [[Ivory Coast]] kwa [[borwa]], [[Guinea]] kwa [[borwabophirima]], le [[Senegal]] kwa [[bophirima]] le [[Mauritania]] kwa [[Bokone Bophirima|bokone-bophirima]].<ref>Griffiths, Ieuan (July 1986). "The Scramble for Africa: Inherited Political Boundaries". ''The Geographical Journal''. '''152''' (2): 204–216. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986GeogJ.152..204G 1986GeogJ.152..204G.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.2307/634762|10.2307/634762]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7398 0016-7398]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/634762 634762].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Hand der Fatima.jpg|thumb|Landscape in [[:en:Hombori|Hombori]]]] [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map MLI present.svg|thumb|Mali map of Köppen climate classification]] Ka 1,240,192 square kilometres (478,841 sq mi), <ref>[[:en:CIA|Central Intelligence Agency]] (27 April 2021). "[[:en:Mali#|Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency]]". ''CIA.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ Archived] from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2010.</ref> Mali ke lefatshe [[la bo masome a mabedi le bone 24 ka bogolo mo lefatsheng]] ebile ke lefatshe [[La borobabobedi 8 ka bogolo mo Aforika|la]] [[La borobabobedi 8 ka bogolo mo Aforika|borobabobedi 8 ka bogolo mo Aforika]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-African-countries-by-area List of African countries by area]". ''www.britannica.com''. 27 September 2024</ref>Le lekana ka bogolo le Afrika Borwa kgotsa [[Angola]]. Bontsi jwa lefatshe le bo kwa borwa jwa [[Sekaka sa Sahara]], se se dirang gore go nne le [[lefelo le le mogote thata le le tletseng lerole la kwa Sudan.]]<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile,]] p. 5</ref> Lefatshe la Mali le legolo le bo sephaphathi, mme fa o leba kwa bokone o fitlhela go na le dipoa tse di tletseng [[motlhaba]]. Thaba ya [[Adrar des Ifoghas]] e kwa bokonebotlhaba.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-African-countries-by-area "List of African countries by area]". ''www.britannica.com''. 27 September 2024.</ref> Mali e mo [[kgaolong e e mogote]] thata mme ke nngwe ya mafatshe a a mogote go gaisa otlhe mo lefatsheng. [[Mogare wa mogote]], o o tsamaelanang le mafelo a a mogote thata ngwaga otlhe mo lefatshing e e ikaegileng ka palogare ya mogote wa letsatsi le letsatsi ya ngwaga, o kgabaganya lefatshe .<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 5</ref> Bontsi jwa Mali bo amogela pula e nnye mme komelelo e diragala gantsi.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 5</ref>Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Moranang go ya kwa tshimologong ya Phalane ke paka ya dipula kwa karolong e e kwa borwa. Mo nakong eno, go na le merwalela ya Noka ya Niger, e e dirang gore go nne le [[karolo e e kwa teng ya Noka ya Niger]]. <ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 5</ref>Karolo e kgolo ya sekaka sa bokone jwa Mali e na le tepo loapi e e [[mogote ya sekaka]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] BWh) ka selemo se se telele, se se mogote thata le pula e e kwa tlase e e fokotsegang go ya kwa bokone. Lefelo le le fa gare le na le [[Tepo loapi e e mogote e e omeletseng|tepo loapi e e mogote]] [[Tepo loapi e e mogote e e omeletseng|e e omeletseng]] (Köppen climate classification BSh) e e nang le mogote o o kwa godimo thata ngwaga otlhe, paka e telele e e omeletseng le paka e khutshwane ya dipula tse di sa feleng. Dikarolo tse di kwa borwa di na le [[tepo loapi ya boboatsatsi e e bongola le e e omileng.]] (Köppen climate classification Aw) Ka kakaretso, tepo loapi ya kwa Mali ke ya boboatsatsi, mme ka Mopitlo go ya go Motsheganong paka e e mogote le e e omileng. Go na pula go tloga ka Seetebosigi go ya go Phalane,go bongola e bile go bonolo. Ngwaga wa serame le komelelo o simolola ka Ngwanatsele go fitlha ka Tlhakole. Mali e na le metswedi e mentsi ya tlholego, mme gauta, uranium, [[phosphate]], [[kaolinite]], letswai le [[kapoko]] di dirisiwa thata. Mali e lekanyediwa gore e na le ditone tse di fetang 17,400 tsa uranium (e e lekantsweng + e e supilweng + e e fopholediwang).<ref>[http://www.wise-uranium.org/uoafr.html#ML Uranium Mine Ownership – Africa] [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20200415020226/http://www.wise%2Duranium.org/uoafr.html#ML Archived] 15 April 2020 at [[:en:Archive-It|Archive-It.]] Wise-uranium.org. Retrieved 24 March 2013.</ref><ref>Muller, CJ and Umpire, A (22 November 2012) [http://www.sedar.com/GetFile.do?lang=EN&docClass=24&issuerNo=00022459&fileName=/csfsprod/data138/filings/02005552/00000001/y%3A\Web_Documents\RADAR\E3\RCGQ\14JA13046\121122TR_Falea_cn.pdf An Independent Technical Report on the Mineral Resources of Falea Uranium, Copper and Silver Deposit, Mali, West Africa] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210824024212/https://www.sedar.com/GetFile.do?lang=EN&docClass=24&issuerNo=00022459&fileName=%2Fcsfsprod%2Fdata138%2Ffilings%2F02005552%2F00000001%2Fy%3A%5CWeb_Documents%5CRADAR%5CE3%5CRCGQ%5C14JA13046%5C121122TR_Falea_cn.pdf Archived] 24 August 2021 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Minxcon.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 2012, go ne ga lemogiwa gore go na le lefelo le lengwe gape le le nang le uranium kwa bokone.<ref>[http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Others/Uranium-in-Africa/ Uranium in Africa] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140417025834/http://world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Others/Uranium-in-Africa/ Archived] 17 April 2014 at the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140417025834/http://world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Others/Uranium-in-Africa/ Wayback Machine.] World-nuclear.org. Retrieved 24 March 2013.</ref> Mali e lebagane le dikgwetlho di le dintsi tsa tikologo, go akaretsa go [[fetoga ga lefatshe]],[[sekaka]], [[go rengwa ga dikgwa,]] [[kgotlhego ya mmu,]] le go se nne teng ga [[metsi a a nowang]] a a [[lekaneng]]. == '''Mefutafuta ya Ditshedi''' == Di-ecoregion tse tlhano tsa lefatshe di mo melelwaneng ya Mali: [[Savanna]] ya [[Acacia ya Sahelian]], [[Savanna ya Bophirima]] ya [[Sudan, Savanna]] [[e e ka fa gare ya Niger Delta]] e e nang le metsi, [[dithaba le dikgwa tsa Sahara Borwa]], le [[dikgwa tsa xeric tsa dithaba tsa Sahara Bophirima.]] <ref>Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287 An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"]. ''BioScience''. '''67''' (6): 534–545. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014|10.1093/biosci/bix014]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568 0006-3568]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287 5451287]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869 28608869].</ref>Lefatshe le ne le na le tekanyetso ya 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] ya 7.16/10, e e beileng mo maemong a bo masome a le matlhano le motso 51 lefatshe ka bophara mo dinageng di le lekgolo le masome a le bosupa le bobedi 172.<ref>Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material".] ''Nature Communications''. '''11''' (1): 5978. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.5978G 2020NatCo..11.5978G]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723 2041-1723]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 7723057]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293507 33293507].</ref> == '''Dipolotiki le puso''' == '''Puso''' [[Setshwantsho:Assimi Goita, August 2021.png|thumb|[[:en:Assimi_Goita|Assimi Goita]], interim president of [[:en:2021_Malian_coup_d'état|Mali since 2021 Malian coup]] [[:en:2021_Malian_coup_d'état|d'état]]]] Go fitlha ka phenyo ya sesole ya di 22 Mopitlo 2012,<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9161930/UN-Security-council-condemns-Mali-coup.html UN Security Council condemns Mali coup] [https://web.archive.org/web/20201128100600/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9161930/UN-Security-council-condemns-Mali-coup.html Archived] 28 November 2020 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Telegraph (23 March 2012). Retrieved 24 March 2013.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120323134828/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9161659/US-condemns-Mali-coup-amid-reports-of-looting.html Video: US condemns Mali coup amid reports of looting]. Telegraph (22 March 2012). Retrieved 24 March 2013.</ref>Mali e ne e le [[puso ya batho ka batho ya molao motheo]] e e laolwang ke molao motheo wa di 12 Hirikgong 1992, o o neng wa fetolwa ka 1999.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 14.</ref> Molao motheo o tlamela ka kgaogano ya maatla magareng ga makala a puso a khuduthamaga, [[peomolao]] [[le boatlhodi]].<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 14</ref>Tsamaiso ya puso e ka tlhalosiwa jaaka "[[tautona yo o sa reng sepe]]".<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 14</ref> Taolo ya khuduthamaga e mo diatleng tsa ga tautona, yo o tlhophiwang ka dingwaga di le tlhano ka [[ditlhopho tsa botlhe]] mme o lekanyeditswe ka paka ya dingwaga di le pedi.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 14</ref><ref>[[:en:Mali#Const|Constitution of Mali]], Art. 30</ref> Tautona o dira jaaka [[Tlhogo ya lefatshe|tlhogo ya]] [[Tlhogo ya lefatshe|lefatshe]] e le [[molaodi-mogolo wa masole]].<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 14</ref> <ref>[[:en:Mali#Const|Constitution of Mali,]] Art. 29 & 46</ref>Tonakgolo e e tlhophilweng ke tautona o dira jaaka tlhogo ya puso mme ka go rialo o tlhoma Khansele ya Ditona. <ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 14</ref><ref>[[:en:Mali#Const|Constitution of Mali,]] Art. 38</ref>Kopano ya Bosetšhaba ya [[Phuthego ya matona]] e e nang le ntlo e le nngwe ke yone fela e e dirang molao kwa Mali, e e nang le batlhankedi ba ba tlhophilweng ka paka ya dingwaga di le tlhano.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 15</ref><ref>[[:en:Mali#Const|Constitution of Mali,]] Art. 59 & 61</ref>Morago ga ditlhopho tsa 2007, [[Alliance for Democracy and Progress]] e ne ya nna le ditulo di le 113 mo go tse 160 mo kgotlapeomolao.<ref>(in French) Koné, Denis. [http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200708131307.html Mali: "Résultats définitifs des Législatives]" [https://web.archive.org/web/20121229150933/http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200708131307.html Archived] 29 December 2012 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. ''[[:en:Les_Échos_(Mali)|Les Echos]]'' ([[:en:Bamako|Bamako]]) (13 August 2007). Retrieved </ref>Kopano e tshwara dikopano di le pedi tsa tlwaelo ngwaga le ngwaga, mo go tsone e ngangisanang le go tlhopha ka molao o o tlisitsweng ke leloko kgotsa ke puso.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile,]] p. 15</ref><ref>[[:en:Mali#Const|Constitution of Mali,]] Art. 65</ref> Molao motheo wa Mali o tlamela ka tsamaiso ya boatlhodi e e ikemetseng,<ref>[[:en:Mali#Const|Constitution of Mali,]] Art. 81</ref><ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile,]] p. 15</ref> fela khuduthamaga e tswelela go nna le tlhotlheletso mo tsamaisong ya boatlhodi ka maatla a go thapa baatlhodi le go okamela ditiro tsa boatlhodi le tiragatso ya molao.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 15</ref>Dikgotlatshekelo tse di kwa godimo tsa kwa Mali ke Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang, e e nang le dithata tsa boatlhodi le tsamaiso, le Kgotlatshekelo ya molao motheo e e farologaneng e e nayang tshekatsheko ya boatlhodi ya melao ya molao mme e dira jaaka moatlhodi wa ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 15</ref><ref>[[:en:Mali#Const|Constitution of Mali,]] Art. 83–94</ref>Dikgotlatshekelo tse di farologaneng tse di kwa tlase di teng, le fa go le jalo dikgosana tsa metse le bagolwane ba rarabolola dikgotlhang tse dintsi tsa selegae mo mafelong a magae.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 15</ref> Mmuso wa phetogelo o buseditse morago nako ya ditlhopho tse dintšhwa, tse di neng di tshwanetse go tshwarwa ka Tlhakole 2022, go ya go Tlhakole 2024.<ref>[https://www.africanews.com/2022/07/01/malis-transition-govt-sets-february-2024-for-presidential-election// Mali's transition govt sets February 2024 for presidential election]". ''AfricaNews''. 1 July 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230818190836/https://www.africanews.com/2022/07/01/malis-transition-govt-sets-february-2024-for-presidential-election// Archived] from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023</ref>E le go fetola maitlamo a puso a ditlhopho tsa 2024, [[ECOWAS]] e dumetse go tlosa dikiletso mo lefatsheng.<ref>Melly, Paul (6 July 2022). "[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62037317 Mali coup: How junta got Ecowas economic sanctions lifted".] ''BBC''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230805123950/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62037317 Archived] from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023</ref> == '''Dikamano tsa kwa ntle le mafatshe a mangwe''' == [[Setshwantsho:Rutte and Touré.jpg|thumb|Former President of Mali [[:en:Amadou_Toumani_Touré|Amadou Toumani Touré]] and Minister-president of the Netherlands [[:en:Mark_Rutte|Mark Rutte]]]] [[Setshwantsho:Malick Diaw and Vyacheslav Volodin (2023-03-19).jpg|thumb|Representatives of Mali and [[:en:Russia|Russia]] at the 2nd International Parliamentary Conference “Russia-Africa” in Moscow, 19 March 2023]] Go fitlha ka 2012, leano la boditšhabatšhaba la Mali le ne la nna le go nna pragmatic le pro-Western ka nako. <ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 17</ref>Fa e sale go tlhomiwa puso ya puso ya batho ka batho ka 2002, dikamano tsa Mali le Bophirima ka kakaretso [[le United States]] ka go kgethega di tokafetse thata.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 17</ref>Mali e na le kamano e telele le France, [[Mmusi wa pele wa Bokolone|mmusi wa pele wa]] [[Mmusi wa pele wa Bokolone|Bokolone]]. <ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile,]] p. 17</ref>Mali e ne e dira mo mekgatlhong ya kgaolo jaaka [[African Union]] go fitlha e emisiwa ka ntlha ya [[coup d'état ya 2012]] ya kwa Mali.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 17</ref><ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/03/2012323134643629717.html "ion suspends Mali over coup]". Al Jazeera. 23 March 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120325235036/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/03/2012323134643629717.html Archived] from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.</ref> Go dira go laola le go rarabolola dikgotlhang tsa kgaolo, jaaka kwa [[Ivory Coast]], [[Liberia]], le [[Sierra Leone]], ke nngwe ya maikaelelo a magolo a maitlamo a boditšhabatšhaba ya Mali.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 17</ref>Mali e ikutlwa e tshoseditswe ke kgonagalo ya go phatlalala ga dikgotlhang mo mafatsheng a boagisani, mme dikamano le baagisani bao gantsi ga di a siama.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 17</ref>Go tlhoka tshireletsego go go akaretsang mo melelwaneng ya kwa bokone, go akaretsa le [[go thukhutha]] le borukhutlhi, e santse e le mathata a a tshwenyang mo dikamanong tsa kgaolo.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 17</ref> Kwa tshimologong ya 2019[[, Al Qaeda]] e ne ya ikarabela ka tlhaselo ya bothibelelo jwa [[Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng|Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng]] kwa Mali e e neng ya bolaya masole a kagiso a le lesome 10 go tswa kwa [[Chad]]. Go ne ga begwa gore batho ba le masome a mabedi le botlhano 25 ba ne ba gobetse mo tlhaselong. Al Qaeda e ne ya bolela gore lebaka la go tlhasela e ne e le gore Chad e ne e tsosolositse dikamano tsa sedipolomate le Israel. Setheo seno se ne sa tlhaselwa kwa [[Anguelhok]], motse o o mo kgaolong e e sa tlhomamang ya lefatshe leo.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 17</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/20/world/africa/united-nations-peacekeepers-killed-mali.html Al Qaeda Claims U.N. Peacekeeper Attack That Killed 10 in Mali]". ''NY Times''. 20 January 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190121175200/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/20/world/africa/united-nations-peacekeepers-killed-mali.html Archived] from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.</ref> == '''Tsa sesole''' == [[Mabotho a sesole a Mali]] a na le sesole, se se akaretsang mabotho a lefatshe le sesole sa sefofane, <ref>[[:en:CIA|Central Intelligence Agency]] (27 April 2021). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20210109155852/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency]". ''CIA.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ Archived] from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2010.</ref> mmogo le Gendarmerie ya sesole le Tshireletso ya Rephaboliki, tseo tsotlhe di laolwang ke Lefapha la Tshireletso la Mali le Veterans, tse [[di eteletsweng pele ke moagi]]. == '''Dikgaolo setoropo le dikgaolo''' == [[Setshwantsho:Cartes des régions du Mali,depuis 2023.png|thumb|Regions of Mali since 2023]] [[Setshwantsho:Regions of Mali 2016 (2).png|thumb|''The "Regions of Mali Image Map" template doesn't yet have a description, but there might be some information on the'' [[:en:Template:Regions_of_Mali_Image_Map|template's page''.'']]]] Fa e sale ka 2016, Mali e kgaogantswe ka dikgaolo di le lesome le kgaolo ya Bamako.<ref>Martin, Phillip L. (2006). ''Managing Migration: The Promise of Cooperation''. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 134. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1341-7|<bdi>978-0-7391-1341-7</bdi>.]]</ref> Kgaolo nngwe le nngwe e na le molaodi. <ref>[[:en:Mali#DiPiazza|DiPiazza,]] p. 37</ref>Tiragatso ya dikgaolo tse pedi tse disha, Taoudénit (e e kileng ya bo e le karolo ya Kgaolo ya Tombouctou) le Ménaka (e e kileng ya bo e le [[Ménaka Cercle]] kwa Kgaolong ya Gao), e ntse e tsweletse go tloga ka Hirikgong 2016;<ref>[https://minusma.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/160328_sg_report_mali_english.pdf Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Mali]" (PDF). [[:en:MINUSMA|MINUSMA]]. 28 March 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170222055230/https://minusma.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/160328_sg_report_mali_english.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017</ref><ref>[http://malijet.com/la_societe_malienne_aujourdhui/144815-regionalisation-deux-nouvelles-regions-creees-au-mali.html Régionalisation: Deux Nouvelles régions créées au Mali"]. Malijet. 21 January 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170222105836/http://malijet.com/la_societe_malienne_aujourdhui/144815-regionalisation-deux-nouvelles-regions-creees-au-mali.html Archived] from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.</ref>mmusi le khansele ya phetogo e tlhophilwe mo dikgaolong ka bobedi.<ref>[https://minusma.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/sg_report_on_the_situation_in_mali_december_2016.pdf Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Mali]" (PDF). MINUSMA. 30 December 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170129153531/http://minusma.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/sg_report_on_the_situation_in_mali_december_2016.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.</ref> Fa e sale ka 2023, Mali e tsentse dikgaolo tse dintshwa di le robobongwe mo tsamaisong ya yone ya tsamaiso, e leng se se dirang gore palogotlhe e nne dikgaolo di le lesome le boferabongwe 19 mmogo le kgaolo ya Bamako. Go rulaganngwa sesha gono go ikaeletse go tokafatsa puso le go dira gore ditirelo tsa puso di nne gaufi le batho ba lefelo leo. Kgatelopele e, e tsweletsa maiteko a go dira gore go nne le taolo e e kwa tlase a a simolotseng ka go tlhamiwa ga dikgaolo tsa Taoudénit le Ménaka ka 2016. Dikgaolo tse di lesome le borobabongwe di kgaogantswe ka [[dikgaolo]] di le 159 le [[bommasepala]] [[ba le 815]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20120309073942/http://www.matcl.gov.ml/PDF/LoiCreationCercleReg.pdf Loi N°99-035/ Du 10 Aout 1999 Portant Creation des Collectivites Territoriales de Cercles et de Regions"] (PDF) (in French). Ministère de l'Administration Territoriales et des Collectivités Locales, République du Mali. 1999. Archived from [http://www.matcl.gov.ml/PDF/LoiCreationCercleReg.pdf the original] (PDF) on 9 March 2012</ref><ref>Djiguiba, Issa (21 September 2024). "[https://www.ortm.ml/decoupage-administratif-et-territorial-la-nouvelle-carte-administrative-du-mali-operationnelle Administrative and territorial division: the new administrative map of Mali is operational]". ''www.ortm.ml''. Retrieved 6 November 2024.</ref> Dikgaolo le [[:en:Regions_of_Mali|Kgaolo]] ya Motsemogolo ke:<ref>Coulibaly, Bassidi (October 2013). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20250213015112/https://arpdeveloppement.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/A_14_Theme_9_DGAT.pdf Etats Generaux De La Decentralisation (in French)]" (PDF). ''arpdeveloppement.com''. Retrieved 6 November 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.instat-mali.org/laravel-filemanager/files/shares/rgph/rapport-resultats-globaux-rgph5_rgph.pdf CINQUIEME RECENSEMENT GENERAL DE LA POPULATION ET DE L'HABITAT (in French)"] (PDF). ''www.instat-mali.org''. November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2024.</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Palo !Leina la kgaolo !Lefelo (km2) !Baagi Dipalopalo tsa 2023 |- |00 |[[Bamako Capital District]] |252 |4,227,569 |- |'''01''' |[[Kayes]] |62,914 |1,840,329 |- |02 |[[Koulikoro]] |71,178 |2,255,157 |- |03 |[[Sikasso]] |21,378 |1,533,123 |- |04 |[[Ségou]] |31,996 |2,455,263 |- |05 |[[Mopti]] |49,077 |935,579 |- |06 |[[Tombouctou]] |180,781 |974,278 |- |07 |[[Gao]] |89,532 |727,517 |- |08 |[[Kidal]] |151,430 |83,192 |- |09 |[[Taoudénit]] |323,326 |100,358 |- |10 |[[Ménaka]] |81,040 |318,876 |- |11 |Bougouni |41,052 |1,570,979 |- |12 |Dioila |12,984 |675,965 |- |13 |Nioro |24,179 |678,061 |- |14 |Koutiala |14,739 |1,169,882 |- |15 |Kita |44,175 |681,671 |- |16 |Nara |26,213 |307,777 |- |17 |Bandiagara |25,709 |868,916 |- |18 |San |15,516 |820,807 |- |19 |Douentza |63,515 |170,189 |- | |'''Palogotlhe''' |1,240,192 |22,395,489 |} == '''Itsholelo''' == [[Setshwantsho:Djenne market.jpg|thumb|A market scene in [[:en:Djenné|Djenné]]]] [[Setshwantsho:Mali Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|A proportional representation of Mali exports, 2019]] [[Setshwantsho:Kalabougou potters (6392346).jpg|thumb|[[:en:Kalabougou|Kalabougou]] potters]] [[Setshwantsho:Usine de coton CMDT.png|thumb|Cotton processing at CMDT]] [[Central Bank of West African States]] e tlhokomela merero ya madi ya Mali le maloko a mangwe a [[Economic Community of West African States]].Mali e tsewa e le nngwe ya mafatshe a a humanegileng go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>This reference is defined in a template or other generated block, and for now can only be edited in source mode. This reference is used 12 times on this page</ref> Moputso wa ngwaga le ngwaga wa modiri ke mo e ka nnang US$1,500.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm Mali]". [[:en:U.S._State_Department|U.S. State Department]]. May 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194505/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm Archived] from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2008</ref> [[Setshwantsho:GDP per capita development of Mali.svg|thumb|GDP per capita development of Mali]] Mali e ne ya dira diphetogo tsa itsholelo, go simolola ka 1988 ka go saena ditumalano le [[World Bank]] le [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194505/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm Mali]". [[:en:U.S._State_Department|U.S. State Department]]. May 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194505/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm Archived] from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2008.</ref> Ka 1988 go fitlha ka 1996, puso ya Mali e ne ya fetola dikgwebo tsa setšhaba. Fa e sale tumelano e, dikgwebo di le lesome le borataro di ne tsa tsenngwa mo mebarakeng ya mohama o o ikemetseng, di le 12 di ne tsa tsenngwa mo mebarakeng ya mohama o o ikemetseng ka bontlhabongwe, mme di le 20 di ne tsa phimolwa.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm Mali]". [[:en:U.S._State_Department|U.S. State Department]]. May 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194505/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm Archived] from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2008.</ref> Ka 2005, puso ya Mali e ne ya neela kompone ya seporo go Savage Corporation.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm Mali]". [[:en:U.S._State_Department|U.S. State Department]]. May 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194505/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm Archived] from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2008.</ref> Ditlamo tse pedi tse dikgolo, Societé de Telecommunications du Mali [[(SOTELMA)]] le Cotton Ginning Company [[(CMDT)]], di ne di solofetswe go tsenngwa mo mebarakeng ya poraefete ka 2008.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm Mali"]. [[:en:U.S._State_Department|U.S. State Department]]. May 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194505/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm Archived] from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2008.</ref> Magareng ga 1992 le 1995, Mali e ne ya tsenya tirisong lenaneo la itsholelo le le neng la felela ka kgolo ya itsholelo le go fokotsa go sa lekalekane ga tsa madi. Thulaganyo e ne ya oketsa maemo a loago le la itsholelo [<nowiki/>[[vague]]], mme ya dira gore Mali e tsenele [[Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Kgwebisano]] ka di 31 Motsheganong 1995.<ref>[http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/mali_e.htm Mali and the WTO] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130211173417/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/mali_e.htm Archived] 11 February 2013 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine.]] World Trade Organization. Retrieved 24 March 2013.</ref> Mali gape ke leloko la [[Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA)]].<ref>[http://www.ohada.com/index.php OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php Archived] from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2009.</ref>Gross domestic product (GDP) e ile ya tlhatloga fa e sale go tloga ka nako eo. Ka 2002, GDP e ne e le US$3.4 billion,<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 9</ref> mme e ne ya oketsega go US$5.8 billion ka 2005,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm Mali".] [[:en:U.S._State_Department|U.S. State Department]]. May 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194505/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm Archived] from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2008</ref>e e leng bokana ka 17.6% ya kgolo ya ngwaga le ngwaga. Mali ke karolo ya "Zone Franc" (Zone Franc), se se rayang gore e dirisa [[CFA franc]]. Mali e golagane le puso ya France ka tumelano go tloga ka 1962 (go tlhamiwa ga [[BCEAO]]). Gompieno mafatshe otlhe a supa go BCEAO (go akaretsa le Mali) a golagane le French Central Bank.<ref>[http://www.banque-france.fr/eurosysteme-et-international/zone-franc.html Zone franc sur le site de la Banque de France] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130120074029/http://www.banque-france.fr/eurosysteme-et-international/zone-franc.html Archived] 20 January 2013 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Banque-france.fr. Retrieved</ref> Pele ga go menola puso ka Phatwe 2020, thuso ya mafatshe a a kwa ntle a U.S. go Mali e ne ya feta $135 million mo FY 2020, e ikaelela go nonotsha kagiso e e bokoa, puso ya mmuso wa batho ka batho le tshireletsego ya kgaolo, fa e ntse e rarabolola mathata a loago le a itsholelo. Morago ga go menola puso, thuso e thibetswe ke molao wa U.S., mme dithulaganyo tse di tswelelang di tsepamisitse mogopolo mo go nneng le tlhomamo, go tshepa puso ga batho, go kgona go itshokelana ga batho le go atlega ga itsholelo ya loago.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250217144258/https://ml.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/policy-history/#:~:text=U.S.%2DMALI%20RELATIONS,party%20state%20to%20multiparty%20democracy. U.S. Assistance to Mali]".</ref> Mali e ne e le mo maemong a bo lekgolo le masome a mararo le borataro 136 mo go a le bo lekgolo le masome a mararo le borobabongwe 139 mo [[Global Innovation Index]] ka 2024.<ref>[[:en:World_Intellectual_Property_Organization|World Intellectual Property Organization]] (2024). [https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ ''Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship''.] Geneva. p. 18. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.34667/tind.50062|10.34667/tind.50062]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2|<bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi>.]] Retrieved 22 October 2024</ref> == '''Temo - Thuo''' == Madirelo a magolo a kwa Mali ke temothuo. Khotone ke sejalo se se romelwang ntle se segolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng mme e romelwa kwa bophirima go ralala Senegal le Ivory Coast. <ref>Hale, Briony (13 May 1998). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1945588.stm Mali's Golden Hope]". ''BBC News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180711170446/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1945588.stm Archived] from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2008.</ref><ref>Cavendish, Marshall (2007). ''[[iarchive:worlditspeoplesm0000unse|World and Its Peoples: Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa]]''. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 1367. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2|<bdi>978-0-7614-7571-2</bdi>.]]</ref>Mo ngwageng wa 2002, ditone di le 620 000 tsa katune di ne tsa ntshiwa kwa Mali mme ditlhotlhwa tsa katune di ne tsa fokotsega thata ka 2003.<ref>Hale, Briony (13 May 1998). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1945588.stm Mali's Golden Hope]". ''BBC News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180711170446/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1945588.stm Archived] from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2008.</ref> <ref>Cavendish, Marshall (2007). ''[[iarchive:worlditspeoplesm0000unse|World and Its Peoples: Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa]]''. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 1367. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2|978-0-7614-7571-2]]</bdi>.</ref>Mo godimo ga katune, Mali e ntsha raese, [[millet]], [[Mmidi/Mmopo|mmidi]], merogo, motsoko le dijalo tsa ditlhare. Gouta, leruo le temothuo di dira 80% ya dilwana tse di romelwang kwa ntle ga naga ya Mali.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm Mali]". [[:en:U.S._State_Department|U.S. State Department]]. May 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194505/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm Archived] from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2008</ref> Mo dipalong Dile lekgolo 100 di le masome a borobabobedi 80 tsa badiri ba kwa Mali ba dira mo temothuong. Mo dipalong Dile lekgolo 100 di le lesome le botlhano 15 tsa badiri ba kwa Mali ba dira mo lephateng la ditirelo. <ref>Cavendish, Marshall (2007). [[iarchive:worlditspeoplesm0000unse|''World and Its Peoples: Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa''.]] Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 1367. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2|<bdi>978-0-7614-7571-2</bdi>.]]</ref>Go fetofetoga ga dipaka go baka [[go tlhoka tiro ga nakwana]] ga badiri ba temothuo.<ref>May, Jacques Meyer (1968). ''The Ecology of Malnutrition in the French Speaking Countries of West Africa and Madagascar''. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-02-848960-5</ref> == '''Meepo''' == Ka 1991, ka thuso ya [[International Development Association,]] Mali e ne ya nolofatsa tiragatso ya dikhoutu tsa meepo tse di neng tsa dira gore go nne le kgatlhego e ntšhwa le dipeeletso tsa mafatshe a sele mo madirelong a meepo.<ref>Campbell, Bonnie (2004). ''[[iarchive:worlditspeoplesm0000unse|Regulating Mining in Africa: For Whose Benefit?]]''. Uppsala, Sweden: Nordic African Institute. p. 43. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2|978-0-7614-7571-]]</bdi></ref> Gauta e epelwa kwa kgaolong ya borwa mme Mali e na le ntshokuno ya gauta e e kwa godimo go gaisa ya boraro mo Aforika (morago ga Afrika Borwa le [[Ghana]]). <ref>Hale, Briony (13 May 1998). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1945588.stm Mali's Golden Hope"]. ''BBC News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180711170446/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1945588.stm Archived] from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2008.</ref>Ka 2015, naga e tlhagisitse 41 metric tonnes ya gauta.<ref>"[https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table Gold production]". ''Our World in Data''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231129233804/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table Archived] from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2024.</ref> Go tlhagelela ga gauta jaaka sengwe se se kwa pele se se romelwang kwa ntle ga lefatshe la Mali go tloga ka 1999 go thusitse go fokotsa dingwe tsa ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa mathata a katune le Ivory Coast. <ref>African Development Bank, p. 186</ref>Metswedi e mengwe ya tlholego e akaretsa [[kaolin,]] letswai, [[phosphate]] le [[kapoko]].<ref>"[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm Mali]". [[:en:U.S._State_Department|U.S. State Department]]. May 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194505/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm Archived] from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2008.</ref> == '''Motlakase''' == Motlakase le metsi di tlhokomelwa ke Energie du Mali, kgotsa EDM, mme dilwana di dirwa ke Industry Textile du Mali, kgotsa ITEMA.<ref>"[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm Mali]". [[:en:U.S._State_Department|U.S. State Department]]. May 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194505/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm Archived] from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2008.</ref>Mali e dirile tiriso e e nonofileng ya [[motlakase wa metsi]], o o akaretsang go feta sephato sa motlakase wa motlakase wa Mali. Ka 2002, 700 [[GWh]] ya motlakase wa metsi e ne ya tlhagisiwa kwa Mali.<ref>Cavendish, Marshall (2007). ''[[iarchive:worlditspeoplesm0000unse|World and Its Peoples: Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa]]''. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 1367. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2|<bdi>978-0-7614-7571-2</bdi>.]]</ref> Energie du Mali ke kompone ya motlakase e e tlamelang baagi ba kwa Mali ka motlakase. Mo dipalong dile lekgolo di le masome a matlhano le botlhano 55 fela tsa batho ba ba nnang mo ditoropong tse dikgolo ba ba kgonang go dirisa EDM.<ref>Farvacque-Vitkovic, Catherine ''et al.'' (September 2007) [http://www.worldbank.org/afr/wps/wp104_english.pdf DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITIES OF MALI — Challenges and Priorities] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120916110947/http://www.worldbank.org/afr/wps/wp104_english.pdf Archived] 16 September 2012 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Africa Region Working Paper Series No. 104/a. </ref> == '''Ditlamelo tsa dipalangwa''' == Kwa Mali, go na le seporo se se yang kwa dinageng tse di gaufi le yone. Go na gape le maemafofane a ka nna 29, a le 8 a one a na le ditsela tsa go fofa tse di katisitsweng. <ref>"[https://www.countryreports.org/country/Mali/transportation.htm Mali transportation, roads, railways and airports | - CountryReports". ''www.countryreports.org''.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20231014085131/https://www.countryreports.org/country/Mali/transportation.htm Archived] from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref>Mafelo a ditoropo a itsege ka palo e kgolo ya [[dithekisi]] tse ditala le tse ditshweu. Bontsi jwa baagi bo ikaegile ka [[dipalanwga tsa botlhe]]. == Dipalopalo tsa batho == {| class="wikitable" |+Palo ya batho ba Mali<ref>"[https://population.un.org/wpp/ World Population Prospects 2022]". [[:en:United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs|United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20230306213755/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100]" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). [[:en:United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs|United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022</ref> !Ngwaga !Million |- |1950 |4.7 |- |2000 |11 |- |2021 |21.9 |} [[Setshwantsho:Mali - Bozo girl in Bamako.jpg|thumb|A [[:en:Bozo_people|Bozo]] girl in Bamak]] Ka 2021, palo ya batho ba Mali e ne e le dimilione di le 21,9<ref>"[https://population.un.org/wpp/ World Population Prospects 2022"]. [[:en:United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs|United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20230306213755/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"] (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). [[:en:United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs|United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022</ref>Palo ya batho ba kwa Mali e ne ya gola go tswa go dimilione di le 7,7 ka 1982 go ya go dimilione di le 19,9 ka 2018. <ref>[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2018&locations=ML&name_desc=true&start=1982 Population, total | Data]". ''data.worldbank.org''. 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181332/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2018&locations=ML&name_desc=true&start=1982 Archived] from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 31 May 2023.</ref>Palo ya batho ba ba nnang koo ke ba ba nnang kwa magaeng (68% ka 2002), mme 5% - 10% ya batho ba kwa Mali ke batho ba [[ba tsamayang ka dinao]].<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile,]] p. 6</ref>Go feta 90% ya baagi ba nna kwa karolong e e kwa borwa jwa lefatshe, segolo thata kwa [[Bamako]], e e nang le baagi ba feta dimilione di le 2.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile,]] p. 6.</ref> Ka 2024, 47% ya batho ba kwa Mali ba ne ba le dingwaga di le 14 kgotsa kwa tlase, 50% ba ne ba le dingwaga di le 15-64, mme 3% ba ne ba le dingwaga di le 65 kgotsa go feta. <ref>[[:en:CIA|Central Intelligence Agency]] (27 April 2021). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20210109155852/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agen]cy". ''CIA.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ Archived] from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2010.</ref> Palogare ya dingwaga tsa bone e ne e le 16.4.<ref>[[:en:CIA|Central Intelligence Agency]] (27 April 2021). "Africa: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109155852/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"]. ''CIA.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ Archived] from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2010.</ref>[[Palo ya bana ba ba belegwang]] ka 2024 e ne e le 40 ka 1000, mme [[palogotlhe ya bana ba ba belegwang]] ka 2024 e ne e le 5.35 bana ka mosadi.<ref>[[:en:CIA|Central Intelligence Agency]] (27 April 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109155852/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali "Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency".] ''CIA.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ Archived] from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2010.</ref> [[Palo ya dintsho]] ka 2024 e ne e le 8.1 mo bathong ba le 1000.<ref>[[:en:CIA|Central Intelligence Agency]] (27 April 2021). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20210109155852/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency".] ''CIA.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ Archived] from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved</ref>[[Botshelo jo bo lebeletsweng]] ka nako ya go belegwa e ne e le dingwaga di le 63.2 (60.9 mo banneng le 65.6 mo basading).<ref>[[:en:CIA|Central Intelligence Agency]] (27 April 2021). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20210109155852/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency".] ''CIA.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ Archived] from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved</ref>Mali e na le nngwe ya dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa lefatshe tsa [[go swa ga masea]],<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile, p. 6.]]</ref> ka dintsho di le 57.4 ka masea a a tshotsweng a le 1000 ka 2024.<ref>[[:en:CIA|Central Intelligence Agency]] (27 April 2021). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20210109155852/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency".] ''CIA.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ Archived] from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2010.</ref> == ''Ditoropo tse dikgolo kwa Mali'' == {{Largest cities of Mali}} == ''Ditlhopha tsa setso'' == [[Setshwantsho:Traveller at Bambara wedding, Mali, West Africa.tiff|thumb|A [[:en:Bambara_people|Bambara]] wedding in Mali, observed by a tourist]] [[Setshwantsho:Mali family.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Fulani|Fulani]] children in Mali]] [[Setshwantsho:Mali1974-151 hg.jpg|thumb|The [[:en:Tuareg_people|Tuareg]] are nomadic inhabitants of northern Mali]] Batho ba kwa Mali ba akaretsa merafe e le mmalwa ya kwa borwa jwa Sahara. Ba-Bambara ke bone morafe o mogolo go gaisa, ba dira nngwetharong ya baagi.<ref>[[:en:CIA|Central Intelligence Agency]] (27 April 2021). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20210109155852/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency".] ''CIA.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ Archived] from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved</ref>Merafe e megolo ke Bambara (33.3%), Fulani (Peuhl) (13.3%), Sarakole/Soninke/Marka (9.8%), Senufo/Manianka (9.6%), Malinke (8.8%), Dogon (8.7%), Sonrai (5.9%), Bobo (2.1%), Tuareg/Bella (1.7%), Malian a mangwe (6%), go tswa mo malokong a Economic Community of West Africa (0.4%), a mangwe (0.3%) (2018 est).<ref>[[:en:CIA|Central Intelligence Agency (]]27 April 2021). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20210109155852/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency".] ''CIA.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ Archived] from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2010.</ref>Kwa Mali le kwa [[Niger]], Ba-Moor ba itsege gape jaaka [[Ba-Azawagh Arabs,]] ba ba teeletsweng ka kgaolo ya [[Azawagh]] ya [[Sahara]]. Ba bua thata [[Searabia sa Hassaniya]], e leng nngwe ya [[dipuo tse di farologaneng tsa Searabia]].<ref>Popenoe, Rebecca (2003) ''Feeding Desire – Fatness, Beauty and Sexuality among a Saharan People''. Routledge, London. pp. 16–17. ISBN 0-415-28096-6</ref> Kwa bokone jo bo kgakala, go na le kgaogano magareng ga [[Ba-Berber]] ba ba tswang mo [[Ba-Tuareg]] ba ba fudugelang kwa mafelong a a farologaneng le batho ba letlalo le lentsho ba Ba-Bella kgotsa [[Ba-Tamasheq]], ka ntlha ya go anama ga [[bokgoba]] mo kgaolong eo. Go fopholediwa gore batho ba le 800 000 kwa Mali ba tswa mo makgobeng. <ref>Tran, Mark (23 October 2012). "[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/oct/23/mali-conflict-freedom-slave-descendants-peril Mali conflict puts freedom of 'slave descendants' in peril"]. ''The Guardian''. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131005100538/http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/oct/23/mali-conflict-freedom-slave-descendants-peril Archived] from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2012</ref>[[Bokgoba]] bo nnile teng kwa Mali ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga.<ref>Fortin, Jacey (16 January 2013). "[http://www.ibtimes.com/malis-other-crisis-slavery-still-plagues-mali-insurgency-could-make-it-worse-1017280 Mali's Other Crisis: Slavery Still Plagues Mali, And Insurgency Could Make It Worse]". ''International Business Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141208102058/http://www.ibtimes.com/malis-other-crisis-slavery-still-plagues-mali-insurgency-could-make-it-worse-1017280 Archived] from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2013.</ref> Baagi ba Maarabia ba ne ba nna le makgoba go fitlha ka lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga, go fitlha bokgoba bo ne jwa thibelwa ke [[balaodi ba France]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga. Go santse go na le dikamano tse di rileng tsa boswa tsa bokgoba,<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/12/1206_021205_salakkayak.html Kayaking to Timbuktu, Writer Sees Slave Trade] [https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190141/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/12/1206_021205_salakkayak.html Archived] 10 October 2017 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]". National Geographic News. 5 December 2002.</ref> <ref>[http://www.kirasalak.com/Mali.html "Kayaking to Timbuktu, Original National Geographic Adventure Article discussing Slavery in Mali] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100922151608/http://www.kirasalak.com/Mali.html Archived] 22 September 2010 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]". National Geographic Adventure. December 2002/January 2003.</ref>mme go ya ka diphopholetso dingwe, le gompieno go santse go na le batho ba ba ka nnang 200 000 ba ba santseng ba le mo bokgobeng.<ref>[[:en:Rick_MacInnes-Rae|MacInnes-Rae, Rick]] (26 November 2012). "[http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/al-qaeda-complicating-anti-slavery-drive-in-mali-1.1150057 Al-Qaeda complicating anti-slavery drive in Mali"]. CBC News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140305175918/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/al-qaeda-complicating-anti-slavery-drive-in-mali-1.1150057 Archived] from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2014.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ba tswakaneng ba Yuropa/Aforika ba e leng ditlogolwana tsa Bamoseleme ba ba tswang kwa [[Spain,]] mmogo le ba ba tswang kwa France, Ireland, Italy le Portugal, ba nna kwa Mali, koo ba itsegeng e le [[batho ba Arma]] (1% ya baagi ba lefatshe leo).<ref>Fage, J. D.; Gray, Richard; Oliver, Roland (1975). ''[[iarchive:cambridgehistory05fage|The Cambridge History of Africa]]''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521204132</ref> Le fa gone Mali e na le dikamano tse di siameng tsa merafe e e farologaneng tse di theilweng mo ditsong e telele ya go tshela mmogo, go na le dikamano tsa boswa le bokgoba, mmogo le kgotlhang ya semorafe magareng ga Ba-Songhai le Ba-Tuareg ba kwa bokone. <ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 6</ref>Ka ntlha ya go tlhaselwa ga batho ba bokone morago ga boipuso, Mali jaanong e mo seemong se mo go sona ditlhopha ka bobedi di ngongoregang ka kgethololo go tswa mo setlhopheng se sengwe.<ref>Hall, Bruce S. (2011) ''A History of Race in Muslim West Africa'', 1600–1960. Cambridge University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9781107002876|9781107002876]]: "The mobilization of local ideas about racial difference has been important in generating, and intensifying, civil wars that have occurred since the end of colonial rule in all of the countries that straddle the southern edge of the Sahara Desert. ... contemporary conflicts often hearken back to an older history in which blackness could be equated with slavery and non-blackness with predatory and uncivilized banditry." (cover text)</ref> Kganetsano eno e na le seabe mo [[kgotlhang e e tsweletseng kwa Bokone]] [[jwa Mali]] koo go nang le kgotlhang magareng ga Ba-Tuareg le puso ya Mali, le Ba-Tuareg le [[Ba-Islam]] ba ba feteletsang dilo ba ba lekang go tlhoma [[molao wa sharia]].<ref>Hirsch, Afua (6 July 2012) [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/06/mali-war-over-skin-colour Mali's conflict and a 'war over skin colour]' [https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081540/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/06/mali-war-over-skin-colour Archived] 11 February 2017 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machin]]<nowiki/>e, ''The Guardian''</ref> == '''Dipuo''' == Ka Hirikgong 2022, ka ntlha ya go senyega ga dikamano magareng ga Mali le puso ya France, puso ya Mali e ne ya itsise go dira Bambara puo ya semmuso.<ref>"[https://edition.cnn.com/2022/01/31/africa/mali-french-ambassador-expelled-intl/index.html Mali's military rulers say French ambassador has 72 hours to leave the country".] CNN. 31 January 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220213181820/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/01/31/africa/mali-french-ambassador-expelled-intl/index.html Archived] from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.</ref> Ka Phukwi 2023, [[Sefora]] se ne sa tlogelwa jaaka puo ya semmuso, mme boemong jwa seo sa nna [[puo e e dirisiwang]].<ref>[https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION"] (PDF). ''sgg-mali.ml'' (in French). 22 July 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230808203503/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023. <q>Article 31 : Les langues nationales sont les langues officielles du Mali.</q> [Article 31: The national languages are the official languages of Mali.]</ref>Ka nako e le nngwe, dipuo tse di lesome le boraro 13 tsa bosetšhaba,<ref>[https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2017/mali-jo-2017-39.pdf JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2017-0735/P-RM DU 21 AOUT 2017 FIXANT L'ORGANISATION ET LES MODALITES DE FONCTIONNEMENT DES STRUCTURES DE L'EDUCATION NON FORMELLE"] (PDF). ''sgg-mali.ml'' (in French). 21 August 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230803235822/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2017/mali-jo-2017-39.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023. <q>Selon la Loi n°96- 049 du 23 août 1996, les langues nationales du Mali sont : (...)</q> [According to Law No. 96-049 of 23 August 1996, the national languages of Mali are: (...)]</ref>e leng [[Sebambara]], [[Sebobo]], [[Sebozo]], [[Sedogon]], [[Sefula]], [[Searabia]] [[sa Hassaniya]], [[Sekasonke]], [[Semaninke]], [[Seminyanka]], [[Senufo]], [[dipuo tsa Songhay]], [[Sesoninke]] le [[Setamasheq]], di ne tsa nna dipuo tsa semmuso. <ref>[https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf "JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION]" (PDF). ''sgg-mali.ml'' (in French). 22 July 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230808203503/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023. <q>Article 31 : Les langues nationales sont les langues officielles du Mali.</q> [Article 31: The national languages are the official languages of Mali.]</ref>[[Puo e e dirisiwang thata]] kwa Mali ke [[Se-Bambara]], se mo go sone fa mo palong ya masome a robabobedi 80% ya baagi mo palong ya lekgolo 100% ba kgonang go buisana ka sone. <ref name=":14">[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 6</ref>Dipuo tse dingwe tse di fetang masome a le mane 40 tsa [[Aforika]] di buiwa ke merafe e e farologaneng ya Mali.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 6.</ref> Go ya ka palobatho ya 2009, dipuo tse di buiwang mo lefatsheng la kwa Mali e ne e le [[Sebambara]] ka 51.5%, [[Sefula]] (8.3%), [[Sedogon]] (6.6%) [[Sesoninké]] (5.7%), [[Sesonhai]] (5.3%), [[Semandinka]] (5.2%), [[Seminianka]] (3.8%), [[Setamasheq]] (3.2%). [[Se-Tieyaxo Bozo]] (1.6%), [[Se-Kassonké]] (1.1%), [[Se-Maure]] (1%), [[Se-Dafing]] (0.4%), [[Se-Samogo]] (0.4%), [[Searabia]] ([[Se-Hassaniya]]) (0.3%), dipuo tse dingwe tsa Se-Mali (0.5%), dipuo tse dingwe tsa Se Aforika (0.2%), le dipuo tse dingwe tse e seng tsa Se Aforika (0.2%); 0.7% ga e a bolela puo ya bona ya ntlha.<ref name=":14" /> == '''Tumelo''' == [[Setshwantsho:Mosque entrance (6862566).jpg|thumb|An entrance to the Djinguereber mosque]] {{Bar box|Float=right|title=[[Religion in Mali]]<ref name = IRFR/>|title bar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right 1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Islam in Mali|Islam]]|green|90}} {{bar percent|Christianity|blue|5}} {{bar percent|[[Indigenous religion|Indigenous]]|red|5}}}}Tumelo ya se Islam e ne ya tsenngwa mo Aforika Bophirima mo lekgolong la bo lesome le bongwe 11 la dingwaga mme e sa ntse e le yone tumedi e e laolang mo karolong e kgolo ya kgaolo eno.Go fopholediwa gore 90% ya batho ba Mali ke batumelo ya Se [[Muslim]] (bontsi ke [[Sunni]]<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024125551/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity"] (PDF). Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. Archived from [https://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf the original] (PDF) on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2014.</ref>), e ka nna 5% ke Bakeresete (mo e ka nnang pedi tharong ya [[Roma Katoliki]] le nngwe tharong ya [[Porotesetanta]]) mme 5% e e setseng e ngaparela [[ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika]] jaaka [[bodumedi jwa Dogon]].<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2008/108379.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Mali Archived] 18 January 2020 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. State.gov (19 September 2008). Retrieved 4 May 2012.</ref>Go dumelwa gore [[bolatolamodimo]] le [[go sa dumele mo Modimong]] ga go bonwe thata mo bathong ba kwa Mali, ba bontsi jwa bone ba dirisang bodumedi jwa bone letsatsi le letsatsi.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 7.</ref> Molao motheo o tlhoma [[puso e e sa amaneng]] le bodumedi mme o dira gore batho ba nne le [[kgololesego ya bodumedi]], mme puso e tlotla tshwanelo eno thata.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 7.</ref> Tumelo ya Islam jaaka e ne e dirisiwa mo ditsong kwa Mali e ntse e le bonolo e bile e tlwaela maemo a lefelo leo; dikamano magareng ga Mamoseleme le badiragatsi ba ditumelo tsa bodumedi jo bonnye ka kakaretso di nnile tsa botsalano.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 7</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, morago ga gore puso ya [[sharia]] e tlhomiwe ka ngwaga wa 2012 kwa dikarolong tse di kwa bokone jwa lefatshe, Mali e ne ya nna kwa godimo (nomoro ya bosupa 7) mo lenaaneng la pogiso ya Bakeresete le le gatisitsweng ke [[Open Doors]], le le neng la tlhalosa pogiso kwa bokone e le e e maswe thata.<ref>[http://www.dw.de/report-points-to-100-million-persecuted-christians/a-16507067 Report points to 100 million persecuted Christians]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150406223430/http://www.dw.de/report-points-to-100-million-persecuted-christians/a-16507067 Archived] 6 April 2015 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Retrieved 10 January 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.worldwatchlist.us/ OPEN DOORS World Watch list 2012] [https://web.archive.org/web/20191210101952/https://worldwatchlist.us/ Archived] 10 December 2019 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Worldwatchlist.us. Retrieved 24 March 2013</ref> == '''Thuto''' == [[Setshwantsho:Lycéens kati.jpg|thumb|High school students in [[:en:Kati|Kati]]]] Thuto ya setšhaba kwa Mali ka molawana e neelwa mahala mme e a patelediwa dingwaga di le borobabongwe magareng ga dingwaga di le supa 7 le di le lesome le borataro 16.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile,]] p. 7</ref>Tsamaiso e akaretsa dingwaga di le thataro tsa thuto ya kwa moding ya dikolo tse di potlana go simolola ka dingwaga di le supa 7, mme morago ga moo go latele dingwaga di le thataro 6 tsa thuto e kgolwane ya dikolo tsa secondary. <ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 7</ref>Selekanyo sa boammaruri sa go ikwadisa kwa sekolong se se potlana kwa Mali se kwa tlase, bontsi jwa sone ke ka gonne malapa a sa kgone go duelela paka ya sekolo, dibuka, dilwana le dituediso tse dingwe tse di tlhokegang go tsena sekolo.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 7</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2017, seelo sa ikwadiso ya dikolo tse dipotlana e ne e le 61% (65% ya banna le 58% ya basadi).<ref>[http://datatopics.worldbank.org/education/country/mali Education Statistics]". ''datatopics.worldbank.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210507101442/https://datatopics.worldbank.org/education/country/mali Archived] from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2019.</ref>Mo bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1990, seelo sa ikwadiso ya dikolo tse dikgolwane e ne e le 15% (20% ya banna le 10% ya basadi). <ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 7</ref>Tsamaiso ya thuto e tshwerwe ke tlhaelo ya dikolo kwa metse selegaeng, mmogo le tlhaelo ya barutabana le didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 7</ref> Diphopholetso tsa dikelo tsa go kgona go bala le go kwala kwa Mali di simolola ka 27–30 go ya go 46.4%, ka dikelo tsa go kgona go bala le go kwala di le kwa tlase thata mo basading go na le mo banneng.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile,]] p. 7</ref> [[Mmadikolo wa Bamako]], o o akaretsang bomadikolo ba le nne go bopa, ke mmadikolo yo o mogolo go gaisa gotlhe mo lefatsheng mme o kwadisa baithuti ba ka nna 60 000 ba pele ga kalogo le ba kalogo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130513192022/http://globalhealth.northwestern.edu/MedEd/current-affiliations/Bamako_Mali.html Université de Bamako – Bamako, Mali]". Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20130513192022/http://globalhealth.northwestern.edu/MedEd/current-affiliations/Bamako_Mali.html the original] on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013</ref> == '''Botsogo''' == Mali e lebagane le dikgwetlho di le dintsi tsa botsogo tse di amanang le lehuma, [[tlala]], le [[bophepa]] le [[tikologo e e phepa]].<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 7</ref>Ditshupo tsa botsogo le tlhabololo ya Mali di mo gare ga tse di maswe go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 7</ref> Botshelo jwa motho fa a tsholwa bo fopholediwa go nna dingwaga di le 63.2 ka ngwaga wa 2024.<ref>[[:en:CIA|Central Intelligence Agency]] (27 April 2021). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20210109155852/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency".] ''CIA.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ Archived] from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2010</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 2000, 62–65% ya baagi e ne e fopholediwa go fitlhelela metsi a a babalesegileng a go nowa mme ke fela 69% ya ditirelo tsa go phepafatsa tikologo tsa mofuta mongwe.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 7</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2001, ditshenyegelo tsa puso ka kakaretso mo botsogong di ne di le mo e ka nnang P1 000 ka tlhogo ka pharologanyo ya selekanyo sa kananyo.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 8</ref> Go dirilwe maiteko a go tokafatsa phepo ya dijo, le go fokotsa mathata a a amanang le botsogo, ka go rotloetsa basadi go dira diphetolelo tse di nang le phepo ya dijo tsa diresipe tsa selegae. Ka sekai, [[Setheo sa Patlisiso sa Dijalo sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa Ditropiki tse di Omeletseng]] (ICRISAT) le [[Mokgatlho wa Aga Khan]], di ne tsa katisa ditlhopha tsa basadi go dira equinut, e leng mofuta o o itekanetseng le o o nang le dikotla wa risepe ya setso ya di-dèguè (e e nang le pheisete ya matonkomane, tswina ya dinotshe le mmidi kgotsa bupi jwa raese). Maikaelelo e ne e le go godisa phepo ya dijo le matshelo ka go tlhagisa setlhagiswa se basadi ba ka se dirang le go se rekisa, mme se se tla amogelwang ke baagi ba selegae ka ntlha ya boswa jwa sona jwa selegae.<ref>''[http://www.impatientoptimists.org/Posts/2013/04/Nourishing-Communities-Through-Holistic-Farming Nourishing communities through holistic farming]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20181006235945/https://www.impatientoptimists.org/Posts/2013/04/Nourishing-Communities-Through-Holistic-Farming Archived] 6 October 2018 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], Impatient optimists, [[:en:Gates_Foundation|Gates Foundation]]. 30 April 2013.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Village Telly in Mali.jpg|thumb|Village in the [[:en:Sahel|Sahel]] region]] Ditlamelo tsa kalafi kwa Mali di lekanyeditswe thata, mme melemo e a tlhaela.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 8.</ref>[[Malaria]] le malwetse a mangwe a a tshelanwang ke [[di-arthropod]] a aname kwa Mali, fela jaaka [[malwetse a le mmalwa a a tshelanwang]] a a jaaka [[kholera]] le [[kgotlholo ya mahatlha]].<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 8</ref>Batho ba Mali le bone ba na le selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa phepelotlase ya bana le [[Selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa go kentiwa|selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa go]] [[Selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa go kentiwa|kentiwa]].<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 8.</ref>Go fopholediwa gore 1.9% ya bagolo le bana ba ne ba tshwerwe ke HIV/AIDS mo ngwageng oo,[<nowiki/>[[go tlhokega tlhaloso]]] mo gare ga dikelo tse di kwa tlase mo Aforika e e kwa [[Borwa jwa Sahara]].<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 8.</ref> Go fopholediwa gore 85%–91% ya basetsana le basadi ba Mali [[ba kile ba kgaolwa dirwe tsa tlhakanelodikobo]] tsa basadi (tshedimosetso ya 2006 le 2001).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090716094114/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/index.html WHO | Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices]. Who.int (6 May 2011). Retrieved 4 May 2012.</ref><ref>[http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/CR7/CR7.pdf Female genital cutting in the Demographic Health Surveys: a critical and comparative analysis. Calverton, MD: ORC Marco; 2004 (DHS Comparative Reports No. 7)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233743/http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/CR7/CR7.pdf Archived] 26 April 2014 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. (PDF). Retrieved 18 January 2013</ref> Ka 2024, batho ba ka nna million di le 7.1 kwa Mali, go akaretsa le bana ba feta million di le 3.8, ba tlhoka thuso e e potlakileng ya botho ka ntlha ya dikgotlhang tse di ntseng di oketsega le mathata a tepo ya loapi. [[UNICEF]] e godisa maiteko a yona a go tlamela ka ditirelo tsa botlhokwa jaaka botsogo, thuto, le tshireletso, fa e ntse e ikuela ka ledi la dollar le le million di le 133,5 go itebaganya le ditlhokego tseno. Seemo se maswe thata, ka bana ba feta 522 000 ba tlhoka phitlhelelo ya thuto Mme matshwititshwiti a le mo kotsing ya go tlhoka phepelotlase ya dijo mo gare ga dikarabo tsa botho tse di sa tlamelweng ka bonako. Go tlhokega kgato e e potlakileng go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa tirisodikgoka, go tlhoka tshireletsego le phetogo ya loapi mo baaging ba ba mo kotsing kwa Mali.<ref>"[https://www.unicef.org/mali/en/press-releases/mali-more-half-71-million-people-requiring-humanitarian-assistance-2024-are-children In Mali, more than half of the 7.1 million people requiring humanitarian assistance in 2024 are children]".</ref> == '''Tekatekano ya bong''' == Ka 2017, Mali e ne e le mo maemong a bo lekgolo le masome a matlhano le bosupa 157 mo mafatsheng a le lekgolo le masome a le marataro 160 mo tshupegetsong ya go tlhoka tekatekano ya bong jaaka go begilwe ke [[Lenaneo la Tlhabololo la Ditšhabakopano]].<ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/MLI.pdf Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update: Mali"] (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190325093238/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/MLI.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref>Molao motheo wa Mali o bolela gore o sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa basadi, le fa go ntse jalo go na le melao e mentsi e e tlhaolang basadi.<ref>"[http://www.omct.org/files/2004/07/2409/eng_2003_07_mali.pdf Violence against Women in Mali"] (PDF). ''World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT)''. 7 July 2004. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190808040337/http://www.omct.org/files/2004/07/2409/eng_2003_07_mali.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref>Dipeelo tse di mo melaong di lekanyetsa maatla a basadi a go dira ditshwetso morago ga lenyalo, mo monna a nnang kwa godimo ga mosadi wa gagwe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190808040337/http://www.omct.org/files/2004/07/2409/eng_2003_07_mali.pdf Violence against Women in Mali]" (PDF). ''World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT)''. 7 July 2004. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190808040337/http://www.omct.org/files/2004/07/2409/eng_2003_07_mali.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref> Basadi ba bonwa molato wa go sa tshegetse tebego ya banna ba bona mme gape ba bonwa molato wa ditiro tsa bana ba bone fa ba sa itshware sentle, se se rotloetsang maikutlo a setso a gore basadi ba kwa tlase ga banna.<ref>[http://www.omct.org/files/2004/07/2409/eng_2003_07_mali.pdf Violence against Women in Mali"] (PDF). ''World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT)''. 7 July 2004. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190808040337/http://www.omct.org/files/2004/07/2409/eng_2003_07_mali.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref>Go tlhoka go tsaya karolo ga basadi mo dipolotiking go bakwa ke kakanyo ya gore dipolotiki di amana le banna le gore basadi ba tshwanetse go itlhokomolosa lekalana le.<ref>"[http://www.omct.org/files/2004/07/2409/eng_2003_07_mali.pdf Violence against Women in Mali"] (PDF). ''World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT)''. 7 July 2004. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190808040337/http://www.omct.org/files/2004/07/2409/eng_2003_07_mali.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref> Thuto gape ke karolo e basimane ba laolang mo go yone, ka e le peeletso e e botoka mo batsading.<ref>"[http://www.omct.org/files/2004/07/2409/eng_2003_07_mali.pdf Violence against Women in Mali"] (PDF). ''World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT)''. 7 July 2004. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190808040337/http://www.omct.org/files/2004/07/2409/eng_2003_07_mali.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref> Jaaka fa mekgwa le ditiro tsa setso di nnile le seabe mo go tlhokeng tekatekano ya bong kwa Mali, dikgotlhang le go tlhoka molao le tsone di tlhotlheleditse phatlha e e golang ya bong ka tirisodikgoka e e ikaegileng ka bong.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20180905122408/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Mali%20Gender%20Assessment%20Addendum%20Final.pdf USAID MALI:ADDENDUM TO THE 2012 GENDER ASSESSMENT]" (PDF). ''United States Agency of International Development''. May 2015. Archived from [https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Mali%20Gender%20Assessment%20Addendum%20Final.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref>Puso e e sa tlhomamang ya Mali e dirile gore mekgatlho e e tshwanang le USAID e leke go tokafatsa matshelo a batho, bogolo jang ditshwanelo tsa basadi le basetsana gore e kgone go nna le seabe gape mo tlhabololong ya lefatshe.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20180905122408/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Mali%20Gender%20Assessment%20Addendum%20Final.pdf USAID MALI:ADDENDUM TO THE 2012 GENDER ASSESSMENT]" (PDF). ''United States Agency of International Development''. May 2015. Archived from [https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Mali%20Gender%20Assessment%20Addendum%20Final.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref> == '''Dikamano tsa bong''' == Bodumedi, ditlwaelo tsa botlhogoethata, le [[kgokgontsho e e ikaegileng ka bong]] ke dintlha tse di sa siamang tse di bopang botshelo jwa basadi kwa Mali.<ref>[http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY]" (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme''. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054809/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref>Ditlwaelo tsa botlhogoethata di baka go tlhoka tekatekano mo tsa bong mme di dira gore banna ba nne le taolo mo lelapeng.<ref>[http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY]" (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme''. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054809/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref>Basetsana ba ithuta ditiro tsa mo gae jaaka ditiro tsa mo gae, go apaya, go tlhokomela bana, go akaretsang tse dingwe fela jalo,ba sa le bannye mme ba solofelwa go tsaya maikarabelo a magolo a ditiro tsa mo gae mo botshelong jwa bone jotlhe. Se se kgoreletsa bokgoni jwa basadi jwa go tsena mo tirong e e tlhomameng mme se dira gore basetsana ba se ka ba rutega.<ref>[http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY]" (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme''. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054809/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref>Tirisodikgoka e e ikaegileng ka bong kwa Mali e diragala mo maemong a bosetšhaba le a lelapa. Mo maemong a bosetšhaba, ka ngwaga wa 2012 kgotlhang kwa karolong e e kwa Bokone jwa lefatshe e ne ya oketsa dikgetse tsa go gapa batho ka dikgoka le dipetelelo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180905122408/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Mali%20Gender%20Assessment%20Addendum%20Final.pdf USAID MALI:ADDENDUM TO THE 2012 GENDER ASSESSMENT"] (PDF). ''United States Agency of International Development''. May 2015. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180905122408/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Mali%20Gender%20Assessment%20Addendum%20Final.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref>Ntwa gape e ne ya fokotsa phitlhelelo ya basadi ya ditsompelo, itsholelo, le ditshono.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20180905122408/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Mali%20Gender%20Assessment%20Addendum%20Final.pdf USAID MALI:ADDENDUM TO THE 2012 GENDER ASSESSMENT"] (PDF). ''United States Agency of International Development''. May 2015. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180905122408/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Mali%20Gender%20Assessment%20Addendum%20Final.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref> Mo maemong a malapa, basadi ba Mali ba lebane le tirisodikgoka e e ikaegileng ka bong ka tirisodikgoka ya mo gae, manyalo a a patelediwang, le petelelo ya lenyalo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180905122408/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Mali%20Gender%20Assessment%20Addendum%20Final.pdf USAID MALI:ADDENDUM TO THE 2012 GENDER ASSESSMENT"] (PDF). ''United States Agency of International Development''. May 2015. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180905122408/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Mali%20Gender%20Assessment%20Addendum%20Final.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref>Patlisiso ya tsa botsogo ya Batho ba Mali ka ngwaga wa 2013 e boletse gore 76% ya basadi le 54% ya banna ba dumela gore go utlwisa basadi botlhoko mo mmeleng go a amogelesega fa basadi ba ka fisa dijo, ba ngangisana, ba tswa ba sa itsise monna wa gagwe, kgotsa ba gana go tlhakanela dikobo le monna wa gagwe.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190808040337/http://www.omct.org/files/2004/07/2409/eng_2003_07_mali.pdf Violence against Women in Mali]" (PDF). ''World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT)''. 7 July 2004. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190808040337/http://www.omct.org/files/2004/07/2409/eng_2003_07_mali.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 2024, badiredi ba Mali ba ne ba amogela molaotlhomo o o neng o dira gore [[dikamano tsa tlhakanelo dikobo ya bong Jo bo tshwanang]] fa gare ga banyalani ba bong jo bo tshwanang e nne bosenyi.<ref>Billson, Chantelle (5 November 2024). "[https://www.thepinknews.com/2024/11/05/mali-moves-to-criminalise-homosexuality-with-new-anti-gay-law/ Mali moves to criminalise homosexuality for the first time with new anti-gay law]". ''PinkNews''. Retrieved 20 November 2024.</ref> == '''Lefelo la tšhono''' == Go tlhoka thuto go okeditse go tlhoka tekatekano ga bong kwa Mali ka gonne ga se basadi ba le bantsi ba ba berekang kwa ntle ga malapa ba ba tsayang karolo mo lephateng la Tsamaiso ya Setšhaba.<ref>[http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY"] (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme''. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054809/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref> Morago ga go fetola ditlhokego tsa go tsena le phitlhelelo ya thuto, basetsana ba santse ba na le dikelo tse di kwa tlase tsa ikwadiso le phitlhelelo e nnye ya thuto e e rulagantsweng.<ref>[http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY]" (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme''. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054809/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref>Dipalo tsa go tlogela sekolo tsa basetsana di kwa godimo ka 15% go feta tsa basimane ka gonne ba na le maikarabelo a a kwa godimo kwa gae mme bontsi jwa batsadi ba gana go letlelela bana botlhe ba bona go tsena sekolo, ka jalo basimane ba na le go rutega.<ref>[http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY"] (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme''. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054809/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref> Fela jalo, thuto ya boranyane le ya tiro ya diatla e na le palo e e kwa tlase ya basetsana ba ba tsayang karolo mme ga e a anamisiwa sentle mo lefatsheng ka gonne mafelo a ikatiso a tlhomilwe kwa ditoropong tsa ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng.<ref>"[http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY"] (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme''. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054809/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref>Kwa bofelong, thuto e kgolwane ya basetsana e na le mananeo a makhutshwane ka gonne manyalo a a sa ntseng a le bannye a thibela bontsi jwa basetsana go latela thulaganyo ya thuto ya paka e telele jaaka ya maranyane.<ref>"[http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY"] (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme''. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054809/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref>Le fa basadi ba sena phitlhelelo e e tshwanang ya thuto, mo dingwageng tse di fetileng basadi ba ntse ba tsena le go emela mo maemong a go tsaya ditshwetso mo lephateng la Tsamaiso ya Setšhaba.<ref>[http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY]" (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme''. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054809/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref> Mo malokong a Palamente a le lekgolo le masome a le mane le bosupa 147, a le lesome le botlhano 15 e ne e le basadi ka ngwaga wa 2010.<ref>"[http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY"] (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme''. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054809/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref> Dingwagasome tsa sešweng di bontsha gore basadi ba tsena ka iketlo mo maemong a a botlhokwa a go tsaya ditshwetso se se fetolang maikutlo le maemo a basadi kwa Mali, se se dirileng gore ditshwanelo tsa basadi di rotloediwe mo lephateng la sepolotiki.<ref>[http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY]" (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme''. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054809/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref> == '''Maiteko''' == Melao mo maemong a boditšhabatšhaba le a bosetšhaba e tsentswe tirisong mo dingwageng di le lesome go thusa go rotloetsa ditshwanelo tsa basadi kwa Mali.<ref>[http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY"] (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme''. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054809/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref>Kwa kopanong ya boditšhabatšhaba, Mali e rurifaditse kwa [[Beijing Platform for Action]] e e akantseng gore basadi ba tshwanetse go tsaya karolo mo go tseyeng ditshwetso le tumalano ya go Fedisa Mefuta Yotlhe ya Kgethololo kgatlhanong le Basadi e e leng motheo wa go rotloetsa ditshwanelo tsa basadi.<ref>"[http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY"] (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme''. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054809/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref> Mo maemong a bosetšhaba, Molao motheo wa Mali o na le Taelo ya No. 092-073P-CTSP e e bolelang gore baagi botlhe ba Mali ba a lekana mme go tlhaola go thibetswe, e leng se se iseng se latelwe.<ref>[http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY"] (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme''. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054809/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref>Lenaneo la Togamaano ya Phokotso ya Lehuma (PRSP) le Lenaneo la Togamaano ya Kgolo le Phokotso ya Lehuma ka fa tlase ga Puso ya Mali di batla go tokafatsa botsogo jwa baagi, le diphetogo mo pusong le bong mo lefatsheng.<ref>[http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY]" (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme''. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054809/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref> Lephata la Tsweletsopele ya Basadi, Bana le Malapa le tlhametswe basadi le bana ka tlhamalalo gore ditshwanelo tsa bona tsa motheo le ditlhokego di fitlhelelwe ka fa tlase ga molao.<ref>[http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY"] (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme''. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054809/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref>Le fa go na le molao le maitlamo a tekatekano ya bong go dira gore maitlamo a Bosetšhaba ya Bong ya Mali e nne setheo go botlhokwa go tshegetsa botlhokwa jwa ditshwanelo tsa basadi.<ref>[http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY]" (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme''. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054809/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref>Go thatafatsa le go rotloetsa phitlhelelo ya basetsana le basadi mo thutong le ikatiso go a amogelesega go tokafatsa tekatekano ya bong kwa Mali. <ref>"[http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY]" (PDF). ''United Nations Development Programme''. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054809/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MaliFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref>Go nna le seabe ga mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba jaaka USAID go thusa lefatshe la Mali ka tsa madi go tokafatsa tlhabololo ya lone ka maiteko a go tokafatsa ditshwanelo tsa basadi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180905122408/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Mali%20Gender%20Assessment%20Addendum%20Final.pdf USAID MALI:ADDENDUM TO THE 2012 GENDER ASSESSMENT"] (PDF). ''United States Agency of International Development''. May 2015. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180905122408/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Mali%20Gender%20Assessment%20Addendum%20Final.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref> == Ngwao == [[Setshwantsho:Konoguel Mosque tower (6439210).jpg|thumb|[[:en:Konoguel_Mosque|Konoguel Mosque]] tower]] Setso se se farologaneng sa letsatsi le letsatsi sa batho ba Mali se bontsha pharologano ya merafe le ya di ngwao tsa lefatshe.<ref>Pye-Smith, Charlie & Rhéal Drisdelle. ''Mali: A Prospect of Peace?'' Oxfam (1997). [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-85598-334-5|0-85598-334-5]], p. 13.</ref> Bontsi jwa batho ba kwa Mali ba apara diaparo tse di elelang, tse di mebalabala tse di bidiwang [[boubous]] tse di tlwaelegileng kwa Aforika Bophirima.ba Mali gantsi ba nna le seabe mo meletlong ya setso, metantsho le meletlong.<ref>Pye-Smith, Charlie & Rhéal Drisdelle. ''Mali: A Prospect of Peace?'' Oxfam (1997). [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-85598-334-5|0-85598-334-5,]] p. 13.</ref> == '''Mmino''' == [[Setshwantsho:Mali Dogon Dance.jpg|thumb|Mali Dogon Dance]] Dingwao tsa mmino wa Mali di tswa mo di-griot, tse di itsegeng jaaka "Batlhokomedi ba Dikgopolo".<ref>Crabill, Michelle and Tiso, Bruce (January 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20030625150509/http://www.fcps.edu/KingsParkES/technology/mali/malihis.htm Mali Resource Website.] Fairfax County Public Schools. Retrieved 4 June 2008.</ref>Mmino wa Mali o mefutafuta mme o na le mefuta e le mmalwa e e farologaneng. Ditlhotlheletso dingwe tse di tumileng tsa Mali mo mminong ke seopedi se segolo sa [[kora]] [[Toumani Diabaté]], seopedi se segolo sa kora le [[Bassekou Kouyate]] setswerere sa mmino wa motlakase, moletsakatara wa medi le blues yo o tlhokafetseng [[Ali Farka Touré]], setlhopha sa mmino sa [[Tuareg]] e bong [[Tinariwen]], [[Khaira Arby]], le bataki ba le mmalwa ba mmino wa Afro-pop, Sangare, [[Fatoumata Diawara]], [[Rokia Traore]] le [[Habib Koité.]] Motantsho le one o na le seabe se segolo mo setsong sa Mali.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150423113351/http://www.ambamali-jp.org/en/e04-05.html Music]". Embassy of the Republic of Mali in Japan. Archived from [http://ambamali-jp.org/en/e04-05.html the original] on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013</ref> Mediro ya boipelo wa go bina ke ditiragalo tse di tlwaelegileng mo ditsaleng, mme metantsho ya setso ya dimmaseke e dirwa kwa ditiragalong tsa meletlo.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20150423113351/http://www.ambamali-jp.org/en/e04-05.html Music]". Embassy of the Republic of Mali in Japan. Archived from [http://ambamali-jp.org/en/e04-05.html the original] on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013</ref> == '''Ditlhangwa''' == Le fa dikwalo tsa Mali di sa itsege thata jaaka mmino wa tsone,<ref>[[:en:Mali#Velton|Velton]], p. 29.</ref>Mali e ntse e le nngwe ya mafelo a a tshelang thata a botlhale jwa tlhamo mo Aforika.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Milet|Milet]], p. 128</ref>Tlwaelo ya dikwalo ya Mali e fetisiwa thata ka molomo, ka jalis e boeletsa kgotsa e opela ditiragalo le dikgang tse di itsiweng ka tlhogo.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Milet|Milet]], p. 128</ref><ref>[[:en:Mali#Velton|Velton]], p. 28</ref> [[Amadou Hampâté Bâ]], raditiragalo yo o itsegeng thata wa Mali, o ne a fetsa bontsi jwa botshelo jwa gagwe a kwala dingwao tseno tsa molomo gore lefatshe le di gakologelwe.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Velton|Velton]], p. 28</ref> Padi e e itsegeng thata ya mokwadi wa Mo-Mali ke ya ga [[Yambo Ouologuem]] ya Le devoir de violence, e e neng ya gapa [[Prix Renaudot]] ya 1968 mme boswa jwa yone bo ne jwa senngwa ke ditatofatso tsa go utswa.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Milet|Milet]], p. 128</ref><ref>[[:en:Mali#Velton|Velton]], p. 28</ref>Bakwadi ba bangwe ba ba itsegeng thata ba Mali ba akaretsa Baba Traoré, Modibo Sounkalo Keita, [[Massa Makan Diabate]], [[Moussa Konate,]] le [[Fily Dabo Sissoko]].<ref>[[:en:Mali#Milet|Milet]], p. 128.</ref><ref>[[:en:Mali#Velton|Velton]], p. 28.</ref> == '''Motshameko''' == [[Motshameko o o ratiwang thata kwa Mali]] ke [[kgwele ya dinao ya mokgatlho]],<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" />e e neng ya tlhagelela thata morago ga gore Mali e nne mofenyi wa [[Sejana sa Ditšhabatšhaba sa Aforika sa 2002.]]<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" />Bontsi jwa ditoropo le ditoropo di na le metshameko ya ka metlha;<ref name=":19" /> ditlhopha tse di ratiwang thata mo lefatsheng ke [[Djoliba AC]], [[Stade Malien]], le [[Real Bamako]], tsotlhe di kwa motsemogolo.<ref name=":20" /> Metshameko e e sa tlhomamang gantsi e tshamekiwa ke basha ba dirisa ngata ya matsela jaaka bolo.<ref name=":21" /> Kgwele ya dinao ke motshameko o mongwe o mogolo;<ref>[[:en:Mali#DiPiazza|DiPiazza]], p. 55</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080101165700/http://www.africabasket.com/mli/mli.asp "Malian Men Basketball"]. [[:en:Africabasket.com|Africabasket.com]]. Retrieved </ref>[[setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa bolotlola sa basadi sa Mali]], se se neng se eteletswe pele ke [[Hamchetou Maiga,]] se ne sa gaisana kwa [[Diolimpiking tsa Beijing]] tsa 2008.<ref>Chitunda, Julio. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184921/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/latenews/arti.asp?newsid=23726 Ruiz looks to strengthen Mali roster ahead of Beijing"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184921/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/latenews/arti.asp?newsid=23726 Archived] 3 March 2016 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. [[:en:FIBA|FIBA]].com (13 March 2008). Retrieved 24 June 2008.</ref>[[Mabole a setso]] (la lutte) le one a tlwaelegile, le fa go tuma ga one go fokotsegile mo dingwageng tsa bosheng.<ref>Hudgens, Jim, Richard Trillo, and Nathalie Calonnec. ''The [[:en:Rough_Guides|Rough Guide]] to West Africa''. Rough Guides (2003). [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/1-84353-118-6|1-84353-118-6]], p. 320.</ref> Motshameko wa [[wari]], mofuta wa [[mancala]], ke motshameko o o tlwaelegileng.<ref>[[:en:Mali#DiPiazza|DiPiazza]], p. 55</ref> Mali e ne e na le setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa banna sa [[volleyball ya lebopo]] se se neng se gaisana kwa [[Sejaneng sa continental]] sa [[Volleyball ya Lebopo sa CAVB]] sa [[2018–2020]].<ref>[https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414 Continental Cup Finals start in Africa]". [[:en:FIVB|''FIVB''.]] 22 June 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210807141038/https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414 Archived] from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.</ref> == '''Dijo''' == [[Setshwantsho:Malian Tea2.JPG|thumb|Malian tea]] Raese le [[mmidi]] ke dijo tsa konokono tsa [[dijo tsa Mali,]] tse di lemiwamg thata mo e leng tsone tsa korong.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Velton|Velton]], p. 30</ref><ref>[[:en:Mali#Milet|Milet]], p. 146</ref> korong ka kakaretso e apewa ka disose tse di dirilweng ka matlhare a a jewang, jaaka morogo wa [[spinach]] kgotsa [[baobab]], ka sose ya matonkomane a tamati, mme di ka tsamaya le dikarolo tsa nama e e besitsweng (ka tlwaelo nama ya koko, ya nku, ya [[kgomo]], kgotsa ya podi).<ref>[[:en:Mali#Velton|Velton]], p. 30</ref><ref>[[:en:Mali#Velton|Velton]], p. 30.</ref>Dijo tsa Mali di farologana go ya ka dikgaolo.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Velton|Velton]], p. 30</ref><ref>[[:en:Mali#Milet|Milet]], p. 146</ref>Dijo tse dingwe tse di ratiwang thata di akaretsa [[fufu]], [[raese ya jollof]] le [[maafe]]. == '''Bobegadikgang''' == Kwa Mali, go na le makwalo a dikgang a le mmalwa a a jaaka [[Les Echos]], [[L'Essor]], [[Info Matin]], [[Nouvel Horizon]], le [[Le Républicain]] [<nowiki/>[[fr]]].<ref>Murison, Katharine, ed. (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1KBP7QbalX0C&pg=PA652 Africa South of the Sahara 2003]''. Taylor & Francis. pp. 652–53. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-131-5|978-1-85743-131-]]5</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150906191638/https://books.google.com/books?id=1KBP7QbalX0C&pg=PA652 Archived] from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</ref>[[Ofisi ya phatlalatso ya sekapa ditshwantsho ya Mali]] ke tirelo ya puso. [[Ditlhaeletsano ka megala kwa Mali]] di akaretsa megala ya letheka e le 869,600, sekapa ditshwantsho di le 45,000 le badirisi ba maranyane a ditlhaeletsanyo a le 414,985.<ref>Batvina, Iryna. "[http://www.best-country.com/africa/mali/traditions Culture of Mali]". ''Best-Country.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161105173621/http://www.best-country.com/africa/mali/traditions Archived] from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016</ref> == Bona gape == '''.'''[[Ditshupegetso tsa dipadi tse di amanang le Mali]] '''.'''[[Tlhaloso ka Mali]] == '''Dintlha''' == a. Bambara ke [[puo e e buiwang]] ke Palo ya masome a le borobabobedi 80% mo lekgolong ya baagi.<ref>[[:en:Mali#Prof|Mali country profile]], p. 6</ref> b. E akaretsa [[Bokeresete]], [[go tlhoka bodumedi]], le [[ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika.]] c. Tsela ya go bitsa mafoko a Se-Bambara: [<nowiki/>[[ma.li]]]. Mokwalo wa ga [[Se-N'Ko]]: rona ߡߊߟߌ [[Fula:]] 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 [[Searabia]]:مالي d. [[Bambara]]: Mali ka Fasojamana, [[N'Ko mokwalo]] wa go tswa mo leineng la Setswana [[Fula]]: 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤭, romanized: Renndaandi Maali [[Searabia]]: جمهورية مالي, se se fetotsweng ka [[Seroma]]: Jumhūriyyat Mālī == Metswedi == tcarxke6ee1623eaip0spvg6zsdgvow 0 10379 57039 39639 2026-11-08T03:24:29Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57039 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fairmont The Palm''' ke hotele ya dinaledi tse tlhano<ref>[http://www.tripadvisor.com/Hotel_Review-g295424-d3704416-Reviews-Fairmont_The_Palm-Dubai_Emirate_of_Dubai.html "Fairmont The Palm, Dubai $152 ($̶2̶1̶2̶) - UPDATED 2018 Prices & Hotel Reviews - United Arab Emirates - TripAdvisor".] ''TripAdvisor''. Archived from the original on 2013-04-30. Retrieved 2018-05-28</ref> e e mo kutu ya Palm Jumeirah, kwa Dubai, kwa dinageng tse di kopaneng tsa Araba. {{Infobox building|name=Fairmont The Palm|caption=The Fairmont Palm Hotel & Resort|location=[[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]|coordinates={{coord|25|11|01|N|55|14|10|E|display=inline,title}}|opened_date=December, 2012<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icskuwait.com/default.aspx?%2Ftabindex=0&tab_ikey=221 |title=IFA Hotels and Resorts &#124; Fairmont the Palm |access-date=2021-03-12 |archive-date=2012-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122013307/http://www.icskuwait.com/default.aspx?%2Ftabindex=0&tab_ikey=221 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|landlord=IFA Hotels and Resorts <br> (Subsidiary of Kuwait's International Financial Advisors)|owner=[[Fairmont Hotels and Resorts]]|floor_count=14|rooms=381/<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fairmont.com/palm-dubai/|title="Fairmont The Palm" - Luxury Hotel in "Dubai, UAE" - Fairmont, Hotels & Resorts|website=www.fairmont.com|access-date=2021-03-12|archive-date=2018-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624034259/https://www.fairmont.com/palm-dubai/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Hotele eno e mo setlhaketlhakeng se segolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng se se dirilweng ke batho se se bopilweng jaaka setlhare sa mokolane. Fairmont The Palm, e na le dipono tsa Kgogometso ya Peresia mme e fana ka phihlello ya Dubai Marina le ditsi tsa kgwebo tse kang Motse wa Bobegakgang wa Dubai, Motse wa Inthanete wa Dubai le Motse wa Tsebo wa Dubai. Hotele e na le diphaposi le diphaposi di le 381, go akaretsa le diphaposi tse pedi tsa boporesidente le Fairmont Gold Lounge. == Hisetori == Fairmont The Palm e butswe ka Sedimonthole 2012 e le kgwebo e e kopanetsweng magareng ga Dihotele le Mafelo a Boikhutso a IFA (IFA HR) le Dihotele le Mafelo a Boikhutso a Fairmont. IFA Hotels & Resorts e dirisitse didolara di le dimilione di le 330 go tlhabolola le go dira ga hotele eno.<ref>MarketScreener (2013-01-07). [https://in.marketscreener.com/news/latest/IFA-Hotels-and-Resorts-Limited-IFA-Hotels-Resorts-Opens-USD-330million-Fairmont-The-Palm-Hotel-15757300/ "IFA Hotels and Resorts Limited : IFA Hotels & Resorts Opens USD$330million Fairmont The Palm Hotel - MarketScreener".] ''in.marketscreener.com''. Retrieved 2024-10-27.</ref> Clive Ford go tswa kwa DSA Baagi ba Boditšhabatšhaba e ne e le moagi yo mogolo mo porojekeng eno. Bokagare jwa hotele eno bo ne jwa tlhamiwa ke HHCP Design International, e e kwa Florida. Hotele e gape e na le 3,000 m2 (32,000 sq ft) ya lefelo la dikopano le ditiro go akaretsa le phaposi ya bolo, mafelo a a kwa ntle le lefelo la kgwebo.<ref>[https://www.ameinfo.com/ifa-hotels-resorts-330m-fairmont-palm-324608 "Business Real Estate News | Technology | Travel Guide".] ''www.ameinfo.com''. Archived from the original on 2013-01-06. Retrieved 2021-03-12.</ref>Hotele e agilwe ka ditshenyegelo tsa dimilione di le 330 tsa USD,<ref>[https://www.ameinfo.com/ifa-hotels-resorts-330m-fairmont-palm-324608 "Business Real Estate News | Technology | Travel Guide".] ''www.ameinfo.com''. Archived from the original on 2013-01-06. Retrieved 2021-03-12.</ref>mme ya bulwa ka Sedimonthole 24, 2012.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121122013307/http://www.icskuwait.com/default.aspx?%2Ftabindex=0&tab_ikey=221 "IFA Hotels and Resorts | Fairmont the Palm".] Archived from the original on 2012-11-22. Retrieved 2021-03-12.</ref> == Lefelo == Fairmont Palema e mo bogareng jwa Palm Jumeirah, ka fa letlhakoreng le le kwa borwa la kutu ya palema. == Ditlhaloso == Palogotlhe ya diphaposi di le 381 tse di akaretsang Kgosigadi, Kgosi, Kgosi Suite ya Gauta, Diphaposi tsa VIP, Diphaposi tsa Moporesidente, Fairmont Gold Lounge.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121122013307/http://www.icskuwait.com/default.aspx?%2Ftabindex=0&tab_ikey=221 "IFA Hotels and Resorts | Fairmont the Palm".] Archived from the original on 2012-11-22. Retrieved 2021-03-12.</ref> Hotele e na le diyuniti tsa kamore e le nngwe tse di nang le palogare ya 144 m2 (1,550 sq ft) le diyuniti tsa diphaposi tse pedi tse di nang le palogare ya 220 m2 (2,400 sq ft).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121122013307/http://www.icskuwait.com/default.aspx?%2Ftabindex=0&tab_ikey=221 "IFA Hotels and Resorts | Fairmont the Palm"]. Archived from the original on 2012-11-22. Retrieved 2021-03-12.</ref> Hotele e na le dimetara di le 460 (1,510 ft) tsa lebopo.<ref>[https://www.ameinfo.com/ifa-hotels-resorts-330m-fairmont-palm-324608 "Business Real Estate News | Technology | Travel Guide".] ''www.ameinfo.com''. Archived from the original on 2013-01-06. Retrieved 2021-03-12.</ref> == Diawate == Fairmont The Palm e amogetse dikabelo tse di farologaneng tsa kamogelo ya baeng tse di akaretsang: Diawate tsa Tlhopho ya Bajanala tsa 2014 - Dihotele tse di kwa Godimo di le 25 tsa Mabothobotho kwa United Arab Emirates<ref>[http://www.tripadvisor.com/TravelersChoice-Hotels-cLuxury-g294012 "Top 25 Luxury Hotels in the United Arab Emirates"] Archived 2020-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 11.04.2014</ref> Diawate tsa Bana tsa Dubai tsa Time Out tsa 2014 - Tlelapa e e Gaisang ya Lelapa ya Lebopo<ref>[http://www.timeoutdubai.com/kids-awards-2014/awards/56257#.VEyPCvnLe-0 "Fairmont The Palm Best Family Beach Club Winner"] Archived 2014-11-10 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 11.04.2014</ref> Dikabo tsa Dubai tsa Nako ya 2014 - Tee e e Gaisang ya Thapama – Lounge ya Mashrabiya<ref>[http://www.timeoutdubai.com/gallery/50292-top-10-afternoon-teas-in-dubai#.VEyPNfnLe-0 "Top 10 Afternoon Teas in Dubai"] Archived 2016-06-11 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 11.04.2014</ref> == Metswedi == j8euu55mos9pxzpctkmb35xud6xi7zz 0 10400 57050 39473 2026-11-08T06:40:59Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Liberia | common_name = Liberia | image_flag = Flag of Liberia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Liberia.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Liberia (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Liberia AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | national_motto = "The Love of Liberty Brought Us Here" | national_anthem = "[[All Hail, Liberia, Hail!]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Liberia National Anthem.ogg]]}} | official_languages = [[Liberian English|English]] | ethnic_groups = 2008<ref name=CIA>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/liberia/ |title=Liberia |work=The Central Intelligence Agency side for Liberia |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2021 |access-date=June 8, 2021 |archive-date=March 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319020318/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/liberia |url-status=dead }}</ref> | demonym = Liberian | area_rank = 102nd <!-- Area rank should match List of countries and dependencies by area --> | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $9.718 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.LR">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=668,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Liberia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |archive-date=November 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101145334/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=668,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | religion = {{unbulleted list| {{Tree list}} *85.1% [[Christianity in Liberia|Christianity]] **76.3% [[Protestantism]] **7.2% [[Catholicism]] **1.6% other [[Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} |12.2% [[Islam in Liberia|Islam]] |1.4% [[Irreligion|no religion]] |1.3% other }} | religion_year = 2018 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-26 |title=The Major Religions Practised In Liberia |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-major-religions-practised-in-liberia.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US |archive-date=November 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101144611/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-major-religions-practised-in-liberia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | capital = [[Monrovia]] | coordinates = {{Coord|6|19|N|10|48|W|type:city}} | largest_city = Monrovia | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[presidential republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Liberia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Joseph Boakai]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Liberia|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Jeremiah Koung]] | leader_title3 = <nowiki>[List of speakers of the House of Representatives of Liberia|House Speaker]]</nowiki> | leader_name3 = [[Jonathan F. Koffa]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of Liberia|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = <nowiki>[Sie-A-Nyene Yuoh]]</nowiki> | legislature = {{nowrap|[[Legislature of Liberia]]}} | upper_house = [[Senate of Liberia|Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of Representatives of Liberia|House of Representatives]] | area_land_sq_mi = 43,000.<ref name=CIA/> | percent_water = 13.514 | population_estimate = 5,437,249<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Liberia|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 120th | population_density_rank = 92.0 | GDP_PPP_rank = 167th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,789<ref name="IMFWEO.LR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 184th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $4.347 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.LR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 171st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase }} $800<ref name="IMFWEO.LR" /> | currency = [[United States dollar]] (USD)<br>[[Liberian dollar]] (LRD)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Currency |url=https://cbl.org.lr/general/currency |access-date=January 15, 2023 |website=Central Bank of Liberia |archive-date=January 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115023814/https://cbl.org.lr/general/currency |url-status=live }}</ref> | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | date_format = mm/dd/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+231]] | official_website = {URL{{!}}https://www.emansion.gov.lr/}} Lefatshe la '''Liberia''' le le itsegeng semmuso ka leina la '''Republic of Liberia''', ke lefatshe le le kwa lotshitshing lwa bophirima jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]]. Le tlhakanetse molelwane le mafatshe a [[Sierra Leone]] kwa bokone-bophirima, [[Guinea]] kwa bokone, [[Ivory Coast]] kwa botlhaba le lewatle la [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] kwa borwa le borwa-bophirima. E na le palo ya batho ba ka nna di milone di le tlhano, mme le bophara jwa dikete di le masome a mane le boraro. Teme ya semmuso ke sekgoa. Diteme di feta masome a mabedi di a buiwa, se se supa ka fa merafe le ditso tsa lefatshe le di farologaneng ka teng. Toropokgolo ya lone ebile ele yone toropo e tona go fetisa ke [[Monrovia.]] Lefatshe la Liberia le simologile ka century ya bo lesome le boferabongwe e le tiro ya [[:en:American_Colonization_Society|American Colonization Society]] (ACS), e e neng e dumela gore batho-bantsho ba tla nna mo maemong a go phuthuloga le go atlega fa ba le mo Aforika go na le ba le kwa [[USA|United States]].<ref>[https://www.fcnl.org/issues/item.php?item_id=731&issue_id=75 "Background on conflict in Liberia]" [https://web.archive.org/web/20070214051143/http://www.fcnl.org/issues/item.php?item_id=731&issue_id=75 Archived] February 14, 2007, at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], Friends Committee on National Legislation, Retrieved 3 March 2025</ref> Fa gare ga ngwaga ya 1822 le ntwa ya kwa America ka ngwaga wa 1861, batho ba le dikete di le lesome le botlhano ba lotso lwa [[:en:African_Americans|African American]] le ba le makgolo a mararo, lekgolo le masome a ferabongwe le boferabobedi ba kwa [[:en:Afro-Caribbean_people|Carribean ba bantsho]] ba ne ba fudugela kwa Liberia.<ref>[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/liberian-independence-proclaimed "July 26, 1847 Liberian independence proclaimed]" [https://web.archive.org/web/20210614180150/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/liberian-independence-proclaimed Archived] June 14, 2021, at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], This Day In History, History website</ref> Batho ba ba neng ba fuduga ba ne ba tla ka ditso tsa bone mme ba etelela pele ba ba bafitlhelang mo gae.<ref>[https://www.infoplease.com/countries/liberia Liberia: History, Geography, Government, and Culture] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130515002753/http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107718.html/ Archived] May 15, 2013, at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], Infoplease.com</ref> Lefatshe la Liberia le ne la tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1847, Phukwi a le masome a mabedi le borataro, mme ba United States ba ne ba sa lemoge boipuso jo go fitlhela ka 1862, kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le malatsi a le matlhano. Lefatshe la Liberia ke lone la ntlha mo [[Aferika|Aforika]] go bolela boipuso jwa lone, mme ebile ke lone lefatshe le legologolo lantlha mo Aforika. Lone le la [[Ethiopia]], ke one mafatshe a ntlha a Aforika go tswelela ka boipuso ka nako e mafatshe a Yuropa a neng a etelela pele mafatshe a Aforika. Ka ntwa ya lefatshe ya bobedi, lefatshe la Liberia le ne la ema nokeng lefatshe la [[USA|United States]] kgatlhanong le la [[Germany]] ka jalo le ne la amogela dithuso tsa madi go tswa kwa Amerika, golo mo go ne ga thusa khumo le tlhabololo ya lefatshe le.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/liberia/timeline/time3.html#:~:text=May%208,%201917:%20Pressured%20by,loses%20its%20great%20economic%20ally. "Global Connections . Liberia . Timeline | PBS"]. ''www.pbs.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221129122955/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/liberia/timeline/time3.html#:~:text=May%208,%201917:%20Pressured%20by,loses%20its%20great%20economic%20ally. Archived] from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved March 04,2025.</ref> Tautona [[:en:William_Tubman|William Tubman]] o ne a rotloetsa phetogo ya itsholelo le polotiki mo go neng ga oketsa tswelelopele ya lefatshe; lefatshe la Liberia ke lengwe la a a simolotseng makgotla a [[:en:League_of_Nations|League of Nations]], [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] le la [[:en:Organisation_of_African_Unity|Organisation of African Unity]]. Batho ba ditso tsa Americo-Liberia ba ne ba sa utlwane sentle le beng gae. Ka ngwaga wa 1980, go ne ga nna le kgotlhang ya sepolotiki fa [[:en:William_Tolbert|William R. Tolbert]] a ne a busa, mme se se ne sa baka gore puso e thankgolwe ke ba sesole, se se fedisa botsalano jwa America le Liberia, mme [[:en:Samuel_Doe|Samuel Doe]] yo o neng e le moeteledi wa ntlha wa mo gae o ne a etelela pele lefatshe. Doe o o neng a busa ka go gobelela o ne a bolawa ka ngwaga wa 1990 ka ntwa ya ntlha ya mo Liberia e e simolotseng ka ngwaga wa 1989 go tsena ka 1997 fa go tlhophiwa moeteledipele wa batsuolodi ebong [[:en:Charles_Taylor_(Liberian_politician)|Charles Taylor]] go nna tautona. Ka ngwaga wa 1998, ntwa ya bobedi ya mo gae e ne ya simolola mme Taylor a thankgolwa fa ntwa e fela ka ngwaga wa 2003. Dintwa tse pedi tse di ne tsa gapa matshelo a batho ba le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi, le masome a matlhano, mme ba bangwe ba tshaba mo lefatsheng, fa itsholelo e ne ya a tlase ka 90%. <ref>[https://www.economist.com/leaders/2017/10/05/praise-for-the-woman-who-put-liberia-back-on-its-feet "Praise for the woman who put Liberia back on its feet"]. ''[[:en:The_Economist|The Economist]]''. October 5, 2017. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180515065549/https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21730015-ellen-johnson-sirleaf-has-not-been-perfect-president-she-has-been-good-enough-praise the original] on May 15, 2018. Retrieved March 04, 2025.</ref> == Popego == Lefatshe la Liberia le kwa bophirima jwa Aforika, le tlhakanetse molelwane le lewatle la Atlantic kwa borwa-bophirima. == Metswedi == llc267d1ok2b0pb08jh28gz0zxnr6vz 0 10412 57069 43992 2026-11-08T10:44:33Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | demonym = {{unbulleted list |São Toméan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html#tp |title=Nationality |work=[[The World Factbook]] |access-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626165447/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html#tp |archive-date=26 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|Santomean}} | area_km2 = 964<ref name="cia1"/> | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=716,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |date=April 2024 |title=World Economic Outlook April 2024 (São Tomé and Príncipe) |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=19 July 2024}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | conventional_long_name = Democratic Republic of {{nowrap|São Tomé and Príncipe}} | native_name = {{native name|pt|República Democrática de {{nowrap|São Tomé e Príncipe}}}} | common_name = São Tomé and Príncipe | image_flag = Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg | symbol_width = 100 | image_map = Location São Tomé and Príncipe AU Africa.svg | alt_map = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=light blue}} | national_motto = {{native phrase|pt|"Unidade, Disciplina, Trabalho"|italics=off|paren=omit}}<br />("Unity, Discipline, Labour") | national_anthem = {{native name|pt|"[[Independência total]]"|italics=off|paren=omit}}<br />("Total Independence"){{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Independência_total_(instrumental).ogg]]}} | official_languages = [[São Tomean Portuguese|Portuguese]] | regional_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Forro Creole]] |[[Angolar Creole]] |[[Principense Creole]]}} | coordinates = {{Coord|0|20|N|6|44|E|type:city(72,000)_region:ST}} | capital = [[São Tomé]] | largest_city = capital | government_type = Unitary [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential republic]]<ref name="SP-L">{{cite SSRN |first1=Octávio|last1=Amorim Neto|first2=Marina|last2=Costa Lobo |year=2010 |ssrn=1644026 |title=Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries }}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[President of São Tomé and Príncipe|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Carlos Vila Nova]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Américo Ramos]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (São Tomé and Príncipe)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | established_event1 = from [[Portugal]] | established_date1 = 12 July 1975 | area_sq_mi = 372 | area_rank = 171st | percent_water = Negligible | population_estimate = 220,372<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Sao Tome and Principe|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 175th | population_density_km2 = 199.7 | population_density_rank = 69th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,238<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $751 million<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,167<ref name="imf2"/> | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 56.3 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini-index>{{cite web|title=GINI index coefficient|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|publisher=CIA Factbook|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630032239/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | currency = [[São Tomé and Príncipe dobra|Dobra]] | currency_code = STN | utc_offset = {{sp}} | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+239]] | iso3166code = ST | cctld = [[.st]] | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |81.1% [[Christianity]] |13.2% [[Irreligion|no religion]] |3.1% [[folk religion]]s |2.4% others }} }} '''São Tomé and Príncipe,''' semmuso ke '''Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe,''' ke setlhaketlhake se se kwa Kgogometsong ya Guinea, kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa bophirima lwa equatorial ya Afrika Bogare. E na le ditlhaketlhake di le pedi go dikologa ditlhaketlhake tse pedi tse dikgolo tsa São Tomé le Príncipe, tse di ka nnang 150 km (93.21 mi) go kgaogana le tse di ka nnang 250 le 225 km (155 le 140 mi) go tswa kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa bokonebophirima jwa [[Gabon]]. Ka palo ya batho ba ba ka nnang 201,800 (2018 official estimate),<ref>Instituto Nacional de Estadística de São Tomé e Príncipe, as of 13 May 2018.</ref>São Tomé and Príncipe ke lefatshe la bobedi le lennye e bile le na le palo ya batho ba le mmalwa mo Afrika morago ga [[Seychelles.]] Ditlhaketlhake tseno di ne di sa nniwe go fitlha di bonwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a mane le masome a supa ( 1470) ke babatlisisi ba Bapotokisi e bong João de Santarém le Pedro Escobar. Ka iketlo di ne tsa dirwa dikolone le go nna mo go tsone go ralala lekgolo la bo lesome le borataro la dingwaga, di ne tsa nna lefelo le le botlhokwa la kgwebo le la kgwebo ya go gweba ka makgoba kwa Atlantic. Mmu o o nonneng wa lekgwamolelo le go nna gaufi le ekhweitha go ne ga dira gore São Tomé le Príncipe e nne lefelo le le siametseng go lema sukiri, mme moragonyana go ne ga jalwa le dijalo tse di jaaka [[kofi]] le [[cocoa]]. Madirelo a dipolase a a neng a na le lotseno a ne a ikaegile thata ka makgoba a Baafrika. Dikgaruru tsa mathata a loago le go sa tlhomamang ga itsholelo mo lekgolong la bo lesome le borobabongwe le la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga di ne tsa felela ka boipuso jo bo nang le kagiso ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a supa le metso e metlhano ( 1975). Fa e sa le ka nako eo, São Tomé le Príncipe e ntse e le nngwe ya mafatshe a a tlhomamenga a di nang le puso ya batho ka batho mo Afrika. São Tomé le Príncipe ke lefatshe le le tlhabologang lel e nang le [[Human Development Index]] e e mo magareng. Batho ba kwa São Tomé le Príncipe ke ba lotso lwa Seafrika le ba merafe e mengwe, mme bontsi jwa bone ke Bakeresete. Boswa jwa puso ya Bapotokisi bo bonala le mo setsong sa lefatshe leno, mo dingwaong tsa yone le mo mminong wa yone, tse di nang le tlhotlheletso ya Bayuropa le Baafrika. São Tomé le Príncipe ke nngwe ya mafatshe a a simolotseng Mokgatlho wa Dinaga Tse go Buiwang Sepotokisi mo go tsone. == Ditso == [[Setshwantsho:Johannes Vingboons - 't eylant St. Thome (1665).jpg|thumb|Moalo wa São Tomé ka Johannes Vingboons (1665)]] Ditlhaketlhake tsa São Tomé le Príncipe di ne tsa bopiwa mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dimilione di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng ka ntlha ya go thunya ga lekgwamolelo mo metsing a a boteng go bapa le molelwane wa Cameroon. Fa nako e ntse e tsamaya, go kopana le metsi a lewatle le go thunya ga lekgwamolelo go dirile gore go nne le mefuta e e farologaneng ya maje a a tswang mo mafikeng a a nang le seretse se se tukang le a a tswang mo makgwamolelong mo ditlhaketlhakeng tseno a a nang le ditswa mmung tse di raraaneng. === Go Goroga ga Bayuropa === Ditlhaketlhake tsa São Tomé le Príncipe di ne di se na batho fa Bapotokisi ba goroga ka nako nngwe mo e ka nnang ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a mane le masome a supa (1470).<ref>[https://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/services-information/offices-localinfo/africa/sao-tome/local-info/intro.html "Intro - Hapag-Lloyd".] ''www.hapag-lloyd.com''. Retrieved 7 February 2025.</ref> Ba-Yuropa ba ntlha ba ba neng ba fitlha mo lotshitshing e ne e le J[[oão de Santarém]] le Pêro Escobar. Batsamaisi ba dikepe ba Bapotokisi ba ne ba tlhatlhoba ditlhaketlhake tseno mme ba swetsa ka gore e tla nna mafelo a a siameng a go ka agang dikago mo go one go dira kgwebo le naga e kgolo. Matlha a go goroga ga Bayuropa ka dinako tse dingwe a neelwa jaaka Sedimonthole e le masome a mabedi le bongwe (Letsatsi la St Thomas) ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a mane le masome a supa le motso (1471), kwa São Tomé; le Ferikgong e le lesome le bosupa(Letsatsi la St Antony) ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a mane le masome a supa le metso e mebedi ( 1472), kwa Príncipe, le fa metswedi e mengwe e umaka dingwaga tse di farologaneng mo e ka nnang ka nako eo. Kwa tshimologong Príncipe e ne e bidiwa Santo Antão ("Moitshepi Anthony"), mme ka 1502 e ne ya fetolwa go nna Ilha do Príncipe ("Setlhaketlhake sa Kgosana"), e le go gopola Kgosana ya Portugal yo o neng a duedisiwa lekgetho la dijalo tsa sukiri tsa setlhaketlhake seno Lefelo la ntlha le le atlegileng la go nna la São Tomé le ne la tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a mane,masome a robabongwe le metso e meraro (1493 )ke [[Álvaro Caminha]], yo o neng a amogela lefatshe e le mpho go tswa mo setulong sa bogosi.<ref>Stojković, Dragan (November 2020). "Najmanje države na svijetu: Sv. Toma i Princip (džepni globus)" [Smallest Countries in the World: São Tomé and Príncipe (The Pocket Globe)]. ''Bijela pčela: List za svu djecu'' (in Serbian) (261). [[:en:Rijeka|Rijeka]]: [[:en:Prosvjeta|Prosvjeta:]] 20–31.</ref> Príncipe e ne ya agiwa ka 1500 ka thulaganyo e e tshwanang. Go ngoka banni go ne go le bokete, le fa go ntse jalo, mme bontsi jwa banni ba ntlha e ne e le "ba ba sa batlegeng" ba rometswe go tswa kwa Portugal, bontsi jwa bone e le [[Bajuta ba Sephardic.]] <ref>[http://www.aish.com/h/9av/aas/52421817.html "The Expulsion 1492 Chronicles, section XI: "The Vale of Tears", quoting Joseph Hacohen (1496–1577); also, section XVII, quoting 16th-century author Samuel Usque"]. Aish.com. 4 August 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131003125410/http://www.aish.com/h/9av/aas/52421817.html Archived] from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013</ref>Bana ba le dikete tse pedi ba Bajuta, ba dingwaga tse robedi le kwa tlase, ba ne ba tsewa kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa Iberia go ya go dira mo masimong a sukiri.<ref>Allen, Theodore (1997). ''The invention of the white race'' (Second ed.). London: Verso. p. 5. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781844677719|9781844677719]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/738350824 738350824.]</ref>Fa nako e ntse e tsamaya, baagi bano ba ne ba lemoga gore mmu wa lekgwamolelo wa kgaolo eno o siametse temothuo, segolobogolo go lema sukiri. === '''Sepotokisi sa São Tomé le Príncipe''' === Ka ngwaga wa 1515, São Tomé le Príncipe e ne e setse e le mafelo a bokgoba a kgwebo ya bokgoba e e neng e le kwa [[Elmina.]] <ref>Ivor Wilks and Akan Wangara (January 1997). "Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries". In Peter John Bakewell (ed.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oBhmQgAACAAJ Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas]''. Aldershot: Variorum. p. 24. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-513-2|<bdi>978-0-86078-513-2</bdi>.]]</ref> Temo ya sukiri e ne e le tiro e e neng e tlhoka badiri ba le bantsi mme Bapotokisi ba ne ba simolola go dira palo e kgolo ya Baafrika makgoba go tswa mo kontinenteng. Mo dikgatong tsa ntlha tsa go gola ga sukiri, dithoto mo ditlhaketlhakeng di ne di sena boleng jo bo kalo, ka temothuo ya tiriso ya selegae fa itsholelo e ne e ikaegile thata ka go tsamaisiwa ga makgoba, le fa dijo di le dintsi di ne di setse di rometswe. <ref name=":0">Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel. "LEARNING THE ROPES IN THE TROPICS: SLAVERY AND THE PLANTATION SYSTEM ON THE ISLAND OF SÃO TOMÉ." ''African Economic History'' 39 (2011): 41. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23718978 23718978.]</ref>Fa mong wa lefatshe wa mo lefelong leo e bong Álvaro Borges a ne a tlhokafala ka ngawaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le metso e mene (1504), lefatshe la gagwe le a neng a le phepafaditse le diphologolo tse a neng a di ruisa le ne la rekisiwa ka 13 000 réis fela, e e neng e lekana le tlhwatlhwa ya makgoba a le mararo. <ref>Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (hereinafter cited as TT), Corpo Cronológico, II, 15–77, inventory of the assets belonging to Álvaro Borges, 4 November 1507, a published copy of which is found in PMA, vol. V, 221–243.</ref> Go ya ka Valentim Fernandes mo e ka nnang ka ngawaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le metso e mene( 1506), São Tomé e ne e na le masimo a mmidi go feta Madeira "e ba neng ba setse ba ntsha molasses mo go yone",<ref>Th. Monod, A. Teixeira da Mota, and R. Mauny, eds., Description de la Côte Occidentale d'Afrique par Valentim Fernandes (Bissau: Centro de Estudos da Guiñé Portuguesa, 1951), 11</ref>mme setlhaketlhake se ne se se na didirisiwa tsa go dira sukiri ka intaseteri. <ref name=":0" /> === Kgolo ya itsholelo mo lekgolong la bo lesome le borataro la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Forte de São Sebastião - São Tomé (8084256064).jpg|thumb|Lefelo la ditso la São Sebastião kwa São Tomé]] São Tomé e ne e tla nna e e botlhokwa mo itsholelong fa go ne go tlhongwa sebolayamegare se se neng se tsamaisiwa ke metsi ka 1515, se se neng sa dira gore go jalwe sukiri ka bontsi:<ref>Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel. "LEARNING THE ROPES IN THE TROPICS: SLAVERY AND THE PLANTATION SYSTEM ON THE ISLAND OF SÃO TOMÉ." ''African Economic History'' 39 (2011): 43. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23718978 23718978].</ref>"Masimo a a gola mme le sebolayamegare le sone se a gola. Mo nakong eno, go na le madirelo a le mabedi fela a sukiri mme a mangwe a le mararo a ntse a agiwa, go akaretsa le madirelo a magolo a borakonteraka. Ka tsela e e tshwanang, go na le dilo tse di tlhokegang, tse di jaaka melatswana le dikgong, gore go agiwe tse dingwe tse dintsi. Mme [sugar] canes ke tse di kgolo go gaisa tse nkileng ka di bona mo botshelong jwa me.Dipolase tsa sukiri di ne tsa rulaganngwa ka tiro ya makgoba, mme mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borataro la dingwaga, baagi ba Bapotokisi ba ne ba fetola ditlhaketlhake go nna morekantle o mogolo wa sukiri mo Afrika. <ref>"As roças vâo em crescimento e os engenhos de açticaragora somente dois e fazem-se très com o dos tratadores [conassi há grande aparelho, assi de ribeiras como de lenha, par canas, as mais façanhosas que em minha vida vi": Letter from Segura to the monarch, 15 March 1517, in Antonio Brásio, édAfricana (hereinafter referred to as</ref> Makgoba kwa São Tomé a ne a tlisiwa go tswa kwa Slave Coast ya Afrika Bophirima, Niger Delta, setlhaketlhake sa Fernando Po, mme moragonyana go tswa kwa Congo le Angola.<ref>Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'' 6, no. 3 (1973): 462. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/216611|10.2307/216611.]]</ref> Mo lekgolong la bo lesome le borataro la dingwaga, makgoba a ne a romelwa kwa Portugal, Elmina, kwa Bogosing jwa Kongo, kwa Angola le kwa mafatsheng a Amerika tsa Spain. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le lesome ( 1510), go begwa gore makgoba a le dikete tse di lesome go ya go dikete tse di lesome le bobedi a ne a tlisiwa ke Portugal. <ref name=":1">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 66. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. J[[Sterling Sharpe|STOR]] 1[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10 0.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10].</ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le lesome le borataro (1516), São Tomé e ne ya amogela makgoba a le 4,072 ka maikaelelo a go a romela kwa ntle gape.<ref name=":1" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le lesome le borobabongwe ( 1519) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a mane (1540) setlhaketlhake e ne e le lefelo la kgwebo ya makgoba magareng ga Elmina le Niger Delta.<ref>Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'' 6, no. 3 (1973): 467. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/216611|10.2307/216611.]]</ref> Mo masimologong a lekgolo la bo lesome le borataro la dingwaga, São Tomé e ne e gweba ka makgoba ka dinako tse dingwe le Angola le Bogosi jwa Kongo. <ref>SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 67. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. JSTOR [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10 10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10.]</ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi le botlhano (1525) São Tomé o ne a simolola go rekisa makgoba go ya kwa mafatsheng a Spain tsa Amerika, segolobogolo kwa Caribbean le Brazil.<ref>Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'' 6, no. 3 (1973): 466. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.2307/216611|10.2307/216611.]]</ref> Go tloga ka 1532 go ya go 1536, São Tomé e ne ya romela palogare ya makgoba a le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane le bobedi ngwaga le ngwaga kwa [[Antilles]].<ref name=":2">EIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 68. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. J[[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|STOR]] 10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10.</ref> Pele ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a robabobedi( 1580), setlhaketlhake seno se ne se rekisetsa Brazil diperesente di le masome a supa le botlhano tsa dilo tse di rekwang mo lefatsheng leno, mme bontsi jwa tsone e ne e le makgoba. <ref name=":2" /> Kgwebo ya makgoba e ne ya tswelela e le selo sa konokono mo itsholelong ya São Tomé go fitlha morago ga 1600, Maatla a a neng a le teng kwa São Tomé ka lekgolo la bo16 la dingwaga a ne a farologane ka tsela e e gakgamatsang ka go nna le seabe ga batho ba ba gololesegileng le baagi ba bantsho mo pusong. Batho ba ba neng ba ithaopetse go nna bakoloniale ba ne ba tila go ya kwa São Tomé ka ntlha ya bolwetse le tlhaelo ya dijo, ka jalo puso ya Portugal e ne ya romela magolegwa kwa setlhaketlhakeng seno mme ya kgothaletsa batho ba merafe e e farologaneng gore ba nne le dikamano tse di molemo gore ba sireletse kolone eno. Bokgoba gape bo ne bo sa nnela ruri, jaaka go bontshitswe ka molao wa segosi wa 1515 o o neng o neela basadi ba Maaforika ba bafaladi ba basweu le bana ba bone ba morafe o o kopakopaneng tetla ya go nna le bana. <ref name=":3">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 59. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10 10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10.]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le lesome le bosupa ( 1517), molao o mongwe o ne wa golola makgoba a banna a a neng a gorogile kwa setlhaketlhakeng le bakoloniale ba ntlha. <ref name=":3" /> Morago ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi ( 1520), charter ya segosi e ne ya letlelela gore ba ba nang le dithoto, ba ba nyetseng, ba ba gololesegileng ba bo ba tshwere diofisi tsa setšhaba.[ Se se ne sa latelwa ke molao ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano,masome a mane le borataro ( 1546) o o neng o tlhoma tekano ya selegae magareng ga ba-mulattos ba ba nang le bokgoni le bajaki ba basweu,<ref name=":3" /> go letla ba-mulattos ba ba gololosegileng le baagi ba bantsho ditshono tsa go tlhatloga le go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa selegae le kgwebo. Dikgaogano tsa loago di ne tsa dira gore go nne le dikgotlhang tse dintsi mo makgotleng a metse ya kolone le le mmusi le bishopo,<ref>Seibert, Gerhard. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 60. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10 10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10.]</ref>le go tlhoka tlhomamo ga sepolotiki. [[Setshwantsho:Gezicht op Sao Tomé, ca. 1641 Insvla S. Thomae (titel op object), RP-P-1951-70.jpg|thumb|Go gapiwa ga São Tomé ke Cornelis Jol wa Dutch West India Company ka 1641.]] Kwa tshimologong, bokgoba jwa kwa São Tomé bo ne bo sa gagamatse dilo thata. Mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo-;lesome le borataro, mokgweetsi wa sefofane yo o sa itsiweng wa Sepotokisi o ne a lemoga gore makgoba a ne a thapiwa jaaka banyalani, ba ikagela mafelo a bone a bonno, mme ba dira ka go ikemela gangwe ka beke mo go lemeng dijo tsa bone. <ref>For an English translation, see John William Blake, trans., ed., ''Europeans in West Africa, 1450–1560'' (London, 1942), 145ff.</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo, tsamaiso eno ya bokgoba e e neng e le motlhofo e ne ya se ka ya tsaya lobaka lo loleele fa go sena go simololwa go lema. Go ralala nako eo, makgoba a ne a tshabela kwa dikgweng tsa dithaba tsa setlhaketlhake seo. <ref name=":4">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 63. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10 10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10.]</ref> Magareng ga 1514 le 1527, diperesente di le tlhano tsa makgoba a a neng a romelwa kwa São Tomé a ne a tshaba, gantsi a bolawa ke tlala,<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 64. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10 stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10.]</ref>le fa 1531 - 1535 go ne go na le tlhaelo e kgolo ya dijo tota le kwa masimong<ref name=":5" />Kgabagare, batho ba Maroon ba ne ba aga metse mo teng ga naga e e itsegeng e le macambos.<ref name=":5" /> '''Go tsuologa ga makgoba''' Matshwao a ntlha a go tsuologa ga makgoba a simolotse ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo (1530), fa digongwana tsa makgoba di ne di rulaganyetsa go tlhasela dipolase, tse dingwe tsa tsone di neng tsa tlogelwa.<ref name=":1" />Go ne ga dirwa ngongorego ya semmuso ke balaodi ba selegae ba Sepotokisi ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo le motso (1531) ba ngongoregela gore go ne go bolawa baagi ba le bantsi le baagi ba bantsho mo ditlhaselong, le gore setlhaketlhake se ne se tla latlhega fa bothata bo ne bo sa rarabololwa.<ref name=":5" /> Mo 'ntweng ya sekgwa' ya ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo le metso e meraro (1533), 'mokapotene wa sekgwa' o ne a etelela pele diyuniti tsa sesole go lwantsha di-maroon. <ref name=":5" />Tiragalo e e botlhokwa mo ntweng ya maroon ya kgololesego e ne ya diragala ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a mane le metso e robabongwe (1549), fa banna ba babedi ba ba neng ba ipolela gore ba tsetswe ba gololesegile ba ne ba tsewa mo macambos ke molemi wa molatto yo o humileng yo o neng a bidiwa Ana de Chaves <ref name=":5" />Ka thuso ya ga de Chaves, banna ba babedi bano ba ne ba kopa kgosi gore e ba golole, mme kopo ya bone e ne ya amogelwa. Palo e e kwa godimo ya batho ba morafe wa Maroon e ne ya nna teng ka nako ya fa go ne go na le koketsego e kgolo ya go dirwa ga sukiri mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le boratarola dingwaga, ka gonne dipolase di ne di tletse ka makgoba. <ref name=":5" /> Magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a robabobedi le metso e supa (1587) le ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome robabongwe (1590), makgoba a le mantsi a a neng a tshabile a ne a fenngwa mo ntweng e nngwe ya sekgwa.<ref>SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 65. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. JSTOR [https://www.jstor.org/stable/stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10 stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10.]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a robabongwe le metso e meraro (1593,) mmusi o ne a bolela gore masole a Maroon a ne a nyeletse gotlhelele.<ref>Caldeira,‘Rebelião e Outras Formas de Resistência’, 111.</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo, batho ba morafe wa Maroon ba ne ba dira gore baagi ba se ka ba ya kwa dikgaolong tsa borwa le tsa bophirima. Botsuolodi jo bogolo jwa makgoba bo ne jwa nna ka kgwedi ya Phukwi,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a robabongwe le metso e metlhano ( 1595), fa puso e ne e koafaditswe ke dikgotlhang tse di neng di le fa gare ga mobishopo le mmusi. Lekgoba la mo gae le le neng le bidiwa Amador le ne la thapa makgoba a le diketet tse tlhano go tlhasela le go senya masimo, difeketiri tsa sukiri le matlo a baagi. <ref name=":5" />Botsuolodi jwa ga Amador bo ne jwa dira ditlhaselo di le tharo mo toropong mme jwa senya masome a marataro a madirelo a tsa sukiri tsa setlhaketlhake di le masome a robabobedi le botlhano, mme ba ne ba fenngwa ke masole morago ga dibeke di le tharo. Makgoba a le makgolo a mabedi a ne a bolawa mo ntweng, mme Amador le baeteledipele ba bangwe ba batsuolodi ba ne ba bolawa, fa makgoba a mangwe a ne a fiwa boitshwarelo mme ba boela kwa masimong a bone. Go ne ga nna le ditsuolodi tse dinnye tsa makgoba mo lekgolong la bo lesome le bosupa le la bo lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga. === São Tomé le Príncipe mo lekgolong la bo lesome le borobabobedi, la bo lesome le borobabongwe le la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga === Kgabagare, ditlhaketlhake tseno di ne tsa simolola go amiwa ke kgaisano e e neng e tswa kwa dikoloneng tse di dirang sukiri kwa Hemisefereng ya Bophirima. Go ne go le thata go laola palo e kgolo ya makgoba, ka Portugal e ne e sa kgone go tsenya metswedi e mentsi mo maitekong a go dira jalo. Ka jalo, go lema sukiri go ne ga fokotsega mo dingwageng di le lekgolo tse di latelang, mme mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo ;lesome le bosupa la dingwaga, São Tomé e ne e setse e le lefelo la go feta la dikepe tse di neng di gweba ka makgoba magareng ga kontinente ya Afrika le Amerika. [[Setshwantsho:Railway hangar in Sundy, São Tomé and Príncipe (Collection Jerónimo Carneiro).jpg|thumb|Seporo sa terena kwa São Tomé le Príncipe mo e ka nnang ka 1919]] Seporo sa terena kwa São Tomé le Príncipe mo e ka nnang ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,lesome le metso e robabongwe ( 1919) Mo masimologong a lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga, go ne ga simololwa go jalwa dijalo tse pedi tse disha tse di rekwang, kofi le cocoa. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le metso e robabobedi (1908), São Tomé e ne e setse e le yone naga e kgolo go di feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng e e ntshang cocoa, e e sa ntseng e le sejalo se se botlhokwa thata mo lefatsheng leno. Thulaganyo ya roças, e e neng e naya batsamaisi ba dipolasi taolo e kgolo, e ne ya dira gore go dirisiwe dikgoka kgatlhanong le badiri ba mo dipolasing ba Baafrika. Le mororo Portugal e ne ya fedisa bokgoba semolao ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi,masome a supa le metso e merataro (1876), go patelediwa go dira tiro e e duelwang go ne ga tswelela pele. Scientific American e ne ya kwala ka mafoko le ditshwantsho tsa go tswelela go dirisiwa ga makgoba kwa São Tomé mo kgatisong ya yone ya kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi,masome a robabongwe le metso e supa ( 1897). Go lekola phifalo ya letsatsi ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le masome a mabedi le boferabongwe,ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,lesome le metso e robabongwe (1919) kwa Príncipe ka Sir [[Arthur Eddington]] e ne ya nna nngwe ya diteko tsa ntlha tse di atlegileng tsa thuto ya ga [[Albert Einstein]] ya gore dilo di itiragaletse fela. Motshimologong ya lekgolo la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga, go ne ga tsoga kganetsano e e neng ya phasaladiwa ke boditšhabatšhaba ka ditatofatso tsa gore badiri ba ba nang le konteraka ba kwa Angola ba ne ba patelediwa go dira tiro e e bokete le maemo a a sa itumediseng a tiro. Go sa iketlang ga badiri le go sa kgotsofale go ne ga tswelela go fitlha mo lekgolong la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga, mme ga felela ka dikhuduego tse di neng tsa runya ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a matlhano le boraro (1953) tse mo go tsone go neng ga bolawa makgolokgolo a le mmalwa a badiri ba Baafrika fa ba ne ba thulana le babusi ba bone ba Bapotokisi. Puso e sa ntse e keteka segopotso sa "Batho ba ba Neng ba Bolawa kwa Batépá". === Boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:Sao Tome Cathedral 7 (16223085806).jpg|thumb|Kereke ya Our Lady of Grace ya São Tomé]] Kwa bokhutlong jwa bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano (1950), fa ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di neng di sa tswa go tlhagelela mo kontinenteng ya Afrika di ne di batla boipuso, setlhopha se sennye sa batho ba kwa São Tomé se ne sa bopa Mokgatlho wa Kgololo ya São Tomé le Príncipe (MLSTP), o kgabagare o neng wa tlhoma bothibelelo jwa one kwa [[Gabon]] e e gaufi. E ne ya simolola go gola ka bonako ka bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro (1960), morago ga go thankgolwa ga puso ya ga [[Caetano]] ya bokgokgontshi kwa Portugal ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le metso e mene (1974).<ref>“Sao Tome and Principe Country Profile.” BBC News, BBC, 19 July 2023, www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493.</ref> Puso e ntšha ya Portugal e ne e ikemiseditse go fedisa dikolone tsa yone tsa kwa moseja ga mawatle. Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le metso e mene( 1974), baemedi ba yone ba ne ba kopana le MLSTP kwa Algiers mme ba dira tumalano ya go fetisa bolaodi. Morago ga lobaka lwa puso ya nakwana, São Tomé le Príncipe e ne ya bona boipuso ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le lesome le bobedi,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le metso e metlhano (1975), ba tlhopha MLSTP Mokwaledi Kakaretso [[Manuel Pinto da Costa]] jaaka Tautona wa ntlha. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990), São Tomé e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a ntlha tsa Afrika go dira diphetogo tsa puso ya batho ka batho, mme diphetogo mo molaotheong - go akaretsa le go letlelelwa semolao ga mekgatlho ya sepolotiki ya kganetso - go ne ga felela ka gore go nne le ditlhopho ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le motso ( 1991) tse di neng di se na tirisodikgoka, di gololesegile e bile di le mo pepeneneng. [[Miguel Trovoada]], yo e kileng ya bo e le tonakgolo yo o neng a le kwa botshwarwa fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le metso e merataro ( 1986), o ne a boa e le moemedi yo o ikemetseng mme a tlhophiwa go nna Tautona. Trovoada o ne a tlhophiwa gape mo ditlhophong tsa bobedi tsa bo Tautona tsa São Tomé ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le metso e merataro (1996). [[Mokgatlho wa Democratic Convergence]] o ne wa fenya bontsi jwa ditulo mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba, mme MLSTP ya nna mokgatlho o o botlhokwa le o o buelelang kwa godimo. Ditlhopho tsa bommasepala di ne tsa latela kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le metso e mebedi (1992), tse mo go tsone MLSTP e neng ya fenya bontsi jwa ditulo mo makgotleng a le matlhano mo go a le supa a kgaolo. Mo ditlhophong tsa pele ga nako tsa kgotlapeomolao ka kgwedi ya Phalane,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e mene ( 1994), MLSTP e ne ya fenya bontsi jwa ditulo mo kgotlapeomolao. E ne ya bona gape bontsi jwa ditulo mo ditlhophong tsa kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le metso e robabobedi ( 1998). === Lekgolo la bo masome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga === Mo ditlhophong tsa boTautona tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso ( 2001), mokgethi yo o neng a tshegediwa ke lekoko la Independent Democratic Action, [[Fradique de Menezes,]] o ne a tlhophiwa mo kgetlong la ntlha mme a tlhomiwa ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola ga raro.<ref>[http://www.afrol.com/News2001/stp004_menezes_pres.htm "stp004 Fradique de Menezes new president on Sao Tomé".] ''www.afrol.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180955/http://www.afrol.com/News2001/stp004_menezes_pres.htm Archived] from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2023</ref> Ditlhopho tsa Palamente di ne tsa tshwarwa ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e mebedi (2002). Mo dingwageng di le nne tse di latelang, go ne ga bopiwa dipuso tsa nako e khutshwane tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baganetsi. Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e meraro ( 2003), masole a ne a tsaya puso ka beke e le nngwe, a ngongorega ka bonweenwee le gore madi a a neng a tla tswa mo go yone a ne a se kitla a abiwa ka tekatekano. Go ne ga buisanwa ka tumalano e ka yone Tautona de Menezes a neng a busediwa mo tirong. <ref>Seibert, Gerhard (2003). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2003_num_10_1_1557 "The Bloodless Coup of July 2003 in São Tomé e Príncipe".] ''Lusotopie''. '''10''' (1): 245–260. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221205215608/https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2003_num_10_1_1557 Archived] from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2023.</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e merataro ( 2006), nako ya go nna mmogo e ne ya khutla, fa lekoko le le tshwanang le lona le ne la fenya ditulo tse di lekaneng mo ditlhophong tsa Kokoano Bosetšhaba go bopa puso e ntšhwa. <ref>Gerhard Seibert (2006), ''Comrades, Clients and Cousins: Colonialism, Socialism and Democratization in São Tomé and Príncipe'', Leiden: Brill</ref> Mo ditlhophong tsa bo Tautona tsa kgwedi Phukwi e le masome a mararo,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e merataro( 2006), Fradique de Menezes o ne a fenya ka bonolo paka ya bobedi ya dingwaga di le tlhano mo kantorong, a fenya bakgethi ba bangwe ba babedi, [[Patrice Trovoada]] (morwa Tautona wa maloba Miguel Trovoada) le [[Nilo Guimarães]] yo o ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref>[https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2006/08/02/incumbent-wins-vote "Incumbent wins vote"]. ''The New Humanitarian''. 2 August 2006. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230608195738/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2006/08/02/incumbent-wins-vote Archived] from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa selegae, tsa ntlha fa e sale ka mgwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e mebedi ( 1992), di ne tsa tshwarwa ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mabedi le bosupa ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e merataro (2006) mme di ne di laolwa ke maloko a lekoko le le busang. <ref>[https://africanelections.tripod.com/st_2006local.html "27 August 2006 Local Elections in São Tomé and Príncipe".] ''africanelections.tripod.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230927205311/https://africanelections.tripod.com/st_2006local.html Archived] from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabongwe (2009), go ne ga dirwa maiteko a go menola Tautona Fradique de Menezes. Batho ba ba neng ba loga leano ba ne ba tsenngwa mo kgolegelong, mme moragonyana ba ne ba itshwarelwa ke Tautona de Menezes.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043116/http://www.orange.co.bw/news/?m=201001&paged=450 Sao Tome president pardons coup plotter.] Orange Botswana Portal. 7 January 2010.</ref> Evaristo Carvalho o ne a nna Tautona wa São Tomé le Príncipe mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e merataro (2016), morago ga go fenya Tautona wa ga jaana [[Manuel Pinto da Costa.]] <ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-saotome-election-idUKKCN10J1JX "Sao Tome's ex-prime minister elected president in one-man race".] ''Reuters''. 8 August 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230608195036/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-saotome-election-idUKKCN10J1JX Archived] from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.</ref> Tautona Carvalho gape ke motlatsa mTautona wa lekoko la Independent Democratic Action (ADI). Patrice Emery Trovoada o ne a nna tonakgolo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e mene (2014); gape ke moeteledipele wa Independent Democratic Action party (ADI).<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493 Sao Tome and Principe country profile".] ''BBC News''. 14 May 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161223152039/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493 Archived] from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e robabobedi ( 2018), J[[orge Bom Jesus]], moeteledipele wa Movimento de Libertação de São Tomé e Príncipe-Partido Social Democráta (MLSTP-PSD), o ne a ikana jaaka tonakgolo e ntšhwa. <ref>[http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=197423203&Country=S%C3%A3o%20Tom%C3%A9%20and%20Pr%C_4 "Jorge Bom Jesus inaugurated as prime minister"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413222352/http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=197423203&Country=S%C3%A3o%20Tom%C3%A9%20and%20Pr%25C_4 Archived] from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Sao Tome WV banner.jpg|thumb|426x426px|Tebego ya Praia Inhame, Kgaolo ya Caué, kwa São Tomé.]] Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le motso (2021), mokgathi wa lekoko la kganetso la boammaruri la Independent Democratic Action (ADI), [[Carlos Vila Nova,]] o ne a fenya ditlhopho tsabo Tautona.<ref>[https://www.africanews.com/2021/09/06/opposition-candidate-carlos-vila-nova-wins-sao-tome-presidency-partial/ "Opposition candidate Carlos Vila Nova wins Sao Tome presidency: partial results".] ''Africanews''. 6 September 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210908031202/https://www.africanews.com/2021/09/06/opposition-candidate-carlos-vila-nova-wins-sao-tome-presidency-partial/ Archived] from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le metso e mebedi (2022), lekoko la kganetso la Independent Democratic Action (ADI), le le neng le eteletswe pele ke tonakgolo ya maloba [[Patrice Trovoada]], le ne la fenya ditlhopho go feta lekoko le le busang la Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe/Social Democratic Party (MLSTP/PSD) la tonakgolo Jorge Bom Jesus.<ref>[https://www.africanews.com/2022/09/27/sao-tome-opposition-wins-legislative-vote/ "Sao Tome opposition wins legislative vote".] ''Africanews''. n.d. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230930125216/https://www.africanews.com/2022/09/27/sao-tome-opposition-wins-legislative-vote/ Archived] from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2022.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele wa ngwaga oo, puso le sesole ba ne ba kgoreletsa maiteko a go menola puso,<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sao-tome-principe-government-thwarts-overnight-coup-attempt-2022-11-25/ Sao Tome and Principe government thwarts overnight coup attempt".] ''Reuters''. 25 November 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221202185636/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sao-tome-principe-government-thwarts-overnight-coup-attempt-2022-11-25/ Archived] from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.</ref> morago ga gore Patrice Trovoada a tlhomiwe jaaka Tonakgolo ya São Tomé le Príncipe ke Carlos Vila Nova.<ref>Boechat, Geraldine. [https://medafricatimes.com/28855-patrice-trovoada-takes-office-as-prime-minister-of-sao-tome-and-principe.html "Patrice Trovoada takes office as Prime minister of Sao Tome and Principe – Medafrica Times".] [https://web.archive.org/web/20221111190836/https://medafricatimes.com/28855-patrice-trovoada-takes-office-as-prime-minister-of-sao-tome-and-principe.html Archived] from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.</ref> == Dipopego tsa Lefatshe == [[Setshwantsho:2012SaoTome-302 (8042910990).jpg|thumb|Pico Cão Grande ke setlhoa se se tlhomologileng sa lekgwamolelo se se bopegileng jaaka nnale kwa São Tomé le Príncipe]] Ditlhaketlhake tsa São Tomé le Príncipe, tse di leng kwa equatorial Atlantic le [[Gulf of Guinea]] di ka nna makgolo a mararo le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano km (190 le 160 mi), ka go latelana, kwa bokone-bophirima jwa Gabon, di bopa lefatshe la bobedi le nnye mo Afrika.<ref>Bradley, Archie (30 January 2017). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230419175834/https://books.google.com/books?id=lbUQDgAAQBAJ&dq=Africa%27s+second-smallest+country+S%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe&pg=PT17 São Tomé and Príncipe Political Governance and Economy]''. Lulu Press, Inc. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-365-72042-0|978-1-365-72042-0]]</bdi>. Archived from [https://books.google.com/books?id=lbUQDgAAQBAJ&dq=Africa%27s+second-smallest+country+S%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe&pg=PT17 the original] on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</ref> <ref>Warne, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wTCyVLanWZwC&dq=Africa%27s+second-smallest+country+S%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe&pg=PT2 Sophie (2003). ''Gabon, São Tomé and Príncipe''.] Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN <bdi>978-1[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-073-2|-84162-073-2]]</bdi>. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</ref>Bobedi jwa tsone ke karolo ya thaba ya lekgwamolelo ya Cameroon, e e akaretsang le ditlhaketlhake tsa [[Annobón]] kwa borwabophirima, Bioko kwa bokonebotlhaba (bobedi jwa tsone ke karolo ya [[Equatorial Guinea]]), le [[Thaba ya Cameroon]] kwa lotshitshing lwa Kgogometso ya Guinea. Ditlhaketlhake tseno ka bobedi di nnile teng dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng ka nako ya [[Oligocene,]] ka ntlha ya go thunya ga lekgwamolelo le le neng le le kafa tlase ga metsi a a boteng go bapa le molelwane wa Cameroon. Mebu ya lekgwamolelo ya di-basalt le di-phonolite, e e nang le dingwaga di le dimilione di le tharo e ntse e dirisiwa go lema dijalo go tloga ka nako ya bokoloniale. <ref>Becker, Kathleen (26 June 2014). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=uLzgAwAAQBAJ&dq=volcanic+soils+S%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe&pg=PA14 São Tomé and Príncipe]''. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-486-0|<bdi>978-1-84162-486-0</bdi>.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20221106055432/https://books.google.com/books?id=uLzgAwAAQBAJ&dq=volcanic+soils+S%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe&pg=PA14 Archived] from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</ref><ref>Becker, Kathleen (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=e59TqbPNAB0C&dq=volcanic+soils+S%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe&pg=PA3 São Tomé & Príncipe]''. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-216-3|<bdi>978-1-84162-216-3</bdi>.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20221106055432/https://books.google.com/books?id=e59TqbPNAB0C&dq=volcanic+soils+S%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe&pg=PA3 Archived] from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</ref> São Tomé e boleele jwa dikilometara di le masome a matlhano le bophara jwa dikilometara di le masome a mararo mme ke setlhaketlhake se se nang le dithaba go gaisa tse dingwe tse pedi. Ntlha ya yone e e kwa godimo thata, [[Pico de São Tomé]], e bogodimo jwa dimetara di le 2,024. Príncipe e boleele jwa dikilometara di le masome a marao le bophara jwa dikilometara di le thataro. Ntlha ya yone e e kwa godimo thata, Pico de Príncipe, e fitlha go dimetara di le makgolo a robabongwe,masome a mane le borobabobedi. Ekhweitha e ka fa borwa jwa Setlhaketlhake sa São Tomé, e ralala setlhaketlhake se sennye sa Ilhéu das Rolas. Pico Cão Grande (Great Dog Peak) ke setlhoa se se tlhomologileng sa lekgwamolelo se se kwa borwa jwa São Tomé. E tlhatloga go feta 300 m (1,000 ft) godimo ga lefelo le le e dikologileng mme setlhoa sa yone ke 663 m (2,175 ft) godimo ga lewatle. === Seemo sa Loapi === [[Setshwantsho:Waterfall São Tomé Island I.jpg|thumb|motswedi wa metsi wa kwa Setlhaketlhakeng sa São Tomé]] Tlelaemete ya São Tomé le Príncipe e laolwa thata ke lefelo la yone la thutafatshe, le le laolwang ke go fetofetoga ga dipaka tsa diphatlhatiro tse di kwa tlase tsa ekhweitha, diphefo tsa monsoon go tswa borwa, Mogogoro wa Guinea o o bothitho le thotloetso. <ref name=":6">Barros, PLNL. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240501023413/https://www.repository.utl.pt/bitstream/10400.5/4155/1/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o.pdf "Dissertação"] (PDF). pp. 22–24.</ref> Kwa boalong jwa lewatle, tlelaemete ya teng ke ya boboatsatsi - e mogote e bile e le bongola mme palogare ya themperetšha ya ngwaga le ngwaga e ka nna 26 °C (78.8 °F) mme e farologana go sekae fela letsatsi le letsatsi. Ga se gantsi mogote wa teng o fetang 32 °C (89.6 °F). Kwa bogodimong jo bo kwa godimo jwa bogare jwa naga, palogare ya themperetšha ya ngwaga le ngwaga ke 20 °C (68 °F), mme gantsi bosigo go tsiditsana. Pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e farologana go tswa go 7 000 mm (275.6 in) kwa dikgweng tsa maru tsa dithaba go ya go 800 mm (31.5 in) kwa mafelong a a kwa tlase a bokone. Nako ya dipula e simolola ka kgwedi ya Phalane go fitlha ya Motsheganong. <ref name=":6" /> === '''Mefutafuta ya Ditshedi''' === [[Setshwantsho:São Tomé - Ilhéu das Rolas - Praia de Santo António (3).jpg|thumb|Ilhéu das Rolas]] Kgaolo ya lefatshe ke karolo ya São Tomé, Príncipe, le Annobón moist lowland forests ecoregion.[ <ref name=":7">[[doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014|bix014.]] ISSN 0006-3568. PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287 5451287]. <nowiki>PMID 28608869</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":7" /> E ne e na le tekanyetso ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e robabongwe [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] ya 6.64/10, e e beileng mo maemong a bo masome a marataro le borobabobedi lefatshe ka bophara mo mafatsheng a le lekgolo,masome a supa le bobedi .<ref>Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material".] ''Nature Communications''. '''11''' (1): 5978. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.5978G 2020NatCo..11.5978G]. doi:[[doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3]]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723 2041-1723.] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 7723057]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293507 33293507.]</ref>São Tomé le Príncipe ga e na palo e kgolo ya diamusi tsa tlholego (le fa São Tomé shrew le mefuta e le mmalwa ya bommamathwane e le ya selegae). Ditlhaketlhake tseno ke legae la dinonyane le dimela tse dintsi tse di fitlhelwang fela mo go tsone, go akaretsa le ibis e nnye go di gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng (São Tomé ibis), sunbird e kgolo go di gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng (sunbird e kgolo), São Tomé fiscal e e sa bonweng motlhofo, le mefuta e le mmalwa ya di-begonia tse dikgolo. São Tomé le Príncipe ke lefelo le le botlhokwa le go nnang dikhudu tsa lewatle mo go lone, go akaretsa le dikhudu tse di bidiwang di-hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata). == Polotiki == [[Setshwantsho:Palais présidentiel à São Tomé (6).jpg|thumb|Ntlo ya Boeteledipele ya São Tomé e Príncipe]] Tautona wa Rephaboliki o tlhophiwa ka dingwaga di le tlhano ka ditlhopho tsa botlhe le ka boutu ya sephiri, mme o tshwanetse go bona bontsi jwa diboutu go tlhophiwa. Tautona o ka nna mo maemong a gagwe go fitlha ka paka ya dingwaga di le pedi tse di latelanang. Tonakgolo e tlhomiwa keTautona, mme maloko a le lesome le bone a kabinete a tlhophiwa ke tonakgolo. Ntlokokoano Bosetšhaba, e e leng setheo se se kwa godimo sa puso e bile e le sone se se laolang molao, e na le maloko a le masome a matlhano le botlhano, a a tlhophiwang ka lobaka lwa dingwaga di le nne mme a kopana gangwe mo dikgweding di le thataro. Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang ke yone e atlholang ka tsela e e siameng. Tsamaiso ya boatlhodi e ikemetse go ya ka molaotheo wa ga jaana. São Tomé le Príncipe e ntse e na le tsamaiso ya makoko a mantsi fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe ( 1990). Malebana le ditshwanelo tsa botho, go na le ditshwanelo tsa go bua ka kgololesego le tsa go bopa makoko a sepolotiki a a ganetsang. Lefatshe le feditse ka maemo a bo lesome le bongwe go tswa mo mafatshe a Afrika a a lekanyeditsweng ke Ibrahim Index of African Governance ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome ( 2010), tshekatsheko e e tseneletseng ya maemo a puso mo Afrika. <ref>''2[https://web.archive.org/web/20111019173824/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/en/media/get/20101108_eng-table-iiag2010-revised.pdf 010 Ibrahim Index of African Governance]'' (PDF), archived from [http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/en/media/get/20101108_eng-table-iiag2010-revised.pdf the original] (PDF) on 19 October 2011, retrieved 4 March 2012</ref> São Tomé le Príncipe e tsewa e le lefatshe le le gololesegileng, e e nang le kgololesego e e kwa godimo ya go bua, kgololesego e e kwa godimo ya sepolotiki le kgololesego e e tlwaelegileng ya itsholelo. Mo go 2023 V-Dem Democracy Indices, lefatshe le mo maemong a bo masome a matlhano le borataro mo gare ga ditlhopho tsa puso ya batho ka batho lefatshe ka bophara le bo 5 mo Afrika. <ref>V-Dem Institute (2023). [https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ "The V-Dem Dataset"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183458/https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ Archived] from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.</ref> E na le maemo a a kwa godimo a bonweenwee, le fa mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana maemo ano a ntse a fokotsega.<ref>[https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/sao-tome-and-principe "Sao Tome and Principe".] ''Transparency.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230924004647/https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/sao-tome-and-principe Archived] from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2020.</ref> Mo mabakeng a bojanala, kotsi e kwa tlase, e lekana le kotsi ya go etela kwa Fora.<ref>[https://www.travelriskmap.com/#/planner/map/security "Travel Risk Map — International SOS".] ''www.travelriskmap.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220729020815/https://www.travelriskmap.com/#/planner/map/security Archived] from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2020.</ref> === Dikamano tsa kwa ntle === São Tomé le Príncipe e na le diofisi tsa boemedi kwa Angola, [[Belgium,]] Gabon, Portugal le United States. E ne ya amogela People's Republic of China ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e merataro ( 2016). Gape e na le kemedi ya leruri kwa UN kwa [[New York City]] le International Diplomatic Correspondent Office. São Tomé le Príncipe ke leloko la Community of Portuguese Language Countries, e e itsegeng gape jaaka Lusophone Commonwealth, mokgatlho wa boditšhabatšhaba le mokgatlho wa sepolotiki wa dinaga tse di buang Sepotokisi mo dikontinenteng tse nne, koo Sepotokisi e leng puo ya semmuso. Mafatshe a mangwe a a nang le dikamano tse di molemo le São Tomé le Príncipe ke [[Portugal]] le [[Angola|Angola.]] ==== Portugal ==== Portugal e na le dikamano tsa hisitori le São Tomé le Príncipe, go tloga ka nako ya bokoloniale jwa Sepotokisi. Portugal ke yone e tsentseng madi a mantsi thata kwa São Tomé le Príncipe, e tsenya dimilione tsa di-euro mo itsholelong. São Tomé le Príncipe e na le boemedi kwa Lisbon, boemedi kwa [[Porto]] le boemedi kwa [[Coimbra.]] Portugal e na le boemedi kwa São Tomé. Portugal le São Tomé le Príncipe ba saenile tumalano, e mo go yona Portugal e disang karolo ya lotshitshi lwa São Tomé le Príncipe, e e sireletsang go tswa go dirukutlhi. Sekepe sa sesole sa Portugal sa [[NRP Zaire]] le dikepe tsa paterole tsa Sepotokisi di beilwe ka gale mo lotshitshing lwa São Tomé le Príncipe. <ref>Portugal, Rádio e Televisão de (6 June 2016). [https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/mundo/portugueses-em-sao-tome_v924176 "Portugueses em São Tomé".] ''Portugueses em São Tomé'' (in Portuguese). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220321165014/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/mundo/portugueses-em-sao-tome_v924176 Archived] from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2020.</ref>Itsholelo ya São Tomé le Príncipe e golagane thata le ya Portugal, ka Portugal e rwele maikarabelo a go feta 50% ya diromelwantle go tswa kwa São Tomé le Príncipe. Portugal gape e thusitse go tlhabolola thuto kwa São Tomé le Príncipe, ka go thusa ka madi go aga le go tlhokomela Yunibesiti ya Setšhaba ya São Tomé le Príncipe.<ref name=":8">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170507111217/http://aulp.org/Sao_Tome_e_Principe_cria_1_Universidade_Publica "São Tomé e Príncipe cria 1ª Universidade Pública – AULP".] 7 May 2017. Archived from [http://aulp.org/Sao_Tome_e_Principe_cria_1_Universidade_Publica the original] on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2020.</ref> <ref name=":8" />Tautona wa Portugal Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa o ne a etela São Tomé le Príncipe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e robabobedi (2018) go bontsha dikamano tse di nonofileng tsa itsholelo le setso magareng ga Portugal le São Tomé le Príncipe. <ref>[https://vivenciaspressnews.com/marcelo-faz-visita-de-estado-a-s-tome-e-principe-entre-20-e-22-de-fevereiro/ "Marcelo faz visita de Estado a S.Tomé e Príncipe entre 20 e 22 de fevereiro".] ''Vivências Press News'' (in European Portuguese). 10 February 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200630192102/https://vivenciaspressnews.com/marcelo-faz-visita-de-estado-a-s-tome-e-principe-entre-20-e-22-de-fevereiro/ Archived] from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le metso e mebedi ( 2022), Portugal le São Tomé le Príncipe ba ne ba saena tumalano e ntšhwa ya tirisanommogo ya tshireletso, go matlafatsa katiso le tshireletsego ya lewatle.<ref>[https://www.portugal.gov.pt/en/gc23/communication/news-item?i=portugal-and-sao-tome-e-principe-sign-a-new-cooperation-agreement-for-defence "Portugal and São Tomé e Príncipe sign a new cooperation agreement for Defence"] (in Portuguese). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221005220354/https://www.portugal.gov.pt/en/gc23/communication/news-item?i=portugal-and-sao-tome-e-principe-sign-a-new-cooperation-agreement-for-defence Archived] from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.</ref> ==== Angola ==== [[Angola]] ke molekane yo mogolo wa kgwebo segolobogolo mo go tsa metswedi ya maatla a tlholego; Angola ke motlamedi yo mogolo wa oli le gase ya tlholego kwa São Tomé le Príncipe. Mo godimo ga moo, bajanala ba le makgolokgolo ba kwa Angola ba etela São Tomé le Príncipe ngwaga le ngwaga, mme ba thusa mo ikonoming ya lefelo leo. Go na le setšhaba se segolo sa Ba-Angola kwa São Tomé le Príncipe. São Tomé le Príncipe e na le kemedi kwa Luanda mme Angola e na le kemedi kwa [[São Tomé]]. <ref>[https://www.geographynow.com/ "Geography Now – Official Site".] ''Geography Now''. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2020.</ref> ==== United States ==== United States e ntse e na le dikamano le São Tomé le Príncipe fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a supa le metso e meraro (1975) mme e ntshitse dimilione tsa didolara tsa thuso ya madi kwa São Tomé le Príncipe. Dithuso tsa madi di ne di diretswe go tlhabolola mafaratlhatlha a naga le go tokafatsa tsamaiso ya yone ya lekgetho, ya lekgetho le ya lekgetho. Mo godimo ga moo, mo dingwageng tsa bosheng, Dikepe dingwe tsa United States Coast Guard di ne tsa etela São Tomé le Príncipe, di ruta masole a São Tomé le Príncipe tsa kalafi le tsa sesole. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e mebedi (1992), mokgatlho wa puso ya United States, wa Voice of America, le puso ya São Tomé ba ne ba saena tumalano ya nako e telele ya go tlhoma seteishene sa go gasa mo São Tomé. Gone jaanong Voice of America e gasa mo dikarolong tse dintsi tsa Afrika go tswa mo lefelong leno. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse oedi le metso e mebedi (2002), U.S. e ne e na le dithulaganyo tsa go tlhoma lefelo le lennye la sesole mo setlhaketlhakeng sa São Tomé. São Tomé and Príncipe e ne ya dumela go aga lefelo la sesole, mme leano le ne la phimolwa ka ntlha ya mathata a sepolotiki le a madi a US. ==== Mafatshe a mangwe ==== Bajanala ba le diketekete go tswa kwa Cape Verde ba etela São Tomé le Príncipe, ba thusa ikonomi ya lefelo leo. Dikamano magareng ga Cape Verde le São Tomé le Príncipe di tokafetse mo dingwageng tse di fetileng. Brazil e nnile le seabe mo go tokafatseng thulaganyo ya boitekanelo le ya thuto kwa São Tomé le Príncipe. Dithelebishene tsa Brazil le difilimi ke tsone tse di lebelelwang thata kwa São Tomé le Príncipe. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170507111217/http://aulp.org/Sao_Tome_e_Principe_cria_1_Universidade_Publica "São Tomé e Príncipe cria 1ª Universidade Pública – AULP".] 7 May 2017. Archived from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2020.</ref> [[Gabon]], Cameroon le Repaboliki ya Congo ke mafatshe a a botlhokwa tse di dirisanang mmogo le São Tomé le Príncipe; dikomponi di le dintsi tsa mafatshe ano di na le mafelo a tsone a kgwebo kwa São Tomé le Príncipe. Ka ntlha ya gore dinaga tseno di bua Sefora, puo eno e ile ya nna botlhokwa mo kgwebong (mmogo le Sepotokisi), kwa São Tomé le Príncipe. <ref>[https://www.geographynow.com/ "Geography Now – Official Site".] ''Geography Now''. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2020.</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e meraro (2013), [[China]] e tsentse madi mo diporojekeng dingwe tsa ditsela le tsa boemakepe mme dipeeletso di ntse di ema mo dingwageng tse di fetileng. === Sesole === Masole a São Tomé le Príncipe a mannye mme a na le makala a le mane: Sesole (Exército), Coast Guard (Guarda Costeira gape e bidiwa "Navy"), Presidential Guard (Guarda Presidencial), le National Guard.<ref>[https://theodora.com/wfbcurrent/sao_tome_and_principe/sao_tome_and_principe_military.html "Sao Tome and Principe Military 2020, CIA World Factbook".] ''theodora.com''. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e supa (2017), São Tomé le Príncipe ba ne ba saena Tumalano ya Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng ya go Thibela Dibetsa tsa Nuklea. <ref>[https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons".] United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.</ref> === '''Dikgaogano tsa tsamaiso''' === Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a supa le metso e supa( 1977), dingwaga di le pedi morago ga go bona boipuso, naga eno e ne ya kgaoganngwa ka diporofense di le pedi (Porofense ya São Tomé le Porofense ya Príncipe) le dikgaolo di le thataro. Fa e sale molaotheo o mosha o ne wa amogelwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990), diporofense di ne tsa fedisiwa, mme dikgaolo ke tsone fela dikgaolo tse di laolang. Go tloga ka 29 kgwedi ya Moranang e le masome a mabedi le borobabobgwe,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e metlhano (1995), setlhaketlhake sa Príncipe e ntse e le kgaolo e e ikemetseng, e e bapileng le kgaolo ya Pagué. Setlhaketlhake se segolo sa São Tomé se kgaogantswe ka dikgaolo di le thataro le setlhaketlhake sa Príncipe ka kgaolo e le nngwe:<ref>Nunes Silva, Carlos (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=XIixDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 "São Tomé and Príncipe".] ''Governing Urban Africa''. Springer Nature. pp. 35–39. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/9781349951093|<bdi>9781349951093</bdi> –]] via Google Books.</ref> '''Setlhaketlhake sa São Tomé''' * Água Grande * Cantagalo * Caué * Lembá * Lobata * Mé-Zóchi '''Setlhaketlhake sa Príncipe''' * Pagué == Itsholelo == === TemoThuo === Fa e sa le ka lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga, itsholelo ya São Tomé le Príncipe e ntse e ikaegile thata ka temothuo ya kwa masimong. Ka nako ya boipuso, dipolasi tse e neng e le tsa Bapotokisi di ne di dira diperesente di le masome a robabongwe tsa lefatshe le le neng e lengwa. Morago ga go bona boipuso, ditsha tseno di ne tsa laolwa ke dikgwebo tse di farologaneng tsa temothuo tse di neng di le tsa puso. Sejalo se segolo mo São Tomé ke cocoa, e e emelang 54% ya diromelwateng tsa temothuo. <ref>[https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/sao-tome-and-principe-agricultural-sectors-and-agribuiness "Sao Tome and Principe – Agricultural Sectors and Agribuiness".] [[:en:International_Trade_Administration|International Trade Administration]]. 11 August 2022.</ref>Mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo sekete le makgolo a robabongwe (1900), São Tomé le Príncipe e ne e le lefatshe le letona le le romelang khoko kwa ntle mo lefatsheng mme e ne e itsege thata jaaka "Ditlhaketlhake tsa Tsokolate". <ref>Drew, Keith (6 July 2023). [https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230705-how-the-chocolate-islands-are-rediscovering-their-roots "How the Chocolate Islands are rediscovering their roots"]. ''BBC''. Retrieved 28 June 2024.</ref>Dijalo tse dingwe tse di romelwang ntle di akaretsa copra, dithoro tsa mokolane le kofi.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/saotomeandprincipe/194936.htm "Sao Tome and Principe (01/19/12)".] ''U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets / Background Notes''. U.S. Department of State. 19 January 2012</ref> Tlhagiso ya dijo tsa selegae ga e a lekana go ka tlamela badirisi ba selegae, ka jalo lefatshe le reka bontsi jwa dijo tsa yone kwa ntle. <ref name=":02">Mary E. Lassanyi; Wayne Olson (1 July 1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ep5oOZ8m0PoC&pg=PA206 ''Agricultural Marketing Directory for U.S. & Africa Trade''.] DIANE Publishing. p. 206. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-4479-0|<bdi>978-0-7881-4479-0</bdi>.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160125212240/https://books.google.com/books?id=ep5oOZ8m0PoC&pg=PA206 Archived] from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2015.</ref>Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e supa ( 1997), go fopholediwa gore 90% ya ditlhokego tsa dijo tsa lefatshe di ne di fitlhelelwa ka diromelwantle.<ref name=":02" /> Maiteko a ne a dirwa ke puso mo dingwageng tse di fetileng go atolosa ntshokuno ya dijo, le diporojeke di le mmalwa di ne tsa dirwa, tse di neng di duelelwa thata ke baabi ba mafatshe a sele. Kwantle ga temothuo, ditiro tse dikgolo tsa itsholelo ke tsa go thaya ditlhapi le madirelo a mannye a a dirang ka dikuno tsa temothuo tsa selegae le go dira dilwana di le mmalwa tsa motheo tsa badirisi. Ditlhaketlhake tseno tse dintle di na le ditshono tsa go nna le bojanala, mme puso e leka go tokafatsa mafaratlhatlha a yone a madirelo a a sa ntseng a le kwa tlase a bojanala. Lephata la puso le dira mo e ka nnang 11% ya ditiro. Morago ga boipuso, lefatshe le ne le na le itsholelo e e laolwang ke puso, ka bontsi jwa didirisiwa tsa ntshokuno e le tsa puso e bile e laolwa ke yone. Molaotheo wa ntlhantlha o ne o tlhomamisa gore go tla nna le ikonomi e e kopaneng, e e nang le dikoporasi tse di nang le beng ba tsone ba le bosi mmogo le dithoto le didirisiwa tsa setšhaba. === Dikgato tsa Puso === Ka bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi(1980) le bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990), itsholelo ya São Tomé e ne ya nna le mathata a magolo. Kgolo ya itsholelo e ne ya se ka ya tswelela pele, mme go romelwa ga koko kwa ntle ga lefatshe go ne ga fokotsega ka boleng le ka bontsi, mme seno sa dira gore go nne le tekanyetso e kgolo ya madi a a neng a sa lekana go duelwa. Go ne ga gapiwa masimo, mme seno sa dira gore go se ka ga jalwa koko gotlhelele. Ka nako e e tshwanang, tlhwatlhwa ya koko ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya wela kwa tlase. [[Setshwantsho:2017 Guadalupe STP DSC 8344 (32064969063).jpg|thumb|Didirisiwa tsa motheo tsa oli le tsa gase kwa Neves, São Tomé le Príncipe]] Didirisiwa tsa motheo tsa oli le tsa gase kwa Neves, São Tomé le Príncipe E le go tsibogela go wela tlase ga itsholelo ya yone, puso e ne ya dira diphetogo tse di tseneletseng tsaitsholelo . Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabobedi le metso e supa ( 1987), puso e ne ya tsenya tirisong thulaganyo ya International Monetary Fund ya go baakanya popego, mme ya laletsa gore go nne le seabe se segolwane sa poraefete mo go tsamaiseng ditlamo tsa semmuso, mmogo le mo dikarolong tsa temothuo, tsa kgwebo, tsa go banka le tsa bojanala. Go tloga kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990) go ne ga dirwa diphetogo tse dikgolo moitsholelong , segolobogolo mo go tsa temothuo le tsa madirelo tse di neng di laolwa ke puso. Puso ya São Tomé le Príncipe e setse e na le tlwaelo ya go amogela thuso ya dinaga di sele go tswa kwa bathong ba ba farologaneng ba ba abang madi, go akaretsa le [[UN Development Programme]], [[World Bank]], European Union, Portugal, Taiwan le [[African Development Bank.]] Ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi ( 2000), mmogo le [[Banco Central de São Tomé e Príncipe,]] IMF e ne ya amogela thulaganyo ya go fokotsa lehuma le kgolo ya itsholelo ya São Tomé e e neng e ikaeletse go fokotsa tlhotlhwa ya madi go nna 3% ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso ( 2001), go oketsa kgolo ya itsholelo go nna 4% le go fokotsa tlhaelo ya madi. Kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tse dikete tse pedi ( 2000), São Tomé e ne ya tshwanela go nna le phokoletso e kgolo ya sekoloto ka fa tlase ga IMF ⁇ World Bank's Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative. Phokotso eno e sekasekwa sesha ke IMF, ka ntlha ya maiteko a go menola puso ka kgwedi ya Phukwi,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e meraro ( 2003) le ditshenyegelo tsa tshoganyetso tse di neng tsa latela. Morago ga gore go nne le kagiso, IMF e ne ya swetsa ka gore e romele setlhopha kwa São Tomé go ya go sekaseka maemo a itsholelo ya lefatshe leo. Tshekatsheko eno e santse e tsweletse, go begwa gore go santse go emetswe molao wa oli go tlhomamisa gore puso e tlaa laola jang lotseno lwa oli lo lo tlang, lo lo santseng lo sa tlhalosiwa sentle, mme le fa go ntse jalo go solofetswe gore lo tla fetola maemo a itsholelo thata. Ka go tshwana, maiteko mangwe a dirilwe go rotloetsa maiteko a bojanala jwa poraefete, fela bogolo jwa one bo santse bo le kwa tlase. <ref>Brígida Rocha Brito and others, ''Turismo em Meio Insular Africano: Potencialidades, constrangimentos e impactos'', Lisbon: Gerpress, 2010 (in Portuguese)</ref> São Tomé gape e na le letshwao la kgaso sa American International Broadcasting Bureau sa Voice of America<ref>''World Radio TV Handbook'' (WRTH) Vol. 49 • 1995, p. 162; [http://www.wrth.com/ Billboard Publications] [https://web.archive.org/web/20131024001313/http://www.wrth.com/https://web.archive.org/web/20131024001313/http://www.wrth.com/ Archived] 24 October 2013 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], Amsterdam 1995. ISBN 0-8230-5926-X</ref> kwa Pinheira.<ref>WRTH 1997, p. 514, ISBN 0-8230-7797-7</ref> Portugal e sa ntse e le nngwe ya mafatshe a matona a São Tomé e dirisanang le tsone mo kgwebong, segolobogolo e le motswedi wa dilwana tse e di rekang kwa mafatshe a mangwe. Dijo, dilwana tse di dirilweng, metšhine le didirisiwa tsa dipalangwa di rekwa thata kwa dinageng tse dingwe go tswa mo EU. === Dikgwetlho tsa Itsholelo === Mo dingwageng di le mmalwa tse di fetileng, ikonomi ya São Tomé le Príncipe e ne ya gola, e kgweediwa ke temothuo, bojanala le dipeeletso tsa kwa ntle, mme e ne ya gola thata ka ntlha ya ditshenyegelo tsa puso tse di neng di kgweediwa ke dikadimo tsa kwa ntle. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabongwe ( 2009), GDP e ne ya gola ka palogare ya 5,5% go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e supa (2017), mme e ne ya fokotsega fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e mene (2014). Go fokotsega ga kgolo ya itsholelo go ne go bakilwe ke ditshenyegelo tse di kwa tlase tsa puso ka ntlha ya go fokotsega ga dikadimo tsa kwa ntle le go fokotsega ga lekgetho la puso la lotseno. <ref name=":12">[https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/saotome/overview "Overview".] ''World Bank''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220622173809/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/saotome/overview Archived] from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2020.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Palmiers à huile à Ribeira Peixe (São Tomé) (2).jpg|thumb|Dipolasi tsa ditlhare tsa mokolane kwa Ribeira Peixe]] Dipolasi tsa ditlhare tsa mokolane kwa Ribeira Peixe Dikgwetlho tse dikgolo moitsholelong ya São Tomé le Príncipe ke badiri ba ba lekanyeditsweng, ntlha ya gore São Tomé le Príncipe ke setlhaketlhake, mmaraka o monnye wa selegae, go fetofetoga ga tlelaemete, go gotela ga lefatshe, metswedi e e tlhaelang ya bodipolomate le lehuma. <ref name=":12" /> Gore itsholelo e gole ka nako e telele, puso e leka go rotloetsa dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa itsholelo, go farologanya itsholelo, go fokotsa ditshenyegelo tsa puso le go rotloetsa lekala la poraefete le dipeeletso tsa kwa ntle. <ref name=":22">Mendes, Xavier (2019). ''São Tomé e Príncipe, a colónia esquecida'' (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Editorial Estampa. pp. 22 23 24 26.</ref> === '''Dintlha tse di molemo''' === São Tomé le Príncipe e dira botoka go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a Afrika tse di kwa borwa jwa Sahara mo go tsa Tlhabololo ya Batho mme e dirile kgatelopele e kgolo mo go tsa loago. Bana botlhe kwa São Tomé le Príncipe ba kwadisitswe mo tsamaisong ya thuto, boleele jwa botshelo bo oketsegile go fitlha go dingwaga di le masome a supa, seelo sa go swa ga masea se fokotsegile thata mme bontsi jwa baagi ba setse ba na le metsi a diphaepe le motlakase. <ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Sao-Tome-and-Principe "Sao Tome and Principe | Culture, History, & People".] ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201222150337/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sao-Tome-and-Principe Archived] from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020</ref> Fa go buiwa ka kgwebo, puso ya São Tomé le Príncipe e ile ya ntsha melao e le mmalwa e e thusang gore go tlhomiwe dikgwebo tsa poraefete le dipeeletso tsa dinaga di sele. Magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e metlhano ( 2015) le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e robabongwe (2019) palo ya dikgwebo le dikgwebo tse di potlana e oketsegile thata. Se se feletse ka go fokotsega ga botlhokatiro, koketsego ya diromelwateng, le go tlhamiwa ga batlhagisi ba le mmalwa. Mo dingwageng tse di tlang go solofetswe gore itsholelo e tokafale thata. <ref name=":22" /> ==== Bojanala ==== Lephata la bojanala le na le bokgoni jo bogolo jwa go nna tsela ya go farologanya itsholelo ya lefatshe. Lephata leno le ntse le gola ka ntlha ya go oketsega ga dipeeletso tsa dinaga di sele. Go agilwe mafelo a boikhutso a magolo mo mabopong a São Tomé le Príncipe. <ref name=":32">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Sao-Tome-and-Principe "Sao Tome and Principe | Culture, History, & People"]. ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201222150337/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sao-Tome-and-Principe Archived] from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.</ref> ==== Dipalangwa ==== [[Setshwantsho:S. Tomé 2 077 (2269887268).jpg|thumb|Resort Pestana Equador, São Tomé and Príncipe]] Maemakepe a magolo mo nageng eno a kwa toropong ya São Tomé le Neves, a a leng mo setlhaketlhakeng sa São Tomé, a a neng a senyegile thata pele a ntšhafadiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e mene ( 2014). Gaufi le toropo ya São Tomé, boemafofane jwa boditšhabatšhaba bo ne jwa atolosiwa le go tokafadiwa. Tsela ya thelefouno le ya ditsela e siame go ya ka ditekanyetso tsa Afrika. Difouno tsa selula di dirisiwa thata e bile di a tokafala. Tirelo ya maranyane e teng mme e setse e dirilwe mo mafelong a ditoropo.<ref name=":32" /> <ref name=":22" /> === '''Go batla peteroleamo''' === Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso (2001), São Tomé le Nigeria di ne tsa dira tumalano ya go batla peteroleamo mmogo mo metsing a dinaga tseno tse pedi di a tsayang e le a tsone mo kgaolong ya Niger Delta. Morago ga motseletsele wa dipuisano tse di tsereng lobaka lo loleele, ka kgwedi ya Moranang,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e meraro (2003), <ref>[https://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/19931/ExxonMobil_Signs_PSC_for_Exploration_in_NigeriaSao_Tome_JDZ "ExxonMobil Signs PSC for Exploration in Nigeria/Sao Tome JDZ".]</ref>go ne ga bulelwa ditlamo tsa ditšhabatšhaba tsa oli sebaka se se kopaneng sa go tlhabolola (JDZ). JDZ e ne ya kgaoganngwa ka diboloko di le robongwe; go ne ga begwa ka Moranang ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e mene (2004) gore go tlile go nna le dipoelo tsa diboloko tsa ntlha, [[ChevronTexaco, ExxonMobil, le Dangote Group]], mme São Tomé e ne ya amogela 40% ya $123 million, fa Nigeria yone e ne ya amogela 60%. Go ne go santse go sekasekiwa ditaelo tsa diboloko tse dingwe ka kgwedi ya Phalane, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e mene (2004). São Tomé e amogetse madi a a fetang $2 million go tswa kwa bankeng go tlhabolola lephata la yone la peterolo.<ref>Phuong Tran (1 February 2007). [http://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2007-02-01-voa30-66537932/554071.html "São Tomé & Príncipe Still Waiting for Oil Boom".] ''VOA News''. Voice of America. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161221162314/http://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2007-02-01-voa30-66537932/554071.html Archived] from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2008.</ref> === Peo ya Madi === [[Setshwantsho:São Tome DSC 7995 (32036163784).jpg|thumb|Banco Internacional de São Tomé e Príncipe]] [[Banco Central de Sāo Tomé e Príncipe]] ke yone banka e kgolo, e e rweleng maikarabelo a pholisi ya madi le go tlhokomela dibanka. Go na le dibanka di le thataro mo nageng eno; e kgolo go di feta tsotlhe le e e leng ya bogologolo thata ke [[Banco Internacional de São Tomé e Príncipe,]] e e leng setlamo se se kafa tlase ga [[Caixa Geral de Depósitos]] ya Portugal e e leng ya puso. E ne e na le taolo e le nosi ya banka ya kgwebo go fitlha phetogo ya molao wa banka ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e meraro (2003) e ne ya dira gore go tsene dibanka tse dingwe di le mmalwa. === '''Balekane ba kgwebo''' === Mo ngwageng o o fetileng, go ne ga nna le koketsego e kgolo ya dijanaga tse di romelwang kwa mafatsheng a mangwe tse di tswang kwa mafatsheng a mangwe tse di tswang kwa mafatsheng a mangwe. Halofo ya dilo tse di romelwang kwa mafatsheng a mangwe a São Tomé le Príncipe ke dinawa tsa cocoa. Karolo e le nngwe mo go tse tlhano tsa dilwana tse di romelwang kwa ntle ke metšhini ya motlakase. Dithekiso tse dingwe tse di botlhokwa ke dikarolo tsa difofane, dikoloi, tshipi, dipolasetiki le dikumo tsa temothuo (pelepele, oli, matonkomane le nama ya kgomo).<ref name=":42">[https://oec.world/en/profile/country/stp "Sao Tome and Principe (STP) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners".] ''oec.world''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220703173309/https://oec.world/en/profile/country/STP Archived] from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2020</ref><ref>Sousa, António (2019). ''A Economia das Colónias Portuguesas'' (in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Lisbon: Edições Gailivro. pp. 45 46.</ref> Mafatshe a a di gogang kwa pele mo go romeleng dithoto go tswa kwa São Tomé le Príncipe ke Yuropa, koo [[Netherlands]] (19%), [[Portugal]] (14%), [[Poland]] (13%), Fora (7%) le Jeremane (6%) di tlhomologileng. Bareki ba bangwe ba botlhokwa ke [[Singapore, Japan]], [[Brazil le United States.]] <ref name=":42" /> Mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di fetileng, dinaga tse boleng jwa di romelo tsa tsone di neng tsa oketsega thata e ne e le Portugal, Poland, Brazil le Netherlands. Go ne ga nna le phokotsego e kgolo mo go romelweng ga dithoto go tswa kwa São Tomé le Príncipe go ya kwa Angola, Mexico le India. <ref name=":42" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e robabobedi (2018), go ne ga rekwa dilo tse di ka nnang dimilione di le lekgolo,masome a marataro le bongwe tsa didolara go tswa kwa São Tomé le Príncipe. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e meraro ( 2013), dithekiso di ne di ntse di fokotsega, le fa go ntse jalo ka iketlo, ka gore ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e meraro ( 2013) dithekiso di ne di fitlha go 167 million euro. Karolo ya botlhano ya dilwana tse di romelwang kwa São Tomé le Príncipe e ne e le oli e e ntlafaditsweng (segolobogolo e e tswang kwa Angola). Dithoto tse dingwe tse di botlhokwa tse di neng di romelwa, ka tatelano ya botlhokwa, e ne e le dikoloi, reise, mabele, beine, didiriswa tsa eleketeroniki, dikhemikale, diaparo, nama, didiriswa tsa kalafi le dikgong. <ref name=":42" /> [[Setshwantsho:The most important import partners of Sao Tome and Principe (2018).png|thumb|Balekane ba ba botlhokwa thata ba São Tomé le Príncipe ba ba rekang dilwana kwa mafatsheng a mangwe (2018)]] Mo e ka nnang 51% ya dilwana tse di romelwang mo São Tomé le Príncipe di tswa kwa [[Portugal.]] Karolo ya botlhano ya diromelwantle e tswa kwa Angola, 6% e tswa kwa [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|China,]] 4% e tswa kwa [[USA|United States]], 4% e tswa kwa [[Brazil,]] 2% e tswa kwa [[Gabon]] le 2% e tswa kwa France. <ref name=":42" /> Mo dingwageng tse lesome tse di fetileng, boleng jwa dilwana tse di romelwang mo dinageng tse dingwe bo ne jwa oketsega thata go tswa kwa dinageng tsa Portugal, Angola le China. Go ne ga nna le phokotsego e kgolo ya diromelwantle go tswa kwa Thailand, Italy le Nigeria. <ref name=":42" /> São Tomé le Príncipe e reka thata metšhine, segolobogolo dijenereitara tsa motlakase le dikhomputara, le dijo, segolobogolo beine, korong, reise, mashi le oli ya soya, go tswa kwa Portugal. Mo godimo ga moo, São Tomé le Príncipe gape e reka dikoloi di le dintsi, sesepa le tshipi go tswa kwa Portugal. Portugal e reka thata matlakala, kopore, cocoa, le diaparo.<ref>[https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/prt/partner/stp "Portugal (PRT) and Sao Tome and Principe (STP) Trade".] ''oec.world''. Retrieved 29 June 2020.</ref><ref>Sousa, António (2019). ''A Economia das Colónias Portuguesas'' (in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Lisbon: Edições Gailivro. pp. 45 46.</ref> == '''Dipalopalo tsa batho''' == Palogotlhe ya baagi e ne e lekanyeditswe go 201,800 ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong,ngwawa wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e robabobedi ( 2018) ke setheo sa puso. <ref>Instituto Nacional de Estadística de São Tomé e Príncipe, as of 13 May 2018.</ref>Go na le batho ba ka nna 193.380 ba ba nnang kwa São Tomé le ba le 8.420 kwa Príncipe. Koketsego ya tlholego ya palo ya batho e ka nna batho ba le 4.000 ka ngwaga. [[Setshwantsho:Dimanche en famille sur la plage des Tamarins (São Tomé) (4).jpg|thumb|Santomeans kwa lotshitshing, Kgaolo ya Lobata]] Mo e ka nnang baagi botlhe ba tswa mo bathong ba ba tswang kwa dinageng tse di farologaneng ba ba neng ba isiwa kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tseno ke Bapotokisi go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a mane le masome a supa (1470) go ya pele. Mo dingwageng tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970), go ne ga nna le diphetogo tse pedi tse dikgolo tsa baagi - go fuduga ga bontsi jwa baagi ba kwa Portugal ba le dikete tse nne le go goroga ga makgolokgolo a le mmalwa a batshabi ba kwa São Tomé ba ba tswang kwa Angola. === '''Ditlhopha tsa setso''' === Ditlhopha tse di farologaneng tsa merafe kwa São Tomé le Príncipe di akaretsa: * Ma-Luso-Aforika, kgotsa "ba madi a a tlhakantsweng", ke ditlogolwana tsa bakoloniale ba Bapotokisi le makgoba a Maaforika a a neng a tlisiwa mo ditlhaketlhakeng tseno mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa go nna teng ga batho ba ba tswang kwa [[Benin]], [[Gabon]], Repaboliki ya Congo, [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], le [[Angola]] (batho bano gape ba itsiwe e le filhos da terra kgotsa "bana ba lefatshe"). * Ma-Angolares go bolelwa gore ke ditlogolwana tsa makgoba a kwa Angola a a neng a falola fa sekepe se ne se thubega ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a mane (1540) mme jaanong ba itshedisa ka go tshwara ditlhapi. * Ma-Forro ke ditlogolwana tsa makgoba a a golotsweng fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa. * Ma-serviçais ke badiri ba ba hirilweng go tswa kwa Angola, [[Mozambique]] le [[Cape Verde]], ba ba nnang ka nakwana mo ditlhaketlhakeng tseno. * Ma-Tonga ke bana ba batho ba ba direlang ba ba tsholetsweng mo ditlhaketlhakeng tseno. * Mayuropa, segolobogolo Bapotokisi * [[Setshwantsho:São Tomé and Príncipe.png|thumb|Palo ya baagi ba São Tomé le Príncipe ka diketekete fa gare ga 1961 le 2003]]Ma-Asia, bontsi jwa bone e le Ba-China, go akaretsa le Ba-Macanese ba ba tswang kwa Portugal le Ba-China ba ba tswang kwa [[Macau]]. === Diteme === Sepotokisi ke puo ya semmuso le puo ya bosetšhaba ya São Tomé le Príncipe, e e buiwang ke 98.4% ya batho, e leng karolo e kgolo ya batho ba ba buang Sepotokisi e le puo ya bone ya kwa gae, mme e ntse e buiwa mo ditlhaketlhakeng tseno fa e sa le go tloga kwa bofelong jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le botlhano la dingwaga. Gape go buiwa le Sepotokisi sa Se-Creole: Forro, puo ya Se-Creole (36.2%), Se-Creole sa kwa Cape Verde (8.5%), Se-Creole sa kwa Angola (6.6%), le Se-Creole sa kwa Principense (1%). Sefora (6,8%) le Seesemane (4,9%) ke dipuo tse di rutwang kwa dikolong. === Ditumelo === Bontsi jwa banni ba teng ke ba lekgotla la kereke ya Katoliki ya Roma, e le yone e sa ntseng e na le kamano e e gaufi le kereke ya kwa Portugal. Go na le ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa Baporotesetanta tsa Ba-Seventh-day Adventist le Baporotesetanta ba bangwe ba Baefangele, mmogo le palo e nnye ya Bamoselema e e ntseng e oketsega'''.''' === Botsogo === === Thuto === Mo gare ga mafatshe a Sub-Saharan Africa, São Tomé le Príncipe e na le nngwe ya dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa batho ba ba itseng go bala le go kwala. <ref name=":52">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/literacy/ "Literacy – The World Factbook"]. Cia.gov. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230401014237/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/literacy/ Archived] from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2022.</ref> Go ya ka The World Factbook ⁇ Central Intelligence Agency go tloga ka 2018, 92.8% ya baagi ba dingwaga di le 15 le go feta kwa São Tomé le Príncipe ba ne ba itse go bala le go kwala.<ref name=":52" /> Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) <ref>[https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries".] ''humanrightsmeasurement.org''. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.</ref> e fitlhela gore Sao Tome le Principe e diragatsa 83.8% fela ya ditshwanelo tsa yone tse di solofetsweng tsa tshwanelo ya thuto e e ikaegileng ka seelo sa lotseno lwa lefatshe.<ref name=":62">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220519142734/https://rightstracker.org/ "Sao Tome and Principe – HRMI Rights Tracker".] ''rightstracker.org''. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.</ref> HRMI e kgaoganya tshwanelo ya thuto ka go lebelela ditshwanelo tsa thuto ya poraemari le thuto ya sekontari. Fa go ntse go tsewa tsia seelo sa lotseno sa Sao Tome le Principe, setšhaba se fitlhelela 90.4% ya se se tshwanetseng go kgonega go ikaegilwe ka didiriswa tsa sona (lotseno) mo thutong ya poraemari mme ke 77.2% fela mo thutong ya sekontari.<ref name=":62" /> [[Setshwantsho:Pico Papagaio (20504263334).jpg|thumb|Kereke ya Nossa Senhora do Rosário, kwa Santo António]] Thuto kwa São Tomé le Príncipe ke e e patelediwang ka dingwaga di le thataro. <ref name=":72">[https://education-profiles.org/sub-saharan-africa/sao-tome-and-principe/~inclusion "São Tomé and Príncipe – Inclusion".] United Nations Education, Scintific and Cultural Organization. 11 August 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220913073914/https://education-profiles.org/sub-saharan-africa/sao-tome-and-principe/~inclusion Archived] from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022</ref>Palo ya bana ba ba tsenang sekolo sa poraemari e ne e sa bonwe kwa São Tomé le Príncipe go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso ( 2001).<ref name=":72" /> Tsamaiso ya thuto e na le tlhaelo ya diphaposi tsa borutelo, barutabana ba ba sa katisiwang sentle le ba ba duelwang madi a a kwa tlase, dibuka le didirisiwa tse di sa lekaneng, dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa go boeletsa, go rulaganya le go tsamaisa thuto ka tsela e e bokoa, le go tlhoka go nna le seabe ga setšhaba mo tsamaisong ya sekolo. <ref name=":72" />Tlamelo ya madi ya selegae ya tsamaiso ya sekolo e tlhaela, e tlogela tsamaiso e ikaegile thata ka tlamelo ya madi ya kwa ntle.<ref name=":72" /> [[Setshwantsho:Casa da Cultura à São Tomé (1).jpg|thumb|''Casa da Cultura'', São Tomé and Príncipe]] Ditheo tsa thuto e e kwa godimo ke National Lyceum le Yunibesithi ya São Tomé le Príncipe. == Ngwao == Setso sa kwa São Tomé le Príncipe se na le tlhotlheletso ya Seafrika le Sepotokisi. === Metswedi ya Tshedimosetso === ''Main article:'' [[:en:Media_of_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe|Media of São Tomé and Príncipe]] === Mmino === Batho ba kwa São Tomé ba itsege ka morethetho wa mmino wa ússua le wa socopé, fa ba kwa Príncipe bone ba itse morethetho wa dêxa. Dipina tsa dipina tsa kwa Portugal di ka tswa di nnile le seabe se segolo mo go tlhabololeng dipina tseno le ditantshe tse di amanang le tsone. Tchiloli ke motantsho wa mmino o o tlhalosang kgang nngwe e e kgatlhang. Danço-Congo le yone ke motswako wa mmino, go bina le motshameko. Morna ke mofuta wa mmino o o tswang kwa ditlhaketlhakeng mme Cesária Évora o ne a itsege jaaka Kgosigadi ya Morna. === Dikgatiso === Dikwalo tsa Sepotokisi le maboko a kwa São Tomé le Príncipe di tsewa e le dingwe tsa tse di humileng thata mo Afrika e go buiwang Se-Lusophone mo go yone. Dikgatiso tse dingwe tse di tswang mo nageng eno di kwadilwe ka Se-Creole sa Forro, sekgowa le Se-Caué. [[Francisco José Tenreiro]] o tsewa e le mongwe wa bakwadi ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo lefatsheng leno. <ref>Burgert, Anne (19 July 2019). [https://nomadit.co.uk/conference/cham2019/paper/50260 ""Negro de todo o mundo...": Francisco José Tenreiro's work as a precursor of "lusophone" concepts".] ''Nomadit.co.uk''.</ref> Batho ba bangwe ba ba itsegeng ba dibuka ba akaretsa [[Manuela Margarido, Alda Espírito Santo, Olinda Beja le Conceição Lima.]] === Dijo === Dijo tsa motheo di akaretsa tlhapi, dijo tsa lewatle, dinawa, mmidi, maungo a borotho, le [[dipanana]] tse di apeilweng.<ref name=":82">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FJxlWwrVcKcC&pg=PA174 The Recipes of Africa]''. Dyfed Lloyd Evans. pp. 174–176. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160125212240/https://books.google.com/books?id=FJxlWwrVcKcC&pg=PA174 Archived] from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2015.</ref> <ref name=":9">Kathleen Becker (23 July 2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=e59TqbPNAB0C&pg=PA74 ''Sao Tome and Principe''.] Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 74–79. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-216-3|<bdi>978-1-84162-216-3</bdi>.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160504023619/https://books.google.com/books?id=e59TqbPNAB0C&pg=PA74 Archived] from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2015.</ref>88][89] Maungo a a mogote, jaaka phaenapole, avocado, le dipanana, ke dikarolo tse di botlhokwa tsa dijo. Tiriso ya ditswaiso tse di bolelo e tlhagelela thata mo dijong tsa kwa São Tomé. <ref name=":82" /> Kofi e dirisiwa mo dijong tse di farologaneng jaaka senoko kgotsa senoko. <ref name=":82" />Dijo tsa sefitlholo gantsi ke dijo tse di setseng go tswa mo dijong tsa maitseboa a a fetileng, mme di-omelette di ratiwa thata.<ref name=":9" /> === Metshameko === Kgwele ya dinao (soccer) ke motshameko o o tumileng thata mo São Tomé le Príncipe, São Tomé le Príncipe setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa kgwele ya dinao ke setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa kgwele ya dinao sa São Tomé le Príncipe mme se laolwa ke [[São Toméan Football Federation]]. Ke leloko la [[Confederation of African Football]] (CAF) le [[FIFA.]] <ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17293721 "BBC Sport – Sao Tome e Principe rocket up Fifa rankings".] Bbc.co.uk. 7 March 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131017091930/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17293721 Archived] from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2013.</ref> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Mafatshe a Afrioka]] fm4vohrsix9mlshdqtm3k10cpth8jge 0 10423 57067 39493 2026-11-08T10:42:16Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | demonym = [[Somalis|Somali]]<ref name="factbook"/> | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $34.03 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.SO">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SOM |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Somalia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=26 April 2024 |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304140751/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SOM |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | HDI = | conventional_long_name = Federal Republic of Somalia | common_name = Somalia | native_name = Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya | image_flag = Flag of Somalia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg | coa_size = 100 | national_anthem = {{lang|so|[[Qolobaa Calankeed]]}}<br />{{lang|ar|علم أي امة}}<br />"Every Nation Has Its Own Flag"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Somalian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Somalia (orthographic projection)2.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]<br />{{Legend|#336830|Territory controlled}}{{Legend|#61E760|[[Somaliland|Territory claimed but not controlled]]}}|Show globe|[[File:Somalia - Location Map (2011) - SOM - UNOCHA.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Somalia|default=1}} | capital = [[Mogadishu]] | coordinates = {{Coord|2|2|N|45|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Somali language|Somali]] and [[Arabic]]<ref name=MFA>{{cite web|url=https://web.mfa.gov.so/the-government/|title=The Government|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation|accessdate=27 February 2025}}</ref><ref name=Ali>{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Maryan|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Language Policies in Africa|editor1-first=Esther Mukewa|editor1-last=Lisanza|editor2-first=Leonard|editor2-last=Muaka|chapter=Language Policy in Somaliland and Somalia|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Cham|year=2024|ISBN=9783031573071|DOI=10.1007/978-3-031-57308-8_24|pages=511–524}}</ref><ref name="factbook">{{cite web |title=Somalia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |date=10 November 2021 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125103534/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] ([[State Religion|official]])<ref name="factbook"/> <!-- check factbook references before changing! --> | government_type = Federal [[parliamentary republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Somalia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]] | leader_title2 = [[List of prime ministers of Somalia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Hamza Abdi Barre]] | legislature = [[Federal Parliament of Somalia|Federal Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Somalia|Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of the People (Somalia)|House of the People]] | established_event1 = [[Land of Punt]] | established_date1 = 2350 BC | established_event2 = [[Macrobians|Macrobia]] | established_date2 = 980 BC | established_event3 = [[Barbaria (region)|Barbaria]] | established_date3 = 100 BC | established_date15 = [[Independence Day (Somalia)|Independence]] and union with the [[State of Somaliland]] | date_start = 1 July 1960 | population_estimate = 18,143,378<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/SO |title=World Bank Open Data |access-date=4 April 2024 |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130043543/https://data.worldbank.org/country/SO |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 78th | population_density_km2 = 27.2<ref name="WPP_2022">{{cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/|title=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects|edition=online|publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division|website=population.un.org|access-date=16 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711213112/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 145th | HDI_rank = 193rd | currency = [[Somali shilling]] | currency_code = SOS | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * [[Somali people|Somali]]: 85% * [[Demographics of Somalia|Other]]: 15% }} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="factbook"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3QwAQAAIAAJ|title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho|date=1998|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=978-1-56902-104-0|language=en}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 }} Lefatshe la '''Somalia''', le ka semmuso le bidiwang '''Federal Republic of Somalia''', ke lefatshe le le kwa botlhaba ga mafatshe otlhe a a mo [[Aferika|Aforika]]. Lefatshe le le kwa botlhaba thata jwa Aforika, kwa go itsegeng ka [[lonaka lwa Aforika]], le tlhakanetse melelwane le la [[Ethiopia]] kwa bophirima, [[Djibouti]]<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia "Somalia"]. Britannica. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211112230316/https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia Archived] from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref> kwa bokone-bophirima, [[Kenya]] kwa borwa-bophirima, [[:en:Gulf_of_Aden|Gulf of Aden]] kwa bokone le [[:en:Indian_Ocean|lewatle la Indian]] kwa botlhaba. Lefatshe le le na le lotshitshi lo loleele go feta mafatshe otlhe mo Aforika.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170716042040/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html "Coastline"]. ''[[:en:The_World_Factbook|The World Factbook]]''. [[:en:Central_Intelligence_Agency|Central Intelligence Agency]]. Archived from [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html the original] on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 06 March 2025</ref> Lefatshe la Somalia le na le palo ya batho ba ka tshwara di milone di le lesome le boferabobedi,<ref>[https://population.un.org/wpp/ "World Population Prospects 2022"]. [[:en:United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs|United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230306213755/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)")]. [[:en:United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs|United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref><ref>[https://data.worldbank.org/country/SO "World Bank Open Data".] Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20231130043543/https://data.worldbank.org/country/SO the original] on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref> batho ba le di milone di le pedi le dikete di supa ba nna kwa toropokgolo [[Mogadishu]]. 85% ya banni ba Somalia ke beng gae; diteme tse ditlhomamisitsweng ke [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]] le [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]], le fa ya Somali e le yone ya boremelelo. Lefatshe la Somalia le na le kamano le mafatshe a se Arabea mo ditsong le mo tumelong.<ref>Studies, American University (Washington, D.C. ) Foreign Area (1969). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=R0pyAAAAMAAJ&dq=Somali+arab+ties&pg=PA235&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Somali%20arab%20ties&f=false <nowiki>Area Handbook for Somalia: Co-authors: Irving Kaplan [et al.] Research and Writing Were Completed on June 15, 1969</nowiki>]''. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 235.</ref> Ka jalo batho ba lone ke ba tumelo ya [[:en:Muslims|Islam]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061214023655/http://www.mepc.org/workshops/popstat.asp "Middle East Policy Council – Muslim Populations Worldwide".] Mepc.org. 1 December 2005. Archived from [http://mepc.org/workshops/popstat.asp the original] on 14 December 2006. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref> bontsi jwa bone ba sala morago [[:en:Sunni_Islam|ngwao le mekgwa ya ga Muhammad]]. Bogologolo lefatshe la Somalia le ne le na le marekisetso a a botlhokwa thata.<ref>John Kenrick 1855) ''Phoenicia'', B. Fellowes, p. 199.</ref><ref>Casson, Lionel (1984). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=9iu6AAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y Ancient Trade and Society]''. Mich. p. 235. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-8143-1740-5|0-8143-1740-5]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160805112006/https://books.google.com/books?id=9iu6AAAAIAAJ Archived] from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref> Ka nako ya dingwa tsa legare "middle age", mebuso ya Somali e e nonofileng e ne e di goga kwa pele mo thekisong ya mo kgaolong, mebuso e e akaretsa wa [[:en:Ajuran_Sultanate|Ajuran Sultanate]], [[:en:Adal_Sultanate|Adal Sultanate]] le [[:en:Sultanate_of_the_Geledi|Sultanate of the Gedeli]]. Ka century ya bo lesome le boferabongwe, mebuso e e ne ya etelelwa pele ke ya [[Italia|Italy]] le ya [[Britain]],<ref>Truhart, P. (1984). Regents of nations: systematic chronology of states and their political representatives in past and present : a biographical reference book. p. 72</ref><ref>Suárez, Jorge Alejandro. ''Geopolítica de lo Desconocido: Una visión diferente de la Política Internacional''. p. 227. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/979-8393720292|<bdi>979-8393720292</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, inc, Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. 1, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2005), p. 163</ref>ba ba neng ba kopanya merafe e ba e dira mebedi, wa [[:en:Italian_Somaliland|Italian Somaliland]] le wa [[:en:British_Somaliland|British Somaliland]]. <ref>Laitin, David D. (1977). ''Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience''. Chicago: [[:en:University_of_Chicago_Press|University of Chicago Press]]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46791-7|<bdi>978-0-226-46791-7</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>Abdisalam M. Issa-Salwe (1996). ''The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy''. London: Haan Associates. pp. 34–35. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/1-874209-91-X|<bdi>1-874209-91-X</bdi>.]]</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 1960, merafe e mebedi e e ne ya kopana go dira lefatshe la [[Somali Republic]] le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka fa tlase ga puso ya mo gae.<ref>''The Illustrated Library of The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East'', Greystone Press: 1967, p. 338.</ref> [[:en:Siad_Barre|Siad Barre]] wa [[:en:Supreme_Revolutionary_Council_(Somalia)|Supreme Revolutionary Counci (SRC)]] o ne a tsaya puso ka ngwaga wa 1969 a simolola [[Somali Democratic Republic]], ka maikaelelo a go fedisa dikgoberego tse di neng di le kwa bokone jwa lefatshe.<ref>Kapteijns, Lidwien (2012). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=PBvfTmzsZ-0C&q=declared+economic+warfare+on+somalis+from+the+northwestern&pg=PA84&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=declared%20economic%20warfare%20on%20somalis%20from%20the%20northwestern&f=false Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991]''. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0758-3|978-0-8122-0758-3]]</bdi>. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20230207231426/https://books.google.com/books?id=PBvfTmzsZ-0C&q=declared+economic+warfare+on+somalis+from+the+northwestern&pg=PA84 the original] on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref> SRC e ne ya phutlhama ka ngwaga wa 1991 fa ntwa ya selegae e ne e simolla.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180509080323/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade "Council on Foreign Relations"]. Archived from [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade the original] on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2000, go ne ga simolodisiwa [[:en:Transitional_National_Government_of_Somalia|Transitional National Government of Somalia (TNG]]), mo go neng ga salwa morago ke tshimolodiso ya [[:en:Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia|Transitional Federal Government of Somalia (TFG)]] ka ngwaga wa 2004, e e neng ya simolola gape [[:en:Somali_Armed_Forces|Somali Armed Forces.]]<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia "Somalia".] ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. 10 November 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210125103534/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/ Archived] from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref><ref>[[:en:Jeffrey_Gettleman|Jeffrey Gettleman]] (23 June 2011). [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/africa/24somalia.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss "Harvard-Educated Technocrat Chosen as Somalia Premier".] ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181128005934/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/africa/24somalia.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Archived] from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 03 March 2025.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2006 a ya bokhutlong, lefatshe la Ethiopia le engwe nokeng ke la [[USA|United States]] le ne la tlhasela la Somalia mme la thankgola [[:en:Islamic_Courts_Union|Islamic Courts Union]] (ICU), mme ga felela go tlhomiwa TFG kwa Mogadishu ka fa tlase ga puso ya sesole sa lefatshe la Ethiopia.<ref>Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2007). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20406369 "Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia, US Warlordism & AU Shame".] ''Review of African Political Economy''. '''34''' (111): 155–165. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] 0305-6244. JSTOR [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20406369 20406369.]</ref><ref name=":0">Mueller, Jason C. (2 January 2018). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 "The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab"]. ''Terrorism and Political Violence''. '''30''' (1): 116–141. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-6553 0954-6553]. S2CID [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Evolution-of-Political-Violence%3A-The-Case-of-Mueller/c8f78dba69466414c9bb0d2dad4bfa292a5d81dc 148494845.]</ref> Go menola puso mo goneng ga tlhaga, go ne ga baka kgaogano ya ICU, go nna makgamu a ditsuolodi a a farologaneng, lengwe la makgamu a ke la [[:en:Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)|al-Shabaab]], le le neng la tsisa kgoberego kgatlhanong le sesole sa kwa Ethiopia.<ref name=":0" /> al-Shabaab ba ne ba simolola go etelela pele e le lantlha,<ref>Cook, Joana; Maher, Shiraz, eds. (2023). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=D97AEAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y The Rule Is For None But Allah]''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. p. 111. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9780197690390|<bdi>9780197690390</bdi>.]]</ref> mme ka ngwaga wa 2008 o fela, ba ne ba leleka masole a Ethiopia mo Somalia.<ref>Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2013), Bereketeab, Redie (ed.), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183p650.14 "The Production of Somali Conflict and the Role of Internal and External Actors"], ''The Horn of Africa'', Intra-State and Inter-State Conflicts and Security, Pluto Press, pp. 156–177, [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183p650.14 10.2307/j.ctt183p650.14], [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3311-3|978-0-7453-3311-3]]</bdi>, [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183p650.14 j.ctt183p650].14, retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2009, puso e ntsha ya TFG e ne e simolodisitswe.<ref>Rice, Xan (29 December 2008). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/29/somali-president-resigns "Somali president resigns amid power struggle".] ''[[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]''. [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0305-6244 ISSN] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0261-3077 0261-3077]. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ "Moderate Islamist picked as Somali president".] CNN. January 31, 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090202115625/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ Archived] from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved March 06, 2025.</ref>Ngwaga wa 2012 o le fa gare, al-Shabaab e ne e latlhegetswe ke bontsi jwa dikgaolo mo ntweng kgatlhanong le TFG le masole a [[African Union]].<ref>Muddassar Ahmed (8 August 2012). [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?rev_t=20120810180135&url=http%3A%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fviews%2F2012%2F08%2F08%2F231008.html "Somalia rising after two decades of civil war and unrest".] Al Arabiya. [https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2012/08/08/231008 Archived] from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref> Mo ngwageng one oo, al-Shabaab e ne ya ikgolaganya lekgamu la [[:en:Al-Qaeda|Al-Qaeda]].<ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-16979440 Somalia's al-Shabab join al-Qaeda]". [[:en:BBC_News|''BBC News''.]] 10 February 2012. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref> Bamenola puso ba santse ba laola legare le borwa jwa Somalia<ref>[https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabaab "Al-Shabab".] ''Council on Foreign Relations''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210202020617/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab Archived] from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54690561 "Somalia conflict: Al-Shabab 'collects more revenue than government'".] ''BBC News''. 26 October 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220928121250/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54690561 Archived] from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref> le gompieno, ebile le laola mangwe a mafelo a a ka fa tlase ga puso,<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54690561 "Somalia conflict: Al-Shabab 'collects more revenue than government'".] ''BBC News''. 26 October 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220928121250/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54690561 Archived] from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref> toropo ya [[Jilib]] ke yone toropokgolo ya bamenolapuso.<ref>[https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabaab "Al-Shabab".] ''Council on Foreign Relations''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210202020617/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab Archived] from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 "Kenyan troops seize al-Shabaab base in Somalia"]. ''www.aa.com.tr''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220928121250/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54690561 Archived] from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref> Molaomotheo wa nakwana o fetisitswe ka kgwedi ya Phalane ngwaga wa 2012,<ref>[https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/somali-leaders-adopt-draft-constitution-1.1039429 "Somalia: Somali Leaders Adopt Draft Constitution"]. ANP/AFP. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120624013903/http://gulfnews.com/news/region/somalia/somali-leaders-adopt-draft-constitution-1.1039429 Archived] from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19075685 "Somali leaders back new constitution".] ''[[:en:BBC_News|BBC News]]''. 1 August 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201011154026/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19075685/ Archived] from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref> go dira lefatshe la Somalia bokopano jwa dikgaolo di eteletswe pele ke puso e le nngwe.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20131007224547/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2012-08/02/c_131757152.htm Somalia's newly-endorsed constitution widely hailed".] Xinhua News Agency. [http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/indepth/2012-08/02/c_131757152.htm Archived] from the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref> Mo kgweding yone e o, ga simololwa [[:en:Federal_Government_of_Somalia|Federal Government of Somalia]]<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/201208220474.html "Somalia: UN Envoy Says Inauguration of New Parliament in Somalia 'Historic Moment'"]. ''Forum on China-Africa Cooperation''. 21 August 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121014234626/http://allafrica.com/stories/201208220474.html Archived] from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref> mme ga agiwa Mogadishu sesha, le fa lekgamu la al-Shabaab le ne le tlhasela gangwe le gape.<ref>Muddassar Ahmed (8 August 2012). [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?rev_t=20120810180135&url=http%3A%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fviews%2F2012%2F08%2F08%2F231008.html#& "Somalia rising after two decades of civil war and unrest"]. Al Arabiya. [https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2012/08/08/231008 Archived] from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref><ref>Dinfin Mulupi (21 June 2012). [https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/ "Mogadishu: East Africa's newest business destination?".] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120627101741/http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/ Archived] from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref> Lefatshe la Somalia ke lengwe la mafatshe a a sa tlhabologang mo lefatsheng ka bophara, se se supiwa ke [[:en:List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita|sekale sa khumo ya mafatshe]] le [[:en:Human_Development_Index|HDI]].<ref>[https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html "LDCs at a Glance | Department of Economic and Social Affairs".] ''www.un.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220329160054/https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html Archived] from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref> <ref>[https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf "Human Development Report 2023/24"] (PDF). [[:en:United_Nations_Development_Programme|United Nations Development Programme.]] 13 March 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 06 March 2024.</ref>Itsholelo ya lone e ikaegile ka thuo, madi a kamogelo a batho ba Somalia ba ba berekang kwa mafatsheng a sele, le mafaratlhatlha a ditlhaeletsano.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090124192809/http://somalbanca.org/economy-and-finance.html "Central Bank of Somalia – Economy and Finance".] Somalbanca.org. 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Retrieved 06 March 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == tiasqbm6i73aivhchpudvlxm4v1opl9 0 10444 57068 57022 2026-11-08T10:42:24Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | demonym = [[Demographics of South Sudan|South Sudanese]] | area_km2 = 644329<ref name="CIA Factbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=South Sudan|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | area_rank = 41st <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$15.264 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=733,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022 |date=October 2022 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024195215/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/ |url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | HDI = 0.381<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2022 | conventional_long_name = Republic of South Sudan | common_name = South Sudan | image_flag = Flag of South Sudan.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of South Sudan.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = "Justice, Liberty, Prosperity" | national_anthem = "[[South Sudan Oyee!]]"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:South_Sudan_Oyee!_(instrumental).ogg]]</div> | image_map = South Sudan (orthographic projection) highlighted.svg | map_caption = {{Legend|#336830|Location of the Republic of South Sudan}}{{Legend|#61E760|[[South Sudanese civil war|Territory claimed but not controlled]]}} | capital = [[Juba]] | coordinates = {{Coord|04|51|N|31|36|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[English language|English]]<ref name="engwork">{{cite web |title=The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011 |url=http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/home/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file/FINAL%20TCRSS.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20110721121619/http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/home/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file/FINAL%20TCRSS.doc |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=Government of South Sudan |at=Part One, 6(2) |quote=English shall be the official working language in the Republic of South Sudan, as well as the language of instruction at all levels of education.}}</ref>{{!}} national_languages = {{hlist|[[Dinka language|Dinka]]|[[Nuer language|Nuer]]|[[Bari language|Bari]]|[[Murle language|Murle]]|[[Luo languages|Luo (Anyuak, Acholi, Shilluk, Pari, Jur-Luo, others)]]||[[Ma'di language|Ma'di]]|[[Otuho language|Otuho]]|[[Zande language|Zande]]}} and around 60 other languages{{#tag:ref|The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, Part One, 6(1): "All indigenous languages of South Sudan are national languages and shall be respected, developed and promoted".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf|title=The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011|access-date=18 November 2016|publisher=Government of South Sudan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629170732/http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>|group=note}} | languages_type = [[Spoken language]]s<ref name=Ethnologue>[[Ethnologue]]: [https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SS/languages ''Ethnologue Languages of the World – South Sudan''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909150520/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SS/languages|date=9 September 2018}}, Retrieved 9 September 2018.</ref> | languages = {{hlist|[[Dinka language|Dinka]]|[[Bari language|Bari]]|[[Juba Arabic]]<ref name=UNICEF>[[UNICEF|United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)]]: [https://www.unicef.org/esaro/UNICEF(2016)LanguageandLearning-SouthSudan-CaseStudy.pdf ''The impact of language policy and practice on children's learning: Evidence from Eastern and Southern Africa 2016''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183348/https://www.unicef.org/esaro/UNICEF(2016)LanguageandLearning-SouthSudan-CaseStudy.pdf|date=13 September 2017}} (PDF; 672&nbsp;kB), Pages&nbsp;1–3, Retrieved 9 September 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Juba Arabic (Árabi Júba): a "less indigenous" language of South Sudan|url=https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/handle/2318/1702685/508881/06%20ManfrediTosco.pdf|last=Manfredi|first=Stefano|journal=Sociolinguistic Studies|year=2018|volume=12|issue=1|pages=209–230|doi=10.1558/sols.35596|hdl=2318/1702685|s2cid=150503108|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505171624/https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/handle/2318/1702685/508881/06%20ManfrediTosco.pdf|url-status=live |issn=1750-8657}}</ref><ref>Manfredi Stefano; Tosco Mauro (2016), [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01357537/document ''A new state, an old language policy, and a pidgin-creolo: Juba Arabic in South Sudan, Forthcoming: Sociolinguistic Studies 2016''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101013034/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01357537/document|date=1 November 2018}} (PDF; 1141&nbsp;kB), Pages&nbsp;1–18, Retrieved 9 September 2018</ref><ref>Manfredi Stefano; Tosco Mauro (2013), [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01102624/document ''Language uses vs. language policy: South Sudan and Juba Arabic in the post-independence era''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909150639/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01102624/document|date=9 September 2018}} (PDF; 301&nbsp;kB), Pages&nbsp;798–802, III Congresso Coordinamento Universitario per la Cooperazione allo Sviluppo, Sep 2013, Turin, Italy. JUNCO, Journal of Universities and International Development Cooperation, 2014, Imagining Cultures of Cooperation – Proceedings of the III CUCS Congress, Turin 19–21 September 2013, Retrieved 9 September 2018</ref>|[[Nuer language|Nuer]]|[[Zande language|Zande]]|[[Jur language|Jur (Luo)]]|[[Murle language|Murle]]|[[Shilluk language|Shilluk]]|[[Languages of South Sudan|various others]]}} | government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[presidential republic]] under a [[provisional government]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Republic of South Sudan|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of South Sudan|First Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Riek Machar]] | leader_title3 = [[National Legislative Assembly (South Sudan)|Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Jemma Nunu Kumba]] | leader_title4 = [[Judiciary of South Sudan|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Chan Reec Madut]] | legislature = [[National Legislature (South Sudan)|Transitional National Legislature]] | upper_house = [[Council of States (South Sudan)|Transitional Council of States]] | lower_house = [[National Legislative Assembly (South Sudan)|Reconstituted Transitional National Legislative Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of South Sudan|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from [[Sudan]] | established_event1 = [[Government of Southern Sudan (2005–2011)|Autonomy]] | established_date1 = 9 July 2005 | established_event2 = [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum#Results|Declared and recognized]] | established_date2 = 9 July 2011 | area_sq_mi = 248777 | population_estimate = 12,188,788<ref>{{cite web |title=South Sudan Population (2025) - Worldometer |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/south-sudan-population/#:~:text=The%20current%20population%20of%20South,of%20the%20total%20world%20population. |website=www.worldometers.info |language=en}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 81th | population_density_km2 = 13.33 | population_density_sq_mi = 34.52 | population_density_rank = 214th | GDP_PPP_rank = 162nd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}}$960<ref>{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=733,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref><ref name="imf2" /><!--Do not use CIA factbook as source!--> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 191st | GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$5.312 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=733,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 152nd <!--Do not use CIA factbook as source!-->| GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Increase}} $334<ref>{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=733,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 191st | Gini = 44.1 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511044958/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI|archive-date=11 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 192nd | currency = [[South Sudanese pound]] | currency_code = SSP | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time]] | utc_offset = +2 | drives_on = right<ref>{{cite web|title=Traffic and Road Conditions in Sudan, South|url=https://www.countryreports.org/travel/southsudan/traffic.htm|publisher=Countryreports.org|access-date=21 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121233247/https://www.countryreports.org/travel/southsudan/traffic.htm|archive-date=21 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in South Sudan|+211]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=New country, new number: Country code 211 officially assigned to South Sudan|publisher=International Telecommunication Union|date=14 July 2011|url=http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2011/25.aspx|access-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005151037/http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2011/25.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |60.5% [[Christianity]] |32.9% [[Traditional African religions|traditional faiths]] |6.2% [[Islam in South Sudan|Islam]] |0.4% [[Religion in South Sudan|others]] / [[Irreligion|none]] }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref name="CIA Factbook"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/south-sudan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=South Sudan|work=Global Religious Futures|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202113435/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/south-sudan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} Lefatshe la '''South Sudan''' le ka semmuso le bidiwang '''Republic of South Sudan''', ke lefatshe le le dikaganyeditsweng ke mafatshe a mangwe le le mo botlhaba jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]].<ref>[https://unctad.org/press-material/south-sudan-joins-list-least-developed-countries-bringing-global-total-49 "South Sudan joins list of least developed countries, bringing global total to 49"]. UNCTAD. 26 December 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2025.</ref> Le tlhakanetse molelwane le mafatshe a [[Sudan]] kwa bokone, [[Ethiopia]] kwa botlhaba, [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], [[Uganda]] le [[Kenya]] kwa borwa le la [[Central African Republic]] kwa bophirima. Tlholego ya lefatshe la South Sudan e akaretsa dipoa le ditlhaba, dikgwa tse di omeletseng le tse go leng bongola kwa go tsone le dithaba tse di nang le dikgwa. [[Noka ya Nile]] ke yone boremelelo jwa lefatshe le, e tswa kwa borwa e ya kwa bokone, mme boremelelo jwa yone e le ditsobotla tse di itsegeng ka leina la [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]]. Lefatshe la South Sudan le na le palo ya batho ba le didikadike di le lesome le bobedi, le dikete di supa. Toropo ya [[Juba]] ke yone toropokgolo ebile ke yone e tona mo lefatsheng.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220706110837/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/ "South Sudan".] ''[[:en:The_World_Factbook|The World Factbook]]'' (2025 ed.). [[:en:Central_Intelligence_Agency|Central Intelligence Agency]]. Retrieved 11 March 2025. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20261103202300/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2023.zip Archived 2023 edition.])</ref> Lefatshe la Sudan le ne le laolwa ke la [[Egypt]] ka fa tlase ga puso [[:en:Muhammad_Ali_dynasty|bogosi jwa Muhammad Ali]] go fitlhelela le tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1956. Morago ga ntwa ya selegae ya ntlha kwa Sudan, go ne ga simolowa kgaolo ya [[:en:Southern_Sudan_Autonomous_Region_(1972–1983)|Southern Sudan Autonomous Region]] ka ngwaga wa 1972 mme ya ema ka ngwaga wa 1983. Ntwa ya bobedi ya kwa Sudan e ne ya simolola ka ngwaga wa 1983 ya fela ka 2005 ka tumalano ya "[[:en:Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement|comprehensive peace agreement]]" ya go emisa ntwa. Moragonyana mo ngwageng one o o, ga simololwa [[:en:Autonomous_Government_of_Southern_Sudan|Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan]]. Lefatshe la South Sudan le ikemetse ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 2011, Phukwi a le malatsi a robabongwe.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-sJugNxYVA8 "Broadcast of Declaration of Independence (part 1)]". 10 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130721084549/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-sJugNxYVA8 Archived] from the original on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2025– via YouTube.</ref><ref>"[https://www.youtube.com/user/Laseranthem#p/a/u/0/v5m4JUyBW38 Broadcast of Declaration of Independence (part 2)]". 19 June 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130707130327/http://www.youtube.com/user/Laseranthem#p/a/u/0/v5m4JUyBW38 Archived] from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2025– via YouTube.</ref>Mo ngwageng o wa 2025, e santse e le lone lefatshe le lesha go ikemela ka nosi. <ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/the-10-newest-countries-in-the-world.html "The World's Youngest Countries]". ''WorldAtlas''. 28 May 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171130235033/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-youngest-countries-of-the-world.html Archived] from the original on 30 November 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2025.</ref> Lefatshe la South Sudan le ne la nna le ntwa ya selegae ka ngwaga wa 2013 go tsena ka 2020, le itemogela kgatako ya ditshwanelo tsa setho di akaretsa go fedisiwa ga merafe mengwe, go fudusiwa ka dikgoka le polao ya babegadikgang ke makgotla a a farologaneng. Fa e sale jalo lefatshe le le eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Salva_Kiir_Mayardit|Salva Kiir Mayardit]] le [[:en:Riek_Machar|Riek Machar]] ba e neng e le baeteledipele ba ditlhopha tse di neng di lwa. Lefatshe le tsweletse ka go itharabologelwa morago ga ntwa mme le tsweletse gape ka go itemogela tiriso dikgoka ya semorafe. Banni ba kwa South Sudan ba akaretsa batho ba lotso lwa [[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Nilotic]] ba ba mo merafeng, dipuo le ditso ka go farologana. Ke lengwe la mafatshe a nang le batho ba bannye mo lefatsheng, ka sephatlo sa banni ba le dingwaga tse di kwa tlase ga lesome le boferabobedi.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/09/1018671 "'Children's crisis' in South Sudan must be addressed, says top UN official calling for real accountability]". 7 September 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180930193622/https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/09/1018671 Archived] from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2025.</ref> Bontsi jwa banni ba sala morago tumelo ya SeKeresete le ditumelo tsa mo gae, fa palo e potlana e le ba tumelo ya Islam. Lefatshe la South Sudan, ke leloko la [[:en:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations|United Nations]],<ref>Worsnip, Patrick (14 July 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715144119/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/07/14/uk-sudan-un-membership-idUKTRE76D3I120110714 "South Sudan admitted to U.N. as 193rd member".] [[:en:Reuters|Reuters]]. Archived from [https://www.reuters.com/?edition-redirect=uk the original] on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39034&Cr=South+Sudan&Cr1= "UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd Member State"]. United Nations News Service. 14 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150803100613/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39034&Cr=South+Sudan&Cr1= Archived] from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2025.</ref> [[African Union|African union]],<ref>"[https://www.voanews.com/a/south-sudan-becomes-african-unions-54th-member-126320433/158563.html South Sudan Becomes African Union's 54th Member"]. Voice of America News. 28 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110916115846/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/east/South-Sudan-Becomes-African-Unions-54th-Member-126320433.html Archived] from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2025</ref> [[:en:East_African_Community|East African Community]]<ref>"South Sudan admitted into EAC", Daily Nation, 2 March 2016, reprinted at nation.co.ke, accessed 4 March 2016</ref> le [[:en:Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Development|Intergovernmental Authority on Development]].<ref>[https://archive.ph/20120729154359/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-25/ethiopia-agrees-to-back-somalia-army-operations-igad-says.html "Ethiopia Agrees to Back Somalia Army Operations, IGAD Says"]. ''Bloomberg Businessweek''. 25 November 2011. Archived from [https://www.bloomberg.com/businessweek the original] on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2025.</ref> Ke lengwe la mafatshe a a sa tlhabologang thata mo lefatsheng ka kakaretso, le mo maemong a bobedi go tswa kwa bofelong mo [[:en:List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index|Human Development Index]], fa pele ga la [[Somalia]], mme gape le mo maemong ao mo itsholelong ya mafatshe, fa pele ga la [[Burundi|Burundi.]]<ref>"[https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD?year=2024 GDP per capita, current prices]". IMF. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241219114021/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD?year=2024 Archived] from the original on 19 December 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2025.</ref> == Tlholego == Leina Sudan, ke leina le le filweng kgaolo e e kwa borwa jwa [[Sahara]], e sephara se se tswang kwa bophirima jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]] go tsena kwa botlhaba legare la Aforika. leina le le tswa mo temeng ya se Arabea , e le lefoko le le rayang "lefatshe la batho ba bantsho".<ref>International Association for the History of Religions (1959). ''Numen''. Leiden: EJ Brill. p. 131. <q>West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from Senegal in the West to the Cameroons in the East; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan, the ''Bilad as-Sūdan'', 'Land of the Blacks', of the Arabs</q></ref> Lefoko le le ne le dirisiwa ke barekisi le batsamai ba ma Arabea mo kgaolong ba raya ditso le dichaba tsa batho bantsho ba ba neng ba kopana le bone.<ref>"[https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-empires-of-the-western-sudan The Empires of the Western Sudan]". [[:en:Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art|Metropolitan Museum of Art]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230611182559/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/wsem/hd_wsem.htm Archived] from the original on 11 June 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2025.</ref> == Ditso == Batho ba lotso lwa Nilotic ba kwa South Sudan, ebong ba merafe ya [[:en:Dinka_people|Dinka]], [[:en:Anuak_people|Anyuak]], [[:en:Bari_people|Bari]], [[:en:Acholi_people|Acholi]], [[:en:Nuer_people|Nuer]], [[:en:Shilluk_people|Shilluk]], [[:en:Kaligi_people|Kaligi]] le e mengwe, ba gorogile mo South Sudan pele ga century ya bo lesome. == Metswedi == fitcgl76pdedbhuya80ho1ptvwbjlqv 0 10446 57038 42369 2026-11-08T02:23:42Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | demonym = <span class="nowikilink">[[Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese]]</span><br> | area_km2 = 2,345,409 | area_rank = 11th | conventional_long_name = Democratic Republic {{nowrap|of the Congo}} | native_name = République démocratique | image_flag = Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg | flag_caption = [[Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Flag]] | image_coat = Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (black spear).svg | symbol_type = [[Emblem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Emblem]] | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Justice{{snd}}Paix{{snd}}Travail"|italics=off|paren=omit}}<br/>("Justice{{snd}}Peace{{snd}}Work") | national_anthem = {{native name|fr|"[[Debout Congolais]]"|italics=off|paren=omit}}<br/>("Arise, Congolese"){{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Democratic Republic of the Congo%27s national anthem.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Democratic Republic of the Congo (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Democratic Republic of the Congo AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | capital = [[Kinshasa]] | coordinates = {{Coord|4|19|S|15|19|E|type:city}} | largest_city = Kinshasa | official_languages = [[Belgian French|French]] | national_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Kituba language|Kikongo ya leta]]{{efn|The term "Kikongo" in the Constitution is actually referring to the Kituba language – which is known as ''Kikongo ya leta'' by its speakers – not the [[Kongo language]] proper. The confusion arises from the fact that the government of the DRC officially recognizes and refers to the language as "Kikongo".}}|[[Lingala language|Lingala]]|[[Swahili language|Swahili]]|[[Luba-Kasai language|Tshiluba]]}} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |95.4% [[Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Christianity]] |2.6% [[African Traditional Religion|traditional faiths]] |1.5% [[Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Islam]] |0.5% [[Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|others]] / [[Irreligion|none]] }} | religion_year = 2021 | religion_ref = <ref name="United States Department of State 2022">{{cite web |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo |website=United States Department of State |date=2 June 2022 |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/ |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129154709/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/ |url-status=live}}</ref> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential republic]] | leader_title1 = <nowiki>[President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|President]]</nowiki> | leader_name1 = [[[Félix Tshisekedi]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Judith Suminwa]] | legislature = [[Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[International Association of the Congo|Colonised]] | established_date1 = 17 November 1879 | established_event2 = [[Congo Free State]] | established_date2 = 1 July 1885 | established_event3 = [[Belgian Congo]] | established_date3 = 15 November 1908 | established_event4 = [[Congo Crisis|Independence]] from [[Belgium]] | established_date4 = 30 June 1960<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia |year=2014 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/ |access-date=29 April 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222023329/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> | established_event5 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 142|Admitted to the United Nations]] | established_date5 = 20 September 1960 | established_event6 = Democratic Republic | established_date6 = 1 August 1964 | established_event7 = [[Zaire|Republic of Zaire]] | established_date7 = 27 October 1971 | established_event8 = [[First Congo War]] | established_date8 = 17 May 1997 | established_event9 = [[Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Current constitution]] | established_date9 = 18 February 2006 | area_land_sq_mi = 905,355 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 3.32 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 111,050,097<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/democratic-republic-of-the-congo-population/ |title=DR Congo Population (2025) - Worldometer }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 15th | population_density_km2 = 50 }} Lefatshe la '''Democratic Republic of the Congo''' (DRC), le le itsegeng gape ka leina la the '''DR Congo''', '''Congo-Kinshasa''' kgotsa '''Congo''' fela, ke lefatshe le le mo legareng la [[Aferika|Aforika]]. Ke lefatshe la bobedi ka botona jwa bophara jwa lefatshe mo Aforika, mme e le la bo lesome le bongwe mo lefatsheng ka kakaretso. Lefatshe la DR Congo ke lone le le nang le palo ya batho ba le bantsi go fetisa mafatshe otlhe a a buang puo sa [[:en:Belgian_French|French]], le na le batho ba le didikadike di le lekgolo, lesome le botlhano. Puo ya French ke yone ee tlhomilweng semmuso ebile ke yone e e buiwang thata le ntswa go na le dipuo tsa mo gae di feta makgolo a mabedi. Toropokgolo ke [[Kinshasa]], e gape e leng yone boremelelo jwa thekiso. lefatshe le le tlhakanetse molelwane kwa bophirima le a [[Republic of Congo]], [[:en:Cabinda_Province|Cabinda exclave]] kwa [[Angola]] le lewatle la Atlantic, kwa bokone ke mafatshe a [[Central African Republi|Central African Republic]] le la [[South Sudan]], fa kwa botlhaba e le [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]] le [[Tanzania]], kwa borwa e le a [[Zambia]] le [[Angola]]. E re ka lefatshe le le le mo legareng la mokgatsha wa Congo, le nelwa ke dipula tse dintsi, ebile le kgabaganngwa ke dinoka tse dintsi, fa kwa borwa-botlhaba go le dithaba. Kgaolo ya Congo, e simolotse go nna le banni dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse di masome a ferabongwe te di fetileng, e le balemi, batho bantsho bone ba gorogile dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse pedi go ya kwa go tse tharo tse di fitileng.<ref>Van Reybrouck, David (2015). ''Congo : the epic history of a people''. New York, NY: HarperCollins. pp. Chapter 1 and 2. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9780062200129|<bdi>9780062200129</bdi>.]]</ref> Kwa bophirima, bogosi jwa Kingdom of kongo bo eteletse pele kwa molomong wa noka ya Congo . Ketsaetsego e e bakilweng ke go goromela ga batshabi ba ntwa ya selegae ya kwa [[Rwanda]], e ne ya baka ntwa ya ntlha ya Congo go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1996 go tsena ka 1997, phelelo ya ntwa e e ne ya nna go thankgolwa ga ga Mobutu.<ref>[["Congo, Democratic Republic of the". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021.|CIA World Factbook I]], "Introduction".</ref> Leina la yone le ne la fetolwa go boelwa kwa go DRC mme la itemogela ntwa ya bobedi go tswa ka 1998 go tsena ka 2003, mo go neng ga baka dintsho tsa batho ba le didikadike di le tlhano le dikete di le nne, le go bolawa ga ga tautona [[:en:Laurent-Désiré_Kabila|Laurent-Desire Kabila]].<ref>Coghlan, Benjamin; et al. (2007). [https://www.rescue.org/reports Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An ongoing crisis]: Full 26-page report (PDF) (Report). p. 26. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130908204131/http://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/resource-file/2006-7_congoMortalitySurvey.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2025.</ref><ref>Robinson, Simon (28 May 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250221072718/https://time.com/archive/6677348/the-deadliest-war-in-the-world/ "The deadliest war in the world"]. ''Time''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130911082009/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1198921,00.html Archived] from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2025.</ref><ref>Bavier, Joe (22 January 2008). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-democratic-death-idUSL2280201220080122/ "Congo War driven crisis kills 45,000 a month"]. ''Reuters''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110414093820/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/01/22/us-congo-democratic-death-idUSL2280201220080122 Archived] from the original on 14 April 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.rescue.org/node/7031 "Measuring Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo"] (PDF). [[:en:International_Rescue_Committee|International Rescue Committee]]. 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811153815/http://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/resource-file/IRC_DRCMortalityFacts.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2025.</ref> Ntwa, e gantsi e tlhalosiwang e le yone e e bolaileng batho ba le bantsi fa e sale ka ntwa ya lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref>[https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/violence-democratic-republic-congo "Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo]". [[:en:Council_on_Foreign_Relations|Council on Foreign Relations]]. 11 March 2025.</ref> e ne ya fela ka go busa ga ga tautona [[:en:Joseph_Kabila|Joseph Kabila]] o o neng a tsosolosa lefatshe le fa go lwa go ne ga tswelela bogolo jang kwa botlhaba. Ditshwanelo tsa setho e ne e se tse di tswisang pelo ebile di akaretsa go tshwenngwa ka go nyelediwa ga batho, go bogisiwa, go isiwa kgolegelong le go idiwa go gololesega.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/blog-feed/democratic-republic-congo-crisis "Democratic Republic of Congo in Crisis | Human Rights Watch"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210513223749/https://www.hrw.org/blog-feed/democratic-republic-congo-crisis Archived] from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2025.</ref> Kabila o ne a ithola marapo ka ngwaga wa 2019, e le lantlha lefatshe le nna le neelano ya kagiso fa e sale le tsaya boipuso, morago ga gore [[:en:Félix_Tshisekedi|Felix Tshisekedi]] a fenye ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 2018.<ref>Mwanamilongo, Saleh; Anna, Cara (24 January 2019). [https://apnews.com/general-news-2d0729b681354355a2b2903c93c59a2f "Congo's surprise new leader in 1st peaceful power transfer"]. [[:en:Associated_Press|''Associated Press''.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210518102037/https://apnews.com/article/2d0729b681354355a2b2903c93c59a2f Archived] from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2025.</ref> Fa e sale dingwaga tsa 2000 di simologa, go nnile le ditlhopha di feta lekgolo di tshotse dibetsa, bogolo jang kwa [[:en:Kivu_conflict|Kivu]]. Nngwe ya ditoropo tse dikgolo, ebong [[:en:Goma|Goma]], e ne ya busiwa ke ditsuolodi ka ngwaga wa 2012 le ka 2025. M23 e ne ya simolola go tlwaelesega ka ngwaga wa 2025 morago ga go gapa ditoropo di le mmalwa kwa botlhaba, ba enngwe nokeng ke sesole sa kwa [[Rwanda]], golo mo go bakileng kgotlhang gareng ga mafatshe a mabedi a. Le ntswa le humile ditswammung, lefatshe la DRC ke lengwe la mafatshe a a humanegileng mo lefatsheng ka bophara, ka le itemogetse go tlhoka go ritibala ga sepolotiki, go tlhoka dikago tse di siameng, tshenyetso sechaba le go gatelelwa ke mafatshe a mangwe, golo mo go neng ga salwa morago ke dingwaga tse di masome a marataro a boipuso go sena ditlhabololo.<ref>BBC. (9 October 2013). "[https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24396390 DR Congo: Cursed by its natural wealth]". BBC News website [https://web.archive.org/web/20180531054859/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24396390 Archived] 31 May 2018 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] Retrieved 11 March 2025.</ref><ref>O'Neil, Patrick (2004). ''[[iarchive:isbn_9780393976540|Essentials of Comparative Politics]]''. New York, London: Norton. [[iarchive:isbn_9780393976540/page/147|p. 147]]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9780393976540|<bdi>9780393976540</bdi>.]]</ref> Kwa ntle ga toropokgolo [[Kinshasa]], ditoropo tse dingwe tse di humileng ditswammung ke [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lumbumbashi]] le [[:en:Mbuji-Mayi|Mbuji-Mayi]].Lefatshe la DRC le rekisetsa mafatshe a mangwe ditswammung le tshipi, tse di dirileng 80% ya thekiso ka ngwaga wa 2023, le rekisetsa thata lefatshe la [[China]].<ref>[https://unctadstat.unctad.org/CountryProfile/GeneralProfile/en-GB/180/GeneralProfile180.pdf "General Profile: Dem. Rep. of the Congo"] (PDF). [[:en:UN_Trade_and_Development|UN Trade and Development]]. 2023.</ref> == Metswedi == <references group="lower-alpha" /> rl01vivbderdmtn604oq7i6474seok2 0 10458 57071 57023 2026-11-08T10:54:28Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | demonym = Gambian | area_km2 = 11,300<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/#geography |title=Gambia, The |date=28 February 2023 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=25 February 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403011250/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/#geography |url-status=dead }}</ref> | area_rank = 159th<!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $7.502 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.GM">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=648,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Gambia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | conventional_long_name = Republic of The Gambia | common_name = The Gambia | image_flag = Flag of The Gambia.svg | religion_year = 2024 | image_coat = Coat of arms of The Gambia.svg | symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of The Gambia|Coat of arms]] | national_motto = "Progress, Peace, and Prosperity" | national_anthem = "[[For The Gambia Our Homeland]]"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"class="center">[[File:For The Gambia Our Homeland (instrumental).ogg]]</div> | image_map = Gambia (orthographic projection with inset).svg | map_caption = Location of The Gambia (dark green) in western Africa | capital = [[Banjul]] | largest_settlement_type = metropolitan area | largest_settlement = [[Serrekunda]] | official_languages = [[English language|English]]<!-- Until official sources state otherwise, this should not be changed. See the Talk page. --> | languages_type = [[National language]]s | languages = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|List:}} |[[Mandinka language|Mandinka]] |[[Pulaar language|Pulaar]] |[[Wolof language|Wolof]] |[[Serer language|Serer]] |[[Jola languages|Jola]] |[[English language|English]] |[[Balanta languages|Balanta]] |[[Arabic]] |[[Jola-Fonyi language|Jola-Fonyi]] |[[Mandjak language|Mandjak]] |[[Mankanya language|Mankanya]] |[[Noon language|Noon]] |[[Dyula language|Dyula]] |[[Sarahule language|Sarahule]] |[[Fula language|Fula]] |[[Karon language|Karon]] |[[Kassonke language|Kassonke]] |[[Cangin languages|Cangin]] |[[Gambian Sign Language]]}} | ethnic_groups = {unbulleted list |34.4% [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] |25.0% [[Fula people|Fula]] |15.4% [[Wolof people|Wolof]] |9.5% [[Jola people|Jola]] |8.2% [[Sarahule people|Sarahule]] |2.9% [[Serer people|Serer]] |4.6% other<ref name=2019-2020Census>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/#:~:text=People%20and%20Society-,Population,Demographic%20profile |title=2024 Gambia report by the CIA: Spatial Distribution |publisher=The CIA |last=National Population Commission Secretariat |date=2019–2020 |website=Gambia Bureau of Statistics |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103134831/https://www.gbos.gov.gm/uploads/census/2013/Spatial-distribution-report_%20Final.pdf |archive-date=3 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gbosdata.org/data/40-population-and-household-characteristics/1653-population-total|website=The Gambia Bureau of Statistics|title = Population - Total - GBoS}}</ref> <nowiki>}}</nowiki> | ethnic_groups_year = 2024 Population and Housing Census | religion_ref = <ref name=CIA>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/ |title=The World Factbook: Gambia, The |website=CIA |access-date=7 December 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403011250/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the Gambia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Adama Barrow]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of the Gambia|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Muhammad B.S. Jallow]] | leader_title3 = [[List of speakers of the National Assembly of the Gambia|Speaker of the National Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Fabakary Tombong Jatta]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of the Gambia|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Hassan Bubacar Jallow]] | legislature = [[National Assembly of the Gambia|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence from the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = from the United Kingdom | established_date1 = 18 February 1965 | established_event2 = dissolution of the [[Senegambia Confederation]] | established_date2 = 30 September 1989 | area_land_sq_mi = 4,007<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = 11.5 | population_estimate = 2,422,712<ref name=GBoS>The Gambia 2024 Population and Housing Census</ref>{{incomplete citation|date=February 2025}} | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 144th | population_density_sq_mi = 227 | GDP_PPP_rank = 166th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,837<ref name="IMFWEO.GM" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 175th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $2.388 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.GM" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 185th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $903<ref name="IMFWEO.GM" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 180th | Gini_ref = <ref name=Gini>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2015&locations=GM&start=2015&view=bar |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Data |publisher=World Bank |access-date=21 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421232414/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2015&locations=GM&start=2015&view=bar |archive-date=21 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 174th | HDI_ref = ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] }}</ref> | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | currency = [[Gambian dalasi]] }} Lefatshe la '''The Gambia''', le ka semmuso le bidiwang '''Republic of The Gambia''', ke lefatshe le le kwa bophirima jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]]. Lefatshe le ke lone le lennye mo Aforika, le dikaganyeditswe ke lefatshe la [[Senegal]] mo dintlheng tsotlhe kwa ntle ga kwa bophirima jwa lone kwa e tlhakanetseng molelwane le [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|lewatle la Atlantic]].<ref>Hoare, Ben. (2002) ''The Kingfisher A–Z Encyclopedia'', Kingfisher Publications. p. 11. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-7534-5569-2|0-7534-5569-2.]]</ref> Lefatshe le le mo dintlheng tse pedi tsa [[:en:Gambia_River|noka ya Gambia,]] e e elelang go ralala lefatshe mme e tshela kwa lewatleng la Atlantic. Noka e e tlhakanetseng leina le lefatshe e, e kgaoganya popego ya lefatshe le, e e bophara jwa dikhilomithara di le dikete di le lesome le bongwe, makgolo a mararo, le palo ya batho ba le didikadike tse pedi, dikete di supa, masome a marataro le boferabongwe jaaka go begilwe ka 2024, se e le koketsego ya 47% go tswa kwa ngwageng ya 2013.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210403011250/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/ "Gambia, The"]. ''[[:en:The_World_Factbook|The World Factbook]]'' (2025 ed.). [[:en:Central_Intelligence_Agency|Central Intelligence Agency]]. Retrieved 14 March 2025 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20261103202300/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2023.zip Archived 2023 edition].)</ref> Toropokgolo ya lefatshe le ke [[Banjul]], e e leng yone e e tlhabologileng thata mo lefatsheng le,<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/place/Banjul Banjul | national capital, The Gambia]". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20150803020622/https://www.britannica.com/place/Banjul the original] on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2025.</ref> e latelwa ke tsa [[:en:Serekunda|Serekunda]] le [[:en:Brikama|Brikama.]] Bagwebi ba lotso lwa Arab ba tumelo ya Islam ba ne ba gweba le batho bantsho ba kwa bophirima mo The Gambia ka dicentury tsa boferabongwe le lesome. Ka ngwaga wa 1455, batho ba lotso lwa [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]] e ne ya nna bone ba ntlha go tsena mo The Gambia ba tswa [[:en:Europe|Europe]], le fa ba ne ba seka ba dira dikgwebo dipe tse di bonalang. [[:en:British_Empire|Bogosi jwa kwa Britain]] ba ne ba dira kolone ka ngwaga wa 1765.<ref>Hughes, Arnold (2008) ''Historical Dictionary of the Gambia''. Scarecrow Press. p. xx. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-8108-6260-3|0-8108-6260-3.]]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1965, morago ga dingwaga di le makgolo a mabedi, lefatshe la The Gambia le ne la tsaya boipuso le eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Dawda_Jawara|Dawda Jawara]]. Jawara o ne a nna tautona a fenya ditlhopho di le mmalwa go fitlhelela a thankgolwa ke [[:en:Yahya_Jammeh|Yahya Jammeh]] go sena tshololo ya madi ka ngwaga wa 1994. [[:en:Adama_Barrow|Adama Barrow]] o ne a tlhopiwa go nna tautona wa boraro wa The Gambia ka Morule ngwaga wa 2016, o ne a fenya [[:en:Yahya_Jammeh|Yahya Jammeh]], ka thuso ya diphathi tsa kganetso tse di neng di itirile seoposengwe.<ref>Wiseman, John A. (2004). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC&pg=PA456&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false "The Gambia: Recent History"]. ''Africa South of the Sahara 2004'' (33rd ed.). Europa. p. 456. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-183-4|<bdi>978-1-85743-183-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Jammeh o ne a amogela maduo pele, mme morago a gana go tswa mo ofising ka a ne a ipelaetsa gore o tsieditswe, se se na sa kgobera puso. Lekgotla la [[:en:ECOWAS|Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS) le ne la tsereganya le dirisa masole mme ba kgona go ntsa Jammeh malatsi a mabedi morago ga go wela ga lobaka lwa puso ya gagwe.<ref>Maclean, Ruth (21 January 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/21/anxious-gambians-await-former-president-yahya-jammeh-departure "Yahya Jammeh leaves the Gambia after 22 years of rule"]. ''The Guardian''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0261-3077 0261-3077]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170516194615/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/21/anxious-gambians-await-former-president-yahya-jammeh-departure Archived] from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2025.</ref> <ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/1/21/gambias-yahya-jammeh-confirms-he-will-step-down "Gambia's Yayah Jammeh confirms he will step down"]. ''Al Jazeera''. 20 January 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170121003151/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-yahya-jammeh-agrees-step-170120184330091.html Archived] from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2025.</ref><ref>Ramsay, Stuart (22 January 2017). [https://news.sky.com/story/former-gambia-leader-yahya-jammeh-flies-out-of-country-10738348 "Former Gambia leader Yahya Jammeh flies into political exile"]. Sky News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220812125748/https://news.sky.com/story/former-gambia-leader-yahya-jammeh-flies-out-of-country-10738348 Archived] from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2025.</ref> Itsholelo ya kwa The Gambia, e ikaegile thata ka temothuo, go tshwara ditlhapi le bojanala. Ka ngwaga wa 2022, 17.2% ya batho ba koo ba ne ba tshelela mo lehumeng le le ngomolang pelo, le lekanngwa le go tshela ka madi a a kwa tlase ga di dolara tsa [[USA|America]] di le pedi le metso e le lesome le botlhano ka letsatsi. Lefatshe la The Gambia ke leloko la lekgotla la ECOWAS. Le ne la nna leloko la [[:en:Commonwealth_of_Nations|Commonwealth of Nations]] gape ka ngwaga wa 2018 morago ga go ikgogela morago ka 2013.<ref>"[https://thecommonwealth.org/news/gambia-rejoins-commonwealth The Gambia rejoins the Commonwealth]". [https://web.archive.org/web/20240728053646/https://thecommonwealth.org/news/gambia-rejoins-commonwealth Archived] from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2025.</ref> Teme ya sekgoa ke yone fela e e tlhomamisitsweng kwa lefatsheng leo; e ne ya dirisiwa thata ka nako ya puso ya [[Britain]]. == Tlholego == Leina "Gambia" le tswa mo lefokong la puo ya [[:en:Mandinka_language|Mandinka]] la Kambra kgotsa Kambaa le le rayang [[:en:Gambia_River|noka ya Gambia]]. (Le ka tswa le dule mo leineng la nkgwana e e faphegileng e e neng e betswa fa mongwe wa bagolo ba morafe wa Serer a tlhokafala, ya Gamba <ref>Allen Meagher, Andrew Samuel, Baba Ceesay, National Council for the Arts and Culture (Gambia), ''Historic Sites of The Gambia: Ada Dinkiralu (Mandinka), Bereb-I-Chosan (Wolof), Tarica Tawal (Fula), Nannin (Jola), Soninke Ada (Serehuli), I-Mofan Chosan (Serer): an Official Guide to the Monuments and Sites of the Gambia'', National Council for the Arts and Culture, 1998, pp. 1, 24.</ref>).<ref>[[:en:Godfrey_Mwakikagile|Mwakikagile, Godfrey]] (2010). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=ZL7wIvRlXSwC&pg=PA141&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Gambia and Its People: Ethnic Identities and Cultural Integration in Africa]''. New Africa Press. p. 141. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-9987-16-023-5|978-9987-16-023-5]]</bdi>.</ref> Batlhotlhomisi ba kwa [[Portugal]] ba ba gorogileng kwa kgaolong e ka century ya lesome le botlhano, ba ne ba amogela tiriso ya lefoko le le mabapi, le le neng la ranolelwa kwa go Gambia ka nako ya puso ya ba Britain.<ref>Hughes, Arnold; Perfect, David (2006). ''A political history of The Gambia, 1816-1994''. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. pp. 12–14. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-682-0|<bdi>978-1-58046-682-0</bdi>.]]</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1965, lefatshe le ne le dirisa leina la ''The Gambia''. Morago ga go dumalana gore le ka ikemela ka ngwaga wa 1970, leina la lone e ne ya nna ''Republic of The Gambia.''<ref>[https://webapps.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/1952/GMB48490.pdf "Constitution of the Republic of the Gambia"] (PDF). 1996. Archived (PDF) from [https://webapps.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/1952/GMB48490.pdf the original] on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2025.</ref> Puso ya ga [[:en:Yahya_Jammeh|Yahya Jammeh]] e ne ya fetola leina la lefatshe le go nna Islamic Republic of The Gambia ka Morule ngwaga wa 2015.<ref>"[https://www.europe1.fr/international/la-gambie-sautoproclamme-etat-islamique-2635109 La Gambie s'autoproclame 'État islamique]'" (in French). Europe 1. 13 December 2015. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20151214051037/http://www.europe1.fr/international/la-gambie-sautoproclamme-etat-islamique-2635109 the original] on 14 December 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2025.</ref> Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2017 a le malatsi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe, tautona o mosha [[:en:Adama_Barrow|Adama Barrow]] o ne a busetsa leina kwa go ''Republic of The Gambia.''<ref>Adegun, Aanu (29 January 2017). [https://www.legit.ng/1085177-adama-barrow-removes-islamic-gambias-name.html "Adama Barrow removes 'Islamic' title from Gambia's name"]. ''Naij''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170129123855/https://www.naij.com/1085177-adama-barrow-removes-islamic-gambias-name.html Archived] from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/1/28/the-gambia-president-adama-barrow-pledges-reforms "The Gambia: President Adama Barrow pledges reforms".] ''Al Jazeera''. 28 January 2017. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20170131012508/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-president-adama-barrow-pledges-reforms-170128194124520.html the original] on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == cdmuapfz1oonnykah8ecn3tqng8iqyh 0 10460 57072 39697 2026-11-08T11:08:24Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | demonym = [[Demographics of Togo|Togolese]] | area_km2 = 56,785<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Togo country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14106781 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014182000/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14106781 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://voyage.gouv.tg/ |title=Accueil - Voyage Togo |access-date=2 March 2024 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108215213/https://voyage.gouv.tg/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_rank = 123rd | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $25.103 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.TG">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=742,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Togo) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030063211/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=742,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | HDI = 0.547 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | conventional_long_name = Togolese Republic | common_name = Togo | native_name = République togolaise | image_flag = Flag of Togo.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Togo.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{lang|fr|"Travail, Liberté, Patrie"|italics=no}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/content/constitution-togo|title=Constitution of Togo|year=2002|access-date=20 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214090412/http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/content/constitution-togo|archive-date=14 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />({{Langx|en|"Work, Liberty, Homeland"}}) | national_anthem = {{lang|fr|"[[Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux|Terre de nos aïeux]]"|italics=no}}<br />({{Langx|en|"Land of our ancestors"}}){{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Togolese national anthem.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Togo on the globe (Africa centered).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Togo AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | capital = [[Lomé]] | coordinates = {{Coord|6|8|N|1|13|E|type:city|display=inline}} | largest_city = Lomé | official_languages = [[French language|French]] | languages_type = Spoken languages | languages = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|List:}} |[[French language|French]] |[[Ewe language|Ewe]] |[[Gbe languages|Gbe]] |[[Gur languages|Gur]] |[[Kwa languages|Kwa]] |[[Kabiye language|Kabiye]] |[[Talni language|Talensi]] |[[Wasa dialect|Wasa]] |[[Aguna language|Aguna]] |[[Adja language|Aja]] |[[Ngangam language|Ngangam]] |[[Ntcham language|Ntcham]] |[[Tammari language|Tammari]] |[[Tem language|Tem]] |[[Ifè language|Ifè]] |[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{collapsible list|title_style=nobold|title={{nobold|[[Demographics of Togo|African]] (94.4%)}}<ref name="cia">{{cite web|title=Togo|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/|website=CIA World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171517/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[Aja people|Aja]], [[Ewe people|Ewe]] and [[Gen language|Mina]] (42.4%) |[[Kabye people|Kabye]] and [[Tem people|Tem]] (25.9%) |[[Akan people|Akan]] and [[Gurma people|Gurma]] (17.1%) |[[Kposo people|Kposo]] and [[Kebu language|Akebu]] (4.1%) |[[Ana people|Ana-Ife]] (3.2%) |Other West African groups (1.7%)}} [[Demographics of Togo|non-African]] (5.6%)<ref name="cia" /> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |47.8% [[Christianity]] |33.0% [[Traditional African religions|traditional faiths]] |18.4% [[Islam in Togo|Islam]] |0.5% [[Baháʼí faith]] |0.3% [[Religion in Togo|others]] / [[Irreligion|none]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=221c | title=National Profiles | access-date=15 October 2022 | archive-date=6 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306005400/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=221c | url-status=live }}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2020 | government_type = [[Unitary parliamentary republic]] under an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] [[hereditary dictatorship]] | leader_title1 = [[List of presidents of Togo|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Faure Gnassingbé]] | leader_title2 = [[List of prime ministers of Togo|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Victoire Tomegah Dogbé]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Togo|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Togo)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Togo)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Togo|Independence]] {{nobold|from [[German Empire|Germany]] and [[France]]}} | established_event1 = [[Togoland|German Togoland]] | established_date1 = 5 July 1884 | established_event2 = [[Togoland Campaign]] | established_date2 = 6–26 August 1914 | established_event3 = [[French Togoland]] partitioned | established_date3 = 27 December 1916 | established_event4 = Autonomy within the [[French Union]] | established_date4 = 24 August 1956 | established_event5 = Independence granted from [[France]] | established_date5 = 27 April 1960 | area_land_sq_mi = 22,008 | percent_water = 4.2 | population_census = 8,095,498<ref>{{cite web |title=Togo-Les résultats définitifs du 5e RGPH |url=https://icilome.com/2023/04/togo-les-resultats-definitifs-du-5e-rgph/ |website=Icilome |access-date=1 September 2023 |date=4 April 2023}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2022 | population_estimate = {{increase}} 9,583,381<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Togo|access-date=31 October 2024|year=2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 101st | population_density_km2 = 125.9 | population_density_sq_mi = 243 | population_density_rank = 60th | GDP_PPP_rank = 151st | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,767<ref name="IMFWEO.TG" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 175th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $9.621 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.TG" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 157th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = <!--increase/decrease/neutral--> $1,004<ref name="IMFWEO.TG" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 170th | Gini = 43.1 | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727172441/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |pages=274–277 |language=en |access-date=3 May 2024 |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501075007/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 163rd | drives_on = right | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Togo|+228]] | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | currency_code = XOF | currency = [[West African CFA franc]] }} Lefatshe la '''Togo''', le le itsegeng semmuso ka '''Togolese Republic''', ke lefatshe le le kwa bophirima jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]]. Le tlhakanetse melelwane le mafatshe a [[Ghana]] kwa bophirima, [[Benin]] kwa botlhaba le [[Burkina Faso]] kwa bokone.<ref name=":0">"[https://www.isdb.org/republic-of-togo Republic of Togo]". Islamic Development Bank. 18 November 1998. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200203143436/https://www.isdb.org/togo Archived] from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2025.</ref> Ke lengwe la mafatshe a a senang ditlhabologo, le nametse kwa borwa kwa [[Gulf of Guinea]], kwa toropokgolo ya lone [[Lome]] e leng teng.<ref name=":0" /> Ke lefatshe le lennye, le le sephara sa dikhilomithara di le dikete tse di masome a matlhano le bosupa,<ref name=":1">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14106781 "Togo country profile"]. ''BBC News''. 24 February 2020. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20121014182000/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14106781 the original] on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2025.</ref> palo ya batho e le didikadike di robabobedi. <ref name=":1" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba ntse mo Togo ka dicentury tsa bo lesome le bongwe le lesome le borataro, kgaolo e e ne e le yone boremelelo jwa thekiso ya makgoba, ka jalo ya neelwa leina la "[[:en:Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa|Slave Coast"]]. Ka ngwaga wa 1884, fa mafatshe a ne a lwela [[Aferika|Aforika]], lefatshe la [[Germany]] le ne la sireletsa lefelo mo kgaolong e le bidiwa [[:en:Togoland|Togoland]]. Morago ga ntwa ya ntlha ya mafatshe, lefatshe la Togo la nna mo pusong ya la [[France]]. Lefatshe la Togo le tsere boipuso go tswa mo go la France ka ngwaga wa 1960.<ref>"[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ Togo]". ''CIA World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171517/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ Archived] from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2025.</ref><ref name=":2">"[https://www.icye.org/icye-in-the-world/togo/ Togo (Partner) – International Cultural Youth Exchange]". ''International cultural youth exchange''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170608015225/https://www.icye.org/icye-in-the-world/togo/ Archived] from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2025.</ref> Ka 1967, [[:en:Gnassingbé_Eyadéma|Gnassingbe Eyadema]] o ne a etelela pele go thankgola puso a dirisa sesole, mme a atlega a nna tautona wa lefatshe le le busiwang ke phathi e le nngwe fela. Ka ngwaga wa 1993, Eyadema o ne a itemogela ditlhopo tsa diphathi tse dintsi, mme a fenya botautona makgetho a le mararo. Ka nako ya loso lwa gagwe, Eyadema e ne e le ene moeteledipele oo nnileng mo setilong dingwaga di le dintsi mo ditsong tsa Aforika, a nnile tautona dingwaga di le masome a mararo le borobabobedi.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/830774.stm Obituary: Gnassingbe Eyadema]" Archived 3 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine. (5 February 2005). [[:en:BBC_News|BBC News]]. Retrieved 14 March 2025.</ref> Ka ngwgaa wa 2005, morwa wa gagwe [[:en:Faure_Gnassingbé|Faure Gnassingbe]] o ne a tlhophiwa go nna tautona. Lefatshe la Togo le bongola, ebile le mo borwa jwa [[Sahara]],<ref name=":0" /> itsholelo ya lone e ikaegile ka temothuo.<ref name=":2" /> Puo e e tlhomamisitsweng semmuso ke ya French,<ref name=":2" /> mme go na le dipuso tse dingwe, bogolo jang tsa [[:en:Gbe_languages|Gbe]]. 47.8% ya banni ba koo ba setse morago tumelo ya seKeresete, se se dira gore e nne yone tumelo e tona mo lefatsheng leo.<ref>"[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/#people-and-society Togo]", ''The World Factbook'', Central Intelligence Agency, 11 January 2023, [https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171517/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/#people-and-society archived] from the original on 12 October 2023, retrieved 14 March 2025.</ref> Lefatshe la Togo ke leloko la makgotla a [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], [[African Union]], [[:en:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation|Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], [[:en:South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone|South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone]], [[:en:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie|Francophonie]], [[:en:Commonwealth_of_Nations|Commowealth of Nations]] le [[:en:ECOWAS|Economic Community of West African States]]. == Ditso == === Boipuso === Lefatshe la Togolese Republic le itsisitswe ka ngwaga wa 1960, Moranang a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bosupa. Ka ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa botautona ka ngwaga wa 1961, [[:en:Sylvanus_Olympio|Sylvanus Olympio]] o ne a nna tautona wa ntlha, a tlhophilwe ke batlhopi botlhe morago ga gore ba kganetso ba seka ba iponagatsa mo ditlhophong. Ka ngwaga wa 1961, Moranang a le malatsia robabongwe, molaomotheo wa Togolese Republic o ne wa tlhomiwa o supa fa [[:en:National_Assembly_(Togo)|National Assembly of Togo]] <ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190502190520/https://ujamaalive.africa/encyclomedia/togo/ Togo]". ''Ujamaa Live''. 26 April 2019. Archived from [https://ujamaalive.africa/encyclomedia/togo/ the original] on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2025.</ref> e le yone e eteletseng pele. == Metswedi == fvl47x46bbv78j9om2oxbrt7xfut1q8 0 10469 57075 50345 2026-11-08T11:30:25Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57075 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vlor%C3%AB&action=edit Vlorë] (/ˈvlɔːrə/ VLOR-ə,<ref>"Vlorë". ''Lexico UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press. Archived from the original]] on 2020-07-07.</ref> <ref>"Vlorë". ''T[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|he American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 5 July 2020.</ref>Sealbania: [ˈvlɔɾə]; sebopego se se tlhomameng sa Sealbania: Vlora<ref>Vlorë is also known as '''Vlonë''' (pronounced [ˈvlonə]; definite: ''Vlona'') in [[:en:Gheg_Albanian|Gheg Albanian.]]</ref>) ke toropo ya boraro e e nang le batho ba {{Infobox settlement|name=Vlorë|settlement_type=[[Municipalities of Albania|Municipality]] and [[List of cities and towns in Albania|city]]|image_alt={{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 1/2/2 | image1 = Promenade of Vlorë along the Adriatic Sea.jpg | image2 = Xhamia Muradie Vlorë 2.jpg | image3 = House on 'Dhimiter Konomi' street (14).jpg | image4 = Rruga_Justin_Godart_2020.jpg | image5 = Independence Monument vlora 16.jpg | image6 = Panoramic photo of Lungomare area in Vlorë.jpg}}|image_caption='''From top to bottom, left to right''': Promenade of Vlorë, [[Muradie Mosque]], old house on the Dhimiter Konomi Street, Old Town of Vlorë, [[Independence Monument (Albania)|Independence Monument]] and Lungomare|image_flag=Flag of Vlorë.gif|flag_alt=Flag of Vlorë|image_seal=[[File:Stema_e_Bashkisë_Vlorë.svg|70px|center]]|seal_alt=Seal of Vlorë|pushpin_mapsize=290|pushpin_relief=1|coordinates={{coord|40|28|N|19|29|E|type:adm1st_region:AL_dim:100000|display=inline}}|subdivision_type1=Country|subdivision_name1={{flag|Albania}}|subdivision_type2=[[NUTS statistical regions of Albania|Region]]|subdivision_name2=[[Southern Albania]]|subdivision_type3=[[Counties of Albania|County]]|subdivision_name3=[[Vlorë County|Vlorë]]|government_type=[[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]]|governing_body=Vlorë Municipal Council|leader_title=[[List of mayors of Vlorë|Mayor]]|leader_name=Ermal Dredha|unit_pref=Metric|area_blank1_sq_mi=616.85|area_blank2_title=Administrative unit<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Bashkia Vlorë |title=Rregullore e Planit të Përgjithshëm Vendor të Territorit të Bashkisë Vlorë |url=http://bashkiavlore.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Rregullore.pdf |access-date=23 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923135327/http://bashkiavlore.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Rregullore.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2021 |language=sq |page=15 |url-status=dead}}</ref>|area_blank2_sq_mi=28.97|elevation_m=0|population_footnotes=<ref name="2023pop">{{cite web|title=Census of Population and Housing|url=https://www.instat.gov.al/en/themes/censuses/census-of-population-and-housing/|publisher=Institute of Statistics Albania|access-date=2025-03-30|archive-date=2025-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430151629/https://www.instat.gov.al/en/themes/censuses/census-of-population-and-housing/|url-status=dead}}</ref>|population_demonym={{langx|sq|Vlonjat (m), Vlonjate (f)}}|timezone=[[Central European Time|CET]]|utc_offset=+1|timezone_DST=[[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]|postal_code_type=[[Postal codes in Albania|Postal code]]|postal_code=9400|area_code=+355 (0) 33}} bantsi go gaisa kwa Albania le setulo sa Kgaolo ya Vlorë le Mmasepala wa Vlorë. Vlorë e kwa borwabophirima jwa Albania, e aname mo Lebopong la Vlorë mme e dikologilwe ke dithaba tse di kwa tlase ga Dithaba tsa Ceraunian go bapa le Mabopo a Lewatle la Adriatic le la Ionia la Albania. E itemogela tlelaemete ya Mediterranean, e e amiwang ke Dithaba tsa Ceraunian le go nna gaufi le Lewatle la Mediterranean. Lefelo le le fa lotshitshing lwa lewatle la Vlorë e ne e le lengwe la mafelo ao a Illyria a a neng a itemogetse tiro ya pele ga toropo go simolola ka lekgolo la bo11–10 la dingwaga BCE. Lefelo leno le ne le tsenngwa ke Bagerika ba Bogologolo. Motse o mogolo o o sireleditsweng wa boemeladikepe o o neng o agilwe go tloga ka lekgolo la bo6 la dingwaga BCE go ya go lekgolo la bo2 la dingwaga AD o beilwe, jaanong o nwetse ka bontlhabongwe, kwa Triport, kwa bokonebophirima jwa Vlorë ya gompieno. Tiro e e bonalang ya boemeladikepe mo lefelong leno e diragetse go tloga ka bonnye mo pakeng ya bogologolo go ya kwa pakeng ya metlha ya bogare. Go ile ga akantshiwa gore go ne ga nna le go fudusiwa ga motse wa bogologolo go tswa mo lefelong la Triport go ya kwa lefelong la Vlorë la segompieno. Bogare jwa toropo ya segompieno bo na le masalela a baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo a a simolotseng morago ga nako ya bogologolo. Aulon, e motse wa segompieno o tsereng leina la yone mo go yone, e tlhagelela mo metsweding ya hisitori go simolola ka lekgolo la bo2 la dingwaga C.E. E ne ya fenngwa ka dinako tse di farologaneng mo hisitoring yotlhe ke Baroma, Ba-Byzantine, Ba-Norman, Ba-Venetian le Ba-Ottoman. Magareng ga lekgolo la bo18 le la bo19 la dingwaga, Ba-Albania ba ne ba kokoanya maatla a semoya le a tlhaloganyo gore ba nne le kitso ya setšhaba, mme seno se ne sa felela ka gore go nne le Tsosoloso ya Ba-Albania. Vlorë o ne a nna le seabe se se botlhokwa mo Boipusong jwa Albania jaaka lefelo la tiragalo ya basimolodi ba Albania ya segompieno, ba ba neng ba saena Kgoeletso ya Boipuso ka 28 Ngwanaitseele 1912 kwa Kokoanong ya Vlorë. Vlorë ke nngwe ya ditoropo tse di botlhokwa thata tsa kwa borwa jwa Albania le kgaolo ya Labëria e e itsegeng thata ka setso sa yone, dingwao le dikinane. Vlorë e direlwa ke Boemakepe jwa Vlorë, tsela e kgolo ya SH8, le tsela e kgolo ya A2, ka kakaretso di emela karolo ya Phaseje ya Adriatic–Ionian le Phaseje ya Pan-European VIII. == Leina == Motse o tsere leina la one go tswa mo Segerikeng sa Bogologolo: Αὐλών, ka Seroma: Aulṓn, e e kayang "kanale, glen" e e tshwanang le seletswa sa aulos. Ke leina la lefelo le le tlwaelegileng mo lefatsheng la Segerika.<ref>Babiniotis, Georgios (2019). ''Dictionary of the Modern Greek Language''. Kéntro Lexikologías. p. 315. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-9609582148|<bdi>978-9609582148</bdi>.]] <q>ηκαν το αρχ. δίαυλος «πέρασμα, δίοδος» και το νεότ. πύραυλος. Η κοιλάδα που μοιάζει με αυλό λέγεται αυλών (αυλώνας). από όπου το συχνό τοπωνύμιο Αυλών | Αυλώνα, ... Αυλώνας (ο) πόλη και λιμάνι τής Ν. Αλβανίας</q></ref>Leina la toropo le ne la kwalwa la ntlha mo lekgolong la bo2 la dingwaga AD, ke bakwadi ba babedi ba Segerika sa Bogologolo, Lucian le Ptolemy, wa bofelo o ne a o bitsa "toropo le boemakepe jwa lewatle", se se netefatsang gore o ne wa tlhongwa pelenyana thata. Le fa go ntse jalo, Aulon ga e ise e umakwe ke bakwadi ba pelenyana ba Bagerika le Baroma ba Bogologolo, ba kafa letlhakoreng le lengwe ba neng ba kwala ka toropo e e fa gaufi le boemakepe jwa lewatle jwa Oricum. Mme mo metsweding ya moragonyana Oricum ga e fitlhelwe thata, fa leina la lefelo la Aulon le umakiwa gantsi.<ref>[[:en:Shaban_Demiraj|Demiraj, Shaban]] (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201120114336/https://books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ ''The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated''. Academy of Sciences of Albania.] pp. 144–145. ISBN <bdi>9789994381715</bdi>. [[:en:Academy_of_Sciences_of_Albania|Archived from the original on 20 November 2020.]]</ref> Vlorë e ne ya tlhagelela go tswa mo Aulon-a ya bogologolo ka go fetoga ga thulaganyo ya medumopuo ya puo ya Sealbania ka rhotacism Vlonë > Vlorë,<ref>Katičić, Radoslav (1976). ''Ancient Languages of the Balkans''. Mouton. p. 186. ISBN 978-9027933058</ref> <ref>[[:en:Shaban_Demiraj|Demiraj, Shaban]] (2006). ''T[https://web.archive.org/web/20201120114336/https://books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ he origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated]''. [[:en:Academy_of_Sciences_of_Albania|Academy of Sciences of Albania.]] pp. 144–145. ISBN <bdi>9789994381715</bdi>. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020.</ref> e e leng tiragalo ya pele ga Se-Slavic mo Sealbania. /n/ e e fa gare ga mantswe e fetogile ka metlha go nna /r/ mo Se-Albania sa Tosk, fa /v/ ya ntlha e fetogile go tswa go /u/ e e sa gatelelwang morago ga go nyelela ga /a/ ya ntlha e e sa gatelelwang. Phetogo ya /u/ > /v/ e tshwanetse go nna ya bogologolo, e thibele phetogo ya /l/ e e latelang ya magareng ga mantswe go ya go /lː/. Ka Sealbania sa Geg leina la naga le bidiwa Vlonë, se se supang gore le ntse le dirisiwa mo Baalbania ba bokone pele ga go tlhagelela ga rhotacism mo Sealbania sa Tosk.<ref>[[:en:Shaban_Demiraj|Demiraj, Shaban]] (2006). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20201120114336/https://books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated]''. Academy of Sciences of Albania. pp. 144–145. ISBN <bdi>9789994381715</bdi>. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020.</ref>Gape mokgwa wa go kwala ga leina leno o obamela melao ya go kwala ga Se-Albania.<ref>[[:en:Martin_E._Huld|Huld, Martin E.]] (1986). "Accentual Stratification of Ancient Greek Loanwords in Albanian". ''Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung''. '''99''' (2). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 248–249. JSTOR 40848841.</ref> Leina ka bolone la banni (sing. vlonjat, pl. vlonjatë) ga le ise le fete mo rhotacism e e amang leina la lefelo (fa le ne le le teng, le ne le tla lebega sengwe jaaka vlorat kgotsa vlorjat). Leina la Segerika la metlha ya bogare le la segompieno ke Avlónas (Αυλώνας Aulṓnas [avˈlonas], leina le le latofatsang Αυλώνα Aulṓna [avˈlona]), mme ke lone le le tswang mo puong ya Selatine Aulona le puo ya Sentadiana e e dirisiwang ke Valona <ref>"" in the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 9th ed. 1878.</ref> <ref>[[:en:Vlorë#CITEREFChisholm1911|Chisholm 1911.]]</ref>Ka nako ya puso ya Ottoman toropo ya Vlorë e ne e itsege ka Se-Turkey jaaka Avlonya.<ref>Gawrych, G. W. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC The crescent and the eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians,] 1874-1913''. I.B.Tauris. p. 23. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84511-287-5</nowiki>. Google Book Search. Retrieved on August 25, 2009.</ref> Mo metsweding ya Selatine ya Metlha ya Bogare le mo direkotong tsa Setadiana sa Bogologolo e umakiwa ka dipopego tsa Avalona, ​​Avelona, ​​Lavalona, ​​Lavellona; mme mo metsweding ya bogologolo ya Se-Serbia jaaka Avlona kgotsa Vavlona, ​​ya bofelo e e nang le lefoko le le tlhomameng la Se-Slavic v "mo".<ref>[[:en:Shaban_Demiraj|Demiraj, Shaban]] (2006). ''The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated''. Academy of Sciences of Albania. pp. 144–145. ISBN <bdi>9789994381715</bdi>. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020</ref> Ka Se-Aromania, motse ono o itsege e le Avlona.<ref>[https://issuu.com/leogjata/docs/arumunet_albania_nr_40 "Arumunët Albania, nr. 40"]. ''Arumunët Albania'' (in Albanian and Aromanian). No. 40. 2014. p. 15.</ref> == Histori == [[Setshwantsho:Valona Colle fortificationi proposte - Coronelli Vincenzo - 1688.jpg|thumb|Valona Colle]] Lefelo la lebopo la Vlorë e ne e le lengwe la mafelo ao a Illyria a a neng a itemogetse tiro ya pele ga toropo go simolola ka lekgolo la bo11–10 la dingwaga BCE. <ref>[[:en:Vlorë#CITEREFBereti1993|Bereti 1993,]] p. 143.</ref> Ka nako ya bokoloniale jwa Euboean jwa lefelo leno (tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo wa bo 8 BC) kou ya Vlorë e ne e amanngwa le dingwao di le mmalwa tsa Bagaka le motheo wa mafelo a le mmalwa a bodulo koo,<ref>Stocker, Sharon R. (2009). ''Illyrian Apollonia: Toward a New Ktisis and Developmental History of the Colony''. p. 227. <q>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8ynwEACAAJ Heroic origins that involved Euboeans were attributed toseveral other early settlements around the Bay of Vlora]</q></ref> jaaka leina la lefelo la Aulon le akantsha le le itsegeng gape mo lefelong la Eubean la selegae.<ref>Walker, Keith G. (9 January 2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=R3yCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 ''Archaic Eretria: A Political and Social History from the Earliest Times to 490 BC''. Routledge. p. 151. ISBN <bdi>978-1-134-45098-5</bdi>.] <q>Eretrians settled around the bay of Avlona (Aulona).... There was also a place called Aulon in the Eretrias... and another .... Khalkis.</q></ref> [[Setshwantsho:Vallona - Coronelli Vincenzo - 1688.jpg|thumb|Vallona]] Ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano mo Lewatleng la Adriatic, bogolosegolo Bay of Vlorë, e e bopang boemakepe jwa tlholego, Vlorë e ne e na le lefelo le le botlhokwa mo metlheng ya bogologolo ya bogologolo jaaka motheo wa kgwebisano ke batho ba le bantsi. Vlorë e tsewa e le nngwe ya ditoropo tsa bogologolo go gaisa mo Albania le mo kgaolong.<ref>"town that is the second seaport of Albania. [...] It was strategically important during Roman times and in the 11th–12th-century wars between Normans and Byzantines" ([[:en:Encyclopaedia_Britannica|''Encyclopaedia Britannica'',]] s.v. Vlore).</ref> Mo motlheng wa Archaic, lefelo leno le ne le tsenngwa ke Bagerika ba Bogologolo, ba ka tlwaelo go dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlhoma Orikos, Thronion le Aulon mo mabopong ano.<ref>Papadopoulos, John (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=O6B8DAAAQBAJ "Komai, Colonies and Cities in Epirus and Southern Albania: The Failure of the Polis and the Rise of Urbanism on the Fringes of the Greek World"]. In Molloy, Barry P.C. (ed.). ''Of Odysseys and Oddities: Scales and Modes of Interaction Between Prehistoric Aegean Societies and their Neighbours''. Oxbow Books. p. 440. ISBN <bdi>978-1-78570-232-7</bdi>. <q>Then there was the establishment of a new type of site in the Illyrian hinterland, away from the coastal areas usually inhabited by Greeks, especially during the developed Iron Age...</q></ref> Motse o mogolo o o sireleditsweng wa boemeladikepe o o neng o agilwe go tloga ka lekgolo la bo6 la dingwaga BCE go ya go lekgolo la bo2 la dingwaga AD o beilwe, jaanong o nwetse ka bontlhabongwe, kwa Triport, kwa bokonebophirima jwa Vlorë ya gompieno. E ne e kgaogantswe ke mabota a le mararo, a ntlha a one e ne e le a kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bo6 la dingwaga BCE.<ref>[[:en:Vlorë#CITEREFBereti1993|Bereti 1993,]] p. 143; Fasolo 2005, p. 178; Volpe et al. 2014, p. 300.</ref>Tiro ya boemeladikepe mo lefelong leno e ne ya tswelela go tloga ka nako ya bogologolo go fitlha ka nako ya metlha ya bogare.<ref>[[:en:Vlorë#CITEREFVolpeDisantarosaLeoneTurchiano2014|Volpe et al.]] 2014, p. 300.</ref> Go ile ga akantshiwa gore go ne ga nna le go fudusiwa ga motse wa bogologolo go tswa mo lefelong la Triport go ya kwa lefelong la Vlorë la segompieno. Bogare jwa toropo ya segompieno bo na le mabota a a simolotseng ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bo4 go ya go la bo10 CE, mmogo le lebota, tora e e khutlonne le marope a ntlo e e nang le dilo tsa letsopa tse di simolotseng ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bo3–4 le la dingwaga la bo6-7 CE.<ref>[[:en:Vlorë#CITEREFFasolo2005|Fasolo 2005,]] p. 178.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Vallona colle proposte Valona Valona fortificata in quadro Canina - Coronelli Vincenzo - 1688.jpg|thumb|Vallona colle proposte ]] Lefelo la boepi jwa bogologolo la Triport le supilwe le Thronion kgotsa Aulon ya bogologolo.<ref>[[:en:Vlorë#CITEREFVolpeDisantarosaLeoneTurchiano2014|Volpe et al. 2014,]] p. 300; Bereti 1993, p. 143</ref> Thronion e ne ya supiwa ke Pausanias (lekgolo la bo2 la dingwaga C.E.) jaaka kolone ya Locrian–Euboean, mme gape le ka go neelwa ga sefikantswe se se neng se agilwe kwa Olympia, dipego tseno ka bobedi di bega gore Apollonia o ne a gapa motse ono mo e ka nnang ka 450 B.C.E. Aulon, e Vlorë e tsereng leina la yone mo go yone, e ne ya umakiwa lekgetlo la ntlha ke Ptolemy (lekgolo la bo2 la dingwaga C.E.) mo gare ga metse ya Taulantii ya Illyria. Carl Patsch o ne a tshitshinya gore lefelo la ntlha la Aulon kwa Triport morago ga moo le fudusediwe kwa lefelong la ga jaana la Vlora, mme Pierre Cabanes o ne a tshitshinya lefelo la Thronion kwa Triport; ditshupo tseo ga di thulane le tse dingwe.<ref>[[:en:Vlorë#CITEREFBeretiQuantinCabanes2011|Bereti, Quantin & Cabanes 2011,]] p. 11</ref> Dikwalo tse dingwe tsa thutafatshe tse di jaaka Tabula Peutingeriana le Synecdemus ya ga Hierocles le tsone di umaka Aulon. Motse o ne o dira jaaka boemakepe jo bo botlhokwa jwa Mmusomogolo wa Roma, fa e ne e le karolo ya Epirus Nova.<ref>[[:en:Vlorë#CITEREFVailh%C3%A91912|Vailhé 1912]].</ref><ref>"Apollonia and Aulon in Epirus Nova" [[:en:Vlorë#CITEREFBowden2003|(Bowden 2003, p. 14)]]</ref> Aulon (Avlona) o ne a nna setulo sa bobiskopo mo lekgolong la bo5 la dingwaga. Gareng ga bobishopo ba ba itsegeng go na le Nasarius ka 458 le Soter ka 553 (Daniele Farlati, Illyricum sacrum, VII, 397–401). Diocese ka nako eo e ne e le ya Pentarchy ya mopapa. Ka 733, e ne ya kopanngwa le Illyricum e e kwa botlhaba, le Bopatriareka jwa Constantinople, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga e umakwe mo Notitiae Episcopatuum epe ya Kereke eo. Bobishopo bo ka tswa bo ne bo gatelelwa ka gonne le fa Ba-Bulgaria ba ne ba ntse ba na le naga eno ka lobaka lo lo rileng, Avlona ga a umakwe mo "Notitiae episcopatuum" ya Bobishopomogolo jwa Bulgaria jwa Ohrid. Ka nako ya Baroma, go ne ga tlhomiwa bobishopo jwa Selatine mme Eubel (Hierarchia catholica medievi, I, 124) o umaka bobishopo ba yone ba le mmalwa.<ref>[[:en:Vlorë#CITEREFVailh%C3%A91912|Vailhé 1912.]]</ref> '''Dingwaga tsa Bogare''' Bona gape: Sanjak wa Avlona le Bogosi jwa Valona Mo lekgolong la bo11 le la bo12 la dingwaga, Vlorë o ne a nna le seabe se segolo mo dintweng fa gare ga Puso ya Byzantium le Bogosi jwa Norman jwa Sicily.<ref>[[:en:Vlorë#CITEREFChisholm1911|Chisholm 1911]].</ref> Morago ga go gapiwa ke Norman, ba ne ba busa dingwaga di le nne fela mme ba tlhoma kereke ya Selatine ya episcopal see kwa Vlorë.<ref>[[:en:Vlorë#CITEREFChisholm1911|Chisholm 1911.]]</ref> Ka 1321 toropo e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Byzantine e ne ya tlhaselwa ke sekepe sa Venetian ka fa tlase ga Giovanni Michiel ka ntlha ya seo sa latlhegelwa ke matshelo a bontsi jwa banni ba yone ba Bagerika.<ref>Nicol, Donald M. (1984). ''T[https://books.google.com/books?id=XIj0FfKto9AC he Despotate of Epiros 1267-1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages]''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XIj0FfKto9AC . Cambridge University Press. p. 92. ISBN <bdi>978-0-521-26190-6</bdi>. <q>Nicholas Orsini... He stepped up his invasion of Byzantine territory... The Venetians too seem to have decided that the moment was now ripe to help him. They sent a fleet led by Giovanni Michiel to attack Valona. Many of its Greek inhabitants were killed on the spot, including the son of its admiral Gantzas</q>]</ref> Vlorë e ne e le motsemogolo wa Kgosana ya Valona, ​​kwa tshimologong e ne e le naga e e neng e le motlhanka wa mmusomogolo wa Serbia, mme moragonyana, naga e e ikemetseng ya Bokeresete go tloga ka 1346 go ya go 1417.<ref>Mandeville, John (2012). ''The Book of Marvels and Travels''. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 153. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960060-1|<bdi>978-0-19-960060-1</bdi>.]]</ref> <ref>Van Antwerp Fine, John (1994). ''The Late Medieval Balkans - A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest''. United States of America: University of Michigan Press. p. 357. [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-472-10079-3|ISBN <bdi>0-472-10079-3</bdi>.]]</ref> Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman o ne wa gapa toropo eno ka 1417, fa ka 1432, marabele a Albania a ne a golola Vlorë mme a leleka Ba-Ottoman mo lefelong leo.<ref>Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=aCdYHU9PtiIC&q=Durr%C3%ABs "The Orthodox Church in Albania Under the Ottoman Rule 15th-19th Century".] In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). ''Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]''. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 95–96. ISBN <bdi>9783631602959</bdi>.</ref> <ref>İnalcik, Halil (1954). ''Hicr ı835 tarihli sûret-i defter-i sancak-i Arvanid'' (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınlarından.</ref>Jaaka karolo ya Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman, Vlorë e ne ya nna lefelo la Sanjak kwa Rumelia Eyalet ka leina la Avlonya.[leng?] Moragonyana e ne ya nna thuo ya Ba-Venesia ka 1690 mme motse ono o ne wa busediwa kwa Ba-Ottoman ka 1691, wa nna kaza ya Sanjak ya Viyet ya Avlona ( ka 1690 ). Ka nako eo motse ono o ne o na le banni ba ka nna 10 000; go ne go na le pharishe ya Katoliki, e e neng e le ya Archdiocese ya Durrës. Ka nako ya ntlha ya puso ya Ottoman, Vlorë e ne ya nna boemakepe jwa boditšhabatšhaba jo bo neng bo le mo kgwebisanong e e kwa godimo fa gare ga Yuropa bophirima le puso ya Ottoman.<ref>Stanford J. Shaw; Ezel Kural Shaw (29 October 1976). [https://books.google.com/books?id=E9-YfgVZDBkC&pg=PA69 ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280-1808''. Cambridge University Press. p. 69.] ISBN <bdi>978-0-521-29163-7</bdi>.</ref> Mmapa wa Simon Pinargenti Valona ka 1573 Ka 1426, Ba-Ottoman ba ne ba tshegetsa go nna ga setšhaba sa Bajuta se se neng se amega mo ditirong tsa kgwebo.<ref>Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010). "The Orthodox Church in Albania Under the Ottoman Rule 15th-19th Century". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). ''Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]''. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 95–96. ISBN <bdi>9783631602959</bdi>.</ref> Morafe o ne wa nna le kgolo ya batho mo dingwageng tse di latelang ka Bajuta ba ba neng ba fuduga go tswa kwa Corfu, mafatshe a a busiwang ke Venetian, Naples, Fora, le Setlhaketlhake sa Iberia.<ref>Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010). "The Orthodox Church in Albania Under the Ottoman Rule 15th-19th Century". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). ''Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]''. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 95–96. ISBN <bdi>9783631602959</bdi>.</ref> Malapa a ka nna masome a supa a Bajuta go tswa kwa Valencia, go akaretsa le ba ba kileng ba bo ba fetoga, ba ne ba nna kwa Vlorë fa gare ga 1391 le 1492. Morago ga go lelekwa ga Bajuta kwa Spain ka 1492, puso ya Ottoman e ne ya fudusetsa batshwarwa ba bangwe ba Bajuta kwa Vlorë go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesome le botlhano.<ref>Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010). "The Orthodox Church in Albania Under the Ottoman Rule 15th-19th Century". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). ''Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]''. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 95–96. ISBN <bdi>9783631602959</bdi>.</ref> Dipalo tsa batho tsa Ottoman tsa 1506 le 1520 di ne tsa kwala gore palo ya Bajuta e ne e na le malapa a le 528 le batho ba ka nna 2 600 kwa Vlorë.<ref>Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010). "The Orthodox Church in Albania Under the Ottoman Rule 15th-19th Century". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). ''Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]''. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 95–96. ISBN <bdi>9783631602959</bdi>.</ref> Bajuta ba Vlorë ba ne ba amega mo kgwebong mme toropo e ne e reka dilwana go tswa kwa Yuropa mme e romela kwa ntle ditswaiso, letlalo, matsela a letseta, di-velvet, di-brocade, le mohair go tswa kwa ditoropong tsa Ottoman tsa Istanbul le Bursa.<ref>Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010). "The Orthodox Church in Albania Under the Ottoman Rule 15th-19th Century". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). ''Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]''. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 95–96. ISBN <bdi>9783631602959</bdi>.</ref> Setšhaba sa Bajuta ba Vlorë se ne sa tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo itekanelong ya Bajuta ba bangwe jaaka go kgona go golola batshwarwa ba ba amanang le ntwa ba ba neng ba le teng kwa Durrës ka 1596.<ref>Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010). "The Orthodox Church in Albania Under the Ottoman Rule 15th-19th Century". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). ''Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]''. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 95–96. ISBN <bdi>9783631602959</bdi>.</ref> Morago ga Ntwa ya Lepanto (1571) le go senyega ga tshireletsego go bapa le mabopo a Adriatic le Ionian a a laolwang ke Ottoman, palo ya Bajuta mo teng ga Vlorë e ne ya fokotsega.<ref>Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010). "The Orthodox Church in Albania Under the Ottoman Rule 15th-19th Century". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). ''Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]''. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 95–96. ISBN <bdi>9783631602959</bdi>.</ref> '''Tsosoloso ya Albania''' Ismail Qemali o tsewa e le mokwadi yo mogolo wa Kgoeletso ya Boipuso le rre yo o simolotseng setšhaba sa segompieno sa Albania. [[Setshwantsho:Valona Pinargenti 1573.jpg|left|thumb|Valona Pinargenti]] Magareng ga lekgolo la bo18 le la bo19 la dingwaga, ditlhabololo tsa setso, tse di neng di bolelwa thata ka Ba-Albania ba ba neng ba kokoantse maatla a semoya le a tlhaloganyo, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le Tsosoloso ya Ba-Albania mme Vlorë e ne ya nna setheo sa mokgatlho ono gape ka 1912. Ka Vlorë ka 1912. go pateletsa puso ya Ottoman go fedisa makgetho le go ikobela dikopo tsa marabele.<ref>Pollo, Stefanaq (1984). ''Historia e Shqipërisë: Vitet 30 të shek. XIX-1912'' (in Albanian). Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/165705732 165705732.]</ref> Ka 1851 e ne ya utlwisiwa botlhoko thata ke thoromo ya lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:Vlorë#CITEREFChisholm1911|Chisholm 1911.]]</ref> Setšhaba sa Bajuta sa Yanina se ne sa ntšhwafatsa setšhaba sa Bajuta sa Vlorë mo lekgolong la dingwaga la bolesomerobongwe.<ref>Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010). "The Orthodox Church in Albania Under the Ottoman Rule 15th-19th Century". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). ''Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]''. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 95–96. ISBN <bdi>9783631602959</bdi>.</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele 28, 1912, Ismail Qemali o ne a etelela pele Kgoeletso ya Boipuso ya Albania kwa Vlorë, ka nako ya Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Balkan. Motse o ne wa nna motsemogolo wa ntlha wa Albania morago ga boipuso jwa yone. Tlhaselo ya Vlorë ya 1914 e ne ya diragala ka Ferikgong oo, mme e ne e le leano la nako e khutshwane la go busetsa Albania ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Ottoman.<ref>Tütüncü, Mehmet (2017). [https://www.academia.edu/34583796 <nowiki>"Grebeneli Bekir Fikri Bey Albay Thomson'a Karşi 1914 Avlonya Olayı [Grebeneli Bekir Fikri Bey against Colonel Thomson: The Case of Vlorë 1914]".</nowiki>] ''Düşünce ve Tarih''. '''3''' (31): 40, 42.</ref> Motse ono o ne wa tlhaselwa ke Italy ka 1914 ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe I. Motse ono o ne wa nna o gapilwe ke masole a Italy go fitlha botsuolodi jwa Albania bo pateletsa Bantadiana go tswa mo Albania ka 1920. Italy e ne ya tlhasela Vlorë gape ka 1939. Motse ono o ne wa nna kafa tlase ga go gapiwa ke Italy1nde4. Morago ga moo, Jeremane ya Bonasi e ne ya gapa toropo eno go fitlha ka 1944. Motse ono o ne wa gololwa ka 1944 ke masole a bokomonisi a a neng a eteletswe pele ke Enver Hoxha. '''Albania ya Bokomonisi''' [[Setshwantsho:Ismail Qemali (portrait).jpg|thumb|Ismail Qemali]] Ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe II, Setlhaketlhake sa Sazan se ne sa nna lefelo le go neng go na le lefelo la dikepe tsa ka fa tlase ga metsi tsa Jeremane le Italy le ditlhomo tsa masole a lewatle; ditlhomo tseno di ne tsa bomiwa thata ke Ba-Allies. Morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe II, fa Albania e ne e busiwa ke Mokgatlho wa Bokomonisi, boemakepe jono bo ne jwa hirisediwa Soviet Union gore bo dirisiwe jaaka lefelo la dikepe tse di tsamayang ka fa tlase ga metsi. Ka 1960 le 1961 e ne ya dira jaaka lefelo la bobogelo morago ga tshwetso ya ga Enver Hoxha ya go kgala diphetogo tsa ga Nikita Ba Khrushchev. Vlora le masole a Soviet, mme a kgaola thuso yohle ya moruo, ya sesole le ya sethekniki ya Soviet ho Albania. Matshosetsi ga a ka a dirwa, ka ntlha ya ditiragalo tsa boditšhabatšhaba tse di neng tsa diragala ka nako e le nngwe; segolobogolo Mathata a Dimisaele tsa Cuba. Hoxha, ka go lemoga gore Albania e ne e le mo kotsing morago ga go tlhasela Czechoslovakia ke Tumalano ya Warsaw ka 1968, o ne a laela gore go agiwe dikago tsa konkoreite di le dikete di le makgolokgolo.<ref>Glass, Emily (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=B9AqDwAAQBAJ "Once upon a Time in Ksamil: Communist and Post-Communist Biographies of Mushroom-Shaped Bunkers in Albania"]. In Bennett, Luke (ed.). ''In the Ruins of the Cold War Bunker: Affect, Materiality and Meaning Making''. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 147–150. ISBN <bdi>978-1-78348-735-6</bdi>.</ref> Ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Hoxha, Vlorë e ne e le lefelo le le botlhokwa la go thapa Ba-Sigurimi; tshireletso ya puso ya Albania, botlhodi le tirelo ya sepodisi sa sephiri.<ref>Vickers, Miranda; Pettifer, James (1997) [1997]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9IbgsDdeVxsC ''Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity''. C. Hurst & Co. (published 1999). pp. 47–48. ISBN <bdi>978-1-85065-279-3</bdi>.] <q>Vlora ... was notorious as a recruiting ground for the Sigurimi.</q></ref> Ka 1997, Vlorë e ne e le bogare jwa dikhuduego tsa selegae tsa Albania tsa 1997 morago ga go phutlhama ga dithulaganyo di le mmalwa tsa tsietso tsa go beeletsa tse di neng tsa dira gore puso ya ga Sali Berisha e wele. == Thutafatshe == [[Setshwantsho:Kanina Castle and Vlora Square.jpg|left|thumb|Kanina Castle le Vlora Square]] Pono ya lefelo la go tsamaya la Vlorë le Dithaba tsa Ceraunian tse di kwa morago ga naga Vlorë e mo Lebopong la Vlorë go bapa le Mabopo a Lewatle la Adriatic le la Ionia la Albania kwa karolong e e kwa botlhaba jwa Moedi wa Otranto e e dikologilweng ke dithaba tse di kwa tlase ga Dithaba tsa Ceraunian. E tlhalosiwa mo lefelong la 647.94 km2 (250.17 sq mi), Mmasepala wa Vlorë o akareditswe mo Kgaolong ya Vlorë jaaka karolo ya Kgaolo e e kwa Borwa jwa Albania mme o na le diyuniti tsa tsamaiso tse di bapileng tsa Novoselë, Orikum, Qendër Vlorë, Shushicë<ref>[https://www.vendime.al/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/137-2014.pdf "Law nr. 115/2014]" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6376. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</ref> 5. Mmasepala o simolola kwa molomong wa Vjosë kwa bokone go bapa le Letsha la Narta go ya kwa Llogara Pass kwa borwa.<ref>"Pasaporta e Bashkisë Vlorë" (in Albanian). Porta Vendore. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.</ref> Gape e dikologile Setlhaketlhake sa Karaburun le Setlhaketlhake sa Sazan kwa bophirima mme Noka ya Shushica-Vlorë e bopa molelwane wa yone wa botlhaba.<ref>"Pasaporta e Bashkisë Vlorë" (in Albanian). Porta Vendore. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.</ref> Mafelo a a sireleditsweng a akaretsa Phaka ya Lewatle ya Karaburun-Sazan, Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Llogara le Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Noka ya Naga ya Vjosa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210923144710/http://bashkiavlore.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/VSM-VLORE.pdf "Shërbim Konsulence, për Hartimin e Planeve të Përgjithshme Vendore, për Katër Bashki, Vlorë, Sarandë, Himarë, Konispol"] (PDF) (in Albanian). Bashkia Vlorë. 30 November 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021</ref> Valonia oak, leina la bontsi la dikopi tsa acorn tse di bonwang mo dikgweng tse di bapileng tsa oak mme di dirisiwa ke basugi ba matlalo, le tsere leina la lone go tswa go Valona, ​​leina la bogologolo la Vlorë. == Tsa temothuo == [[Setshwantsho:Vlora,Albania.jpg|thumb|Vlora,Albania]] Go ya ka tlhaolo ya tlelaemete ya Köppen, Vlorë e wela ka fa tlase ga pheriferi ya kgaolo ya tlelaemete e e mogote ya selemo ya Mediterranean (Csa) e e nang le themperetšha ya palogare ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya 16.9 °C (62.4 °F).<ref>[https://en.climate-data.org/europe/albania/vlora/vlora-831/ "Climate: Vlorë".] Climate-Data. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.</ref> Dilemo kwa Vlorë di omile e bile di mogote fa mariga a itemogela dithemphoritšhara tse di magareng le maemo a bosa a a fetogang, a pula.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210924142149/http://www.vlore.climatemps.com/ "Vlore Climate & Temperature"]. ClimaTemps. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.</ref> Kgwedi e e bothitho thata ke Phatwe ka themperetšha e e magareng e e tlhatlogelang kwa go 26.8 °C (80.2 °F). Go farologana le seo, kgwedi e e tsididi thata ke Ferikgong ka themperetšha e e magareng e e welang kwa go 7.9 °C (46.2 °F).<ref>"Climate: Vlorë". Climate-Data. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.</ref> Vlorë e na le tlelaemete e e nang le letsatsi ka palogare ya diura di le 2,745.2 tsa letsatsi ka ngwaga, mme seno se dira gore e nne nngwe ya mafelo a a nang le letsatsi thata mo Mediterranean Botlhaba.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241104005218/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/AB/13600.TXT "Vlore climate Normals for 1961-1990(WMO Station Number: 13600)"]. ''ncei.noaa.gov''. NOAA. Retrieved 23 February 2024.</ref> <ref>Polemio, M.; CNR-IRPI Pambuku, A.; Servizio Geologico di Albania Petrucci, O.; CNR-IRPI. ''The coastal karstic aquifer of Vlora (Albania)''. OCL[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/697554091 C 697554091.]</ref>Phukwi ke kgwedi e e nang le letsatsi thata mo ngwageng ka palogare ya diura di ka nna 12 tsa letsatsi.<ref>https://en.climate-data.org/europe/albania/vlora/vlora-831/</ref> Go farologana le seo, palogare ya diura tsa letsatsi e kwa tlase ga diura di le 7 ka letsatsi ka Ferikgong.<ref>[https://en.climate-data.org/europe/albania/vlora/vlora-831/ "Climate: Vlorë"]. Climate-Data. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.</ref> Mo pakeng ya 1961–1990, ka palogare ka ngwaga, go ne go na le malatsi a le 82 ka pula e e fetang 1 mm (0.039 in), malatsi a le 26 ka ditumo tsa maru, malatsi a le matlhano ka sefako, le letsatsi le le lengwe la go na ga kapoko.<ref>"Vlore climate Normals for 1961-1990(WMO Station Number: 13600)". ''ncei.noaa.gov''. NOAA. Retrieved 23 February 2024.</ref> == Itsholelelo == Pono ya sekepe kwa Boemakepeng jwa Vlorë [[Setshwantsho:Porti i Vlores.jpg|thumb|Porti i Vlores]] Motse wa Vlorë o sa ntse o le boemakepe jo bogolo jwa lewatle le lefelo la kgwebo, le le nang le lekala le le botlhokwa la go tshwara ditlhapi le la madirelo. Kgaolo e e dikologileng e ntsha peterolo, gase ya tlholego, sekontiri le letswai. Motse ono gape ke lefelo la ditlhomo tsa botlhokwa tsa Sesole sa Lewatle sa Albania. E godile ka botlhokwa jaaka lefelo la temothuo le le nang le jalô e kgolo thata ya ditlhare tsa motlhware le tsa maungo, le jaaka lefelo la madirelo a go dira dijo, oli le thomelontle ya sekontiri. Go ya ka hisitori, kgaolo e e dikologileng e ne e le ya temothuo le bodisa, e ntsha di-oats, mmidi, letseta, oli ya motlhware, dikgomo, dinku, matlalo, matlalo le botoro.<ref>[[:en:Vlorë#CITEREFChisholm1911|Chisholm 1911.]]</ref> Dithoto tseno di romelwa kwa ntle. Vlorë ke toropo e e tlhagafetseng e e mo lotshitshing lwa lewatle e e nang le mafaratlhatlha a matlo a a tlhabolotsweng sentle le a segompieno. Motse o fana ka mefuta e fapaneng ya libakeng tsa bolulo ho tloha lebopong le ho ea ka hare ho naha. Vlorë e kgaogantswe ka dikgaolo tse tharo tsa ikonomi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180129182544/http://emerging-europe.com/regions/albania-is-creating-three-free-economic-zones/ "Albania is creating three free economic zones".] ''emerging-europe.com''. 24 August 2015.</ref> Lefelo la Ikonomi le le Lokologileng la TEDA Vlorë le na le lefelo le le siameng, le le bokgakala jwa dikilometara di ka nna 151 go tswa kwa motsemogolong wa Tirana. Tshedimosetso ya Naga le Tikologo e mo lefatsheng le le sephaphathi, le le letswai, le le khurumeditsweng ka bontlhabongwe ke Sekgwa sa Soda. Lefelo leno le siametse tlhabololo ya madirelo le e e sa senyeng tikologo. Ntshetsopele ya Indasteri ka hara mesebetsi e tshwanelehang ya sebaka e ka ntshetswa pele ho TEDA ke: indasteri, tshebetso, kgwebo, polokelo ya thepa, indasteri e bobebe, elektroniki, tlhahiso ya dikarolo tsa dikoloi, le mesebetsi e amanang le boema-kepe. Mmaraka wa Badiri: Tshedimosetso ya semmuso go tswa ka 2014 e begile gore badiri ba ba ka thapiwang kwa Vlora ba le 125,954, mme ba le 84,836 ba bona ba thapilwe ga jaana. 35% ya badiri kwa Vlora ba na le dikirii ya sekolo se segolo, fa 17% e na le dikirii ya yunibesithi. Go ya ka Banka ya Lefatshe, Vlorë e tsere dikgato tse di botlhokwa mo maemong a ikonomi ka 2016. Vlorë e mo maemong a bo 7 mo gare ga ditoropo di le 22 kwa Borwabotlhaba jwa Yuropa mo maemong a a dirilweng ke Setlhopha sa Banka ya Lefatshe.<ref>[http://www.doingbusiness.org/Rankings/south-east-europe "Subnational Economy Rankings - South East Europe - Subnational Doing Business - World Bank Group"]. ''www.doingbusiness.org''. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref> kwa pele ga motsemogolo wa Albania, Tirana, mme gape le Belgrade, Serbia le Sarajevo, kwa Bosnia le Herzegovina. Bojanala jo bo ntseng bo tlhotlheletsa ikonomi ya toropo bo fetogile intaseteri e kgolo mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana, ka dihotele tse dintsi, mafelo a boitlosobodutu, le mabopo a magolo. Motse ono o kgona go bona sentle Bay of Vlorë, e e tsewang e le molelwane o o fa gare ga Lewatle la Adriatic le Lewatle la Ionia. Setlhaketlhake sa Sazan se fa pele ga motse, kwa kgorong ya koung. Italy e bokgakala jwa dikilometara di le 80 fela. Mabopo a lewatle a a gaufi le toropo eno a akaretsa Palasë, Dhermi, Vuno, Himara, Qeparo le Borsh. Ka 2019, Vlorë o ne a umakiwa mo athikeleng ya Financial Times ya 'Mafelo a le matlhano a a tshwanetseng go lebelelwa' e e neng e na le lenaane la mafelo a masha le a a itumedisang a boikhutso go tswa kwa lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/7964db7a-ff18-11e9-a530-16c6c29e70ca "Five destinations to watch — from the Faroe Islands to Pakistan".] ''Financial Times''. 8 November 2019. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 2020-08-31.</ref> Ka Moranang 2024, go ne ga begwa gore Jared Kushner, mokgweetsi le mothusi wa pele wa Moporesitente wa Amerika Donald Trump, o ne a rulagantse go aga lefelo la boikhutso mo toropong e le karolo ya dithulaganyo tsa khamphani ya gagwe, Affinity Partners, go beeletsa kwa Balkans.<ref>Bytyci, Fatos; Goga, Florion (2024-04-04). [https://www.reuters.com/world/jared-kushners-planned-albania-resort-stokes-fear-hope-coastal-town-2024-04-04/ "Jared Kushner's planned Albania resort stokes fear and hope in coastal town"]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved 2024-04-10.</ref> == Mafaratlhatlha == '''Dipalangwa''' Tselakgolo ya SH8 kwa borwa jwa Vlorë e e yang kwa Orikum [[Setshwantsho:Coast south of Vlorë - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Vlore]] Vlorë e mo phashiting ya dipalangwa e e kwa bokone–borwa jwa Albania mme e dirisiwa ke ditsela tse dikgolo le ditsela tse dikgolo tse di golaganyang toropo eno le dikarolo tse dingwe tsa Albania. Tsela e kgolo ya SH8 e e tlang pele ga yone, e e simololang kwa Fier, e golaganya dikgaolo tse di kwa bokone tsa Vlorë le dikgaolo tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa, e tswelela go bapa le Albanian Riviera go ya kwa Sarandë. Tsela e kgolo ya A2 e tsamaya ka go tshwana le SH8 go tswa kwa Fier go ya kwa Vlorë mme e fela morago ga go tsena mo toropong kwa bokone. Fa e sena go wediwa, tsela e e fapogang ya Vlorë e tla golaganya tsela e kgolo ya A2 e e fetang mo metsesetoropong ya Vlorë le tsela e kgolo ya SH8.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170222055150/https://www.arrsh.gov.al/projekte-me-finacim-te-huaj-donacione/sinjalistike-rrugore-2/bypass-i-vlores "Bypass-i Vlorës"] (in Albanian). Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2021.</ref> <ref>Gjonaj, Arlinda (15 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210622175135/https://ata.gov.al/2020/06/15/kete-jave-nis-asfaltimi-i-bypass-it-te-vlores-rama-brenda-muajit-hapet-gara-nderkombetare-per-korridorin-blu/ "Këtë javë nis asfaltimi i bypass-it të Vlorës/ Rama: Brenda muajit hapet gara ndërkombëtare për 'Korridorin Blu'"] (in Albanian). Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare (ATA). Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.</ref> Vlorë e direlwa ke Boemakepe jwa Vlorë, e leng boemakepe jwa bobedi jo bo tlhanaselang thata mo Albania, jo bo kwa karolong e e kwa bokone ya lebopo la toropo eno. Seteišene sa terena sa Vlorë ke pheletso e e kwa borwa ya mola wa terena wa Durrës-Vlorë o o golaganyang Vlorë le Durrës le mafaratlhatlha otlhe a terena a Albania. E ne ya bulwa ka 1985 fa seporo se ne se atolosiwa go tswa kwa Fier go ya kwa Vlorë.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161017114052/http://www.t669.net/hekurudha_shqiptare.html "History of Hekurudha Shqiptare (in Albanian)".] Archived from the original on 2016-10-17. Retrieved 21 June 2020.</ref> Tirelo e e lekanyeditsweng thata e ne ya nna e dira go fitlha ka 2015,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120422103414/http://www.europetrainsguide.com/Countries/Albania/Albania-HSH.html "Europe Trains Guide"]. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</ref> mme ga jaana ditirelo tsa bapagami ga di tlhole di tsamaya kwa borwa jwa Fier.<ref>[http://www.johndarm.clara.net/Europhots/Albania.htm "Albania Railway Photographs"]. Retrieved 20 October 2017.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, khamphani ya poraefete ya terena, Albrail, e ne ya simolola go dirisa diterena tsa dithoto go tswa kwa Fier go ya kwa Vlorë ka 2018.<ref>[http://albrail.al/en/rreth-nesh/ "About Albrail".] Albrail. Retrieved 21 June 2020.</ref> Boemafofane jwa Boditšhabatšhaba jwa Vlorë ke porojeke e e tshitshintsweng ya tlhabololo ya boemafofane e e agiwang ga jaana jaaka karolo ya leano la Albania la go oketsa dikgolagano tsa dipalangwa go ya kwa mafelong a a kwa borwa jwa Albania.<ref>[https://kryeministria.al/newsroom/aeroporti-i-ri-nderkombetar-i-vlores/ "Aeroporti i ri ndërkombëtar i Vlorës"] (in Albanian). Kryeministria. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.</ref> Lefelo le le tshitshintsweng la boemelafofane le kwa motseng wa Akërni mo teng ga Lefelo le le Sireleditsweng la Vjosa-Narta kwa bokone jwa Vlorë, le le neng la kgalwa ke batho ba le bantsi.<ref>[https://www.iucn.org/news/eastern-europe-and-central-asia/201803/new-airport-near-narta-lagoon-albania "New airport near the Narta Lagoon, Albania".] International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 7 March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.</ref> Kago e ne ya simololwa semmuso ka la bo 28 Ngwanaitseele 2021, mme e na le letlha le le ikaeletsweng la go wediwa la Moranang 2024.<ref>[https://albaniandailynews.com/news/pm-rama-announces-start-of-works-for-vlora-airport "PM Rama announces start of works for Vlora Airport"]. ''Albanian Daily News''.</ref> <ref>[https://kryeministria.al/newsroom/gati-projekti-per-aeroportin-nderkombetar-te-vlores/ "Gati projekti për aeroportin ndërkombëtar të Vlorës"] (in Albanian). Kryeministria. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.</ref>Boemafofane gape bo na le dithulaganyo tsa go akaretsa boemeladikepe le lefelo la bojanala jwa temothuo.[citation needed] '''Lefelo la matlakala''' Mo pakeng ya 2020–2024, toropo e ne e tlhaselwa ke melelo nako le nako kwa lefelong la go latlhela matlakala la selegae. Lefelo leno la go latlhela matlakala le le tsewang le le kotsi ke balaodi ba selegae, le ne le tshwanetse go tswalwa ka Seetebosigo 2021, ka gonne go ne go solofetswe gore lefelo le lesha la go latlhela matlakala le simolole go dira. Letlha la bofelo la go bula ya morago le buseditswe morago gangwe le gape, mme kago ya yone e e tswelelang e eme.<ref>Ziaj, Jerola (26 July 2024). [https://www.reporter.al/2024/07/26/tymi-i-plehrave-mbulon-vloren-ne-mes-te-sezonit-turistik/ "Tymi i plehrave mbulon Vlorën në mes të sezonit turistik"]. ''Reporter.al'' (in Albanian).</ref><ref>[https://lapsi.al/2024/07/27/tymi-i-zi-mbulon-vloren-ende-aktiv-zjarri-ne-fushen-e-plehrave/ "Tymi i zi mbulon Vlorën, ende aktiv zjarri në fushën e plehrave".] ''Lapsi.al'' (in Albanian). 27 July 2024.</ref> '''Thuto''' Vlora ke legae la yunibesithi ya bobedi e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe kwa Albania. Yunibesithi ya Vlora e ne ya tlhongwa ka 1994 e le yunibesithi ya thekenoloji. E ntse e tlhomile mogopolo mo thekenolojing, mme e atologile mo dikarolong tsa ikonomi le tsa madi, thuto, bongaka, le molao. Go na le dimakasine di le tharo tse di kwa Yunibesithing ya Vlora. Gape go na le lekwalodikgang la saense le le gatisiwang kotara le kotara ka Se-Albania: Buletini Shkencor i Yunibesithi ya Vlorës. Fa e sale ka 2008 ke legae la Lekwalodikgang la Boditšhabatšhaba la Saense la Academicus,<ref>Musaraj, Arta (2019). "Academicus - In the name of Science" (PDF). ''Academicus International Scientific Journal''. '''20''': 10–11. doi:10.7336/academicus.2019.20.01. ISSN 2079-3715.</ref>kgatiso ya saense e e sekasekilweng ke balekane ka puo ya Seesemane e e tlhomilweng ke Arta Musaraj.<ref>[http://www.academicus.edu.al/ "Official website of Academicus International Scientific Journal".]</ref> Ntle le yunibesithi ya puso go na le diyunibesiti tse pedi tsa poraefete, e leng Yunibesithi ya Pavarësia Vlorë le Akademia le Thuto ya Aplikuara "Reald", e e simolotseng e le sekolo se se potlana le sekolo se segolo, mme fa e sale ka 2011 e dira gape jaaka yunibesithi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160126085052/http://www.aaal.edu.al/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=596&Itemid=306&lang=en "Private Higher Education Institutions in Albania"]. Archived from the original on 2016-01-26. Retrieved 2013-02-04.</ref> == Temokerafi == Go ya ka phopholetso ya Setheo sa Dipalopalo go tswa mo palong ya batho ya 2011, go ne go na le batho ba le 79,513 ba ba nnang kwa Vlorë le ba le 104,827 kwa mmasepaleng wa Vlorë, e leng toropo ya boraro e e nang le batho ba le bantsi le mmasepala wa botlhano o o nang le batho ba le bantsi thata wa Albania.<ref>Nurja, Ines. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200613143022/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/3070/12__vlore.pdf "Censusi i popullsisë dhe banesave/ Population and Housing Census–Vlorë (2011)"] (PDF). Tirana: Institute of Statistics (INSTAT). p. 85. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2021.</ref> <ref>[https://portavendore.al/bashkia-vlore/pasaporta-e-bashkise-vlore/ "Pasaporta e Bashkisë Vlorë"] (in Albanian). Porta Vendore. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.</ref>Kitlano ya baagi e e fopholediwang ya Mmasepala wa Vlorë e ne e le baagi ba le 169.9 ka sekwere sa kilometara. <ref>[https://portavendore.al/bashkia-vlore/pasaporta-e-bashkise-vlore/ "Pasaporta e Bashkisë Vlorë"] (in Albanian). Porta Vendore. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.</ref>Baagi ba Vlorë ba ne ba oketsegile go tswa go 71,662 ka 1989 go ya go 79,513 ka 2011, fa phokotsego ya baagi ba Mmasepala wa Vlorë go tswa go 114,497 go ya go 104,827 e ne ya tlhomololwa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210923144710/http://bashkiavlore.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/VSM-VLORE.pdf "Shërbim Konsulence, për Hartimin e Planeve të Përgjithshme Vendore, për Katër Bashki, Vlorë, Sarandë, Himarë, Konispol"] (PDF) (in Albanian). Bashkia Vlorë. 30 November 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.</ref> Molaotheo o tlhalosa Albania jaaka naga ya lefatshe e e senang bodumedi jwa semmuso. E netefatsa kgololesego ya bodumedi, tumelo le segakolodi mme e thibela go tlhaola ka ntlha ya ditumelo tsa bodumedi kgotsa ditiro.<ref>[https://www.osce.org/albania/41888 "Constitution of the Republic of Albania".] Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> Vlorë e na le bodumedi jo bo farologaneng mme e na le mafelo a mantsi a kobamelo a a thusang batho ba yone ba bodumedi, ba ka tlwaelo e leng balatedi ba Boiselamo, Bokeresete le Bojuda. Mo lekgolong la bo19 le la bo20 la dingwaga, Mamoseleme a a buang Se-Albania e ne e le bontsi jwa batho ba Vlorë fa go ne go na le palo e nnye ya malapa a a buang Segerika, Ba-Orthodox ba Albania, Bajuta, le palo e nnye le go feta ya Bakatoliki.<ref>Kokolakis, Mihalis (2003). ''Το ύστερο Γιαννιώτικο Πασαλίκι: χώρος, διοίκηση και πληθυσμός στην τουρκοκρατούμενη Ηπειρο (1820–1913) [The late Pashalik of Ioannina: Space, administration and population in Ottoman ruled Epirus (1820–1913)]''. EIE-ΚΝΕ. p.52. "β. Ο διεσπαρμένος ελληνόφωνος πληθυσμός περιλάμβανε... και μικρό αριθμό οικογενειών στα αστικά κέντρα του Αργυροκάστρου και της Αυλώνας. [b. The scattered Greek-speaking population included ... and a small number of families in the cities of Gjirokastra and Vlora.]"; p. 53. "και την ακόμη ολιγομελέστερη ομάδα των Καθολικών της Αυλώνας [and even group of Catholics in Vlora]"; p. 54. "Η μουσουλμανική κοινότητα της Ηπείρου, με εξαίρεση τους μικρούς αστικούς πληθυσμούς των νότιων ελληνόφωνων περιοχών, τους οποίους προαναφέραμε, και τις δύο με τρεις χιλιάδες διεσπαρμένους «Τουρκόγυφτους», απαρτιζόταν ολοκληρωτικά από αλβανόφωνους, και στα τέλη της Τουρκοκρατίας κάλυπτε τα ¾ περίπου του πληθυσμού των αλβανόφωνων περιοχών και περισσότερο από το 40% του συνόλου. [The Muslim community in Epirus, with the exception of small urban populations of the southern Greek-speaking areas, which we mentioned, and 2-3000 dispersed "Muslim Romani", consisted entirely of Albanian speakers, and in the late Ottoman period covered approximately ¾ of population ethnic Albanian speaking areas and more than 40% of the total area."; pp. 370, 374.</ref> Ka 1994 batho ba morafe wa Bagerika ba toropo eno ba ne ba le 8 000. Sekolo sa Segerika se ne se dira mo toropong ka 1741. == Setso == [[Setshwantsho:The monument of Independence in Vlorë (Vlora).jpg|thumb]] Vlorë e akareditswe ka thutafatshe le ka setso mo kgaolong ya hisitori ya Labëria, e e tswang kwa Mabopong a Lewatle la Adriatic le Ionian la Albania go ya kwa kgaolong e e dithaba ya borwabotlhaba jwa Albania. Labëria e tlhomologile ka setso sa yona se se tlhaolegileng, dipopego tsa naga le dingwao mme e itsege jaaka lefelo la botsalo jwa mmino wa medumo e mentsi ya Albania, o o goeleditsweng ke UNESCO jaaka Tiro ya Botswerere ya Boswa jwa Molomo le jo bo sa Tshwaregeng jwa Batho.<ref>"Albanian folk iso-polyphony". [[:en:United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)]]. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.</ref> Bontsi jwa baagi ba Albania ba Vlorë ba bua puo ya Lab ya Se-Albania sa Tosk se se kwa borwa se se farologaneng le dipuo tse dingwe tsa Se-Albania. Bogare jwa hisitori jwa Vlorë kwa Mmileng wa ga Justin Godart Vlorë ke legae la mafelo a mantsi a setso le a hisitori a le one a amanang le go tlhongwa ga Albania. Sefikantswe sa Boipuso se mo Sekwereng sa Folaga mme se gopola boipuso jwa Albania go tswa mo Pusong ya Ottoman.<ref>[http://vlora.gov.al/turizem/informacion-per-vizitoret/ "Çfarë të vizitoni"] (in Albanian). Bashkia Vlorë. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.</ref> Musiamo wa Boipuso o mo kagong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga, kwa borre ba ba simolotseng Albania ba neng ba saena Kgoeletso ya Boipuso gone.[83] Mathule a yone a tsewa e le letshwao la kgololesego, phenyo le go itsetsepela ga Ba-Albania go thibela go gapiwa ga naga ya bone.<ref>[http://vlora.gov.al/events/muzeume/ "Muzeumet e Vlorës"] (in Albanian). Bashkia Vlorë. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.</ref> E fitlhelwa mo ntlong e kgolo ya lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga, Musiamo wa Ethnographic o o gaufi le Musiamo wa Boipuso o bontsha boswa jwa ethnographic jwa Vlorë le kgaolo e e e dikologileng.<ref>"Muzeumet e Vlorës" (in Albanian). Bashkia Vlorë. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.</ref> Musiamo wa Hisetori kwa Mmileng wa Perlat Rexhepi ke musiamo o mongwe o o bontshang gareng ga tse dingwe dilo tsa botaki go tswa kwa mafelong a a gaufi a baepi ba bogologolo a Ba-Illyria le Bagerika ba Bogologolo.<ref>"Muzeumet e Vlorës" (in Albanian). Bashkia Vlorë. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.</ref> Musiamo o o neetsweng baagi ba hisitori ba Bajuda ba Vlorë o rulagantswe go bulwa mo bogareng jwa hisitori ya Vlorë.<ref>Alla, Adela (9 August 2020). "Në zonën e rilindur të Vlorës së shpejti dhe Muzeu i Shpëtimit të Hebrenjve" (in Albanian). Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare (ATA). Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.</ref> Gareng ga mafelo a a tlhomologileng thata a bodumedi kwa Vlorë ke Mosque wa Muradie o o agilweng mo lekgolong la bo16 la dingwaga kwa Mmileng wa Sadik Zotaj le Kereke ya Saint Aloysius Gonzaga le Mary go tswa mo lekgolong la bo19 la dingwaga kwa Mmileng wa Kristoforidhi.<ref>"Çfarë të vizitoni" (in Albanian). Bashkia Vlorë. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.</ref> Mafelo a a tlhomologileng a setso mo Mmasepaleng wa Vlorë a akaretsa Kago ya Segosi ya Kaninë, Kereke ya Marmiroi, Setlhaketlhake sa Sazan, Setlhaketlhake sa Zvërnec, Letsha la Narta mmogo le mafelo a boepi jwa bogologolo a Amantia le Oricum.<ref>"Çfarë të vizitoni" (in Albanian). Bashkia Vlorë. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.</ref> Setlhopha sa bogologolo le se se ratiwang thata sa karolo ya ntlha se se kwa Vlorë ke setlhopha sa kgwele ya dinao sa KS Flamurtari Vlorë. Flamurtari e tshameka kwa Setadiamong sa Flamurtari mo gare ga Vlorë gaufi le Sekwere sa Boipuso. == Metswedi == anmravgfgx0o93mra7v5odse3xe46ho 0 10853 57028 50937 2026-11-08T00:18:32Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|group=African diaspora|flag=File:Flag of the UNIA.svg|flag_caption=Flag of [[Pan-Africanism]]|image=Map of the African Diaspora in the World.svg|caption=World map of African diaspora|region1={{flagcountry|Brazil}}|pop1=[[Afro-Brazilians|20,656,458–112,739,744]] (2022){{efn|In the [[2022 Brazilian census]], 20,656,458 Brazilians self-identified as ''preto'' (black), while 92,083,286 identified as ''pardo'' (brown), a category that designates individuals of mixed racial ancestry. There is debate over whether all ''pardos'' have African ancestry. While some pardos may have mixed heritage without African descent, this is considered marginal as the majority have some degree of African ancestry.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Reiter |first1=Bernd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idyIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT275|title=Routledge Handbook of Afro-Latin American Studies |last2=Sánchez |first2=John Antón |date=2022-11-08 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-68546-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Afro-Brazilians |url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/afro-brazilians/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Minority Rights Group International |quote=<small>An estimated 91 million Brazilians are of African ancestry, according to the 2010 census, which found that more than half (50.7 per cent) of the Brazilian population now identified as preto (black) or pardo (mixed ethnicity).</small>}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maioria da população do Brasil se declara parda |url=https://www.ufrn.br/imprensa/noticias/77639/maioria-da-populacao-do-brasil-se-declara-parda |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte |quote=<small>(Translated) The figures show that 45.3% of the population of the country declared themselves brown; 43.5% declared themselves white, 10.2% black, 0.8% indigenous and 0.4% yellow. In the sum, 56.7% of Brazilians are non-white, of these, 55.5% are afrodescendant.</small>}}</ref>}}|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tabela 9605: População residente, por cor ou raça, nos Censos Demográficos |url=https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/9605#resultado |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=sidra.ibge.gov.br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Afro-Brazilians |url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/afro-brazilians/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Minority Rights Group International |quote=<small>An estimated 91 million Brazilians are of African ancestry, according to the 2010 census, which found that more than half (50.7 per cent) of the Brazilian population now identified as preto (black) or pardo (mixed ethnicity).</small>}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maioria da população do Brasil se declara parda |url=https://www.ufrn.br/imprensa/noticias/77639/maioria-da-populacao-do-brasil-se-declara-parda |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte |quote=<small>(Translated) The figures show that 45.3% of the population of the country declared themselves brown; 43.5% declared themselves white, 10.2% black, 0.8% indigenous and 0.4% yellow. In the sum, 56.7% of Brazilians are non-white, of these, 55.5% are afrodescendant.</small>}}</ref>|region2={{flagcountry|United States}}|pop2=[[African Americans|41,104,200–46,936,733]] (2020)|ref2=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |date=August 12, 2021 |access-date=April 26, 2022 |publisher=[[US Census Bureau]]}}</ref>|region3={{flagcountry|Haiti}}|pop3=[[Afro-Haitians|11,200,000]] (2023)|ref3=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/547499-HAITI-2023-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf|title=HAITI 2023 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT|website=www.state.gov}}</ref>|region4={{flagcountry|France}}|pop4=[[Black French people|8,000,000-10,000,000]]|ref4=<ref>{{citation|url=https://qz.com/283120/dont-believe-anyone-in-france-who-says-they-dont-see-race|title=Don't believe anyone in France who says they don't see race|date=21 October 2014|accessdate=21 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/132911/archives-thematique/combien-sont-ils/|title=Combien sont-ils ?|date=2 April 2007|accessdate=21 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.alternatives-economiques.fr/combien-y-a-t-de-noirs-france/00057884|title=Combien y a-t-il de Noirs en France ?|date=1 April 2008|accessdate=21 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1887106,00.html|first=Bruce|last=Crumley|title=Should France Count Its Minority Population?|magazine=Time|date=24 March 2009|accessdate=11 October 2014|archivedate=8 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808014355/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1887106,00.html}}</ref>|region5={{flagcountry|Colombia}}|pop5=[[Afro-Colombians|4,671,160–7,800,000]] (2018)|ref5=<ref>{{cite web|title=visibilización estadística de los gruposétnicos|url=https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/geovisores/sociedad/cnpv-2018/?lt=4.456007353293281&lg=-73.2781601239999&z=5|work=Censo General 2018|publisher=Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE)|access-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816231845/https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/geovisores/sociedad/cnpv-2018/?lt=4.456007353293281&lg=-73.2781601239999&z=5|archive-date=16 August 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>|region6={{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}|pop6=[[Afro-Saudis|3,600,000]]|ref6=<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Saudi-Arabia| access-date=25 March 2017 |year=2017}}</ref>|region7={{flagcountry|Yemen}}|pop7=[[Afro-Yemenis (disambiguation)|3,500,000]]|ref7=<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 29, 2014|title=Yemen's Al-Akhdam face brutal oppression – CNN iReport|url=http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-999239|access-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129084527/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-999239|archive-date=November 29, 2014}}</ref>|region8={{flagcountry|Mexico}}|pop8=[[Afro-Mexicans|2,576,213]] (2020)|ref8=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/productos/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/nueva_estruc/702825198060.pdf|language=es|title=Principales resultados del Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020|website=inegi.org.mx|access-date=3 March 2024|archive-date=April 20, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420074127/https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/productos/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/nueva_estruc/702825198060.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>|region9={{flagcountry|Jamaica}}|pop9=[[Afro-Jamaicans|2,510,000]]|ref9=<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jamaica – People|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jamaica|access-date=April 27, 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>|region10={{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}|pop10=[[Black British people|2,485,724]] (2021)|ref10=<ref name=2021censusUK>{{cite web|url= https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/bulletins/ethnicgroupenglandandwales/census2021|title= 2021 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom|publisher= Office for National Statistics|date= November 11, 2022|access-date= February 28, 2022}}</ref>|region11={{flagcountry|Iraq}}|pop11=[[Afro-Iraqis|2,000,000]]|ref11=<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5a53600d7.html | title=Refworld &#124; World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Iraq : Black Iraqis }}</ref>|region12={{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}|pop12=[[Afro-Dominicans|1,704,000]] (2017)<br>[[Mulatto|8,000,000]](Mixed)|ref12=<ref>{{cite web | title = The ethnicity of the Dominican population |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Dominican-Republic/Settlement-patterns#ref54434}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Ethnic groups of the Dominican Republic|date=April 25, 2017|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-of-the-dominican-republic.html}}</ref>|region13={{flagcountry|Panama}}|pop13=[[Afro-Panamanians|1,258,915]] (2023)|ref13=<ref name=Panama>{{cite web|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/panam%C3%A1-censo_el-32-8---de-la-poblaci%C3%B3n-de-panam%C3%A1-se-reconoce-como-afrodescendiente/48328376 |title=El 32,8 % de la población de Panamá se reconoce como afrodescendiente|date=March 2023 }}</ref>|region14={{flagcountry|Spain}}|pop14=[[Afro-Spaniards|1,206,701]]{{efn|79% being North African}}|ref14=<ref>{{Cite web|title=Población extranjera por país de nacionalidad, edad (grupos quinquenales) y sexo|url=https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=9691|access-date=December 17, 2022|archive-date=October 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025102106/https://ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=9691|url-status=dead}}</ref>|region15={{flagcountry|Canada}}|pop15=[[Black Canadians|1,547,870]]|ref15=<ref>{{cite web |last1=Government of Canada |first1=Statistics Canada |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada [Country] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |access-date=6 November 2017 |date=9 February 2022}}</ref>|region16={{flagcountry|Italy}}|pop16=[[African emigrants to Italy|1,140,000]]{{efn|60% being North African}}|ref16=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.neodemos.info/2019/11/12/africani-ditalia/ |title=Africani d'Italia |website=Neodemos |date=November 12, 2019 |author=Fabrizio Ciocca |language=Italian}}</ref>|region17={{flagcountry|Venezuela}}|pop17=[[Afro-Venezuelans|1,087,427]] (2011)|ref17=<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 2014|title=XIV Censo National de Poblacion y Vivienda|url=http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf|access-date=April 27, 2021|archive-date=August 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805193838/http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>|region18={{flagcountry|Cuba}}|pop18=[[Afro-Cubans|1,034,044]]|ref18=<ref>{{Cite web|title=Población por sexo y zona de residencia según grupos de edades y color de la piel|url=http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20140428informenacional/46_tabla_II_4.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603230454/http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20140428informenacional/46_tabla_II_4.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=April 27, 2021|archive-date=June 3, 2014}}</ref>|region19={{flagcountry|Germany}}|pop19=[[Afro-Germans|1,000,000]]|ref19=<ref>{{cite web|title=Zu Besuch in Neger und Mohrenkirch: Können Ortsnamen rassistisch sein?|url=https://www.focus.de/wissen/mensch/sprache/es-gibt-einige-die-entsetzt-waren-zu-besuch-in-neger-und-mohrenkirch-koennen-ortsnamen-rassistisch-sein_id_12824108.html|quote=Rund eine Million schwarzer Menschen leben laut ISD hierzulande.|trans-quote=About one million black people are living in this country according to ISD.}}</ref>|region20={{flagcountry|Peru}}|pop20=[[Black Peruvians|828,894]] (2017)|ref20=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1642/cap03_03.pdf|title=La Autoidentificación Étnica: Población Indígena y Afroperuana.| page = 123|language=es|date=2018|access-date=January 16, 2024}}</ref>|region21={{flagcountry|Oman}}|pop21=[[Afro-Arabs|750,000]]|ref21=|region22={{flagcountry|Ecuador}}|pop22=[[Afro-Ecuadorians|569,212]] (2022)<br>[[Mulatto|245,256]] (Mixed)|ref22=<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|date=September 2, 2011|title=Población del país es joven y mestiza, dice censo del INEC|url=https://www.eluniverso.com/2011/09/02/1/1356/poblacion-pais-joven-mestiza-dice-censo-inec.html|access-date=April 27, 2021|website=El Universo|language=es}}</ref>|region23={{flagcountry|Netherlands}}|pop23=[[Afro-Dutch people|507,000]]|ref23=|region24={{flagcountry|Trinidad and Tobago}}|pop24=[[Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians|452,536]]|ref24=<ref>{{cite web|url= https://guardian.co.tt/sites/default/files/story/2011_DemographicReport.pdf|title= Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census: Demographic Report|page= 94|publisher= Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Central Statistical Office|year= 2012|access-date= August 20, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171019211618/https://guardian.co.tt/sites/default/files/story/2011_DemographicReport.pdf|archive-date= October 19, 2017|url-status=dead|df= mdy-all}}</ref>|region25={{flagcountry|Belgium}}|pop25=[[Black Belgians|358,268]] (2023)|ref25=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origin {{!}} Statbel |url=https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/population/structure-population/origin#figures |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=statbel.fgov.be}}</ref>|region26={{flagcountry|Australia}}|pop26=[[African Australians|326,673]] (2021)|ref26=<ref name="censusdata.abs.gov.au">{{Cite web|url=http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_ERP_COB_MAG_SEXRATIO#|title=ABS Statistics|website=stat.data.abs.gov.au|date=November 25, 2021|access-date=April 22, 2020|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728212457/http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_ERP_COB_MAG_SEXRATIO|url-status=dead}}</ref>|region27={{flagcountry|Portugal}}|pop27=[[Afro-Portuguese people |up to ~ 700,000]]|ref27={{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}|region28={{flagcountry|Argentina}}|pop28=[[Afro-Argentines|302,936]] (2022)|ref28=<ref name='Censo 2022'>{{cite news |access-date=8 March 2024 |agency=INDEC |title=Censo 2022 |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel4-Tema-2-41-165}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>|region29={{flagcountry|Sweden}}|pop29=[[African immigrants to Sweden|283,695]] (2024)|ref29=<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning-och-levnadsforhallanden/befolkningens-sammansattning-och-utveckling/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/utrikes-fodda--medborgarskap-och-utlandsksvensk-bakgrund/befolkning-efter-fodelseland-och-ursprungsland-31-december-2024-totalt/|title=Befolkning efter födelseland och ursprungsland, 31 december 2024, totalt|journal=Utrikes födda, medborgarskap och utländsk/Svensk bakgrund|language=sv|trans-title=Foreign-born, citizenship and foreign/Swedish background|date=December 2024|publisher=Statistiska centralbyrån}}</ref>|region30={{flagcountry|Barbados}}|pop30=[[Afro-Barbadians|270,853]]|ref30=<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210123091149/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/barbados/ Barbados]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref>|region31={{flagcountry|Pakistan}}|pop31=[[Siddi|250,000]]|ref31=<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paracha|first=Nadeem F.|date=August 26, 2018|title=Smokers' corner: Sindh's African roots|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1428950|access-date=April 27, 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref>|region32={{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}|pop32=[[Afro–Puerto Ricans|228,711]]|ref32=<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/puerto-rico-population-change-between-census-decade.html | title=Puerto Rico Population Declined 11.8% from 2010 to 2020 }}</ref>|region33={{flagcountry|Guyana}}|pop33=[[Afro-Guyanese|225,860]]|ref33=<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Chapter2_Population_Composition.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=October 23, 2017 |archive-date=July 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721084856/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Chapter2_Population_Composition.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>|region34={{flagcountry|Suriname}}|pop34=[[Afro-Surinamese|200,406]]|ref34=<ref>{{cite web |url= http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Suriname/SUR-Census2012-vol1.pdf |title= Censusstatistieken 2012 |website= Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek in Suriname (General Statistics Bureau of Suriname) |page= 76 |access-date= October 23, 2017 |archive-date= March 5, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071544/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Suriname/SUR-Census2012-vol1.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|format= XLS|url= http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/cuadrosDefinitivos/Total_pais/P42-Total_pais.xls|title= Cuadro P42. Total del país. Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según grupo de edad. Año 2010|trans-title= Table P42. Total for the country. Afro-descendant population in private households by sex, according to age group, 2010|language= es|website= [[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina|INDEC]]|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193258/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/cuadrosDefinitivos/Total_pais/P42-Total_pais.xls|archive-date= October 29, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|format= XLS|url= http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/cuadrosDefinitivos/Total_pais/P43-Total_pais.xls|title= Cuadro P43. Total del país. Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según lugar de nacimiento. Año 2010|trans-title= Table P43. Total for the country. Afro-descendant population in private homes by sex, according to place of birth, 2010|language= es|website= [[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina|INDEC]]|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140418145946/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/cuadrosDefinitivos/Total_pais/P43-Total_pais.xls|archive-date= April 18, 2014}}</ref>|region35={{flagcountry|Chile}}|pop35=[[Afro-Chileans|195,809]] (2017){{efn|Including [[Haitian Chileans|Haitian]] immigrants}}|ref35=<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |date=November 2018 |periodical=Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas |title=Medición de Pueblos Indígenas y Afrodescendientes en el Censo de Población y Vivienda 2017 |url=https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/presentations/03_magdalena_iraguen_ine_chile.pdf}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2018/04/09/901867/Extranjeros-en-Chile-superan-el-millon-110-mil-y-el-72-se-concentra-en-dos-regiones-Antofagasta-y-Metropolitana.html|title=Extranjeros en Chile superan el millón 110 mil y el 72% se concentra en dos regiones: Antofagasta y Metropolitana|publisher=El Mercurio|date=9 April 2018|access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref>|region36={{flagcountry|Uruguay}}|pop36=[[Afro-Uruguayans|149,689]] (2011)|ref36=<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2021 |title=La población afro-uruguaya en el Censo 2011 |url=https://www.ine.gub.uy/documents/10181/34017/Atlas_fasciculo_2_Afrouruguayos.pdf/ec7ecb3f-ca0a-4071-b05f-28fdc20c94e2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307090250/https://www.ine.gub.uy/documents/10181/34017/Atlas_fasciculo_2_Afrouruguayos.pdf/ec7ecb3f-ca0a-4071-b05f-28fdc20c94e2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2021 |language=es}} [https://www.ine.gub.uy/documents/10181/34017/Atlas_fasciculo_2_Afrouruguayos.pdf/ec7ecb3f-ca0a-4071-b05f-28fdc20c94e2 Alt URL]</ref>|region37={{flagcountry|Norway}}|pop37=[[African immigration to Norway|144,510]] (2025)|ref37=<ref name="ssb">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/innvandrere/statistikk/innvandrere-og-norskfodte-med-innvandrerforeldre |title=Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents |language=Norwegian |access-date=2025-07-09 }}</ref>|region38={{flagcountry|Grenada}}|pop38=[[Afro-Grenadians|108,700]]|ref38=<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/grenada/ |title= Grenada |website= The World Factbook |publisher= Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) |access-date= May 3, 2021 |archive-date= August 11, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220811231159/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/grenada/ |url-status= dead }}</ref>|region39={{flagcountry|Turkey}}|pop39=[[Afro-Turks|100,000]]|ref39=<ref name="trthaber.com">{{Cite web|title=İstanbul'da yaşayan Afrikalıların sayısı 70 bine yakın. Ten renklerinden ötürü ötekileştirilmiyor olmak onları Türkiye'ye bağlıyor.|url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/yasam/esenyurtun-afrikali-gocmenleri-538129.html|url-status=live|access-date=October 26, 2021|website=www.trthaber.com|date=December 13, 2020 |language=tr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213134049/https://www.trthaber.com/haber/yasam/esenyurtun-afrikali-gocmenleri-538129.html |archive-date=December 13, 2020 }}</ref>|region40={{flagcountry|Finland}}|pop40=[[African diaspora in Finland|70,592]] (2023)|ref40=<ref name="finland-1">{{cite web |url=https://statfin.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rv.px/ |title=11rv -- Origin and background country by sex, by municipality, 1990-2023 |website=[[Statistics Finland]] |access-date=September 29, 2024 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007212017/https://statfin.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rv.px/ |url-status=dead }}{{br|2}}Note:{{br|2}}{{cite web |url=https://stat.fi/meta/kas/syntypera_ja_ta_en.html |title=Origin and background country |website=[[Statistics Finland]] |access-date=September 29, 2024 |quote=Origin and background country&nbsp;...&nbsp;All such persons who have at least one parent who was born in Finland are also considered to be persons with Finnish background.&nbsp;...&nbsp;Persons whose both parents or the only known parent have been born abroad are considered to be persons with foreign background.&nbsp;...&nbsp;If either parent's country of birth is unknown, the background country for persons born abroad is their own country of birth.&nbsp;...&nbsp;For children adopted from abroad, the adoptive parents are regarded as the biological parents. }}{{br|2}}I.e., according to [[Statistics Finland]], people in Finland:<br />{{•}} whose both parents are African-born,<br />{{•}} or whose only known parent was born in Africa,<br />{{•}} or who were born in Africa and whose parents' countries of birth are unknown.{{br|2}}Thus, for example, people with one Finnish parent and one African parent or people with more distant African ancestry are not included in this country-based non-ethnic figure.<br />Also, African-born adoptees' backgrounds are determined by their adoptive parents, not by their biological parents.</ref>|region41={{flagcountry|Jordan}}|pop41=[[Afro-Arabs|60,000]]|ref41=<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140724014025/http://www.africanviews.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=105 Jordan</ref>|region42={{flagcountry|Russia}}|pop42=[[Afro-Russians|50,000]]|ref42=<ref>Gribanova, Lyubov [https://web.archive.org/web/20081104180141/http://www.nashi-deti.ru/articles/15/ "Дети-метисы в России: свои среди чужих"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104180141/http://www.nashi-deti.ru/articles/15/|date=November 4, 2008}} (in Russian). Nashi Deti Project. Retrieved February 25, 2010.</ref> (est. 2009)|region43={{flagcountry|Costa Rica}}|pop43=[[Afro-Costa Ricans|45,228]] (2018)<br>[[Mulatto|289,209]] (Mixed)|ref43=<ref>{{cite web|title=Costa Rica: Población total por autoidentificación étnica-racial, según provincia y sexo. (Spanish)|url=http://www.inec.go.cr/social/grupos-etnicos-raciales|website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (Costa Rica)|access-date=2016-11-19}}</ref>|region44={{flagcountry|Guatemala}}|pop44=[[Afro-Guatemalans|27,647]] (2018)<br>[[Garifuna|19,529]] (Mixed)|ref44=<ref name="censopoblacion.gt">{{cite web |url=https://www.censopoblacion.gt/mapas |title=Portal de Resultados del Censo 2018 |publisher=Censopoblacion.gt |date= |accessdate=2022-04-14 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217015625/https://www.censopoblacion.gt/mapas |url-status=live }}</ref>|region45={{flagcountry|India}}|pop45=[[Siddi|19,514]] (2011)|ref45=<ref name=Census2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix|access-date=2017-03-24|work=Census of India 2011|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]]}}</ref>|region46={{flagcountry|Paraguay}}|pop46=[[Afro-Paraguayans|8,013]] (2022)|ref46=<ref>{{cite web | url=http://otramerica.com/comunidades/afroparaguayos-condenados-a-no-existir/720 | title=Afroparaguayos, condenados a no existir }}</ref>|languages=[[North American English|English]] ([[African American English|American]], [[Caribbean English|Caribbean]]), [[American French|French]] ([[Canadian French|Canadian]], [[Haitian French|Haitian]]), [[Haitian Creole]], [[Jamaican Patois]], [[Spanish language in the Americas|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language in the Americas|Portuguese]], [[Papiamento]], [[Surinamese Dutch|Dutch]], [[Palenquero]] and [[Languages of Africa|African languages]]|rels=[[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Traditional African religions]], [[African diaspora religions|Afro-American religions]]|related_groups=[[Demographics of Africa|Africans]]}}'''Diaspora tsa Aforika''' ke kokoanyo ya lefatshe ka bophara ya merafe e e tswang mo bathong ba ba tswang kwa Aferika . <ref>{{Cite web|title=African Diaspora {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/human-evolution/african-diaspora|access-date=May 23, 2022|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Leina le gantsi le kaya ditlogolwana tsa batho ba naga ya Bophirima le Bogare jwa Aferika ba ba neng [[Bokgoba|ba dirwa makgoba]] le go romelwa kwa Amerika ka sekepe ka [[Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic|kgwebisano ya makgoba ya Atlantic]] fa gare ga lekgolo la dingwaga la bo 16 le la bo 19, mme palo ya bone e ntsi e ne e le kwa [[Brazil]], [[USA|United States]], le Haiti . <ref name="Uiscftdgha">{{Cite book|pages=[https://archive.org/details/unescogeneralhis00jfad/page/305 305–15]}}</ref> Leina le gape le ka dirisiwa go kaya ditlogolwana tsa Maaferika tse di neng tsa fudugela kwa dikarolong tse dingwe tsa lefatshe. Barutegi ba supa "dikgato tse nne tsa go dikologa" tsa go fuduga moo go tswa mo Aferika. 226xggzfk8l3pley2jnyg46mvcm6u8q 0 12219 57036 45487 2026-11-08T02:19:25Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57036 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Danesha LaVonne Adams''' (yo o tshotsweng ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi marataro 1986) ke [[motshameki wa kwa pele]] wa kgwele ya dinao wa Amerika yo o rotseng tiro le [[motshameki wa fa gare]]. Ke mokatisi yo mogolo wa setlhopha sa [[Texas Southern Tigers]]. O ne a tshamekela [[Portland Thorns FC]] mo [[Liking ya Bosetšhaba ya Kgwele ya Dinao ya Basadi]] (NWSL).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141022104306/http://www.timbers.com/thornsfc/2014/09/thorns-fc-claim-forward-danesha-adams-nwsl-waiver-wire "Thorns FC claim forward Danesha Adams off NWSL Waiver Wire"]. ''PortlandThornsFC.com''. Portland Thorns FC Communications. September 15, 2014. Archived from [http://www.timbers.com/thornsfc/2014/09/thorns-fc-claim-forward-danesha-adams-nwsl-waiver-wire the original] on October 22, 2014. Retrieved 2 Sedimonthole 2025.</ref> O kile a tshamekela [[Sky Blue FC]] le [[Washington Spirit]] tsa NWSL, [[Chicago Red Stars]] le [[Philadelphia Independence]] mo [[WPS]], [[Medkila IL]] mo [[Toppserien]] ya Norway, [[Vittsjö GIK]] mo [[Damallsvenskan]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://au.eurosport.com/football/danesha-adams_prs292204/person.shtml |title="Danesha Adams – Player Profile – Football". |access-date=2025-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203065237/https://au.eurosport.com/football/danesha-adams_prs292204/person.shtml |archive-date=2018-02-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ya Sweden, [[Ataşehir Belediyespor]] mo Liking ya Ntlha ya Kgwele ya Dinao ya Basadi ya Turkey mmogo le ya [[Cleveland Internationals|Cleveland]] [[Cleveland Internationals|Internationals]] le [[Pali Blues]] mo [[Liking ya W]].<ref>[http://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=30&kisiId=1653139 "Futbolcular – Danesha Lavonne Adams"] (in Turkish). Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu. Retrieved 2 Sedimonthole 2025.</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele == O tsholetswe kwa Bellflower, California ke LaVonne le Lawrence Adams, Danesha o ne a tsena Sekolo se Segolo sa Walnut kwa Walnut, California ngwaga o le mongwe, a bona ditlotla tsa Rookie ya Ngwaga le go tshameka mo Setlhopheng sa Lenaneo la Tlhabololo ya Diolimpiki la Kgaolo-IV (ODP). Fa a sena go fudugela kwa Ohio le ba lelapa la gagwe, Adams o ne a wetsa tiro ya gagwe ya sekolo se segolo kwa Sekolong se Segolo sa Shaker Heights kwa Shaker Heights, Ohio kwa a neng a tla tlhoma rekoto ya sekolo sa paka e le nngwe ya dintlha le go thusa . Adams o ne a tshamekela FC Slammers kgwele ya dinao ya tlelabo mme a thusa setlhopha go ya kwa dikgaisanong tse pedi tsa naga. O ne a bidiwa MVP ya Setlhopha sa Super sa ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le 19 kwa Sejaneng sa Surf sa 2003 morago ga go etelela setlhopha sa gagwe pele go ya kwa sekgeleng mme a thusa setlhopha sa gagwe go gapa Sejana sa Frosted Flakes Kellogg ka 2000, a bona setshwantsho mo lebokosong la ditlhaka la Kellogg. Adams e ne e le tlhopho ya Setlhopha sa Boraro sa Ohio Yotlhe. == Tiro ya kholetšhe == Adams o ne a tsena kwa UCLA kwa a neng a tshamekela Bruins dingwaga di le nne gone. Jaaka moithuti wa ngwaga wa ntlha, o ne a tshameka mo metshamekong yotlhe e le 25, a simolola ka 23. O ne a wetsa setlha a le mo maemong a bobedi mo setlhopheng le a bone mo Khonferenseng ya Pac-10 ka go nosa ka dintlha di le 28 (dino di le 12 le dithuso di le 4). Gape o ne a nna mo maemong a ntlha mo setlhopheng ka dino di le tlhano tsa go fenya motshameko. Adams o ne a nosa dino di le nne ka nako ya Kgaisano ya NCAA, go akaretsa le bafenyi ba metshameko mo Duke mo tikologong ya boraro le Princeton ka nako ya semi-faenale. O ne a bidiwa Motshamiki wa Kgwele ya Dinao wa Amerika le Motshamiki wa Kgwele ya Dinao wa Buzz wa Amerika Yotlhe. Ditlotla tse dingwe tsa paka di ne di akaretsa: Motshameki wa Beke wa Pac-10, Setlhopha sa Dikgaisano Tsotlhe tsa NCAA sa 2004, le Setlhopha sa Beke sa Soccer America. Jaaka moithuti wa ngwaga wa bobedi, o ne a simolola metshameko yotlhe e le 26 mme a etelela pele Pac-10 mo go noseng dintlha di le 46 mo dintlheng di le 21 le dithuso di le nne, a tlhoma rekoto e ntšhwa ya sekolo sa paka e le nngwe ka dintlha di le robongwe tsa phenyo ya metshameko. Adams o ne a bidiwa mo setlhopheng sa bobedi sa NSCAA/adidas sa All-American mme e ne e le leloko la Setlhopha sa MVP sa Kgwele ya Dinao sa Amerika. Gape o ne a bidiwa Setlhopha sa Ntlha sa Kgwele ya Dinao sa Buzz All-American, Setlhopha sa Ntlha sa All-Pac-10, mme e ne e le leloko la setlhopha sa dikgaisano tsotlhe kwa Sejaneng sa Kholetšhe sa NCAA. Ka nako ya Kgaisano ya NCAA, o ne a ntsha dino di le nne tsa rekoto mo phenyong ya Bruins ya 5-0 mo Virginia ka nako ya Dikotara tsa Makgaolakgang tsa NCAA mme a bala palogotlhe ya dino di le thataro ka nako ya fa UCLA e ne e tabogela kwa Makgaolakgannyeng a NCAA. Ka ngwaga wa gagwe wa bofelo, Adams o ne a tshameka le go simolola metshameko e le 19. O ne a foswa ke metshameko ya ntlha e le mene ya ngwaga fa a ne a gaisana kwa Dikgaisanong tsa Lefatshe Lotlhe tsa FIFA tsa Basha ba ba ka fa Tlase ga dingwaga di le 20 kwa Russia mme moragonyana o ne a foswa ke metshameko e mengwe e mebedi fa a ne a gaisana le Setlhopha sa Bosetšhaba sa Basadi sa U.S. Adams o ne a bona ditlotla tsa setlhopha sa boraro sa NSCAA/adidas sa Amerika Yotlhe, e ne e le tlhopho ya setlhopha sa bobedi sa Soccer Buzz sa Amerika Yotlhe le sa Ntlha sa Pac-10. O ne a le mo maemong a bobedi mo setlhopheng ka go nosa ka dintlha di le 28 mo dino di le lesomepedi le dithuso di le nne. Gape o ne a nna mo maemong a bobedi mo dino tsa go fenya motshameko ka dintlha di le supa. Adams o ne a bidiwa Motshameki wa Bosetšhaba wa Beke wa Soccer America morago ga go nosa dino di le tharo mo diphenyong tsa Texas A&M e e mo maemong a boraro le UConn e e mo maemong a bolesome le bongwe.[5] == Tiro ya setlhopha == === Kgwele ya Dinao ya Porofešenale ya Basadi, 2009–2011 === Adams o saenile le Dinaledi tse Khibidu tsa Chicago mo pakeng ya WPS ya 2009. O ne a tshamekela tlelapo eno metshameko e le 12, mme a simolola makgetlo a le mabedi.[6] Adams o saenile le Boipuso jwa Philadelphia mo pakeng ya 2010. Nno ya gagwe mo motsotsong wa bo 103 wa Semi-faenale ya WPS Super e ne ya dira gore Boipuso bo fenye Boston Breakers ka nako e e okeditsweng ka 2-1 mme seno sa etelela setlhopha pele go ya kwa Kgaisanong ya WPS ya 2010.[7][8] === Liki ya Bosetšhaba ya Kgwele ya Dinao ya Basadi, 2013–2014 === Ka 2013, Adams o ne a saena le Sky Blue FC mo pakeng ya ntlha ya Liki ya Bosetšhaba ya Kgwele ya Dinao ya Basadi (NWSL). Ka Firikgong 10, 2014, Houston Dash e ne ya tlhopha Adams ka tlhopho ya borobongwe mo Setlhopheng sa Katoloso ya NWSL sa 2014.[13] Malatsi a le mmalwa fela moragonyana, ka Ferikgong 13, 2014, Houston Dash e ne ya ananya Adams le Moya wa Washington ka Stephanie Ochs.[14] Ka Lwetse 12 Moya wa Washington o ne wa tlogela Adams.[15] Ka Lwetse 15, 2014, Adams o ne a tlhophiwa ke Portland Thorns FC, go tswa mo gare ga batshameki ba ba neng ba tlogetswe ke ditlelapa tsa NWSL, mo pakeng ya 2015.[2][16] === Ataşehir Belediyespor, 2013 === Ka Ngwanatsele 1, 2013, Adams o ne a saenela setlhopha sa Turkey sa Ataşehir Belediyespor kwa Istanbul.[4] O ne a tshameka mo metshamekong yotlhe e le supa ya setlha sa halofo ya ntlha ya Women's First League, mme a nosa dino di le robedi.[4] == Tiro ya boditšhabatšhaba == Jaaka motshamiki wa boditšhabatšhaba yo mmotlana, Adams o ne a tsaya karolo mo Dikgaisanong tsa Lefatshe tsa U-20 tsa 2006, kwa a neng a le motshwaradino yo o kwa godimo wa United States ka dino di le tharo mme a akarediwa mo setlhopheng sa dinaledi tsotlhe tsa kgaisano.[17] O ne a tlhagelela lekgetlo la ntlha e bile e le ene fela mo kgweleng ya dinao ya bosetšhaba ya basadi ya United States r setlhopha kgwedi moragonyana mo motshamekong wa botsalano kgatlhanong le Taipei ya China, a thusa Megan Rapinoe ka motsotso wa bo 82.[18] == Tiro ya go katisa == O ne a katisetsa Yunibesithi ya Houston go tloga ka 2017 go fitlha ka 2020, fa a ne a amogela maemo a go nna mothusa mokatisi le Pacific Tigers. Mo setlheng sa pele ga setlha sa 2021, ene le J.J. Wozniak ba ne ba tlhophiwa go nna bakatisi-mmogo ba nakwana mme kwa bokhutlong jwa setlha, ba ne ba tlhatlhosiwa go nna bakatisi-mmogo ba leruri. Fa a sena go tswa kwa Pacific ka 2024, o ne a thapiwa go nna mokatisi yo mogolo kwa Texas Southern ka 2025.[19] == Dipalopalo tsa tiro == === Boditšhaba === ==== Metshameko le dino tsa setlhopha sa bosetšhaba le ngwaga ==== {| class="wikitable" !Setlhopha sa bosetshaba !Ngwaga !Metshameko !Dino |- |United States |2006 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Palogotlhe !1 !0 |} == Metswedi == 6c8tum3cdmcc8xklesoxeidb8ell4ui 0 12496 57052 50580 2026-11-08T06:57:21Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57052 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Lucie Memba Bos (cropped).jpg|thumb|Memba ]] '''Lucie Memba Bos''' (o belegwe ka 1987) ke motshameki wa difilimi wa kwa [[Cameroon]], motlhami wa difilimi yo o nnileng le seabe mo difiliming tsa dipuo tsa Sefora le Seesimane. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170920191316/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.person.lucie-memba.27449.html <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] O ne a tlotliwa ka go nna motshameki yo o gaisang wa motshameki yo o eteletseng pele mo [[:en:Cinema_of_Cameroon|Cinema of Cameroon]] for French speaking actress at Cameroon Movies Merit Award (CMMA) 2013 edition e e rulagantsweng ke Fred Keyanti. [http://www.culturebene.com/22506-qui-est-lucie-memba-bos.html <nowiki>[ 2]</nowiki>] O ne a dira tshimologo ya gagwe ya boditšhabatšhaba le dinaledi tsa [[:en:Nollywood|Nollywood]] mo filiming ya Pink Poison e e neng e na le [[:en:Jim_Iyke|Jim Iyke]][http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/movies/nollywood-movies/671-pink-poison-reloaded-culture-minister-visits-actors-on-location.html <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] mme Far o ne a tshameka mmogo le [[:en:Dakore_Akande|Dakore Akande]] wa Nigeria.[http://irepcamer.com/2014/10/29/camer-flim-alert-far-movie-premiere/ <nowiki>[ 4]</nowiki>] Ka 2014 o ne a simolola L.M.B production morago ga leina la gagwe [Lucie Memba Bos]. O ne a tlhagisa filimi ya [[Cameroon]] ya Paradise, e e neng e santse e le teng ka 2014. O ne a tlhagisa filimi ya La patrie d' abord, filimi ya ntlha ya ntwa e e neng e tlotlomatsa masole a tshireletso a Cameroon a a neng a a dira. Ka Lwetse, 2017 o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka motshameki yo montle wa mosadi wa Cameroonian ka le TROPHEES FRANCOPHONES DU CINEMA mo filiming ya La Patrie D'abord.[https://web.archive.org/web/20171016174545/https://www.trophees-francophones.org/les-nominations <nowiki>[ 6]</nowiki>] == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == Lucie o belegetswe kwa [[:en:Dschang|Dschang West Region]] (Cameroon) mme a golela kwa [[:en:Bafoussam|Bafoussam]] kwa a simolotseng go dira jaaka mmodisi mme a fetogela go tshameka. Morago ga go fetsa dithuto tsa gagwe tsa Baccalauréat philosophique, o ne a fudugela kwa [[:en:Douala|Douala]] go ya go batla ditshono tse dingwe. Go ya ka metswedi mengwe, ga go na tshedimosetso e e ka ga letlha la gagwe la botsalo la mmatota le le ileng la gatisiwa; o tshotswe ka 1987. == Tiro ya gagwe == Lucie o ne a tlhagelela la ntlha mo "Témoin à Seduire" ka 1999 fa [[:en:Cinema_of_Cameroon|Cinema of Cameroon]] e ne e santse e tlhabologa. [http://tendancespeoplemag.com/?p=2272 <nowiki>[7]</nowiki>] O ne a itsege thata ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme a gapa Cameroon Movies Merit Award (CMMA) jaaka motshameki yo o gaisang wa sefora ka ngwaga wa 2013, o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ya Lucie Memba Bos (LMB). Ke motlhami wa baesekopo ya Cameroon ya Paradise, tiro ya gagwe e ne ya lemogiwa jaaka moeteledipele le motlhami-mmogo wa baesekopo ya La patrie d 'abord, baesekopo ya ntlha ya ntwa ka tlotlo ya masole a tshireletso a Cameroon mme a sa ntse a le teng ka 2014, o ne a tlhagisa "Ntah Napi" e e ileng ya gapa sekgele sa [[:en:Ecrans_Noirs|Ecrans Noirs]] ka 2014 sa baesekopo e e gaisang ya Sefora.Ke mongwe wa batshameki ba ba lesego ba Cameroon bao tiro ya bone e lemogilweng ke bodiredi jwa setso, o ne a le mongwe wa batshameki ba ba neng ba kopana le tona [[Ama Tutu Muna]] yo o neng a etela batshameki ba ba neng ba tshameka mo baesekopong ya Pink Poison kwa Buea, 2013.[[http://www.culturebene.com/22506-qui-est-lucie-memba-bos.html <nowiki>2]</nowiki>] [[http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/movies/nollywood-movies/671-pink-poison-reloaded-culture-minister-visits-actors-on-location.html <nowiki>3]</nowiki>] Ka ngwaga wa 2016, o ne a supiwa jaaka motshameki wa mosadi yo o kgatlhisang thata ke websaete ya batho ba ba tumileng ba Cameroon e leng Le Film Camerounais . Lucie, o itsege gape ka baesekopo ya Fast Life le motshameki wa Mofora Thomas Nguijol. [10] O dira gape le (Tribe Africa Media) go tshegetsa le go bontsha lorato lwa boswafi kwa Cameroon jaaka segopotso sa go keteka letsatsi la lefatshe la boswafi. Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse 2017, Lucie o ne a tsaya karolo ya go etelela pele mo filiming e ntšha e e tlang le naledi ya filimi ya [[Nigeria]] [[:en:Zack_Orji|Zack Orji]] mo potsolotsong ya Dcoded TV, go itse gore o ikutlwa jang go dira le Zack Orji, a re '''''''Dilo tseno tsotlhe di a ntshwenya. E kete ke a lora mme Zack Orji ke mongwe yo ke mo tlotlang e bile ke ntse ke lebile difilimi tsa gagwe ka dingwaga di le dintsi... Go dira le ene mo filiming go a gakgamatsa. Ga ke kgone go leta,''''' '' Ntle le tiro ya gagwe mo difiliming, ka 2008 o ne a thapiwa go dira le [[:en:Guinness|Guinness]] [[Cameroon]] jaaka moemedi wa papatso [http://www.culturebene.com/22506-qui-est-lucie-memba-bos.html <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>] == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Ka September 2017, Lucie o ne a kopana le kgwele ya dinao ya Cameroon Samuel Eto'o kwa Douala == Metswedi == [https://web.archive.org/web/20170920191316/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.person.lucie-memba.27449.html <nowiki>[1] "Nigercultures - Lucie Memba"</nowiki>]. nigercultures.net. Retrieved 22 September 2017. [http://www.culturebene.com/22506-qui-est-lucie-memba-bos.html <nowiki>[2] "QUI EST LUCIE MEMBA BOS</nowiki> ?"]. culturebene.com (in French). 1 August 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2017. [3] Kanjo, Ernest[https://web.archive.org/web/20241203142533/http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/movies/nollywood-movies/671-pink-poison-reloaded-culture-minister-visits-actors-on-location.html . "TIPTOPSTARS - ONLINE MAGAZINE Array Pink Poison Reloaded: Culture minister visits actors on location]". www.tiptopstars.com. Retrieved 22 September 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170920191110/http://irepcamer.com/2014/10/29/camer-flim-alert-far-movie-premiere/ <nowiki>[4] "CAMER FILM ALERT: THE "FAR" MOVIE PREMIERE THIS WEEKEND - I Rep Camer"</nowiki>]. irepcamer.com. 29 October 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2017. [http://www.culturebene.com/22506-qui-est-lucie-memba-bos.html <nowiki>[5] "Qui est Lucie MEMBA BOS</nowiki> ? - Culturebene]". culturebene.com. 1 August 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171016174545/https://www.trophees-francophones.org/les-nominations <nowiki>[6] "Trophées Francophones du Cinéma | 2017"</nowiki>]. www.trophees-francophones.org. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. [http://tendancespeoplemag.com/?p=2272 <nowiki>[7] "Lucie Memba Bos: Passionnée du 7ème art – Tendancespeoplemag</nowiki>]". tendancespeoplemag.com. 19 February 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017. [http://dcodedtv.com/lucie-memba-zack-orji-new-movie/ <nowiki>[8] "Lucie Memba to star alongside Nollywood actor Zack Orji in new film – Dcoded TV</nowiki>]". dcodedtv.com. 18 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017. [https://lefilmcamerounais.com/2016/08/09/people-lucie-memba-bos-actrice-la-plus-glamour-2016/ <nowiki>[9] "PEOPLE</nowiki> : Lucie Memba Bos, actrice la plus glamour 2016"]. lefilmcamerounais.com. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2017. [https://www.allocine.fr/article/fichearticle_gen_carticle=18634466.html <nowiki>[10] "Bande annonce Fastlife</nowiki> : Thomas Ngijol en quête effrénée de célébrité]". [http://dcodedtv.com/lucie-memba-brice-albin-alain-ngann-show-support-towards-albinism/ <nowiki>[11] "Lucie Memba, Brice Albin, Alain Ngann show support towards Albinism – Dcoded TV"</nowiki>]. dcodedtv.com. 13 June 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170920190957/https://tinygossip.wordpress.com/2017/06/13/today-is-world-albino-daysee-how-memba-lucielaura-davealain-ngann-and-more-celebrates-this-dayphotos%E2%AC%87%E2%AC%87%E2%AC%87/ <nowiki>[12] "Today is world Albino day, See how Memba Lucie, Laura Dave, Alain Ngann and more celebrates this day(photos)⬇⬇⬇</nowiki>]". wordpress.com. 13 June 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201018212251/https://dcodedtv.com/lucie-memba-gushes-over-samuel-etoo/ <nowiki>[13]"Lucie Memba gushes over meeting Samuel Eto'o</nowiki>]". 9 October 2017. 5g6vcxiajxwqwtxjakvfy773y7mlide 0 12791 57053 48185 2026-11-08T07:04:31Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57053 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maemo''' [[Setshwantsho:Humanity_in_india.jpg|thumb|324x324px|humanity]] '''Maemo''' ke fa mongwe a lebelela bangwe tlase kgotsa a nagana gore ene o botoka go feta bangwe ba bangwe.Ke fa motho yo o naleng madi kgotsa sengwe se ba bangwe ka senang sone a bo a ba lebelela jaaka o kare a se batho.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glosbe Dictionary - All Languages of the World in One Place |url=https://glosbe.com/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=glosbe.com |language=en}}</ref> Setswana se re o tla se kotula se o se jetseng. Fa o le motho le maemo a a sa nnang pila o tlile go iponna tota.botho ke motho ka batho;fa o le motho o tshwanetse go ithuta go phela le batho sentle.Maemo ga buseletse sepe mo botshelo ba ope.Fa re le batho ra tshedisana, ga re lebalane kwa tlase.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn languages with BABADADA |url=https://babadada.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209153847/https://babadada.com/ |archive-date=2026-02-09 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=babadada.com |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Maemo]] ga se selo ke sengwe fela se se sareng sepe mo botshelong. Setswana sere [[motho ga itsewe e se naga]] mme se tota ke nnete e le ruri, motho wa nnete a ka se fetolwe ke tsa di sa nneleng ruri.Motho ga se leobu.Fa o le motho sengwe se se golo se o ka se dirang ke go nna le botho.Se letle dilo di go fetole.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa Online - Discover the Beauty and Wonders of South Africa |url=https://southafrica.co.za/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=southafrica.co.za}}</ref> == reference == <references /> o8t3a9isf1ic8oqwunoahuabu5g78e6 0 12802 57077 47916 2026-11-08T11:42:20Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57077 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Yunivesithi ya Cambridge''' ke yunivesithi ya setšhaba ya patlisiso kwa Cambridge, kwa Engelane . E simolotswe ka 1209, Yunivesithi ya Cambridge ke yona ya boraro ya bogologolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng tse di sa ntseng di dira. Go simololwa ga yunivesithi e go latetse ke kgorogo ya barutegi ba ba tlogetseng Yunivesithing ya Oxford ba ya kwa Cambridge morago ga go ganetsana le batho ba ba ba nnang mo toropong eo. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Catto |first=J. I. |year=1984 |title=The History of the University of Oxford: I The Early Oxford Schools |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkJO3TAxMtwC&pg=PA37 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=0199510113 |edition=1st |location=Oxford |pages=37–41 |language=English}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History: Early records |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/history/records.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902111945/http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/history/records.html |archive-date=2 September 2011 |access-date=17 August 2008 |publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref> Diyunivesithi tse pedi tsa bogologolo tsa Seesemane, le fa ka dinako tse dingwe di tlhalosiwa e le tse di gaisanang, di na le diponagalo tse di tshwanang mme gantsi di bidiwa Oxbridge mmogo go tlhalosa duyunibesithi tse pedi. Ka 1231, dingwaga di le 22 morago ga go tshimololo ya ga yone, yunivesithi e ne ya bonwa ka tšhata ya segosi, e e neng ya newa ke Kgosi ya Engelane Henry III . Yunivesithi ya Cambridge e akaretsa dikholetšhe di le 31 tse di ikemetseng ka nosi le mafapha a thuto a a fetang 150, magoro, le ditheo tse dingwe tse di rulagantsweng ka dikolo di le thataro . Lefapha le legolo go gaisa otlhe ke Cambridge University Press and Assessment, le le nang le kgatiso ya bogologolo go gaisa tsotlhe ya yunibesiti mo lefatsheng, e e nang le lotseno lwa £1 bilione ka ngwaga le e e nang le baithuti ba le dimilione di le 100. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2023 |title=Cambridge University Press & Assessment grows global impact |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/cambridge-university-press-assessment-grows-global-impact/ |access-date=29 January 2024 |publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref> Dikholetšhe tsotlhe ke ditheo tse di ipusang mo teng ga yunibesithi, di laola badiri ba tsone le dipholisi tsa tsone, mme baithuti botlhe ba tshwanetse go nna le kamano ya kholetšhe mo teng ga yunibesithi. Go ruta ga baithuti ba pele ga kalogo kwa Cambridge go ikaegile ka tlhokomelo ya beke le beke ya ditlhopha tse dinnye mo dikholetšheng tse di nang le dithuto, diseminara, tiro ya laboratori, le ka dinako tse dingwe tlhokomelo e nngwe e e tlamelwang ke magoro le mafapha a yunibesithi e e fa gare. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Tapper |first=Ted |year=2011 |title=Oxford, the Collegiate University |last2=Palfreyman |first2=David |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-007-0046-8 |series=Higher Education Dynamics |volume=34 |pages=95–115 |chapter=The Tutorial System: The Jewel in the Crown |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-0047-5_6 |issn=1571-0378 |access-date=7 June 2021 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0047-5_6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607211616/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0047-5_6 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2017 |title=What should students expect from their College and the University? |url=https://magazine.alumni.cam.ac.uk/brainwaves82/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607210917/https://magazine.alumni.cam.ac.uk/brainwaves82/ |archive-date=7 June 2021 |access-date=7 June 2021 |publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Peterhouse_Chapel.jpg|thumb|Peterhouse, kholetšhe ya ntlha ya Cambridge, e tlhomilwe ka 1284]] == Metswedi == === Dinopolo === krgpjadbff4dyd9oeyh2iv5fdt3zexf 0 12895 57047 48334 2026-11-08T05:27:09Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57047 wikitext text/x-wiki Kgwele ya dinao ke motshameko wa bone o o ratiwang thata kwa United States kwa morago ga kgwele ya dinao ya Amerika, bolotlola le beseball, ka go latelelana. <ref name="cm">{{Cite web |last=Moulton |first=Cyrus |date=2024-07-03 |title=What does soccer need to break through to Americans? |url=https://news.northeastern.edu/2024/07/03/why-is-pro-soccer-not-popular-in-the-us/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Northeastern Global News |language=en-US}}</ref> 27% ya balatedi ba metshameko ya Amerika ba bontsha kgatlhego mo kgwele ya dinao. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Soccer Fan Data Shows Growing Market Ahead of FIFA World Cup in New Report from Sports Innovation Lab and Jung von Matt SPORTS |url=https://www.sportsilab.com/press/sportsilabxjungvonmattsportslaunch |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=Sports Innovation Lab |language=en-US}}</ref> United States Soccer Federation (USSF) e busa maemo a le mantsi a kgwele ya dinao kwa United States, go akaretsa ditlhopha tsa bosetšhaba, diligi tsa setsebi, le diligi tse kgethegileng , e le ditaolo tsa maemo a a kwa godimo ya kgwele ya dinao mo nageng. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) e laola dikholetšhe di le dintsi, Le fa maemo a bobedi a a kwa tlase ga a mo maemong a kholetšhe ke NJCAA (National Junior College AthleticAssociation) <ref>{{Cite web |title=NJCAA |url=https://njcaa.org/compete/index |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=NJCAA |language=en}}</ref>, e e busang metshameko tsa busang tsa dingwaga di le pedi tse di direlang jaaka tsela ya baithuti ba le bantsi go fetela kwa dikolong tsa NCAA tsa dingwaga di le ntse moragonyana. Dikolo tsa sekontari di laolwa ke mekgatlho ya maemo a puso, mme National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) e tlhoma melao mo maemong ao.<ref name="Rules">{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2019 |title=2019 Soccer Guide, A Comparative Study of Rules and Laws |url=https://www.nfhs.org/media/1018270/2019-comparative-study-of-rules-and-laws.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719065724/https://www.nfhs.org/media/1018270/2019-comparative-study-of-rules-and-laws.pdf |archive-date=July 19, 2019 |access-date=July 18, 2019 |publisher=National Federation of High Schools}}</ref> Melawana ya metshameko ka kakaretso e a tshwana fa gare ga ditlhopha tse tharo tse di busang le fa go na le dipharologano tse dintsi tse di sa lemotshegeng.<ref name="Rules" /> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Karolo:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] mscvnt351m41e3c2uvefr6l53n3kpxi 0 13134 57066 49495 2026-11-08T10:34:23Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57066 wikitext text/x-wiki   === Tuma ya Petrykivka ka Setswana === Botsweretši jwa Petrykivka (kgotsa fela “Petrykivka”; ka Se-Ukraine: Петриківський розпис) ke ngwao e e kgethegileng ya kwa Ukraine ya go kgabisa ka go penta. Mokgwa o, o simologile kwa motseng wa Petrykivka, kgaolong ya Dnipropetrovsk, kwa o neng o dirisiwa go jala botshelo mo makoateng a matlo le mo dithotong tsa letsatsi le letsatsi. Dikao tsa ntlha tse di itsegeng di tswa kwa bogologolong jwa lekgolo la bo-18 la dingwaga, mme go fitlha gompieno, mokgwa o o tswelela go gola le go fetoga jaaka mofuta o o maatla wa botsweretši jwa segompieno. Setaele seno sa botaki sa setso se kgethega ka diphethene tsa sone tsa malomo, botsweretši jo bo faphegileng jwa go dirisa boratšhe, le mokgatla o o sweu wa ngwao. Le fa go ntse jalo, bataki ba segompieno ba atolositse ponalo eno ka go dirisa mekgatla e e mmala wa ntlha wa bo-ntsho, botala jwa tlhaga, bo-khunou, kgotsa botala jwa loapi. Ka ngwaga wa 2012, Lefapha la Setso la Ukraine le ne la tlotlomatsa botaki jwa Petrykivka jaaka ntlha ya botlhokwa ya boswa jwa setso jo bo sa tshwaregeng. Morago ga moo, bo ne jwa akarediwa mo Lenaaneng la Baemedi ba UNESCO la Boswa jwa Setso jwa Batho bo bo sa Tshwaregeng. Mo godimo ga moo, go ne ga tlhomiwa letshwao la kgwebo (trademark) la "Petrykivka" go sireletsa boitshupo le go tlotla tiro ya ditsweretši tsa motse oo. == Ditso == === Ditso ya bogologolo === Go dumelwa gore mokgwa wa go penta wa '''Petrykivka''' o simologile e le mekgabiso ya mo maboteng a matlo a kwa magaeng. Mekgabiso eno ya mabota e ne e atile mo dintlheng di le dintsi tsa Ukraine, mme kgaolo nngwe le nngwe e ne e na le setaele sa yone se se kgethegileng. Ka fa ngwaong, ditshwantsho tseno di ne di ntšhwafadiwa gangwe kgotsa gabedi ka ngwaga go somarela botshelo jwa tsone. Mo godimo ga mekgabiso ya mabota, dilwana tsa mo lwapeng tse di dirilweng ka logong le dilo tse dingwe le tsone di ne di kgabisiwa, segolobogolo matlole (mme bogolo thata matlole a manyalo). Morago, go ne ga tsoga ngwao ya '''"mal'ovky" (мальовки)'''; tseno e ne e le ditshwantsho tse di bopilweng ke ditsweretši mo pampiring, mme di ne di ka dirisiwa go kgabisa mabota a matlo kwantle ga gore motaki a nne teng ka sebele. Gape go na le dikao tsa ditshwantsho tsa bodumedi (icons) tsa lekgolo la bo-18 la dingwaga go tswa kwa kgaolong ya Dnipro tse di nang le mekgabiso ya malomo, e e ka tsewang e le yone tshimologo ya mofuta wa gompieno wa Petrykivka . Ditshwantsho tsa bogologolo tsa Ukraine tsa mo maboteng tse di nang le mekgabiso ya malomo, di tswa mo karolong ya bobedi ya lekgolo la bo-19 la dingwaga le tshimologo ya lekgolo la bo-20, kwa dikgaolong tsa '''Dnipropetrovsk, Sloboda, Podillia, le Uman'''. Go lebega fa go na le kamano e e gaufi kgotsa tshimologo e e tshwanang gareng ga mekgwa eno le setaele sa gompieno sa botsweretši jwa Petrykivka. Go feta moo, go na le dikao tsa ditshwantsho tsa bodumedi (icons) tsa lekgolo la bo-18 la dingwaga go tswa kwa kgaolong ya Dnipro tse di nang le mekgabiso ya malomo, e e ka tsewang e le yone tshimologo ya mofuta wa gompieno wa Petrykivka. Ka ntlha ya boleng jono jwa ditso, mokgwa o o ne wa rurifadiwa semmuso ke ba UNESCO jaaka karolo ya boswa jwa setso jwa batho botlhe . ----Mekgabiso e e takilweng mo maboteng le mo pampiring e ne e tlwaelegile mo metseng e le mentsi ya kgaolo ya Dnipropetrovsk, mme e ne ya gola le go tlhabologa thata mo motseng wa '''Petrykivka''', mme ke gone kwa setaele seno se tsereng leina la sone teng. Go tloga bogadi jwa ngwaga wa 1860, mekgabiso ya mabota e ne e setse e le teng kwa Petrykivka, mme ditiro tse di mo pampiring tsone di simolotse go tlhagelela kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bo-19 la dingwaga. Go tloga ka nako ya '''Nova Sich''' mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo-1700 go fitlha mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo-19 la dingwaga, mafatshe ano a ne a tletse ka baagi ba ba tswang kwa Poltava le Sloboda. Go a kgonega gore bafaladi bano ke bone ba tlisitseng ngwao eno ya go taka kwa Petrykivka. Le fa go se na ditlhaloso dipe tsa mokgabiso wa mabota kwa Poltava mo lekgolong la bo-19 la dingwaga, go na le dipego tsa mokgabiso o o ntseng jalo kwa Sloboda, jaaka ditiro tsa kwa Kupiansk (Kharkiv Oblast) tsa bo-1860. Ka jalo, go lebega ngwao eno e simolotse kwa kgaolong ya '''Sloboda'''.Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le matlole a a nang le mekgabiso ya malomo go tswa kwa Poltava a a simolotseng mo karolong ya bobedi ya lekgolo la bo-19 la dingwaga. Kgopolo e nngwe ke gore mokgwa ono o tswa kwa Podillia o feta ka Uman, le fa di drawing tsa mabota tsa koo di tlhageletse morago ga nako e ntsi. Ga go na ditshupiso tse di tseneletseng tsa hisitori ya botaki jwa Petrykivka tse di leng teng pele ga tshimologo ya lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga, fa moithuta-merafe Dmytro Yavornytsky a ne a bo kgatlhegela, mme a dira gore Yevhenia Evenbakh, mongwe wa baithuti ba gagwe, a dire dikhopi le go kokoanya disampole (go akaretsa le ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo dipoteng) mo maetong a mabedi a " diphitlhelelo " di ne tsa nna motheo wa dipontsho tsa 1913 kwa Saint Petersburg . Mmatlisisi yo mongwe wa bogologolo wa botaki jwa Petrykivka e ne e le Yevhenia Berchenko, yo o neng a rulaganya dipontsho ka 1928 kwa Leningrad . Di exhibitions tsa bataki ba Petrykivka di ne tsa tshwarwa ka 1935 le 1936 kwa Kyiv, Leningrad le Moscow, mme go ne go na le work tsa ga Tatiana Pata, Nadia Bilokin’, Yaryna Pylypenko, Hanna Isaiev, Vasyl’ Vovk le Ganna Pavlenko. Sena se haholo popularized Petrikivka penta, e leng ho fihlela ka nako eo e ne e batla e sa tsejoe har'a batho ka kakaretso. Morago ga dipontsho tseno, Tatiana Pata le Nadia Bilokin' ba ne ba newa sereto sa tlotlo sa "Mong wa Botaki jwa Setso". Ntlha eno e re tlisetsa motheo wa konokono wa botsweretši jwa gompieno jwa Petrykivka. Go tlhomiwa ga sekolo seno sa dingwaga tse pedi e ne e le "inflection point"—nako e botsweretši jwa rona bo neng jwa tlogela go nna thuto ya mo lwapeng fela mme jwa nna thuto e e rulagantsweng ya botaki. Hele phetolo e e natsolotsweng ya karolo eno ya botlhokwa: ----Gareng ga dingwaga tsa 1935 le 1936, go ne ga tshwarwa sekolo se se kgethegileng sa dingwaga tse pedi sa go penta ka mokgwa wa go kgabisa mo Petrykivka. Morutabana yo mogolo e ne e le '''Tatiana Pata''', yo o neng a ruta kokomana yotlhe ya bataki ba moragonyana ba neng ba tlhoma botsweretši jwa Petrykivka jaaka mofuta wa botsweretši jwa segompieno. Gantsi Tatiana Pata o tsewa e le motlhami wa sekolo sa go penta sa Petrykivka, le fa tota a ne a tsweledisa fela ngwao e a neng a e rutilwe ke rraagwemogolo. Se se supa gore botsweretši jono ke mokoloko o o sa kgaogeng wa kitso e e fetisiwang go tswa kwa go ba bogologolo go ya kwa go ba basha, mme Tatiana o ne a tshwara nkgwana eno go netefatsa gore kitso eo ga e nyelele. [[Setshwantsho:Petrykivsky_rospys_vaza.jpg|thumb|213x213px|Sejana seno se tshotse mokgwa wa ga Marfa o o itsegeng ka go kopanya dintlha tse di rarabanyeng thata le mebala e e thunyang ka boitumelo. Se se se kgetheglolang ke tsela e a dirisang sebaka se se sethala (composition) sa sejana sa porcelain go bopa tshingwana e e tshetseng ya dithunya le dinonyane.]] Baithuti ba le mmalwa ba ga Tatiana Pata ba ne ba fudugela kwa Kyiv gareng ga dingwaga tsa 1936 le 1944. Tiragalo eno e ne ya baka gore lekgetlo la ntlha botsweretši jwa Petrykivka bo dirisiwe mo go tlhagiseng dithoto tsa madirelo kwa Femeng ya Dikgopotso ya ga Taras Shevchenko kwa Kyiv (''Kyivska Suvenirna Fabryka''). Ke mo lefelong leno kwa go neng ga simololwa mokgwa o mošwa wa go penta ka varnish mo godimo ga mokgatla o lentsho o o neng o sa tlwaelega ka nako eo. Mokgwa ono o ne wa nna le thotloetso e kgolo, mo moragonyana o neng wa dirisiwa le kwa motseng wa Petrykivka ka boone. Seno se ne ya nna mofuta o o neng o aname thata wa go taka wa Petrikivka ka nako ya puso ya Soviet, o neela botaki jono ponalo e e tsepameng e e neng e ratiwa mo mebarakeng ya ditoropo. Bataki bano gape ba ne ba simolola go dirisa mokgwa wa Petrykivka go kgabisa ka porcelain . Maiteko a ntlha a a ntseng jalo e ne e le ka Halyna Pavlenko ka 1936 fa a ne a ithuta kwa Sekolong sa Botsweretshi jwa Setso sa Kyiv (moragonyana Kholetšhe ya Botsweretshi le Intaseteri ya Kyiv - "Київський hudojньо-промисловий технікум"). <ref name="Петриківський2016"/> Ka 1937 le 1938, o ne a kopanngwa ke Vira Pavlenko, Marfa Tymchenko le Pelahia Hlushchenko. ---- === Kgolo ya Madirelo le "Druzhba" (1950–1980 === Lefelo la tlhagiso ya matsela le ne le setse le le teng mo Petrykivka go tloga ka 1929. Ka ngwaga wa '''1958''', go ne ga tlhomiwa ntlwana ya ditiro tsa diatla mo lefelong leo go tlhagisa dilwana tse di pentilweng ka varnish. Bataki ba ntlha mo lefelong leo e ne e le baithuti ba ba tlhaga ba ga '''Tatiana Pata''', ba ba jaaka Hanna Isaieva, Yavdokha Kliupa, le Maria Shyshats'ka. Ka ngwaga wa '''1961''', ntlwana eno e ne ya fetolwa go nna Feme ya '''"Druzhba"''' (Friendship). Bontsi jwa dithoto tsa feme eno, segolobogolo matlole le dijana, di ne di dirwa ka dikatana tsa logong tse di pitlagantsweng (pressed sawdust), mme di ne di pentiwa ka mmala o montsho, di kgabisiwa, mme morago di tsenngwa varnish. '''Baeteledipele ba Botsweretši:''' * '''Fedir Panko:''' Motsamaisi wa botsweretši go fitlha ka 1970. * '''Vasyl' Sokolenko:''' O ne a tshwara maemo ano go tloga ka 1970 go fitlha ka 1988. * '''Anatolii Chernus'kyi & Volodymyr Hlushchenko:''' Ba ne ba latela mo dingwageng tse di tlang. Mo nakong ya bofelo ya puso ya Soviet, feme eno e ne e thapile batho ba ba ka nnang '''makgolo a matlhano (500)'''. Dithoto tsa Petrykivka jaaka dipoleiti, matlole, le dinkgo di ne tsa nna "karata ya go iitshepisa" (calling card) ya Ukraine, mme di ne di romelwa kwa mafatsheng a le '''80'''. Ka maswabi, ka ngwaga wa '''2006''', feme eno e ne ya phatlalala ka ntlha ya go tlhaelelwa ke madi (bankruptcy). Ka ngwaga wa '''2011''', madirelo ano a ne a senngwa gotlhelele ke batho ba ba sa itsiweng ba ba neng ba thubaka dikatana le metšhine ya tlhagiso. Sekolo sa Botsweretši jwa Bana sa ga T. Pata se ne sa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa '''1958'''. Barutabana ba ba neng ba se thoma e ne e le '''Fedir Panko''' le '''Vasyl Sokolenko''', ba botlhe e neng e le baithuti ba ga Tatiana Pata. Le fa ba ne ba bereka kwa Femeng ya Petrykivka ka nako eo, ba ne ba ipha nako ya go ruta kokomana e e latelang botsweretši jono; bontsi jwa bataki ba Petrykivka ba karolo ya bobedi ya nako ya Soviet e ne e le baithuti ba bone. Morago, '''Valentyna Panko''' le '''Maria Pikush''', ba botlhe ba neng ba aloga mo sekolong seo, ba ne ba nna barutabana koo. Maria Pikush o ne a nna mookamedi (director) wa sekolo seno ka ngwaga wa '''1995''', a tswerledi mokoloko wa thuto o o simolotseng mo go Tatiana Pata. Mo dingwageng tsa bo-1960 le bo-1970, go ne ga gatisiwa letšhōlō la dialubamo tse di nang le ditshwantsho tsa botaki jwa Petrykivka. Dialubamo tseno di ne di rulagantswe ke bo-maitseanape ba ditso tsa botaki ba ba itsegeng, '''Natalia Hlukhen'ka''' le '''Borys Butnyk-Sivers'kyi'''. Ntlha eno e supa kgaogano e e botlhokwa thata mo hisitoring ya Petrykivka—phapang gareng ga tlhagiso ya madirelo (mass production) le boitshimololedi jwa botsweretši jwa nnete (creative artistry). Go tlhomiwa ga '''Ntlwana ya Maatlelo (Experimental Workshop)''' ke '''Fedir Panko''' ka 1970 go ne ga busetsa mowa wa boipuso le tlhago mo botaking jono. Hele phetolo e e natsolotsweng ya karolo eno ya botlhokwa: ---- === Ntlwana ya Maatlelo ya Petrykivka (1970) === Ka ngwaga wa '''1970''', Fedir Panko o ne a tlhoma '''Ntlwana ya Maatlelo ya go Penta ya Petrykivka''' (''Experimental Workshop'') kafa tlase ga tshegetso ya Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Bataki ba Ukraine wa Dnipropetrovsk. Ntlwana eno e ne e agilwe mo bogareng jwa motse wa Petrykivka, mme e ne e farologana thata le Feme ya "Druzhba." Ntlwana eno e ne e tshotse ditsweretši tse di rategang jaaka Hanna Isaieva, Nadia Shulyk, Nina Turchyn, le bataki ba ba santseng ba tsweletse ka botsweretši jono gompieno jaaka '''Natalia Statyva-Zharko''', '''Valentyna Panko''', le '''Halyna Nazarenko'''. Ka ngwaga wa '''2013''', go ne ga gatisiwa boloko jwa ditempe (souvenir sheet) jo bo neng bo tshotse tiro ya ga Volodymyr Hlushchenko ya ngwaga wa '''2009''' e e bidiwang '''"Koko mo Malomo"''' (''Cockerel in Flowers''). Setshwantsho seno se tlhageletsa koko e e takilweng ka mebala e e thunyang, e dikologilwe ke malomo a Petrykivka a a rarabanyeng. Ka ngwaga wa '''1998''', Ntlwana ya Maatlelo (Experimental Workshop) e ne ya nna motheo wa go tlhomiwa ga Setheo sa Petrykivka sa Botaki jwa Setso, se se neng se eteletswe pele ke '''Andrii Pikush'''. Gompieno, setheo seno se tsewa e le nyutlea (core) ya setaele sa go penta sa Petrykivka, se tshegetsa boitshupo jwa nnete jwa botaki jono. Setheo seno se kopanya ditsweretši tse di ka nnang '''40''', go akaretsa le ditho tse 25 tsa Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Bataki ba Ukraine mmogo le Bataki ba ba Tlotlegang ba Setso ba le supa (7). Lefelo leno e nnile legae la ditsweretši tse di tlotlegang jaaka Volodymyr Hlushchenko, Nina Turchyn, Valentyna Deka, le Halyna Nazarenko. Le fa Setheo seno e le sone bogare jwa ditiro, bataki ba le bantsi ba ba botlhokwa ba tswelela ka go nna le go berekela kwa ntle ga sona mo motseng wa Petrykivka. Gape, go na le ditsweretši tse di katisitsweng tse di nnang mo ditoropong tse di farologaneng go ralala Ukraine, ba tsweletsa go tlhabolola le go anamisa setaele sa Petrykivka kwa mafelong a a farologaneng.. Coins  Go tloga ka ngwaga wa '''2007''', gantsi mo kgweding ya Lwetse (September), go ntse go tshwarwa modiro o o kgethegileng wa ngwao. Modiro ono o akaretsa mebaraka ya ditiro tsa diatla, dithuto tsa go penta (workshops), dipontsho tsa botsweretši, le dikonferense tsa mmino. Mo dingwageng tsa '''2013 le 2014''', moletlo ono o ne wa tshwarelwa kwa ditoropong tsa '''Dnipro''', mme mo dingwageng tse di latelang, o ne wa boela kwa lefelong la one la tshimologo kwa motseng wa '''Petrykivka'''. Se, se ne sa dira gore baagi ba motse le ditsweretši tsa koo ba nne le nako ya go bontsha lefatshe lotlhe botsweretši jwa bone bo le mo tikologong ya jone ya nnete. Ka 2012, Lefapha la Setso la Ukraine le ne la amogela setshwantsho sa Petrykivka jaaka karolo ya boswa jwa setso jo bo sa tshwaregeng jwa Ukraine, mme ka Sedimonthole 2013 se ne sa akarediwa mo Lenaaneng la Baemedi ba Boswa jwa Setso jo bo sa Tshwaregeng jwa Batho ke UNESCO. Ka Ferikgong 2013, letshwao la kgwebo la '''"Petrykivka"''' le le bopilweng ke '''Liudmyla Horbulia''' le ne la kwandisiwa semmuso. Morago ga moo, letshwao leno le ne la neelwa baagi ba motse wa Petrykivka le ditsweretši tsa koo e le mpho, go nna sesupo sa nnete le boleng jwa ditiro tse di tswang mo lefelong leo. Ka la bo 26 Diphalane 2020, setshwantsho sa Petrykivka se ne sa nna sesupo sa thutafatshe kwa Ukraine, se se rayang gore dikgato dingwe tsa thulaganyo ya sone ya go tlhagisa di netefadiwa gore di tla diragala mo lefelong la sone la tshimologo, e leng se se laolang dinonofo dingwe tsa setlhagiswa. [[Setshwantsho:Petrykivka_stamp,_2010.jpg|thumb|Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng tsa ga Petrykivka ka setempe sa Se-Ukraine, 2010]] Botaki jwa Petrykivka gantsi bo totile mefuta e e farologaneng ya dimela, segolobogolo dithunya. Ka dinako tse dingwe, dithunya tseno di takwa e le dipopego tsa boitshimololedi tse di sa tshwaneng le sepe se se fitlhelwang mo tlhagong. Mo mabakeng a mangwe, di theilwe mo dithunyeng tse di itsegeng tsa mo tshingwaneng (jaaka di-dahlia, di-aster, di-tulip, le dirosa), dithunya tsa naga (jaaka camomile le sethunya sa mmidi), mmogo le maungo a mangwe (jaaka diberi tsa viburnum le diterebe). [[Setshwantsho:A08116_in_Dnipro_2.jpg|thumb|Bese e e nang le setshwantsho se se takilweng kwa Dnipro, kwa Ukraine]] Petrykivka penta ke unabashedly tse peli-tlhakore, le ha ho takatso ea ho bontša "nnete" pono. Moralo ka kakaretso o hahilwe ho potoloha kutu e le nngwe kapa ho feta ya semela, eo ho yona e hoketsweng ho dintho tsohle tsa bohlokwa tsa sebopeho. Dikutu tseno kgotsa dikala gantsi ga di kopane, mme dielemente di le dintsi di tshwantshiwa e le ditshwantsho. Ditshwantsho tsa dinonyane, diphologolo le batho gantsi di bontshiwa ka porofaele, fa malomo gantsi a bontshiwa ka tlhogo. Dikarolo tse dintsi tsa ditshwantsho (tse di jaaka diphetale, dikutu le diberi) di tshwantshitswe go dirisiwa seterouku se le sengwe fela sa borashe. Bakeng sa dikarolo tse ding, tse kang diberi, bataki ba tla sebedisa monwana wa bona ho sebedisa pente, e leng se fellang ka sebopeho se kgolokwe se ikgethileng se bobebe bohareng mme se na le "palamonwana" e lefifi ntlheng ya yona. Bataki ba seporofešenale ba Petrykivka bontsi jwa bone ba dira kwantle ga ditshwantsho tse di thadilweng pele ga nako mme ga ba dirise didirisiwa tsa go lekanya. Go na le moo, ba bereka tlhamo mo leitlhong la bone, mme ga ba simolole go diragatsa go fitlha e akanyeditswe ka botlalo. * "Hrebinets '" ("Comb") - seterouku sa borashe se qalang ka kgatello e boima le mola o motenya, ebe se qeta ka ho ama ho bobebe le mola o mosesane. E bidiwa jalo ka gonne motseletsele wa distroke tse di ntseng jalo o lebega e kete ke kama ya moriri. * "Zerniatko" ("Peo") - seterouku sa borashe seo e leng morao oa "hrebinets'", ka kgatello e bobebe ya pele le kgatello e boima ya ho qetela. Fa ditlhaka tse di jalo di dirisiwa mo matlhakoreng oobedi a kutu, dipholo di tshwana le tsebe ya korong . * "Horishok" ("Nut") - e na le dipopego tse pedi tsa "hrebinets '" tse di kobegileng mme di bewa gaufi le tse dingwe. Go tlatsa sebaka se se sa siamang se se bonwang ka seterouku sa " zerniatko " go ntsha sebopego se se tshwanang le sa hazelnut . * "Perekhidnyi mazok" ("Phetoho seterouku") - entsoe ke borashe bo le bong le tse peli tse fapaneng mebala ea pigments. Borashe bo omileng bo inelwa pele ka pente e le nngwe (mohlala, e tala) mme ebe pente e nngwe (mohlala, e tshehla). Sephetho ke mola wa pente e tshehla, eo butle-butle e fetoha ho ba tala. <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=uk:Відео-уроки петриківського розпису |url=http://petrikovka.dnepredu.com/uk/site/uroki.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205134306/https://petrikovka.dnepredu.com/uk/site/uroki.html |archive-date=5 December 2023 |access-date=2 April 2016 |publisher=Petrikovka |language=uk}}</ref> Dipigmente ka tlwaelo di ne di ntshiwa mo ditlhareng, matlhareng, dibering le malomo go dirisiwa mekgwa e e rileng ya paakanyo. Bohibidu bo ne bo dirilwe ka matute a tšheri, botala - ka bojang le meriti ya bosigo, mme botala jwa legodimo - ka malomo a snowdrop . Mebala e e farologaneng ya mmala o mosetlha e ne e bonwa go tswa mo matlhareng a sonobolomo, matlalo a onion le lekwati la dipeo tsa [[Apole|diapole]] . Dipigmente di ne di tshesane ka go dirisa tlae ya lee kgotsa mashi, mme tsa tlhomamisiwa ka go dirisa matute a tšheri kgotsa sukiri go tswa mo dibeteng tsa sukiri . Difetolammala tsa maitirelo di ne tsa tlhagelela moragonyana thata, mme gouache le mmala wa metsi di ne di dirisiwa fela mo pakeng ya morago ga ntwa. Didirisiwa tsa go penta ka botsone le tsone di ne di tswa mo tlholegong: diborashe di ne di dirilwe ka matlhogela a ditlhare, dikutu tsa bojang jwa motlhaba (bogolo jang di- rush le di- cattail ), le moriri wa katse. <ref name="Основи">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2011 |script-title=uk:Основи петриківського розпису (навчання) |url=http://about-ukraine.com/index.php?text=712 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626124201/http://about-ukraine.com/index.php?text=712 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=19 June 2015 |publisher=«Про Україну» |language=uk}}</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Volodymyr_Glushenko.jpg|thumb|328x328px|Mongwe wa bataki ba ba itsegeng thata ba petrykivka, e bong Volodymyr Hlushchenko, o bereka kwa Petrykivka]] Ga go na direkoto tsa hisitori tsa botaki jwa Petrykivka pele ga tshimologo ya lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga, mme ka jalo maina a bataki ba ntlha ga a ise a kwalwe. Bogolo jang ka ntlha ya tiro ya ga Dmytro Yavornytsky, go ne ga kwalwa maina a beng ba Petrykivka ba masimologong a lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga (ba ba tsholetsweng ka bo1880 le bo1890), ba ba jaaka Tatiana Pata, Nadia Bilokin’, Yaryna Pylypenko le Paraska Pavlen. Bataki bana ke bona feela ba moloko wa bona bao mesebetsi ya bona e tsejwang mme e bolokwa dimusiamo ka attribution. <ref name="Петриківка2001">{{Cite book |date=2001 |publisher=Дніпрокнига |location=Dnipro |language=uk |script-title=uk:Петриківка: Альбом репродукцій}}</ref> <ref name="Петриківський2016">{{Cite book |last=Шестакова |first=О. І. |date=2016 |publisher=Мистецтво |location=Kyiv |language=uk |script-title=uk:Петриківський розпис: Книга-альбом}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, go na le bataki ba le mmalwa ba ba itsegeng ba ba tsholetsweng ka 1908-1919 ba ba neng ba ithuta ngwao mo malapeng a bone (bogolo jang mo malapeng a Paraska Pavlenko le Yaryna Pylypenko ba ba umakilweng fa godimo), mme ba ne ba tlhabologa ka boitlhamedi ka fa tlase ga tlhotlheletso e e nonofileng ya ga Tatiana Pata. Batho bano ba akaretsa Hanna Isaieva (yo o tshotsweng e le Pylypenko), Nadia Tymoshenko, Vasyl’ Vovk, Vera Pavlenko le Halyna Pavlenko (yo moragonyana a neng a bidiwa Pavlenko-Chernychenko). <ref name="Петриківка2001">{{Cite book |date=2001 |publisher=Дніпрокнига |location=Dnipro |language=uk |script-title=uk:Петриківка: Альбом репродукцій}}<cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore=""> <bdi lang="uk">Петриківка: Альбом репродукцій</bdi> (in Ukrainian). Dnipro: Дніпрокнига. 2001.</cite> [[Category:CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk)]] [[Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)]]</ref> <ref name="Петриківський2016"/> Bataki ba bangwe botlhe ba ba tumileng ba kokomana eno e ne e le baithuti ba ga Tatiana Pata mme ba ne ba ithuta kwa Sekolong sa Botaki sa Petrykivka fa gare ga 1936 le 1941. Bano ba akaretsa: Fedir Panko, Vasyl’ Sokolenko, Marfa Tymchenko, Vira Klynkova (yo moragonyana a neng a nna Klymenko-Zhukova) Maria. Shyshat’ska, Oleksandra Pikush, Ivan Zavhorodniy, Halyna Prudnikova (Zavhorodnia), Nadia Shulyk, Zoia Kudish, Vekla Kucherenko (Pata), Hanna Danyleiko, Nadia Pikush le ba bangwe. <ref name="Петриківка2001">{{Cite book |date=2001 |publisher=Дніпрокнига |location=Dnipro |language=uk |script-title=uk:Петриківка: Альбом репродукцій}}<cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore=""> <bdi lang="uk">Петриківка: Альбом репродукцій</bdi> (in Ukrainian). Dnipro: Дніпрокнига. 2001.</cite> [[Category:CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk)]] [[Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)]]</ref> <ref name="Петриківський2016">{{Cite book |last=Шестакова |first=О. І. |date=2016 |publisher=Мистецтво |location=Kyiv |language=uk |script-title=uk:Петриківський розпис: Книга-альбом}}<cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFШестакова2016">Шестакова, О. І. (2016). <bdi lang="uk">Петриківський розпис: Книга-альбом</bdi> (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Мистецтво.</cite> [[Category:CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk)]] [[Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)]]</ref> Distinctive har'a beng ba Petrykivka setaele ke Anna Samara, ea neng a le feela tsebahalang setho sa moloko o moholo oa bataki hore e ne e sa tsoaloa le koetlisitsoeng ka Petrykivka motseng. O ne a itse setaele le botegeniki kwa Kyiv ka fa tlase ga tlhotlheletso e e sa tlhamalalang ya beng ba Petrykivka ba ba jaaka Marfa Tymchenko, mme a tswelela go tlhabolola bokgoni jwa gagwe kwa Femeng ya Dikgopotso ya Kyiv Taras Shevchenko. <ref name="Петриківка2001">{{Cite book |date=2001 |publisher=Дніпрокнига |location=Dnipro |language=uk |script-title=uk:Петриківка: Альбом репродукцій}}<cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore=""> <bdi lang="uk">Петриківка: Альбом репродукцій</bdi> (in Ukrainian). Dnipro: Дніпрокнига. 2001.</cite> [[Category:CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk)]] [[Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)]]</ref> <ref name="Петриківський2016"/> Bontsi jwa kokomana e e latelang bo ne jwa ithuta botaki jwa Petrykivka ka fa tlase ga Fedir Panko le/kgotsa Vasyl’ Sokolenko, mmogo le mo maemong mangwe le mongwe wa bataki ba bangwe ba ba ditswerere ba ba umakilweng fa godimo. Batho bano ba akaretsa: Volodymyr Hlushchenko, Nina Turchyn (Shyshats’ka), Tamara Kudish, Nina Shulyk, Vira Tezyk, Anatolii Chernus’kyi, Nina Chernus’ka, Andrii Pikush, Maria Pikush, Uliana Skliar, Valentyna Panko, ValentySdiatava ( Maria Yanenko (Statyva), Natalia Statyva-Zharko, Halyna Nazarenko, Tatiana Har’kava (Lapshyn), Liudmyla Horbulia, Olena Zinchuk, Yulia Nahai, Yaryna Nazarenko, Serhii Dreshpak, Valentyna Tamara Khomenko, Nina Borodina, Kateryna, Tymoha Kurin’ka (Bel’mas), Iryna Kibets, Olena Yarmoliuk, Olena Skytsiuk (morwadia Marfa Tymchenko) le ba bangwe. <ref name="Петриківка2001">{{Cite book |date=2001 |publisher=Дніпрокнига |location=Dnipro |language=uk |script-title=uk:Петриківка: Альбом репродукцій}}<cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore=""> <bdi lang="uk">Петриківка: Альбом репродукцій</bdi> (in Ukrainian). Dnipro: Дніпрокнига. 2001.</cite> [[Category:CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk)]] [[Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)]]</ref> <ref name="Петриківський2016"/> <ref name="Тимошенко-Хоменко">{{Cite web |script-title=uk:Музей Гетьманства - Родинна виставка Валентини Хоменко і Вікторії Тимошенко "Бережи, Боже, Україну!" |url=http://www.getman-museum.kiev.ua/blog/timoshenko/2015-05-04-124 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615142830/http://www.getman-museum.kiev.ua/blog/timoshenko/2015-05-04-124 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |access-date=19 June 2015 |language=uk}}</ref> Bataki ba bangwe ba ba botlhokwa ba kokomana eno ba akaretsa Valentyna Karpets'-Yermolaieva, Valentyna Milenko, Natalia Rybak, Liana Skliar, Tatiana Pata (Skliar), Tamara Vakulenko (Samars'ka), Padun, le ba bangwe. <ref name="Петриківка2001">{{Cite book |date=2001 |publisher=Дніпрокнига |location=Dnipro |language=uk |script-title=uk:Петриківка: Альбом репродукцій}}<cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore=""> <bdi lang="uk">Петриківка: Альбом репродукцій</bdi> (in Ukrainian). Dnipro: Дніпрокнига. 2001.</cite> [[Category:CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk)]] [[Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)]]</ref> <ref name="Петриківський2016"/> <ref name="Тимошенко-Хоменко">{{Cite web |script-title=uk:Музей Гетьманства - Родинна виставка Валентини Хоменко і Вікторії Тимошенко "Бережи, Боже, Україну!" |url=http://www.getman-museum.kiev.ua/blog/timoshenko/2015-05-04-124 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615142830/http://www.getman-museum.kiev.ua/blog/timoshenko/2015-05-04-124 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |access-date=19 June 2015 |language=uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150615142830/http://www.getman-museum.kiev.ua/blog/timoshenko/2015-05-04-124 <bdi lang="uk">Музей Гетьманства - Родинна виставка Валентини Хоменко і Вікторії Тимошенко "Бережи, Боже, Україну!"</bdi>] (in Ukrainian). Archived from [http://www.getman-museum.kiev.ua/blog/timoshenko/2015-05-04-124 the original] on 15 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk)]] [[Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)]]</ref> Le fa kgaolo eno e lebega e kgaosetswe, jaaka moitseanape wa puo, ke kgona go lemoga gore o bua ka ditsweretši tse di tlhagafetseng thata (leading masters) tsa botaki jwa Petrykivka. Go tsenya mantswe a a tlhokegang go feleletsa molaetsa o ka lentswe la segompieno le le tlotlegang: Petrikivka botaki gantsi e nnile tiro ya diatla ya lelapa, mme bataki ba le bantsi ba ba itsegeng thata ba Petrykivka (ba hisitori le ba segompieno) gantsi ba na le bataki ba ba itsegeng thata mo lelapeng la bone le le gaufi. Gareng ga tse di tumileng thata tsa "dipuso" tseno ke tsa ga Panko, Pikush, Statyva le Skliar. Mo mabakeng a mangwe, dikgolagano tse ga di bonale sentle, ka ge batshodi ba ngwao gantsi e ne e le basadi ba ba neng ba fetola sefane sa bona morago ga lenyalo. Gape go raraantswe ke ntlha ya gore difane dingwe tse di sa tlwaelegang di diragala gore di tlwaelege thata mo Petrykivka, mme bataki ba babedi ba ba nang le leina le le lengwe tota ba ka tswa ba ''se'' ba losika lo lo gaufi. <ref name="Петриківка2001">{{Cite book |date=2001 |publisher=Дніпрокнига |location=Dnipro |language=uk |script-title=uk:Петриківка: Альбом репродукцій}}<cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore=""> <bdi lang="uk">Петриківка: Альбом репродукцій</bdi> (in Ukrainian). Dnipro: Дніпрокнига. 2001.</cite> [[Category:CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk)]] [[Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)]]</ref> <ref name="Петриківський2016"/> <gallery class="center"> Setshwantsho:Blue_flowers_box.jpg|alt=Decorative box "Blue Flowers" by Natalia Statyva-Zharko| </gallery>Tiro eno ke lebokoso le le phepafaditsweng ka varnish, mme se se e kgetheglolang ke tiriso ya mokgatla (background) o o mmala wa '''botala jwa loapi''' (sky blue/azure). Mo godimo ga mokgatla ono, Natalia o tlhageletsa dithunya tse di tshotseng mebala e e phatsimang ya bo-khunou le bophepa. Seno se baka "contrast" e e tsididi e bile e le phepa, e e neelang tiro eno ponalo ya segompieno le seriti sa loapi lo lo phepafetseng. Mokgwa o o rarabanyeng wa go dirisa boratšhe jwa ''koshachka'' o bopa dintlha tse di tshesane thata mo gare ga malomo, mme tiriso ya varnish e netefatsa gore mebala eno e nna e phatsima mme e bolokegile ka dingwaga tse dintsi. Tiro eno e tlogela go nna kgabiso fela, mme e nna nngwe ya ditiro tse di tlotlegang tsa botsweretši jwa gompieno jwa Petrykivka jo bo sa tshwaregeng. ----<gallery class="center"> Setshwantsho:Petrykivsky_rospys_skrynka_mazky1980.JPG Setshwantsho:Petrykivsky_rospys_skrynka_kalyna1980.JPG Setshwantsho:Petrykivsky_rospys_skrynka_chorna1985.JPG Setshwantsho:Petrykivsky_rospys_skrynka_ptakh_1980.JPG </gallery> == Ditshupiso == <references /> [[Karolo:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] pbhm52hwz6228l81hn1peft8k79rhd3 0 13165 57032 55811 2026-11-08T01:03:42Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 5 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university|name=Botswana Accountancy College|motto=Dare to Explore|type=Sa setshaba|established=Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro|chancellor=[[Serty Leburu]]|students=ba feta dikete pedi le makgolo a matlhano|location=[[Gaborone]] [[Francistown]] Botswana|campus=ya sesha|website=https://www.bac.ac.bw/|logo=Botswana Accountancy College (Gaborone) logo.png}} '''Botswana Accountancy College''' e gape e itsegeng ka leina la '''BAC''', ke sekolo sa tsa kgwebo se diofisi kgolo tsa sone di leng kwa toropokgolo [[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]] . Kwa tshimologong sekolo se se ne se tlamelwa ka madi ke lephata la madi le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le [[Debswana]], mme se tlamela ka ditlhokego tsa thuto e kgolwane ya bobalamatlotlo le maranyane a tshedimosetso ya lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BAC {{!}} The Botswana Business School |url=https://www.bac.ac.bw/ |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=www.bac.ac.bw}}</ref> Sekolo sa matlotlo sa Botswana se itlhomamisa jaaka lefelo la botswerere mo Borwa jwa Aforika le kwa ntle ga Aforika. Se itsege mo dikarolong tsa matlotlo, tsa madi, kgwebo, botsamaisi, kamogelo ya baeng, lekgetho, boitapoloso, le ICT. BAC e na le dikolo tse pedi; sekolo se segolo se kwa Gaborone, mme e nngwe e kwa [[Francistown]] . Sekolo sa Gaborone se kwa Phakeng ya Ofisi ya Fairgrounds kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa Gaborone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Botswana Accountancy College |url=https://www.bac.ac.bw/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031070545/http://www.bac.ac.bw:80/history |archive-date=2016-10-31 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=Botswana Accountancy College}}</ref> Sekolo se se dirisana mmogo le University of Derby, University ya Sunderland leUniversioty ya Sheffield Hallam kwa Engelane . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership {{!}} BAC |url=https://www.bac.ac.bw/partnership |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=www.bac.ac.bw |archive-date=2021-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520094808/https://www.bac.ac.bw/partnership |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ditso == Sekolo se tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro e le kgwebo e e kopanetsweng magareng ga Lephata la madi le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo (MFDP), Kompone ya Debswana ya diteemane le motheo wa Botswana wa matlotlo, mme se ne sa kwadisa baithuti ba ka nna makgolo a mararo masome a mane le borobabongwe ba dipoloma tsa ACCA, CIMA, AAT le NCC. Botswana Accountancy College gape e ruta mananeo a pele ga kalogo a a amogetsweng ke University of Derby. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana Accountancy College-International Collaborative partners |url=https://www.derby.ac.uk/partnerships/international-collaborative/botswana-accountancy-college/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803052442/https://www.derby.ac.uk/partnerships/international-collaborative/botswana-accountancy-college/ |archive-date=2020-08-03 |website=University of Derby}}</ref> Maikaelelo a sekolo e ne e le go fokotsa go ikaega ka babalamatlotlo ba ba tswang kwa mafatshe a mangwe mme, mo pakeng e telele, e nne porojeke e e ithusang ka madi. BAC ke kompone e e nang le bathusi ba madi ba le bararo e le banna le seabe. MFDP le Debswana ba ne ba thusa BAC ka matlole go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa dikeet pedi le bosupa. Sekolo se se kwa Gaborone se kwa Phakeng ya Ofisi ya Fairgrounds kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa Gaborone. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=History of Botswana Accountancy College |url=https://www.bac.ac.bw/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031070545/http://www.bac.ac.bw:80/history |archive-date=2016-10-31 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=Botswana Accountancy College}}</ref> == Mafelo == Mo Gaborone, BAC e bereka go tswa mo dikolong tse tharo tse di golaganeng thata: * '''Sekolo se segolo''' * '''BIFM''' (kago ya Phaka ya Ofisi ya Fairgrounds Block D) moalo wa bobedi go kgabaganya tsela go tswa kwa sekolong se segolo * '''Lefelo la madi la Lebala la Dipontsho''', le le mo teng ga lefelo la Lebala la Dipontsho === Bojelo === === Boroko === BAC e kgona go amogela baithuti ba bonno ba le lekgolo le bobedi kwa sekolong se segolo kwa Gaborone. Go na le dikago tsa bonno di le tharo go amogela baithuti, tse di bidiwang ka baeteledipele ba phetogo ba Botswana; Khama, [[Bathoen I]], le Sechele. <ref>{{Cite web |title={{sic|Accom|odation|hide=y}} {{!}} BAC |url=https://www.bac.ac.bw/accomodation |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=www.bac.ac.bw |archive-date=2021-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520095051/https://www.bac.ac.bw/accomodation |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Toropo ya maranyane ya Francistown (FDC) == '''Toropokgolo ya maranyane ya Francistown (FDC)''' ke letsholo la maranyane le boitshimololedi le le tlhomilweng ka fa tlase ga sekolose se kwa Francistown sa Botswana Accountancy College, le maikaelelo a lone e leng go nonotsha go bona mohama wa baithuti ka diporojeke tse di mosola tsa go reka tiro kwa ntle, boitshimololedi jwa maranyane, le tirisanommogo le banaleseabe ba lekalana le le ikemetseng le la puso. Letsholo le, le tlhomile mogopolo mo go tokafatseng go thapiwa ga baithuti ka go golaganya go ithuta ga thuto le dikgwetlho tsa boammaruri tsa maranyane Letsholo la FDC le eteletswe pele ke '''Rebaone Mlalazi''', motlhatlhelela dithuto wa Saense ya Dikhomphiutha kwa Botswana Accountancy College, yo o dirang jaaka mogokaganyi le go etelela pele go nna le seabe ga bannaleseabe, go laola diporojeke tsa baithuti, le go dirisana mmogo ka togamaano. Ka fa tlase ga letsholo le, BAC Francistown e dirisana mmogo le mekgatlho e e farologaneng go tshegetsa mananeo a go tshwaraganela baithuti, di-hackathon, katiso ya bokgoni jwa maranyane, le diporojeke tsa go tlhama diporojeke tsa maranyane a a mo teng ga khumputara. == Botshelo jwa moithuti == BAC e fa baithuti mekgatlho e e dirwang kwa ntle ga sekolo: * '''Business hive''' e tlhomilwe ka Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso. Ke mokgatlho wa kgwebo le wa tsa madi go letla baithuti go leka tsa pereko ka nako ya fa ba le kwa BAC ka dikokoano tsa go tlhabana botlhale, katiso, le dikgaisano le bagwebi ba Botswana, bagakolodi, le baitseanape ba tsa madi. * '''Mokgatlho wa Dingangisano''' o tlhomilwe ka Firikgong ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso. Baithuti ba ile ba emela BAC go ralala Aforika Borwa mo dikgaisanong tsa dingangisano, mmogo le kwa Berlin, kwa Jeremane mo Dikgaisanong tsa Lefatshe Lotlhe tsa dikolo tse dikgolwane. * '''Setlhopha sa rakabi sa BAC''' == Ba na le seabe == Ba na le seabe mo BAC ba akaretsa: * Lephata la madi * Lephata la thuto * [[Debswana]] * [https://www.bica.org.bw/ Setheo sa Botswana sa Babalamatlotlo] * Lekgotla la Thuto ya Kgolwane == Bapati == * University of Derby * University of Sunderland * [[Lekgotla le le okametseng Makgetlho la Botswana]] * Motheo wa peeletso le tshireletso wa Aforika Borwa * University of Sheffield Hallam == Metswedi == i{{Reflist|1}} == Histori == Kholetšhe e ne ya tlhomiwa ka 1996 jaaka kgwebo e e kopanetsweng magareng ga Lefapha la Ditšhelete le Tlhabololo ya Leano (MFDP), Khamphani ya Debswana Diamond, le Setheo sa Botswana sa Baakhaontente, se se kwadisitseng baithuti ba dipoloma tsa ACCA, CIMA, AAT le NCC ba le 349. Kholetšhe ya Botswana Accountancy gape e na le mananeo a dikirii ya pele a a amogetsweng ke Yunibesithi ya Derby. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana Accountancy College-International Collaborative partners |url=https://www.derby.ac.uk/partnerships/international-collaborative/botswana-accountancy-college/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803052442/https://www.derby.ac.uk/partnerships/international-collaborative/botswana-accountancy-college/ |archive-date=2020-08-03 |website=University of Derby}}</ref> Maikaelelo a kholetšhe e ne e le go fokotsa go ikaega ka dikhaontente tse di tswang kwa dinageng di sele mme, mo nakong e telele, e nne porojeke e e itshegetsang ka madi. BAC ke khamphani e e nang le maikarabelo a a lekanyeditsweg e e nang le bagwebi ba le bararo e le beng ba diabo. MFDP le Debswana ba ne ba thusa BAC ka madi go fitlha ka 2007. Khamphase ya Gaborone e kwa Fairgrounds Office Park kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa Gaborone. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=History of Botswana Accountancy College |url=https://www.bac.ac.bw/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031070545/http://www.bac.ac.bw:80/history |archive-date=2016-10-31 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=Botswana Accountancy College}}</ref> adppn94aij7mxgvaqgv7cbw7jupm0ix 0 13289 57065 55525 2026-11-08T10:24:28Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Sepsis|synonym=Septicemia, blood poisoning|image=Bloodculturetubes.JPG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Blood culture]] bottles: orange cap for [[anaerobes]], green cap for [[aerobes]], and yellow cap for blood samples from children<ref>{{cite web |url=http://d2xk4h2me8pjt2.cloudfront.net/webjc/attachments/74/c6e3e84-blood-culture-and-isolator-collection-instructions.pdf |title=Blood Culture Collection |publisher=WVUH Laboratories |date=7 April 2012 |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323163301/http://d2xk4h2me8pjt2.cloudfront.net/webjc/attachments/74/c6e3e84-blood-culture-and-isolator-collection-instructions.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɛ|p|s|ᵻ|s}}|specialty=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=[[Fever]], [[tachycardia|increased heart rate]], [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], [[hyperventilation|increased breathing rate]], [[mental confusion|confusion]]<ref name=CDC2014Q>{{cite web |title= Sepsis Questions and Answers |url= https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |website= cdc.gov |publisher= [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date= 28 November 2014 |date= 22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141204083832/http://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |archive-date= 4 December 2014 }}</ref>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=[[immune system|Immune response]] triggered by an infection<ref name=Tint2011>{{cite book |last1= Jui |first1= Jonathan |chapter= Ch. 146: Septic Shock |editor-last1= Tintinalli |editor-first1= Judith E. |editor-last2= Stapczynski |editor-first2= J. Stephan |editor-last4= Cline |editor-first4= David M. |editor-last3= Ma |editor-first3= O. John |editor-last5= Cydulka |editor-first5= Rita K. |editor-last6= Meckler |editor-first6= Garth D. |display-editors= 1 | collaboration = [[American College of Emergency Physicians]] |title= Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide |url= https://archive.org/details/tintinallisemerg0000unse_7edi |edition= 7th |location= New York |publisher= [[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]] |pages= [https://archive.org/details/tintinallisemerg0000unse_7edi/page/1003 1003]–14 |year= 2011 | chapter-url= |isbn=9780071484800 }}</ref><ref name="Deutschman2014">{{cite journal |last1= Deutschman |first1= CS |last2= Tracey |first2= KJ | title = Sepsis: Current dogma and new perspectives | journal = [[Immunity (journal)|Immunity]] | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 463–75 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24745331 | doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.04.001 |doi-access=free }}</ref>|risks=Young or old age, [[cancer]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[major trauma]], [[burn]]s<ref name=CDC2014Q />|diagnosis=[[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome]] (SIRS),<ref name=Tint2011 /> [[SOFA score#Quick SOFA score|qSOFA]]<ref name= "Sepsis–3_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC |display-authors=2 | title = The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2016-02-23_315_8/page/801 | journal = [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] | volume = 315 | issue = 8 | pages = 801–10 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26903338 | pmc = 4968574 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.0287 }}</ref>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous fluids]], [[antimicrobial]]s<ref name=CDC2014Q /><ref name= "SSC–G2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, Kumar A, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Rubenfeld GD, Angus DC, Annane D, Beale RJ, Bellinghan GJ, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith C, De Backer DP, French CJ, Fujishima S, Gerlach H, Hidalgo JL, Hollenberg SM, Jones AE, Karnad DR, Kleinpell RM, Koh Y, Lisboa TC, Machado FR, Marini JJ, Marshall JC, Mazuski JE, McIntyre LA, McLean AS, Mehta S, Moreno RP, Myburgh J, Navalesi P, Nishida O, Osborn TM, Perner A, Plunkett CM, Ranieri M, Schorr CA, Seckel MA, Seymour CW, Shieh L, Shukri KA, Simpson SQ, Singer M, Thompson BT, Townsend SR, Van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Wiersinga WJ, Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP | display-authors = 2 | title = Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016 | journal = [[Intensive Care Medicine (journal)|Intensive Care Medicine]] | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 304–377 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28101605 | doi = 10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6 |doi-access= free }}</ref>|medication=|prognosis=10 to 80% risk of death<ref name= "Sepsis–3_2016" /><ref name=Jawad2012/>|frequency=0.2–3 per 1000 a year (developed world)<ref name=Jawad2012/><ref name=Martin2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin GS | title = Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock: Changes in incidence, pathogens and outcomes | journal = [[Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy]] | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 701–6 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22734959 | pmc = 3488423 | doi = 10.1586/eri.12.50 }}</ref>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Sepsis''' ke boemo jo bo ka tsenyang botshelo mo kotsing jo bo nnang teng fa tsela e mmele o tsibogelang megare ka yone e baka kgobalo mo ditshikig le mo dirweng tsa one.<ref name="Sepsis–3_2016">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC |display-authors=2 | title = The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2016-02-23_315_8/page/801 | journal = [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] | volume = 315 | issue = 8 | pages = 801–10 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26903338 | pmc = 4968574 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.0287 }}</ref> Kgato e ya tshimologo e latelwa ke kgatelelo ya masole a mmele.<ref name="pmid31611560">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chao C, Muming Y, Yanfen C|title=Pathological Alteration and Therapeutic Implications of Sepsis-Induced Immune Cell Apoptosis|journal=Cell Death & Disease|volume=10|issue=10|pages=782|year=2019|doi=10.1038/s41419-019-2015-1|pmc=6791888|pmid=31611560}}</ref> Dikai tse di tlwaelesegileng di akaretsa letshoroma, go itaya ga pelo, go hema ka bonako, le go tlhakana tlhogo.<ref name="CDC2014Q">{{Cite web|title= Sepsis Questions and Answers |url= https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |website= cdc.gov |publisher= [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date= 28 November 2014 |date= 22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141204083832/http://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |archive-date= 4 December 2014 }}</ref> Gape go ka nna le dikai tse di amanang le megare e e rileng, jaaka go gotlhola ka [[nyumonia]], kgotsa go rota mo go botlhoko ka tshwaetsego ya diphilo.<ref name="Tint2011">{{Cite book|chapter= Ch. 146: Septic Shock |editor-last2= Stapczynski |editor-first2= J. Stephan |editor-last4= Cline |editor-first4= David M. |editor-last3= Ma |editor-first3= O. John |editor-last5= Cydulka |editor-first5= Rita K. |editor-last6= Meckler |editor-first6= Garth D. |display-editors= 1 | collaboration = [[American College of Emergency Physicians]] |title= Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide |url= https://archive.org/details/tintinallisemerg0000unse_7edi |edition= 7th |location= New York |publisher= [[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]] |pages= [https://archive.org/details/tintinallisemerg0000unse_7edi/page/1003 1003]–14 |year= 2011 | chapter-url= |isbn=9780071484800 |last=Jui|first=Jonathan|editor-last=Tintinalli|editor-first=Judith E.}}</ref> Banana, ba ba godileng, le batho ba ba nang le masole a mmele a a bokoa ba ka nna ba se ka ba nna le dikai dipe tsa tshwaetsego e e rileng, mme mogote wa ya mmele o ka nna kwa tlase kgotsa e o go na le go nna le letshoroma . Sepsis e e masisi ke sepsis e e bakang go sa dire sentle ga dirwe kgotsa go elela ga madi.<ref name="SSCG2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb SA, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R|display-authors=2|title=Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2012|journal=[[Critical Care Medicine (journal)|Critical Care Medicine]]|volume=41|issue=2|pages=580–637|date=February 2013|pmid=23353941|doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af|doi-access=free}}</ref> Go nna teng ga kgatelelo e e kwa tlase ya madi, lactate e e kwa godimo mo mading, kgotsa go tswa ga motlhapo go go kwa tlase go ka kaya kelelo e e bokoa ya madi.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Septic shock ke kgatelelo e e kwa tlase ya madi ka ntlha ya sepsis e e sa tokafaleng morago ga go emisetsa seeledi.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Sepsis ke tsibogo ya masole a mmele ya go ruruga e e tlhotlhelediwang ke tshwaetsego.<ref name="Tint2011" /><ref name="Deutschman2014" /> Dikai tsa dibakateria ke tsone tse di tlwaelegileng thata tse di bakang seno, mme ditshwaetso tsa fungal, megare le diporotozoa le tsone di ka baka sepsis. Mafelo a a tlwaelegileng a tshwaetsego ya ntlha a akaretsa mafatlha, boboko, mosele wa motlhapo, letlalo, le dirwe tsa mpa . BBatho ba ba mo diphatsa ba akaretsa banana,bagodi, masole a mmele a a bokoa ka mabaka a kankere kgotsa bolwetse jwa sukiri, kgobalo e kgolo, kgotsa go fisiwa.<ref name="CDC2014Q" /> Pele, tlhatlhobo ya sepsis e ne e tlhoka go nna teng ga bonnye dikelo tse pedi tsa karabelo ya go ruruga ga thulaganyo (SIRS) mo seemong sa tshwaetsego e e akanngwang. Ka ngwaga wa 2016, maduo a a khutshwafaditsweng a tlhatlhobo ya go palelwa ga dirwe tsa mmele ka tatelano (maduo a SOFA), a a itsiweng jaaka maduo a SOFA a a bonako (qSOFA), a ne a tsaya sebaka sa thulaganyo ya go tlhatlhoba ya SIRS.<ref name="Sepsis–3_2016" /> Ditekanyetso tsa qSOFA tsa sepsis di akaretsa bonnye di le pedi tsa tse tharo tse di latelang: go hema go go oketsegileng, go fetoga ga selekanyo sa go itharabologelwa, le kgatelelo e e kwa tlase ya madi. Dikaelo tsa sepsis di akantsha gore go bonwe ditso tsa madi pele o simolola dibolayamegare; le fa go ntse jalo, go tlhatlhoba bolwetse jono ga go tlhoke gore madi a tshwaetsege . Ditshwantsho tsa kalafi di a thusa fa go batliwa lefelo le go ka diregang gore tshwaetsego e nne mo go lone.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Dilo tse dingwe tse di ka nnang tsa baka matshwao a a tshwanang le ano di akaretsa anaphylaxis, go sa lekana ga diphilo, selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa madi, go sa dire sentle ga pelo, le go tsenwa ke madi mo makgwafong . Sepsis gantsi e tlhoka kalafi ya ka bonako ka dibolayamegare le diedi tse di tsenngwang mo ditshikaneng.<ref name="CDC2014Q" /><ref name="SSC–G2016">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, Kumar A, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Rubenfeld GD, Angus DC, Annane D, Beale RJ, Bellinghan GJ, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith C, De Backer DP, French CJ, Fujishima S, Gerlach H, Hidalgo JL, Hollenberg SM, Jones AE, Karnad DR, Kleinpell RM, Koh Y, Lisboa TC, Machado FR, Marini JJ, Marshall JC, Mazuski JE, McIntyre LA, McLean AS, Mehta S, Moreno RP, Myburgh J, Navalesi P, Nishida O, Osborn TM, Perner A, Plunkett CM, Ranieri M, Schorr CA, Seckel MA, Seymour CW, Shieh L, Shukri KA, Simpson SQ, Singer M, Thompson BT, Townsend SR, Van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Wiersinga WJ, Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP | display-authors = 2 | title = Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016 | journal = [[Intensive Care Medicine (journal)|Intensive Care Medicine]] | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 304–377 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28101605 | doi = 10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6 |doi-access= free }}</ref> Tlhokomelo e e tswelelang gantsi e tswelela mo yuniting ya tlhokomelo e e tseneletseng . Fa teko e e lekaneng ya go emisetsa dieledi e sa lekana go boloka kgatelelo ya madi, go tla bo go tlhokega gore go dirisiwe melemo e e tlhatlosang kgatelelo ya madi . Go ka tlhokega go tsenya mowa ka metšhini le go tlhatswa madi go tshegetsa tiro ya mafatlha le diphilo, ka go latelana. Go ka nna ga tsenngwa tšhupu ya ditshika tse di fa gare le tšhupu ya ditshika gore di kgone go tsena mo mading le go kaela kalafi.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Ditekanyo tse dingwe tse di thusang di akaretsa ntsho ya pelo le go tlala ga okosejene ya vena cava e e kwa godimo.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Batho ba ba nang le bolwetse jwa sepsis ba tlhoka dikgato tsa thibelo ya thrombosis e e tseneletseng ya ditshika, diso tsa kgatelelo, le diso tsa kgatelelo ntle le fa maemo a mangwe a thibela ditsereganyo tse di jalo.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Batho bangwe ba ka solegelwa molemo ke taolo e e gagametseng ya selekanyo sa sukiri mo mading ka insulin.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Tiriso ya di-corticosteroid e a ganetsana, ka ditshekatsheko dingwe di bona mosola,<ref name="Ann2019">{{Cite journal|last=Annane|first=D|last2=Bellissant|first2=E|last3=Bollaert|first3=PE|last4=Briegel|first4=J|last5=Keh|first5=D|last6=Kupfer|first6=Y|last7=Pirracchio|first7=R|last8=Rochwerg|first8=B|title=Corticosteroids for treating sepsis in children and adults.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=6 December 2019|volume=12|pages=CD002243|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002243.pub4|pmid=31808551|pmc=6953403}}</ref><ref name="Fang2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fang F, Zhang Y, Tang J, Lunsford LD, Li T, Tang R, He J, Xu P, Faramand A, Xu J, You C|display-authors=2|title=Association of corticosteroid treatment with outcomes in adult patients with sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=[[JAMA Internal Medicine]]|volume=179|issue=2|pages=213–223|date=February 2019|pmid=30575845|pmc=6439648|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.5849}}</ref> mme tse dingwe ga di bone.<ref name="Long2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Long B, Koyfman A|title=Controversies in corticosteroid use for sepsis|journal=[[The Journal of Emergency Medicine]]|volume=53|issue=5|pages=653–661|date=November 2017|pmid=28916121|doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.05.024}}</ref> Bokete jwa bolwetse bo laola phelelo ka bontlhabongwe.<ref name="Jawad2012" /> Kotsi ya loso ka ntlha ya sepsis e kwa godimo go fitlha go 30%, fa mo sepsis e e masisi e le kwa godimo go fitlha go 50%, le septic shock 80%.<ref name="Jawad2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jawad I, Lukšić I, Rafnsson SB|display-authors=2|title=Assessing available information on the burden of sepsis: Global estimates of incidence, prevalence and mortality|journal=Journal of Global Health|volume=2|issue=1|pages=010404|date=June 2012|pmid=23198133|pmc=3484761|doi=10.7189/jogh.01.010404}}</ref> Sepsis e amile batho ba ka nna dimilione di le masome a mane le borobabongwe ka ngwaga wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi lesome le bosupa , mme go ne ga swa batho ba le dimilione di le lesome le motso (motho a le mongwe mo go ba le batlhano lefatshe ka bophara).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rudd|first=Kristina E|last2=Johnson|first2=Sarah Charlotte|last3=Agesa|first3=Kareha M|last4=Shackelford|first4=Katya Anne|last5=Tsoi|first5=Derrick|last6=Kievlan|first6=Daniel Rhodes|last7=Colombara|first7=Danny V|last8=Ikuta|first8=Kevin S|last9=Kissoon|first9=Niranjan|last10=Finfer|first10=Simon|last11=Fleischmann-Struzek|first11=Carolin|last12=Machado|first12=Flavia R|last13=Reinhart|first13=Konrad K|last14=Rowan|first14=Kathryn|last15=Seymour|first15=Christopher W|title=Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study|journal=The Lancet|date=January 2020|volume=395|issue=10219|pages=200–211|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32989-7|pmid=31954465|pmc=6970225}}</ref> Mo mafatsheg a a tlhabologileng, dipalo tse di katshwarang 0,2 go ya go ba le 3 mo go ba le 1000 ba amiwa ke bolwetse jwa sepsis ngwaga le ngwaga, mme seno se felela ka gore go nne le dikgetsi di ka nna milione ka ngwaga kwa United States.<ref name="Jawad2012" /><ref name="Martin2012">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Martin GS | title = Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock: Changes in incidence, pathogens and outcomes | journal = [[Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy]] | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 701–6 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22734959 | pmc = 3488423 | doi = 10.1586/eri.12.50 }}</ref> Dipalopalo tsa malwetse di ntse di oketsega.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Sepsis e tlwaelegile thata mo banneng go feta mo basading.<ref name="Tint2011" /> Ditlhaloso tsa sepsis di simolotse ka nako ya ga Hippocrates.<ref name="NEJM2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Angus DC, van der Poll T|title=Severe sepsis and septic shock|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2013-08-29_369_9/page/840|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=369|issue=9|pages=840–51|date=August 2013|pmid=23984731|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208623|doi-access=free}}</ref> Maina la "septicemia" le "botlhole jwa madi" a ntse a dirisiwa ka ditsela tse di farologaneng mme ga a tlhole a rotloediwa.<ref name="NEJM2013" /><ref name="1992consensus">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, Schein RM, Sibbald WJ|display-authors=2|title=Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis.|journal=[[Chest (journal)|Chest]]|volume=101|issue=6|pages=1644–55|date=June 1992|pmid=1303622|doi=10.1378/chest.101.6.1644|quote=Septicemia... has been used... in a variety of ways... We therefore suggest that this term be eliminated from current usage.|url=http://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/1584|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505181345/https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/1584|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 7ijgaqifc59hoqezbjkdbyoup2y59xr 0 13290 57058 50151 2026-11-08T09:46:36Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Asthma|synonym=|image=Asthma inhaler use.PNG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=|pronounce=|specialty=[[Pulmonology]]|symptoms=Recurring episodes of [[wheezing]], [[coughing]], [[chest tightness]], [[shortness of breath]]<ref name=Goldman2020/>|complications=|onset=Typically in childhood / before age 25 years<ref name=Goldman2020/>|duration=Long term<ref name=Mitchell2021.4/>|types=|causes=[[Genetics|Genetic]] and [[environmental factor]]s<ref name=Goldman2020/>|risks=[[Air pollution]], [[allergen]]s (viral infection, dust, smoke, animal fur, perfume), some medicines<ref name=WHO2022/><ref name=aaaai2020/>|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, response to therapy, [[spirometry]]<ref name=Mitchell2021.4/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Avoiding triggers, inhaled [[corticosteroid]]s, [[salbutamol]]<ref name=WHO2022/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=262 million (2019)<ref name=WHO2022/>|deaths=455,000 (2019)<ref name=WHO2022/>|named after=}} '''Bolwetse jwa Phupelo''' ke bolwetse jo bo tlwaelegileng jwa thurugo ya nako e telele ya ditsela tsa mowa tsa mafatlha.<ref name="Goldman2020">{{Cite book|last=Drazen|first=Geoffrey M.|last2=Bel|first2=Elisabeth H.|editor-last=Goldman|editor-first=Lee|editor-last2=Schafer|editor-first2=Andrew I.|title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-55087-1|pages=527-535|edition=26th|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&dq=Asthma&pg=PA527|language=en|chapter=81. Asthma|access-date=2022-10-07|archive-date=2022-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007204510/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&dq=Asthma&pg=PA527|url-status=live}}</ref> E tlhaolwa ka dikai tse di farologaneng tse di ipoeletsang, kgoreletso ya kelelo ya mowa e e ka busediwang morago, le go ruruga ga matshwafo go go ka nnang teng bonolo ; go tlhotlhora, go gotlhola, go tlhaela mowa, le go gagamala ga sehuba.<ref name="Mitchell2021.4">{{Cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Ian|last2=Govias|first2=Gaynor|title=Asthma Education: Principles and Practice for the Asthma Educator|date=2021|publisher=Springer|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-030-77895-8|pages=95-130|edition=Second|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nh8_EAAAQBAJ&dq=Asthma&pg=PA95|language=en|chapter=4. Clinical presentation of asthma|access-date=2022-10-07|archive-date=2022-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007204540/https://books.google.com/books?id=nh8_EAAAQBAJ&dq=Asthma&pg=PA95|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CDCasthma">{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=27 September 2022|title=Have Asthma? Learn how you can improve your health and quality of life|url=https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/default.htm|access-date=7 October 2022|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006185400/https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/default.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Tseno di ka diragala makgetlo a le mmalwa ka letsatsi kgotsa makgetlo a le mmalwa ka beke.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Asthma Fact sheet №307|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629035454/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/|archive-date=June 29, 2011}}</ref> Dikai tsa bolwetse di ka kgoreletsa boroko kgotsa tsa nna maswe le go feta fa o itshidila mmele.<ref name="Mitchell2021.4" />Bolwetse jwa Phupelo boka itshupa gape ka letsapa,go sitwa mo go ipoeletsang, kgotsa go sa itekanela sentle.<ref name="Mitchell2021.4" /> Go akanngwa gore bolwetse jwa Phupelo bo bakwa ke kopano ya mabaka a lotsalo le a tikologo.<ref name="Goldman2020" /> Mabaka a tikologo a akaretsa go tlhagelela mo kgotlhelong ya mowa le dialeji.<ref name="WHO2022">{{Cite web|title=Asthma fact sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/asthma|website=www.who.int|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=7 October 2022|language=en|date=11 May 2022|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305180405/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/asthma|url-status=live}}</ref> Dilo tse dingwe tse di ka bakang bolwetse jono di akaretsa melemo e tshwana le bo aspirin le di-NSAID tse dingwe, dithibela-beta, le dithibela-ACE.<ref name="aaaai2020">{{Cite web|title=Medications May Trigger Asthma Symptoms|url=https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/asthma/medications-may-trigger-asthma-symptoms|website=www.aaaai.org|publisher=American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology|access-date=7 October 2022|language=En|date=28 September 2020|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709154954/https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/asthma/medications-may-trigger-asthma-symptoms|url-status=live}}</ref>Kalafi ka kakaretso e ikaegile ka mokgwa wa dikai, tsibogelo ya kalafi fa nako e ntse e tsamaya, le teko ya tiro ya makgwafo ya spirometry.<ref name="Mitchell2021.4" />Bolwetse jwa Phupelo bo aroganngwa go ya ka makgetlo a dikai, mothamo wa go hema ka ka thata mo motsotswaneng o le mongwe ( FEV1 ), le seelo sa go hema se se kwa godimo.<ref name="Mitchell2021.4" /> Ka tlwaelo e ntse e arotswe ka atopic le e seng ya atopic; akanya gore seno ke go nolofatsa go feta selekanyo.<ref name="Goldman2020" /> Ga go na kalafi.<ref name="WHO2022" /> Dikai di ka thibelwa ka go emisa kgotsa go fokotsa ditlhotlheletsi, jaaka dialeji le dilo tse di tenang, le go laolwa ka tiriso ya di-corticosteroid tse di hemiwang.<ref name="WHO2022" /> Di- beta agonist tse di dirang nako e telele (LABA), di- antagonist tsa muscarinic tse di dirang nako e telele (LAMA) le di- antileukotriene di ka dirisiwa mo godimo ga di- corticosteroid tse di hemiwang fa matshwao a bolwetse a sa laolege.<ref name="Goldman2020" /> Kalafi ya matshwao a a ntseng a gakala ka bonako gantsi e dirisiwa ka go hema seokobatsi sa beta-2, se se jaaka salbutamol, le di-corticosteroid tse di nowang ka molomo . Mo maemong a a masisi thata, go ka nna ga tlhokega gore motho a tshelwe corticosteroid mo ditshikaneng, magnesium sulfate, le go robadiwa kwa bookelong. Ka ngwaga wa 2019, batho ba le dimilione di le makgolo a mabedi,masome a marataro le bobedi lefatshe ka bophara ba ne ba na le asma, go tswa go dimilione di le lekgolo,masome a robabobedi le boraroka ngwaga wa 1990.<ref name="WHO2022" /><ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}</ref> E bakile dintsho di ka nna 455 000 ka ngwaga wa 2019, tse bontsi jwa tsone di diragetseng kwa mafatsheng a tlhabologang.<ref name="WHO2022" /> Phupelo gantsi e simolola mo bongwaneng, gantsi pele ga dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le botlhano, fela go simolola go ka nna mo dingwageng dipe fela.<ref name="Goldman2020" /> Basimane ba amega kgapetsakgapetsa go feta basetsana mme basadi ba amega go feta banna.<ref name="Goldman2020" /> Dikelo di menagane gabedi mo halofong ya bobedi ya ngwagakgolo wa bo 20, ka dikelo tse di kwa godimo mo dinageng tse di tlhabologileng.<ref name="Goldman2020" /> Go lebega go na le dikelo tse di kwa tlase mo bathong ba ba golang mo ditikologong tsa temothuo.<ref name="Goldman2020" /> Phupelo e ne e lemogwa go tloga kwa Egepeto wa Bogologolo.<ref name="Manniche1999">{{Cite book|last=Manniche L.|title=Sacred luxuries: fragrance, aromatherapy, and cosmetics in ancient Egypt|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sacredluxuriesfr0000mann/page/49 49]|year=1999|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-3720-5}}</ref> Lefoko "asthma" le tswa mo Segerikeng {{Lang|grc|ἅσθμα}} ., ''ásthma'', e e kayang "go hemela kwa godimo".<ref name="M38">{{Cite book|first=John F.|last=Murray|title=Murray and Nadel's textbook of respiratory medicine|editor-first=Robert J.|editor-last=Mason|editor-first2=John F.|editor-last2=Murray|editor-first3=V. Courtney|editor-last3=Broaddus|editor-first4=Jay A.|editor-last4=Nadel|editor-last5=Martin|editor-first5=Thomas R.|editor-last6=King, Jr.|editor-first6=Talmadge E.|editor-last7=Schraufnagel|editor-first7=Dean E.|year=2010|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-4710-0|chapter=Ch. 38 Asthma|edition=5th}}</ref><ref name="Holgate2010">{{Cite journal|last=Holgate|first=ST|title=A brief history of asthma and its mechanisms to modern concepts of disease pathogenesis.|journal=Allergy, asthma & immunology research|date=July 2010|volume=2|issue=3|pages=165-71|doi=10.4168/aair.2010.2.3.165|pmid=20592914|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2892047/|issn=2092-7355|access-date=2022-10-07|archive-date=2022-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801132710/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2892047/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} === Dintlha === {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite web|last=National Asthma Education and Prevention Program|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf|title=Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma|website=[[National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|National Heart Lung and Blood Institute]]|year=2007|ref={{harvid|NHLBI Guideline|2007}}|access-date=2005-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019042933/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf|archive-date=2013-10-19|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign101.pdf|title=British Guideline on the Management of Asthma|website=[[British Thoracic Society]]|year=2012|ref={{harvid|British Guideline|2009}}|access-date=2020-06-22|archive-date=2008-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819203455/http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign101.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.ginasthma.org/uploads/users/files/GINA_Report2011_May4.pdf|title=Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention|publisher=Global Initiative for Asthma|year=2011|ref={{harvid|GINA|2011}}|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120205023/http://www.ginasthma.org/uploads/users/files/GINA_Report2011_May4.pdf|archive-date=2012-11-20}} {{Refend}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 6hezxwpy21okqgx2a70fgkhkdqqdht3 0 13296 57043 55211 2026-11-08T05:07:30Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57043 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Breastfeeding_infant.jpg|thumb| Lesea le le anyisang]] '''Go amusa ka lebele''', mo go itsegeng gape jaaka '''go amusa''', ke go fepa kgotsa go neela masea le [[Ngwana|bana]] ba bannye [[Mashi a lebele|mashi]] a a tswang mo lebeleng la mosadi.<ref name="NIH2013">{{Cite web|title=Breastfeeding and Breast Milk: Condition Information|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx|access-date=27 July 2015|date=19 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727155223/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=27 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Baitseanape ba boitekanelo ba rotloetsa gore go amusa go simolole mo lobakeng lwa ura ya ntlha ya botshelo jwa lesea mme go tswelele gantsi le ka selekanyo se lesea le batlang ka sone.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs342/en/|title=Infant and young child feeding Fact sheet N°342|publisher=WHO|date=February 2014|access-date=8 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208145357/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs342/en/|archive-date=8 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="AAP2012">{{Cite journal|last=American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding.|title=Breastfeeding and the use of human milk|journal=Pediatrics|volume=129|issue=3|pages=e827–41|date=March 2012|pmid=22371471|doi=10.1542/peds.2011-3552|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/3/e827.long|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805091230/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/3/e827.long|url-status=live|archive-date=5 August 2015}}</ref> Mo anya diura dingwe le dingwe di le pedi go ya go di le tharo, mme nako ya go amusa gantsi ke metsotso e le lesome go ya go e le lesome le botlhano mo lebeleng lengwe le lengwe.<ref name="NIH2014How">{{Cite web|title=How do I breastfeed? Skip sharing on social media links|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/how-is-it-done.aspx|access-date=27 July 2015|date=14 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727155211/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/how-is-it-done.aspx|archive-date=27 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Bana ba bagolwane ba amusiwa gantsi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is weaning and how do I do it?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/weaning.aspx|access-date=27 July 2015|date=19 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708102841/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/weaning.aspx|archive-date=8 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Bomme ba ka nna ba gama mashi gore a kgone go dirisiwa moragonyana fa go amusa go sa kgonege.<ref name="NIH2013" /> Go amusa go na le melemo e le mmalwa mo go mmè le mo leseeng, e mashi a masea a se nang yone.<ref name="AAP2012" /><ref name="IP2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Trikalinos TA, Lau J|title=A summary of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's evidence report on breastfeeding in developed countries|journal=Breastfeeding Medicine|volume=4 Suppl 1|pages=S17–30|date=October 2009|pmid=19827919|doi=10.1089/bfm.2009.0050}}</ref> Dintsho tsa bana ba ba akanyediwang go nna 820 000 ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le tlhano di ne di ka thibelwa lefatshe ka bophara ngwaga le ngwaga ka go oketsa go amusa.<ref name="Lancet2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, França GV, Horton S, Krasevec J, Murch S, Sankar MJ, Walker N, Rollins NC|title=Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect|journal=Lancet|volume=387|issue=10017|pages=475–90|date=January 2016|pmid=26869575|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01024-7}}</ref> Go anyisa go fokotsa kotsi ya megare ya ya mosele wa go hema le letshololo mo leseeng, mo mafatsheng a tlhabologang le a tlhabologileng.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="AAP2012" /> Mesola e mengwe e akaretsa go fokotsa dikotsi tsa [[Phupelo]], dialeji tsa dijo, le bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa mofuta wa 1ntlha.<ref name="AAP2012" /> Go amusa gape go ka tokafatsa kgolo ya tlhaloganyo le go fokotsa kotsi ya go nona fa motho a godile.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Bomme ba ka nna ba utlwa kgatelelo ya go amusa, mme mo mafatsheng a tlhabologileng bana ka kakaretso ba gola ka tlwaelo fa ba amusiwang ka lebotlolo ka mashi a bopi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession|url=https://archive.org/details/breastfeedinggui0000lawr_q5q9|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|date=1 January 2011|isbn=978-1-4377-0788-5|first=Ruth A.|last=Lawrence|first2=Robert Michael|last2=Lawrence|pages=[https://archive.org/details/breastfeedinggui0000lawr_q5q9/page/227 227]–228}}</ref> Mesola e mme e akaretsa go latlhegelwa ke madi a mannye morago ga pelegi, go ngotlega ga popelo botoka, le go fokotsega ga kgatelelo ya maikutlo morago ga pelegi.<ref name="AAP2012" /> Go amusa go dia go boela ga setswalo le go kgona go tshola, selo se se bidiwang amenorrhea ya go amusa.<ref name="AAP2012" /> Mesola ya e ka tsayang lebaka le telele mo go mme e akaretsa go fokotsega ga kotsi ya kankere ya mabele, bolwetse jwa pelo le methapo, le ramatiki.<ref name="AAP2012" /><ref name="Lancet2016" /> Go amusa gape ga go ture thata go na le mashi a masea.<ref name="APP1997">{{Cite journal|title=Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. American Academy of Pediatrics. Work Group on Breastfeeding|journal=Pediatrics|volume=100|issue=6|pages=1035–9|date=December 1997|pmid=9411381|doi=10.1542/peds.100.6.1035|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/100/6/1035.full.pdf+html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023001839/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/100/6/1035.full.pdf+html|url-status=live|archive-date=23 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What are the benefits of breastfeeding?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/benefits.aspx|access-date=27 July 2015|date=14 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810214206/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/benefits.aspx|archive-date=10 August 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mekgatlho ya boitekanelo, go akaretsa le [[World Health Organisation|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Boitekanelo]] (WHO), e rotloetsa gore ngwana a amuse fela dikgwedi di le thataro.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="AAP2012" /><ref name="Kr2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kramer MS, Kakuma R|title=Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=8|issue=8|pages=CD003517|date=August 2012|pmid=22895934|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003517.pub2|pmc=7154583}}</ref> Seno se raya gore ga go na dijo tse dingwe kgotsa dino, kwantle ga gongwe bithamini D, tse di newang ka tlwaelo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What are the recommendations for breastfeeding?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/recommendations.aspx|access-date=27 July 2015|date=14 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814050651/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/recommendations.aspx|archive-date=14 August 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Morago ga go tsenngwa ga dijo fa a le dikgwedi di le thataro, dikgakololo di akaretsa go tswelela ka go amusa go fitlha a nna le ngwaga o le mongwe go ya go tse pedi kgotsa go feta.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="AAP2012" /> Lefatshe ka bophara, selekanyo sa 38% ya masea a amusiwa fela mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro tsa botshelo jwa one.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Kwa United States ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le botlhano (2015), 83% ya basadi ba simolola go amusa, fela ka dikgwedi tse thataro fela 58% e e neng e santse e amusa ka 25% e e amusa fela.<ref name="CDC2018Rate">{{Cite web|title=Results: Breastfeeding Rates|url=https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/nis_data/results.html|website=CDC|access-date=9 December 2018|language=en-us|date=1 August 2018|archive-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207150158/https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/nis_data/results.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maemo a kalafi a a sa letleng go amusa ga a bonwe thata.<ref name="AAP2012" /> Bomme ba ba nwang diritibatsi dingwe tsa boitlosobodutu le melemo ga ba a tshwanela go amusa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aap.org/en-us/Pages/Breastfeeding-and-Medication.aspx|title=Breastfeeding and Medication|website=AAP.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-12|archive-date=2019-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802213426/https://www.aap.org/en-us/Pages/Breastfeeding-and-Medication.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="nichd.nih.gov">{{Cite web|title=Are there any special conditions or situations in which I should not breastfeed?|website=[[Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|NICHD]]|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/when-not-breastfeed.aspx|access-date=27 July 2015|date=19 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708102847/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/when-not-breastfeed.aspx|archive-date=8 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Go goga motsoko le go nwa bojalwa jo bo lekanyeditsweng le/kgotsa kofi ga se mabaka a go tila go amusa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/breastfeeding-alcohol.aspx#close|title=Breastfeeding and alcohol|date=2017-12-21|website=NHS Choices|publisher=NHS|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801110239/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/breastfeeding-alcohol.aspx#close|archive-date=1 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/breastfeeding-diet.aspx|title=Breastfeeding and diet|date=2018-03-26|website=NHS Choices|publisher=NHS|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807233307/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/breastfeeding-diet.aspx|archive-date=7 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/disease/tobacco.htm|title=Tobacco Use &#124; Breastfeeding &#124; CDC|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=4 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151407/http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/disease/tobacco.htm|archive-date=9 August 2016|df=dmy-all|date=2018-03-21}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] m9242b51hxy4mzkvfi8yirjl2jdf4a6 0 13300 57031 55538 2026-11-08T00:44:54Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Diabetes mellitus|synonym=|image=Blue circle for diabetes.svg|image_size=280px|image_thumbtime=|alt=A hollow circle with a thick blue border and a clear centre|caption=Universal blue circle symbol for diabetes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Diabetes Blue Circle Symbol |url=http://www.diabetesbluecircle.org |date=17 March 2006 |publisher=International Diabetes Federation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805042346/http://www.diabetesbluecircle.org/ |archive-date=5 August 2007 }}</ref>|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|aɪ|_|ə|'|b|i|_|t|i|z|,_|-|t|I|s}}</br>{{IPAc-en|'|m|ɛ|l|_|I|_|t|ə|s|,_|m|ə|'|l|aI|-}}|specialty=[[Endocrinology]]|symptoms=[[polyuria|Frequent urination]], [[polydipsia|increased thirst]], [[polyphagia|increased hunger]]<ref name=WHO2013/>|complications=[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state]], [[heart disease]], [[stroke]], [[chronic renal failure|chronic kidney failure]], [[diabetic foot ulcer|foot ulcers]], [[cognitive impairment]], [[diabetic gastroparesis|gastroparesis]]<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Kit2009/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Krishnasamy S, Abell TL | title = Diabetic Gastroparesis: Principles and Current Trends in Management | journal = Diabetes Therapy | volume = 9 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 1–42 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29934758 | pmc = 6028327 | doi = 10.1007/s13300-018-0454-9 }}</ref><ref name=Sa2016/>|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=|risks='''Type 1''': [[Genealogy|Family history]]<ref name=Change2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LM, Peters AL | title = Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_2014-07_37_7/page/2034 | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 37 | issue = 7 | pages = 2034–54 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24935775 | pmc = 5865481 | doi = 10.2337/dc14-1140 }}</ref><br>'''Type 2''': [[Obesity]], lack of exercise, [[Heredity|genetics]]<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=NIH2014Cause>{{cite web|title=Causes of Diabetes|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=10 February 2016|date=June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083725/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx }}</ref>|diagnosis=High [[blood sugar]]<ref name=WHO2013/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Healthy diet]], [[physical exercise]]<ref name=WHO2013/>|medication=[[Insulin]], [[anti-diabetic medication]] like [[metformin]]<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=AFP09/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/drug-treatment-of-diabetes-mellitus |title=Drug Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus |first=Erika F. |last=Brutsaert |date=February 2017 |access-date=12 October 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214514/https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/drug-treatment-of-diabetes-mellitus |url-status=live }}</ref>|prognosis=|frequency=463 million (8.8%)<ref name=IDF2019/>|deaths=4.2 million (2019)<ref name=IDF2019/>|named after=}} '''Bolwetse jwa sukiri''' ( '''DM''' ), jo gantsi bo bidiwang '''bolwetse jwa sukiri''', ke setlhopha sa mathata a metaboliki a a tlhaolwang ke selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa sukiri mo mading ka nako e telele.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About diabetes|url=http://www.who.int/diabetes/action_online/basics/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=4 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331094533/http://www.who.int/diabetes/action_online/basics/en/|archive-date=31 March 2014}}</ref> Dikai gantsi di akaretsa go tlhapologa kgapetsakgapetsa, go tshwarwa ke leyora thata le keletso e e tseneletseng ya dijo.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|website=WHO|access-date=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> Fa bolwetse jwa sukiri bo sa alafiwe bo ka baka mathata a le mantsi.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Mathata a a masisi a ka akaretsa ketoacidosis ya sukiri, seemo sa go nna le sukiri e ntsi mo mading, kgotsa loso.<ref name="Kit2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN|title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_2009-07_32_7/page/1335|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=32|issue=7|pages=1335–43|date=July 2009|pmid=19564476|pmc=2699725|doi=10.2337/dc09-9032}}</ref> Mathata a a masisi a nako e telele a akaretsa bolwetse jwa pelo le methapo, [[Go Swa Mohama|bolwetse jwa go swa Mohama]], bolwetse jo bo sa foleng jwa diphilo, diso tsa dinao, go senyega ga ditshika, go senyega ga matlho le go sa kgone go dirisa tlhaloganyo sentle.<ref name="WHO2013" /><ref name="Sa2016">{{Cite journal|last=Saedi|first=E|last2=Gheini|first2=MR|last3=Faiz|first3=F|last4=Arami|first4=MA|title=Diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairments.|journal=World Journal of Diabetes|date=15 September 2016|volume=7|issue=17|pages=412–22|doi=10.4239/wjd.v7.i17.412|pmid=27660698|pmc=5027005}}</ref> Bolwetse jwa sukiri bo bakwa ke go sa tlhagise insulin sentle ga satlhoko e e lekaneng, kgotsa disele tsa mmele ga di tsibogele insulin e e tlhagisiwang sentle.<ref name="Green2011">{{Cite book|veditors=Shoback DG, Gardner D|title=Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology|url=https://archive.org/details/greenspansbasicc0000unse|year=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-162243-1|chapter=Chapter 17|edition=9th}}</ref> Go na le mefuta e meraro e megolo ya bolwetse jwa sukiri: <ref name="WHO2013" /> * Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa Mofuta wa ntlha bo bakiwa ke go palelwa ga santlhoko go ntsha insulin e e lekaneng ka ntlha ya go latlhegelwa ke disele tsa beta.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Mofuta ono o ne o bidiwa "bolwetse jwa sukiri jo bo ikaegileng ka insulin" (IDDM) kgotsa "bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa bana".<ref name="WHO2013" /> Go latlhegelwa ke disele tsa beta go bakwa ke tsela e masole a mmele a tsibogelang ka yone.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hormones|last=Norman|first=Anthony|last2=Henry|first2=Helen|publisher=Elsevier|year=2015|isbn=9780123694447|location=|pages=136–137}}</ref> Se se bakang tsibogo eno ya masole a mmele ga se itsiwe.<ref name="WHO2013" /> * Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa Mofuta wa bobedi bo simolola ka go sa kgone go dirisa insulin, e leng seemo se mo go sone disele di palelwang ke go tsibogela insulin sentle.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Fa bolwetse bo ntse bo tswelela, go ka nna ga nna le go tlhoka insulin le gone.<ref>{{Cite book|title=RSSDI textbook of diabetes mellitus|year=2012|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|isbn=978-93-5025-489-9|page=235|edition=Revised 2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7H6mYolrtUMC&pg=PA235|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014172232/https://books.google.com/books?id=7H6mYolrtUMC&pg=PA235|archive-date=14 October 2015}}</ref> Mofuta ono o ne o bidiwa "bolwetse jwa sukiri jo bo sa ikaegang ka insulin" (NIDDM) kgotsa "bolwetse jwa sukiri jo bo simololang mo bagolong".<ref name="WHO2013" /> Selo se se tlwaelegileng se se bakang seno ke kopano ya bokete jo bo feteletseng jwa mmele le go sa itshidila mmele.<ref name="WHO2013" /> * Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa boimana ke mofuta wa boraro o mogolo, mme bo diragala fa basadi ba ba itsholofetseg ba ba senang hditso tsa bolwetse jwa sukiri mo nakong e e fetileng ba nna le selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa sukiri mo mading.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa Mofuta wa 1 bo tshwanetse go laolwa ka go tlhabelwa insulin.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Thibelo le kalafi ya bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa mofuta wa 2 e akaretsa go ja dijo tse di itekanetseng, go ikatisa mmele ka metlha, boima jwa mmele jo bo tlwaelegileng, le go tila go goga motsoko.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa mofuta wa bobedi bo ka alafiwa ka melemo e e jaaka di-sensitizer tsa insulin tse di nang le insulin kgotsa tse di senang yone.<ref name="WHO2013Top10">{{Cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|date=October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530121727/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|archive-date=30 May 2017}}</ref> Go laola kgatelelo ya madi le go tlhokomela tlhokomelo e e siameng ya maoto le matlho go botlhokwa mo bathong ba ba nang le bolwetse jono.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Insulin le melemo mengwe e e nowang di ka baka go nna le sukiri e e kwa tlase mo mading.<ref>{{Cite book|veditors=Rippe RS, Irwin JM|title=Manual of intensive care medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/manualofintensiv0000unse_q2v1|year=2010|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-9992-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/manualofintensiv0000unse_q2v1/page/n580 549]|edition=5th}}</ref> Go arwa ga batho ba ba mmele motoa go fokotsa boima jwa mmele ka dinako tse dingwe ke tsela e e nang le matswela mo bathong ba ba nang le bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa mofuta wa 2.<ref name="Picot2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL, Gospodarevskaya E, Loveman E, Baxter L, Clegg AJ|title=The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation|journal=Health Technology Assessment|volume=13|issue=41|pages=1–190, 215–357, iii–iv|date=September 2009|pmid=19726018|doi=10.3310/hta13410|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30064294|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa boimana gantsi bo rarabologa morago ga go tsholwa ga lesea.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cash|first=Jill|title=Family Practice Guidelines|year=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-8261-6875-7|page=396|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCjcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA396|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031011231/https://books.google.com/books?id=nCjcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA396|archive-date=31 October 2015}}</ref> {{asof|2019}}, an estimated 463&nbsp;million people had diabetes worldwide (8.8% of the adult population), with type 2 diabetes making up about 90% of the cases.<ref name="IDF2019">{{Cite web|title=IDF DIABETES ATLAS Ninth Edition 2019|url=https://www.diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/material/20200302_133351_IDFATLAS9e-final-web.pdf|website=www.diabetesatlas.org|access-date=18 May 2020|language=EN|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501123853/https://www.diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/material/20200302_133351_IDFATLAS9e-final-web.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Rates are similar in women and men. Trends suggest that rates will continue to rise.<ref name="IDF2019" /> Diabetes at least doubles a person's risk of early death.<ref name="WHO2013" /> In 2019, diabetes resulted in approximately 4.2&nbsp;million deaths.<ref name="IDF2019" /> It is the 7th leading cause of death globally.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Diabetes?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=18 May 2020|language=en-us|date=11 March 2020|archive-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518120023/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death|website=www.who.int|access-date=18 May 2020|language=en|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924191646/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death|url-status=live}}</ref> The global [[economic cost]] of diabetes related health expenditure in 2017 was estimated at {{USD|727}} billion.<ref name="IDF2019" /> In the United States, diabetes cost nearly US$327&nbsp;billion in 2017.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-03-22|title=Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2017|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=41|issue=5|pages=917–928|doi=10.2337/dci18-0007|pmid=29567642|issn=0149-5992|last=American Diabetes Association|pmc=5911784}}</ref> Average medical expenditures among people with diabetes are about 2.3 times higher.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deaths and Cost {{!}} Data & Statistics {{!}} Diabetes {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/deaths-cost.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=2 July 2019|language=en-us|date=20 February 2019|archive-date=19 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619112157/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/deaths-cost.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] bnno3oiewxkbwpvodc9ylzoh2csreps 0 13744 57060 54872 2026-11-08T09:54:52Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57060 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:RWH-image.jpg|thumb|Thulaganyo ya go tsaya metsi a pula ya mo gae kwa Uganda. Pula e e welang mo marulelong a kago e fetisiwa ka mosele wa metsi go ya kwa tankeng ya polokelo. ]] '''Go beeletsa metsi a pula''' ( '''RWH''' ) ke go kokoanya le go boloka metsi a pula, go na le go a letlelela go elela . Metsi a pula a kokoanngwa go tswa kwa godimo ga borulelo mme a lebisiwe kwa tankeng, mo sedibeng, mo mosimeng o o boteng ( sediba kgotsa [[Sediba|bodiba jo bo ikepetsweng]] ), letangwana la ka fa tlase, kgotsa letamo le le nang le go tlhotlhega ga metsi, gore a elele kwa tlase le go busetsa metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe . Go beeletsa metsi a pula go farologana le go tsaya metsi a pula a tsela ka gonne metsi a a elelang ka tlwaelo a kokoanngwa go tswa mo marulelong le mo godimo ga dikago go bolokwa le go dirisiwa gape morago ga moo. {{rp|10}} Ditiriso tsa one di akaretsa go nosetsa ditshingwana, leruo,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting for Livestock |url=https://www.ntotank.com/blog/rainwater-harvesting-for-livestock |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120251/https://www.ntotank.com/blog/rainwater-harvesting-for-livestock/ |archive-date=2018-11-21 |access-date=2018-11-21 |website=ntotank.com}}</ref> go nosa, [[Metsi a a nowang|metsi a a dirisiwang mo lwapeng]] a sena go phepafatswa mo go maleba le go bedisiwa mo gae. Metsi a a beeleditsweng a ka dirisiwa gape go bolokwa nako e telele kgotsa go tlatsa metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kinkade-Levario |first=Heather |year=2007 |title=Design for Water: Rainwater Harvesting, Stormwater Catchment, and Alternate Water Reuse |url=https://archive.org/details/designforwaterra0000kink |publisher=[[Douglas & McIntyre|New Society Publishers]] |isbn=978-0-86571-580-6 |location=[[Gabriola Island]], BC |page=[https://archive.org/details/designforwaterra0000kink/page/n46 27] |language=en}}</ref> Go beeletsa metsi a pula ke nngwe ya mekgwa e e motlhofo gape e le wa bogologolo wa go itlamela ka metsi a malapa, e ntse e dirisiwa kwa Asia Borwa le mafatshe a mangwe dingwaga di le diketekete tse dintsi. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Bagel |first=Ravi |date=2017 |title=Water, knowledge and the environment in Asia: epistemologies, practices and locales |last2=Stepan |first2=Lea |last3=Hill |first3=Joseph K. W. |isbn=978-1-315-54316-1 |location=London}}</ref> Ditlhabologo jaaka tsa Baroma di ne tsa dira dithulaganyo tse di tseneletseng tsa go kokoanya metsi, di akaretsa le mesele ya metsi le mesele ya marulelo, e e neng ya thaya motheo wa dithulaganyo di le dintsi tsa segompieno mo meseleng e e sa ntseng e dirisiwa gompieno. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=The History of Rainwater Harvesting: From Roman Aqueducts to Modern Gutters |url=https://rockstarraingutters.com/the-history-of-rainwater-harvesting-from-roman-aqueducts-to-modern-gutters |access-date=2025-05-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Thulaganyo ye e ka dirisiwa ka sekale se se farologaneng, go akaretsa le malapa, mafelo a boagisanyi, le merafe, mme gape di ka direla mafelo jaaka dikolo, dikokelo, le dikago tse dingwe tsa setšhaba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rural Water Supply Network |title=Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site |url=https://rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114211852/http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply |archive-date=2019-01-14 |access-date=2017-03-19 |website=rural-water-supply.net}}</ref> == __GO BEELETSA METSI A PULA_ == [[File:RWH-image.jpg|thumb|Thulaganyo ya go tsaya metsi a pula ya mo gae kwa Uganda. Pula e e welang mo marulelong a kago e fetisiwa ka mosele wa metsi go ya kwa tankeng ya polokelo. ]] '''Go beeletsa metsi a pula''' ( '''RWH''' ) ke go kokoanya le go boloka metsi a pula, go na le go a letlelela go elela . Metsi a pula a kokoanngwa go tswa kwa godimo ga borulelo mme a lebisiwe kwa tankeng, mo sedibeng, mo mosimeng o o boteng ( sediba kgotsa [[Sediba|bodiba jo bo ikepetsweng]] ), letangwana la ka fa tlase, kgotsa letamo le le nang le go tlhotlhega ga metsi, gore a elele kwa tlase le go busetsa metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe . Go beeletsa metsi a pula go farologana le go tsaya metsi a pula a tsela ka gonne metsi a a elelang ka tlwaelo a kokoanngwa go tswa mo marulelong le mo godimo ga dikago go bolokwa le go dirisiwa gape morago ga moo. {{rp|10}} Ditiriso tsa one di akaretsa go nosetsa ditshingwana, leruo,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rainwater Harvesting for Livestock |url=https://www.ntotank.com/blog/rainwater-harvesting-for-livestock |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120251/https://www.ntotank.com/blog/rainwater-harvesting-for-livestock/ |archive-date=2018-11-21 |access-date=2018-11-21 |website=ntotank.com}}</ref> go nosa, [[Metsi a a nowang|metsi a a dirisiwang mo lwapeng]] a sena go phepafatswa mo go maleba le go bedisiwa mo gae. Metsi a a beeleditsweng a ka dirisiwa gape go bolokwa nako e telele kgotsa go tlatsa metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kinkade-Levario |first=Heather |year=2007 |title=Design for Water: Rainwater Harvesting, Stormwater Catchment, and Alternate Water Reuse |url=https://archive.org/details/designforwaterra0000kink |publisher=[[Douglas & McIntyre|New Society Publishers]] |isbn=978-0-86571-580-6 |location=[[Gabriola Island]], BC |page=[https://archive.org/details/designforwaterra0000kink/page/n46 27] |language=en}}</ref> Go beeletsa metsi a pula ke nngwe ya mekgwa e e motlhofo gape e le wa bogologolo wa go itlamela ka metsi a malapa, e ntse e dirisiwa kwa Asia Borwa le mafatshe a mangwe dingwaga di le diketekete tse dintsi. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Bagel |first=Ravi |date=2017 |title=Water, knowledge and the environment in Asia: epistemologies, practices and locales |last2=Stepan |first2=Lea |last3=Hill |first3=Joseph K. W. |isbn=978-1-315-54316-1 |location=London}}</ref> Ditlhabologo jaaka tsa Baroma di ne tsa dira dithulaganyo tse di tseneletseng tsa go kokoanya metsi, di akaretsa le mesele ya metsi le mesele ya marulelo, e e neng ya thaya motheo wa dithulaganyo di le dintsi tsa segompieno mo meseleng e e sa ntseng e dirisiwa gompieno. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=The History of Rainwater Harvesting: From Roman Aqueducts to Modern Gutters |url=https://rockstarraingutters.com/the-history-of-rainwater-harvesting-from-roman-aqueducts-to-modern-gutters |access-date=2025-05-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Thulaganyo ye e ka dirisiwa ka sekale se se farologaneng, go akaretsa le malapa, mafelo a boagisanyi, le merafe, mme gape di ka direla mafelo jaaka dikolo, dikokelo, le dikago tse dingwe tsa setšhaba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rural Water Supply Network |title=Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site |url=https://rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114211852/http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply |archive-date=2019-01-14 |access-date=2017-03-19 |website=rural-water-supply.net}}</ref> == Ditiriso == [[File:03242012Taller_sostenibilidad_lore037.jpg|thumb|Thulaganyo ya go tshwara le go boloka metsi a pula, khamphase ya Mexico City, Sekolo sa Monterrey sa Maranyane le Thuto e e kgolwane]] [[File:Cistern_in_the_Mission_District,_San_Francisco,_California.jpg|thumb|Tanka, Kgaolo ya Borongwa, San Fransisko, California]] [[File:Gibraltar_East_Side_Water_Catchments_in_1992.jpg|thumb|Go beeletsa ga metsi a pula, Letlhakore la Botlhaba la Gibraltar, 1992]] [[File:Panarea01.jpg|thumb|Lelwapa, le le nang le dinkgo go kokoanya metsi a pula mo marulelong, Panarea, Ditlhaketlhake tsa Aeolian, kwa bokone jwa Sicily, [[Italia|Italy]] ]] [[File:UDDT_with_rainwater_harvesting_(3441547910).jpg|thumb|Thulaganyo ya go kokoanya metsi a pula le go tlhapa diatla mo ntlwaneng ya boithomelo kwa [[Kenya]] .]] [[File:Rainwater_harvesting_in_Burkina_Faso_(2957138439).jpg|thumb|Go beeletswa ga metsi a pula kwa Burkina Faso]] [[File:Rainwater_Harvesting_and_Plastic_Pond_2.JPG|thumb|Letamo la Polasetiki la go beeletsa Metsi a Pula, Nepal, 2013 ]] [[File:Rainwater_harvesting_systems_in_Kiribati_(10715703914).jpg|thumb|Thulaganyo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula, kwa Kiribati ]] === Tiriso ya mo gae === Go beeletsa metsi a pula go tswa mo marulelong go dirisiwa go tlamela ka metsi a a nowang, metsi a mo gae, metsi a leruo, metsi a go nosetsa mo go botlana, le tsela ya go oketsa metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rain Water Harvesting in Flats |url=https://www.uttarayangroup.com/blogs/rain-water-harvesting-in-flats-guide-for-new-flats-in-guwahati-residents |website=Uttarayangroup |access-date=2026-06-18 |archive-date=2025-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619085457/https://www.uttarayangroup.com/blogs/rain-water-harvesting-in-flats-guide-for-new-flats-in-guwahati-residents |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morales Rojas |first=Eli |last2=Díaz Ortiz |first2=Edwin Adolfo |last3=Medina Tafur |first3=Cesar Augusto |last4=García |first4=Ligia |last5=Oliva |first5=Manuel |last6=Rojas Briceño |first6=Nilton B. |date=2021 |title=A Rainwater Harvesting and Treatment System for Domestic Use and Human Consumption in Native Communities in Amazonas (NW Peru): Technical and Economic Validation |journal=Scientifica |language=en |volume=2021 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/2021/4136379 |issn=2090-908X |pmc=8548140 |pmid=34712503 |doi-access=free |article-number=4136379}}</ref> Kenya e setse e ntse e atlega ka go beeletsa metsi a pula go dirisiwa mo matlwaneng a boithomelo, go tlhatswa diaparo le go nosetsa. Fa e sa le go tlhongwa Molao wa Metsi wa 2016, Kenya e beile kwa pele go laola madirelo a lone a temothuo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding the Kenya 2016 Water Act |url=https://www.2030wrg.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Understanding-the-Kenyan-Water-Act-2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726195032/https://www.2030wrg.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Understanding-the-Kenyan-Water-Act-2016.pdf |archive-date=July 26, 2021 |access-date=July 26, 2021 |website=2030wrg}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, mafelo mangwe kwa Australia a dirisa metsi a pula a a beeleditsweng go apaya le go nwa. <ref name="Amos 174–190">{{Cite journal |last=Amos |first=Caleb Christian |last2=Rahman |first2=Ataur |last3=Karim |first3=Fazlul |last4=Gathenya |first4=John Mwangi |date=November 2018 |title=A scoping review of roof harvested rainwater usage in urban agriculture: Australia and Kenya in focus |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=202 |pages=174–190 |bibcode=2018JCPro.202..174A |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.108 |issn=0959-6526 |s2cid=158718294}}</ref> === Temothuo === Mabapi le temothuo ya ditoropo, go beeletsa metsi a pula mo ditoropong go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa go elela ga metsi le merwalela. Go kopanya marulelo a ‘tshomarelo’ a toropo le tse di dirisiwang go beeletsa metsi a pula di fitlhetswe di fokotsa mogote wa dikago ka go feta 1.3 degrees Celsius. Go beeletsa metsi a pula mmogo le temothuo ya ditoropo e ka nna tsela e e ka kgonegang ya go thusa go fitlhelela Maikaelelo a Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang a Ditšhabakopano a ditoropo tse di phepa le tse di tswelelang, botsogo le boitekanelo, le tshireletsego ya dijo le metsi ( Maikaelelo a Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang 6 ). Maranyane a teng, le fa go ntse jalo, a tlhoka go tlhabololwa gore a kgone go dirisa metsi ka tsela e e botoka go fokotsa tshenyo, segolobogolo mo lefelong la toropo. Matsholo mo mafatsheng a Caribbean a le matlhano a supile gore go beeletsa le go boloka metsi a a elelang a pula go dirisiwa morago go kgona go fokotsa kotsi ya go latlhegelwa ke bontlhabongwe jwa thobo kgotsa yotlhe ya ngwaga ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya mmu kgotsa metsi . Mo godimo ga moo, dikotsi tse di amanang le morwalela le kgogolego ya mmu ka dipaka tsa pula e ntsi di ne di ka fokotsega. Balemibarui ba bannye, segolo jang ba ba lemang mo dithabeng, ba ka solegelwa molemo thata ke go beeletsa metsi a pula ka gore ba kgona go tshwara metsi a a elelang le go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa kgogolego ya mmu. <ref name="Fletcher-Paul-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Fletcher-Paul |first=Dr. Lystra |title=Feasibility Study of Rainwater Harvesting for Agriculture in the Caribbean Subregion |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-bq747e.pdf |url-status=live |journal=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425184846/http://www.fao.org/3/a-bq747e.pdf |archive-date=2018-04-25 |access-date=2018-04-25}}</ref> Mafatshe a le mantsi, segolo jang a a nang le tikologo e e omeletseng, a dirisa go beeletsa metsi a pula jaaka motswedi o o tlhwatlhwatlase le o o ikanyegang wa metsi a a phepa. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhu |first=Qiang |year=2015 |title=Rainwater Harvesting for Agriculture and Water Supply |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-287-964-6 |location=Beijing |page=20 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Go tokafatsa nosetso mo ditikologong tse di omeletseng, go agiwa mabotana a mmu go tshwara le go thibela metsi a pula go elela mo dithoteng le mo mekgokoloseng. Le mo dipakeng tsa pula e e kwa tlase, go beeletswa metsi a a lekaneng gore dijalo di gole . <ref name="PracticalAction-2019">{{Cite web |title=Rainwater harvesting |url=http://practicalaction.org/rainwater-harvesting-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508110251/https://practicalaction.org/rainwater-harvesting-8 |archive-date=2019-05-08 |access-date=2016-03-03}}</ref> Metsi a ka kgobokanngwa go tswa mo marulelong, matamo le matangwana a ka agiwa go tshwara metsi a mantsi a pula gore le mo malatsing a pula e nnye kgotsa e seyo, go nne le a a lekaneng go nosetsa dijalo. === Madirelo === [[Frankfurt airport|Lebala la difofane la Frankfurt]] bo na le thulaganyo e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe ya go beeletsa metsi a pula kwa Jeremane, go bolokwa metsi a a ka nnang dikhubikimitara di le sedikadike se le se ngwe ka ngwaga. Madi a a dirisitsweng mo thulaganyo e e ne e le didikadike di le 1.5 (USD$63 000) ka 1993. Thulaganyo e e kokoanya metsi mo marulelong a theminale e e ntšhwa e e nang le lefelo la disekweremitara di le dikete di le masome a mabedi le borataro le makgolo a le boferabobedi. Metsi a kokoangwa mo kamoreng e ka fa tlase ya lebala la difofane mo ditankeng di thataro tse di nang le bokgoni jwa polokelo ba dikhubiki mithara di le lekgolo. Metsi a dirisiwa thata mo ntlwaneng ya boithomelo, go nosetsa dimela le go phepafatsa thulaganyo ya go tsidifatsa phefo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rainwater harvesting in Germany |url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/international/germany.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219135902/http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/international/germany.htm |archive-date=2019-02-19 |access-date=2018-04-24 |website=www.rainwaterharvesting.org}}</ref> Go beeletswa ga metsi a pula go ne ga amogelwa kwa The Velodrome – Phaka ya Diolimpiki ya London – gore go okediwe go itsetsepela ga lefelo le. Go ne ga akanyediwa phokotsego ya tiriso metsi a phaka ye ka masome a le bosupa le boraro mo lekgolong. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne ga akanngwa gore go beeletsa metsi a pula e ne e le tiriso e e seng mosola thata mo letsenong la madi go oketsa go itsetsepela go na le thulaganyo ya go dirisa metsi a mantsho gape ya phaka. <ref name="ODA-2011">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Learning legacy: Lessons learned from the London 2012 Games construction project |url=http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/documents/pdfs/sustainability/154-rainwater-harvesting-sust.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208062004/http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/documents/pdfs/sustainability/154-rainwater-harvesting-sust.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=2018-04-24 |website=Olympic Delivery Authority}}</ref> == Maranyane == Ka tlwaelo, taolo ya metsi a pula ka go dirisa dibeisane tsa go beeletsa go ne go dira tiro e le nngwe fela. Le fa go ntse jalo, taolo e e tokafaditsweng ya nako ya nnete e dira gore mafaratlhatlha a a nne gabedi jaaka motswedi wa go beeletsa metsi a pula kwa ntle le go senya bokgoni jo bo leng teng jwa go beeletsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-03 |title=Rainwater Harvesting - Controls in the Cloud |url=https://www.high-profile.com/rainwater-harvesting-controls-in-cloud-by-steve-roy-marcus-quigley-and-chuck-raymond/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805142833/https://www.high-profile.com/rainwater-harvesting-controls-in-cloud-by-steve-roy-marcus-quigley-and-chuck-raymond/ |archive-date=2019-08-05 |access-date=11 January 2015 |website=M. C.}}</ref> Se se dirisitswe kwa ntlokgolong ya EPA go ntsha metsi a a bolokilweng pele ga ditiragalo tsa pula ya matlakadibe, ka jalo go lepalepana le seemo sa bosa mme gape go netefadiwa gore metsi a teng go dirisiwa gape morago. Se se na le mosola wa go oketsa boleng jwa metsi a a golotsweng le go fokotsa selekanyo sa metsi a a golotsweng ka nako ya ditiragalo tse di kopantsweng tsa go phophoma ga kgopoleswe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Sara Ashley |date=2014-11-11 |title=The Tech Behind Smart Cities - Eliminating Water Pollution |url=https://money.cnn.com/gallery/technology/2014/11/11/innovative-city-tech/8.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114145530/http://money.cnn.com/gallery/technology/2014/11/11/innovative-city-tech/8.html |archive-date=2014-11-14 |access-date=13 November 2014 |website=CNN Money}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Braga |first=Andrea |title=Making Green Work, and Work Harder |url=http://www1.villanova.edu/content/dam/villanova/engineering/vcase/sym-presentations/3a3_Making%20Green_Andrea%20Braga.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195602/http://www1.villanova.edu/content/dam/villanova/engineering/vcase/sym-presentations/3a3_Making%20Green_Andrea%20Braga.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=30 November 2014 |publisher=Geosyntec |page=5}}</ref> Ka kakaretso, matamo a go tlhola a agiwa go kgabaganya melatswana go tokafatsa go tsenelela ga metsi a fa godimo mo dikarolong tsa mmu o o ka fa tlase . Go tsenelela ga metsi mo lefelong le le kgobokanetsweng ke metsi la matamo a go tlhola go ka tokafadiwa ka maitirelo go menagane ka go tlhofofatsa mmu yo o ka fa tlase go dirisiwa dilo tse di thunyang tsa ANFO jaaka di dirisiwa mo meepong e e bulegileng . Ka jalo, matamo a a ka fa tlase a a mo lefelong a ka tlatswa ka bofefo go dirisiwa metsi a a leng teng a fa godimo ka botlalo go dirisiwa mo pakeng ya komelelo. === Thulaganyo ya tsamaiso === Dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula di ka farologana ka botegeniki, go tswa mo dithulaganyong tse di ka tsenngwang ka bokgoni jo bonnye, go ya kwa dithulaganyong tse di itirisang tse di tlhokang go rulaganngwa le go tsenngwa ga maemo a a kwa godimo. Thulaganyo ya motheo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula ke tiro ya diphaephe go na le tiro ya setegeniki, ka gonne mafelo otlhe a go tswa metsi a a tswang mo moseleng wa kago a golagantswe ka lethombo go ya kwa tankeng e e ka fa tlase ga lefatshe e e bolokang metsi. Go na le dikarolo tse di tlwaelegileng tse di tsenngwang mo dithulaganyong tse di jalo, jaaka ditlhotlhi tsa pele (bona sekao, setlhotlhi sa vortex ), mesele/mesele, ditshodi tsa polokelo, le go ikaegile ka gore a thulaganyo e na le kgatelelo, gape le dipompo, le didiriswa tsa kalafi jaaka mabone a UV, didiriswa tsa go babalela metsi le didiriswa tsa morago ga go tlhotlha. Dithulaganyo di bogolo jo bo siameng go fitlhelela tlhokego ya metsi mo pakeng yotlhe ya komelelo ka e tshwanetse go nna kgolo go tshegetsa tiriso ya metsi ya letsatsi le letsatsi. Ka tlhamalalo, lefelo le le tshwarang pula jaaka borulelo jwa kago le tshwanetse go nna le legolo jo bo letlang go ka tshegetsa go elela ga metsi mo go lekaneng. Bogolo jwa tanka ya polokelo ya metsi bo tshwanetse go nna bogolo jo bo lekaneng go tshola metsi a a beeleditsweng.Mo dithulaganyong tsa maranyane a a kwa tlase, go dirisiwa mekgwa e le mentsi ya botegeniki jo bo kwa tlase go tshwara metsi a pula: dithulaganyo tsa marulelo, go beeletsa metsi a a kwa godimo, le go pompa metsi a pula a a setseng a tseneletse mo mmung kgotsa a netse mo matangwaneng le go a boloka mo ditankeng. === Go beeletsa ga metsi a pula ka diphanele tsa marang a letsatsi === Metswedi ya metsi ya boleng jo bo siameng gaufi le mafelo a a nang le batho e a tlhokega e bile e ja madi a mantsi mo bajibareking. Mo godimo ga marang a letsatsi le a phefo, metsi a pula ke motswedi o mogolo o o ntšhafadiwang mo lefatsheng lengwe le lengwe. Mafelo a magolo a ntse a khurumediwa ke diphanele tsa PV tsa letsatsi ngwaga le ngwaga mo dikarolong tsotlhe tsa lefatshe. Diphanele tsa letsatsi di ka dirisiwa gape go beeletsa bontsi jwa metsi a pula a a welang mo go tsone mme go nwa metsi a a boleng, a a senang megare le dilo tse di emisitsweng, a ka tlhagisiwa ka dithulaganyo tse di motlhofo tsa go tlhotlha le go bolaya megare ka gore metsi a pula a na le letswai le le kwa tlase thata . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rain fed solar-powered water purification systems. |url=http://www.windpowerengineering.com/environmental/wind-solar-powered-offgridbox-useful-hurricane-passes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021111651/http://www.windpowerengineering.com/environmental/wind-solar-powered-offgridbox-useful-hurricane-passes/ |archive-date=21 October 2017 |access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-04 |title=Inverted Umbrella Brings Clean Water & Clean Power To India |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2017/12/04/inverted-umbrella-brings-clean-water-clean-power-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709123311/https://cleantechnica.com/2017/12/04/inverted-umbrella-brings-clean-water-clean-power-india/ |archive-date=2018-07-09 |access-date=5 December 2017}}</ref> <ref name="inh">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2017 |title=New rooftop solar hydro panels harvest drinking water and energy at the same time |url=https://inhabitat.com/new-rooftop-solar-hydropanels-harvest-drinking-water-and-energy-at-the-same-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810113041/https://inhabitat.com/new-rooftop-solar-hydropanels-harvest-drinking-water-and-energy-at-the-same-time/ |archive-date=2019-08-10 |access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref> Go dirisa metsi a pula go dira didirisiwa tse di okeditsweng boleng jaaka metsi a a nowang a a tsentsweng mo mabotlolong go dira gore dipolante tsa marang a letsatsi tsa PV di nne le dipoelo le mo mafelong a pula e e nang thata kgotsa a a nang le maru ka go dira lotseno lo lo oketsegileng. Bosheng jaana, go kokoanya metsi a pula ka tsela e e somarelang madi mo didibeng tse di leng teng go fitlhetswe go le mosola thata mo go tlhatloseng maemo a metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe kwa India. === Tse dingwe tse di tlhamilweng === Groasis Waterboxx ke sekai sa maranyane a sekale se se kwa tlase, mo ntlheng e go thusa go jala ditlhare mo lefelong le le omileng. E beeletsa metsi a pula le monyo. Lenaneo la Lefatshe Lotlhe la Botsamaisi jwa Metsi a Pula ke lenaneo la tshomarelo ya metsi le le rotloeditsweng ke UNCCD le Tswaragano ya Lefatshe Lotlhe ka Metsi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Rainwater Management Program (GRMP) |url=https://droughtclp.unccd.int/blog/global-rainwater-management-program-grmp |access-date=2026-05-12 |website=droughtclp.unccd.int |language=en}}</ref> == Mosola == Go beeletsa metsi a pula go fa thusa ka go phatlalatsa metsi mo go ikemetseng mo dinakong tsa melawana ya dithibelo tsa metsi mo kgaolong, gape mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologileng, gantsi go dirisiwa go tlatsa metsi a a dirisiwang ke botlhe. E tlamela ka metsi fa go nna le leuba, e ka thusa go fokotsa morwalela wa mafelo a a kwa tlase, le go fokotsa tlhokego ya didiba tse di ka kgontshang maemo a metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe go tswelela. Go beeletsa metsi a pula go oketsa go nna teng ga metsi ka dipaka tsa komelelo ka go oketsa metsi a didiba tse di kgadileng. Metsi a a fa godimo a nna a le teng go dira ditiro tse di farologaneng ka jalo go fokotsa go ikaega ka metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe fela. Go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu ka go timola letswai la mmu. Ga go bake kgotlelo e bile ga go senye tikologo. Go somarela madi e bile go kgonega motlhofo. Go thusa gape mo go nneng teng ga metsi a a nowang, ka metsi a pula a se letswai gape a sena matswai ape a mangwe. Ditiriso tsa go kokoanya metsi a pula mo thulaganyong ya metsi a toropo di tlamela ka mosola o mogolo mo dithulaganyongpotlana tsa tlamelo ya metsi le tsa metsi a a leswe ka go fokotsa tlhokego ya [[Kgotlelesego ya metsi|metsi a a phepa]] mo dithulaganyong tsa phatlalatso ya metsi, metsi a pula a a elelang a mannye mo dithulaganyong tsa kgopoleswe, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Behzadian |first=k |last2=Kapelan |first2=Z |date=2015 |title=Advantages of integrated and sustainability based assessment for metabolism-based strategic planning of urban water systems |url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/10871/17351/1/Behzadian%20and%20Kapelan%202015b.pdf |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=527-528 |pages=220–231 |bibcode=2015ScTEn.527..220B |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.097 |hdl=10871/17351 |pmid=25965035 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> le phokotso ya go elela ga metsi a pula a a kgotlelang metsi a a phepa mo dinokeng. Setlhopha segolo sa tiro se remeletse mo tlhabololong ya tshekatsheko ya tsela ya botshelo le mekgwa ya yone ya go dira ditshenyegelo go sekaseka maemo a ditlamorago tsa tikologo le madi a a ka bolokwang ka go tsenya tirisong dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula. <ref name="inh"/> === Phatlalatso ya metsi e e ikemetseng === Go beeletsa metsi a pula go thusa ka phatlalatso ya metsi e e ikemetseng ka dinako tsa thibelo metsi. Mo mafelong a metsi a a phepa a tlhwatlhwagodimo, kgotsa go leng thata go a bona, go beeletsa a metsi a pula ke motswedi o o botlhokwa wa metsi a a phepa. Mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologileng, metsi a pula gantsi a beeletswa go dirisiwa jaaka motswedi wa tlaleletso wa metsi go na le motswedi o mogolo, mme go beeletsa metsi a pula gape go ka fokotsa ditshenyegelo tsa metsi tsa lelapa kgotsa selekanyo tiriso ka kakaretso. Metsi a pula a babalesegile go ka nowa fa bajibareki ba dira diphepafatso tse dingwe pele ba ka a nwa. Go bedisa metsig go thusa go bolaya megare. Go oketsa tlaleletso e nngwe mo thulaganyong jaaka diverter ya ntlha ya go tlhatswa le yona ke tsamaiso e e tlwaelegileng go tila dikgotletsi tsa metsi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rainwater Collection |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/rainwater-collection.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406004255/https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/rainwater-collection.html |archive-date=2020-04-06 |website=Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}</ref> === Tlaleletso ka leuba === Fa go nna le leuba, metsi a pula a a neng a beeleditswe mo dikgweding tse di fetileng a ka dirisiwa. Fa pula e le nnye mme gape e sa lepege, tiriso ya thulaganyo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula e ka nna botlhokwa mo go tshwareng pula fa e na. Mafatshe a le mantsi a a nang le tikologo e e omeletseng, a dirisa go beeletsa metsi a pula jaaka motswedi o o tlhwatlhwatlase le o o ikanyegang wa metsi a a phepa. Go tokafatsa nosetso mo ditikologong tse di omeletseng, go agiwa mabotana a mmu go tshwara le go thibela metsi a pula go elela go ya kwa tlase. Le mo dipakeng tsa pula e e kwa tlase, go kokoanngwa metsi a a lekaneng gore dijalo di gole . Metsi a ka kgobokanngwa go tswa mo marulelong mme ditanka di ka agiwa go tshwara metsi a mantsi a pula. Mo godimo ga moo, go beeletsa metsi a pula go fokotsa tlhokego ya metsi go tswa mo didibeng, mme se se dira gore selekanyo sa metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe se kgone go tswelela pele go na le go fokotsega. === Tshekatsheko ya go dikogologa ga botshelo === Tshekatsheko ya go dikogologa ga botshelo ke mokgwa o o dirisiwang go sekaseka ditlamorago tsa tikologo tsa thulaganyo go tswa mo tshimologong go ya kwa bokhutlong jwa botshelo jwa yone. Devkota et al, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Devkota |first=J. |last2=Schlachter |first2=H. |last3=Anand |first3=C. |last4=Phillips |first4=R. |last5=Apul |first5=Defne |date=November 2013 |title=Development and application of EEAST: A lifecycle-based model for use of harvested rainwater and composting toilets in buildings |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |volume=130 |pages=397–404 |bibcode=2013JEnvM.130..397D |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.09.015 |pmid=24141064}}</ref> <ref name="Devkota 20152">{{Cite journal |last=Devkota |first=Jay |last2=Schlachter |first2=Hannah |last3=Apul |first3=Defne |date=May 2015 |title=Life cycle based evaluation of harvested rainwater use in toilets and for irrigation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=95 |pages=311–321 |bibcode=2015JCPro..95..311D |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.021}}</ref> ba tlhamile mokgwa o o jalo wa go beeletsa metsi a pula, mme ba fitlhela gore moalo wa kago (sekao, dilekanyo) le tiro (sekao, thuto, bonno, jj.) di na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo go diriweng ga thulaganyo ye. Go emelana le dipharametara tsa tiro tsa dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula, go ne ga tlhamiwa meteriki o mošwa – tekanyetso ya tlhokego go tlamelo (D/S) – e e supang kakanyetso e e siameng ya kago (tlamelo) le tiro (tlhokego) mabapi le tiragatso ya tikologo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula go tsamaisa leswe mo ntlwaneng ya boithomelo. Ka mogopolo wa gore phatlalatso ya metsi a pula ga e boloke fela metsi a a nowang mme gape e boloka metsi a pula a a tsenang mo mafaratlhatlheng a a kopantsweng a kgopoleswe (ka jalo a tlhoka go phepafadiwa), dipoloko mo mesing ya tikologo di ne di le kwa godimo fa dikago di golagantswe le mafaratlhatlha a a kopantsweng a kgopoleswe fa di bapisiwa le tse di kgaoganeng. <ref name="Devkota 20152"/> === Go fokotsa ditshenyegelo === Le fa dithulaganyo tse di tlwaelegileng tsa RWH di ka tlamela ka motswedi wa metsi mo dikgaolong tse di tlhabologang tse di lebaganeng le lehuma, palogare ya ditshenyegelo tsa thulaganyo ya RWH e ka nna tlhwatlhwagodimo go ikaegile ka mofuta wa maranyane a a dirisiwang. Thuso ya puso le diNGO di ka thusa baagi ba ba lebaganeng le lehuma ka go tlamela ka didirisiwa le thuto e e tlhokegang go tlhama le go tlhokomela dithulaganyo tsa RWH. <ref name="Cain-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Cain |first=Nicholas L. |date=2014 |title=A Different Path: The Global Water Crisis and Rainwater Harvesting |journal=Consilience |issue=12 |pages=147–157 |issn=1948-3074 |jstor=26476158}}</ref> Dipatlisiso dingwe di supa gore go beeletsa metsi a pula ke tharabololo e e dirisiwang thata mo tlhaelong ya metsi le ditiriso tse dingwe tse dintsi , ka ntlha ya go somarela ditshenyegelo le go sa senye tikologo. <ref name="Cain-2014"/> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Staddon |first=Chad |last2=Rogers |first2=Josh |last3=Warriner |first3=Calum |last4=Ward |first4=Sarah |last5=Powell |first5=Wayne |date=17 November 2018 |title=Why doesn't every family practice rainwater harvesting? Factors that affect the decision to adopt rainwater harvesting as a household water security strategy in central Uganda |journal=Water International |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=1114–1135 |bibcode=2018WatIn..43.1114S |doi=10.1080/02508060.2018.1535417 |s2cid=158857347 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go aga dithulaganyo tse dišwa tse di bonalang, tse di kopantsweng tsa tlamelo ya metsi, jaaka matamo, go na thata le go senya dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa lefelo, go baka ditshenyegelo tsa setho tsa kwa ntle, mme go na le tiriso e e lekanyeditsweng, bogolosegolo mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologang kgotsa mo merafeng e e humanegileng. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, go tsenya dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula go netefadiwa ke dipatlisiso di le mmalwa go tlamela baagi ba lefelo ka motswedi wa metsi o o tswelelang, o o patiwang ke bomosola jo bongwe jo bontsi, go akaretsa tshireletso mo merwaleleng le taolo ya go elela ga metsi, le mo dikgaolong tse di humanegileng tota. <ref name="Cain-2014" /> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Furumai |first=Hiroaki |year=2008 |title=Recent application of rainwater storage and harvesting in Japan}}</ref> Dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula tse di sa tlhokeng kago e kgolo kgotsa tlhokomelo ya nako le nako ke moitseanape go tswa kwa ntle ga morafe di siame thata mo tikologong mme di ka solegela batho ba lefelo molemo ka nako e telele. <ref name="Cain-2014" /> Ka jalo, dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula tse di ka tsenngwang le go tlhokomelwa ke batho ba lefelo leo di na le ditshono tse dikgolo tsa go amogelwa le go dirisiwa ke batho ba le bantsi. Tiriso ya maranyane mo lefelong e ka fokotsa ditshenyegelo tsa peeletso mo go beeletseng metsi a pula. Maranyane a mo lefelong la go beeletsa metsi a pula e ka nna mogopolo o o kgonegang mo dikgaolong tsa magae ka gonne go tlhokega didirisiwa tse dinnye go di aga. Di tlamela ka motswedi wa metsi o o ikanyegang o o ka dirisiwang go atolosa dipoelo tsa temothuo. Ditanka tse di fa godimo ga lefatshe di kgona go beeletsa metsi go dirisiwa mo gae ; le fa go ntse jalo, diyuniti tse di ntseng jalo di ka nna tsa pala go rekwa ke batho ba ba humanegileng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lunduka |first=Rodney |date=2011 |title=ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING AND SMALL-SCALE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316284488 |access-date=2020-11-25 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> == Dikgoreletsi == Go beeletsa metsi a pula ke tsela e e dirisiwang thata go boloka metsi a pula mo mafatsheng a nang le dikgang tsa leuba. Dikarolo tse mmalwa tsa dipatlisiso di supile le go simolodisa mefuta le bogeteniki jo bo farologaneng go tlhopha mafelo a a siametseng go beeletswa ga metsi a pula. Dipatlisiso dingwe di ne tsa supiwa le go tlhophiwa mafelo a a tshwanetseng a go ka agiwang matamo, mmogo le go bona moagi wa moalo mo ArcMap 10.4.1. Moalo yo o ne wa kopanya dipharametara di le mmalwa, jaaka go kgokologa, bokgoni jwa go elela ga metsi, khurumetso/tiriso ya lefatshe, thulaganyo ya molatswana, boleng jwa mmu, le kitso tsa metsi go bona gore lefelo le siametse go beeletsa a metsi a pula. Metsi a a beeleditsweng go tswa mo dithulaganyong tsa RWH a ka nna mannye ka nako ya pula e e kwa tlase ga palogare mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng tsa ditoropo jaaka Botlhabagare . RWH e mosola mo mafelong a a tlhabologang ka gonne e kokoanya metsi go nosetsa le go dirisiwa mo gae. Le fa go ntse jalo, metsi a a kgobokantsweng a tshwanetse go sefiwa sentle go netefatsa gore a nowa ka pabalesego. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lange |first=J. |last2=Husary |first2=S. |last3=Gunkel |first3=A. |last4=Bastian |first4=D. |last5=Grodek |first5=T. |date=2012-03-06 |title=Potentials and limits of urban rainwater harvesting in the Middle East |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/16/715/2012/ |url-status=live |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=715–724 |bibcode=2012HESS...16..715L |doi=10.5194/hess-16-715-2012 |issn=1607-7938 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710023556/https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/16/715/2012/ |archive-date=2022-07-10 |access-date=2020-11-28 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Boleng jwa metsi === Metsi a pula a ka tlhoka go sekasekwa sentle, le go dirisiwa ka tsela e e maleba go lebilwe pabalesego ya one. Ka sekai, kwa kgaolong ya Gansu, go bolaya megare mo metsing ka letsatsi go dirisiwa ka go bedisa metsi a pula a a beeleditsweng mo dipitseng tsa letsatsi tsa pharabola pele ga a dirisiwa go nowa. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90781/6248934.html|last1=Chen|first1=Xuefei|title=Rainwater harvesting benefits farmers in Gansu|journal=People's Daily Online|date=27 August 2007|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> Mekgwa e e bidiwang " maranyane a a maleba " ye etlamela ka megopolo ya go bolaya megare e e mo metsing a a bolokilweng ka tlhwatlhwatlase go a phepafaletsa go nowa. Le fa metsi a pula ka boone e le motswedi o o phepa wa metsi, gantsi a le botoka go feta metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe kgotsa metsi a a tswang mo dinokeng kgotsa mo makadibeng, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hatch |first=Jacob |title=The Many Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting |url=https://hydrationanywhere.com/the-many-benefits-of-rain-water-harvesting/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213021007/https://hydrationanywhere.com/the-many-benefits-of-rain-water-harvesting/ |archive-date=13 December 2016 |access-date=3 August 2018 |website=Hydration Anywhere}}</ref> thulaganyo ya go a kokoanya le go a boloka gantsi e tlogela metsi a kgotlelegile e bile a sa nowe. Metsi a pula a a tsewang mo marulelong a ka nna le mantle a batho, diphologolo le dinonyane, di- moss le di- lichen, lerole le le fokisiwang ke phefo, dikarolwana tse di tswang mo kgotlhelong ya toropo, dibolaya-ditshedi, le di-ione tse di sa tsheleng go tswa mo lewatleng ( Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4 ), le digase tse di tswakilweng ( _CO _x, _NO ). Go fitlhetswe selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa dibolaya-ditshedi tmo metsing a pula kwa Yuropa ka dilekanyo tse di kwa godimo tse di diragalang mo puleng ya ntlha ka bonako morago ga nako ya komelelo; kgobokano ya dikgotleletsi tse le tse dingwe e fokodiwa thata ka go faposa go elela ga ntlha ga metsi a a elelang go ya kwa matlakaleng. Boleng jo bo tokafaditsweng jwa metsi bo ka bonwa gape ka go dirisa mokgwa wa go goga go phaphamisiwa (go na le go tswa mo botlaseng jwa tanka) le ka go dirisa motseletsele wa ditanka, gogela morago go tswa mo go tsa bofelo mo motseletseleng. Go sefiwa pele ke mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng o o dirisiwang mo madirelong go dira gore thulaganyo e nne e itekanetse le go netefatsa gore metsi a a tsenang mo tankeng ga a na motlhaba yo montsi. Kgopolo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula le go a phepafatsa ka marang a letsatsi go nowa mo malapeng a kwa magaeng e tlhamilwe ke Sekolo sa Patlisiso sa Temothuo sa Nimbkar . <ref name="Patange-2020">{{Cite web |title=Low cost drinking water technology – rainwater harvesting with solar purification. Current Science, Vol. 118, No.6, 25 March 2020 |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/06/0872.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119182928/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/06/0872.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> Ka kgopolo, thulaganyo ya phatlalatso ya metsi e tshwanetse go tsamaisana le boleng jwa metsi le modirisi wa bofelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mafatsheng a mantsi a a tlhabologileng thata, metsi a a nowang a boleng jo bo kwa godimo a dirisediwa ditiriso tsotlhe. Mokgwa yo o senya madi le maatla mme o dira gore tikologo e nne le ditlamorago tse di sa tlhokegeng. Go tlamela ka metsi a pula a a fetileng mo dikgatong tsa ntlha tsa go sefa tsa tiriso ya metsi a a sa noweng, jaaka go fetisa leswe mo ntlwaneng ya boithomelo, go nosetsa, le go tlhatswa diaparo, e ka nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya leano la taolo ya metsi le le tswelelang. Ditanka tsa metsi a pula gape di ka nna jaaka bonno jwa menang e e nang le megare. Ka ntlha ya seo, go tshwanetse ga tlhokomelwa go netefatsa gore menang e e namagadi ga e kgone go tsena mo tankeng go baya mae. Ditlhapi tse di jang dibokwana le tsone di ka tsenngwa mo tankeng, kgotsa e ka alafiwa ka dikhemikhale. == Dikai tsa mafatshe == === Canada === == Ditso == Go agiwa le tiriso ya ditanka go boloka metsi a pula go ka latedisiwa go boela kwa Metlheng ya Neolithic, fa ditanka tsa polasetere tse di thibelang metsi di ne di agiwa mo bodiloo mafelong a metse ya Levant, lefelo le legolo kwa Borwabophirima jwa Asia, kwa borwa jwa Dithaba tsa Taurus kwa Bophirima jwa lewatleMediter Sekaka sa Arabea kwa borwa, le Mesopotamia kwa botlhaba. Ka bokhutlo jwa 4000 BC , ditanka e ne e le dintlha tse di botlhokwa tsa botegeniki tse di tlhagelelang tsa taolo ya metsi tse di dirisiwang mo temothuong ya lefatshe le le omileng . <ref name="Mays et al. 2013"/> Go ribolotswe ditanka di le dintsi tsa bogologolo mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Jerusalema le mo lefelong lotlhe le gompieno le bidiwang Iseraele/Palesetina. Mo lefelong le bangwe ba dumelang gore ke la motse wa baebele wa Ai (Khirbet et-Tell), go ne ga bonwa tanka e tona ye dingwaga tsa yone di ka latedisiwang kwa go bo 2500 BC e e neng e na le bokgoni jwa dikhubiki mithara di ka nna sekete le makgolo a le masupa {{Convert|1,700|m3|cuft}} . . E ne e betlilwe ka lentswe le le thata, e tsentswe matlapa a matona, e bo e tswalelwa ka letsopa gore e se ka ya dutla. <ref name="Mays et al. 2013"/> Setlhaketlhake sa Gerika sa Crete gape se itsege ka tiriso ya sone ya ditanka tse ditona tsa go beeletsa le go boloka metsi a pula ka nako ya Minoan go tloga ka 2,600 BC–1,100 BC. Go bonwe ditanka di le nne tse ditona kwa Myrtos-Pyrgos, kwa Archanes le kwa Sakroeach. Tanka e e fitlhetsweng kwa Myrtos-Pyrgos e ne ya fitlhelwa e kgona go tshola metsi a a fetang dikhubiki mithara di le masome a le boferabobedi {{Convert|80|m3|cuft}} le dingwaga tsa tsone di latedisiwa go fitlha ko go 1700 BC. <ref name="Mays et al. 2013">{{Cite journal |last=Mays |first=Larry |last2=Antoniou |first2=George |last3=Angelakis |first3=Andreas |name-list-style=amp |date=2013 |title=History of water cisterns: Legacies and lessons |journal=Water |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=1916–1940 |bibcode=2013Water...5.1916M |doi=10.3390/w5041916 |hdl=2286/R.I.43114 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ka bo 300 BC, merafe ya balemirui kwa Balochistan (e jaanong e leng kwa Pakistan, Afghanistan, le Iran), le Kutch, India, ba ne ba dirisa metsi a pula a a beeleditsweng mo temothuong le ditiriso tse dingwe tse dintsi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rain water Harvesting |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/rainwater.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812001933/http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/rainwater.htm |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=23 January 2012 |publisher=Tamil Nadu State Government, India}}</ref> Go beeletsa metsi a pula go ne go dirwa ke dikgosi tsa Chola gape. <ref>{{Cite news|date=17 July 2010|title=Believes in past, lives in future|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=India|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/07/17/stories/2010071754460800.htm}}</ref> Metsi a pula a a tswang kwa tempeleng ya Brihadeeswarar (e e kwa Balaganapathy Nagar, kwa Thanjavur, kwa India) a ne a kokoanngwa mo tankeng ya Shivaganga. <ref>{{Cite news|date=24 August 2003|title=Rare Chola inscription found near Big Temple|location=India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/08/04/stories/2003080402510500.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ka nako ya moragonyana ya Chola, tanka ya Vīrānam e ne ya agiwa (1011 go ya go 1037 AD) kwa kgaolong ya Cuddalore ya Tamil Nadu go boloka metsi a go nwa le go nosetsa. Vīrānam ke tanka e e boleele jwa dikilometara di le lesome le borataro e e kgonang go boloka metsi a dikhubiki mithara di le sedikadike le dikete di le makgolo a ke mane le masome a le marataro le botlhano {{Convert|1,465,000,000|cuft|m3}} . Go beeletsa metsi a pula gape go ne go tlwaelegile mo Mmusomogolong wa Roma . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamash |first=Zena |date=2010 |title=Archaeologies of Water in the Roman Near East |publisher=Gorgias Press}}</ref> Le fa diforo tsa metsi tsa Roma di itsege thata, ditanka tsa Roma le tsone di ne di dirisiwa thata mme go agiwa ga tsone go ne ga atologa le Mmusomogolo. <ref name="Mays et al. 2013"/> Ka sekai, kwa Pompeii, go boloka metsi mo marulelong go ne go tlwaelegile pele ga go agiwa ga mosele wa metsi mo lekgolong lantlha la dingwaga BC. <ref name="ArchServe-2016">{{Cite web |title=Water Supply Systems: Cisterns, Reservoirs, Aqueducts {{!}} Roman Building Technology and Architecture, University of California Santa Barbara |url=https://archserve.id.ucsb.edu/courses/arthistory/152k/water.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718072245/http://archserve.id.ucsb.edu/courses/arthistory/152k/water.html |archive-date=2016-07-18 |access-date=2018-04-13 |website=ArchServe}}</ref> Ditso tse di tsa tswelela le Mmusomogolo wa Byzantium; ka sekai, Tanka ya Basilica kwa Istanbul. Le fa toropo ya Venice e ne e sa itsiwe go le kalo, ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga e ne e ikaegile ka go beeletsa metsi a pula. Letsha le le dikologileng Venice ke metsi a a letswai, a a sa tshwanelang go nowa. Baagi ba bogologolo ba kwa Venice ba ne ba tlhoma thulaganyo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula e e neng e theilwe mo didibeng tse di dirilweng ke batho tse di sireleditsweng go kokoanya metsi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Venetian wells |url=http://www.venicebackstage.org/en/159/i-pozzi-veneziani |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509005248/http://www.venicebackstage.org/en/159/i-pozzi-veneziani/ |archive-date=2019-05-09 |access-date=2016-08-29}}</ref> Metsi a ne a tsenelela mo bodilong jwa maje jo bo neng bo tlhamilwe ka tsela e e kgethegileng, mme a ne a sefiwa ke motlhaba, morago ga moo a ne a kokoanngwa kwa tlase ga sediba. Moragonyana, fa Venice e ntse e bona mafelo mo lefatsheng le legolo, e ne ya simolola go reka metsi ka mokoro go tswa kwa dinokeng tsa lefelo leo. Le fa go ntse jalo, didiba tse di ne tsa nna di dirisiwa mme di ne di le botlhokwa thata ka dinako tsa ntwa fa mmaba a ne a ka kgona go thibela metsi a a dirisiwang a lefatshe gale le gale. == Tiriso mo Ditoropong == Mo ditoropong, dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula di kopanngwa mo mealong ya dikago go fokotsa go elela ga metsi le go tlaleletsa tlamelo ya metsi. Ditoropo di tshwana Melbourne, Singapore le Hyderabad di amogetse melawana e e rotloetsang go beeletsa metsi a pula mo dikagong tsa bonno le tsa kgwebo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PUB Water from Local Catchment |url=https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/localcatchmentwater |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506104130/https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/localcatchmentwater |archive-date=2017-05-06 |access-date=2025-05-24}}</ref> == Dikai tsa Mafatshe == === Canada === === Indiya === Le fa go beeletswa ga metsi a pula mo toropong go ile ga nna le maatla mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana, bosupi bo supa gore go ne go kotulwa metsi a pula kwa metseselegaeng ya India fa e sa le ka metlha ya bogologolo. === United Kingdom === === United States === === Mafatshe a mangwe === [[File:Rainwater_harvesting_tank_(5981896147).jpg|thumb|Tanka ya go beeletsa metsi a pula kwa [[Rwanda]] .]] * [[Uganda]] : Go beeletsa metsi a pula go ntse go dirisiwa kwa Uganda go rotloetsa tshireletsego ya metsi mo malapeng le mo morafeng dingwaga di le dintsi. Paakanyo ya thulaganyo ye ya dinako tsotlhe ke kgwetlho e e tswelelang gape go na le dikai tse dintsi tsa dithulaganyo tse di paletsweng ka ntlha ya tlhokomelo e e bokoa. Dipatlisiso di bontshitse gape gore kitsiso ka RWH le gore go ka fitlhelelwa jang didirisiwa tse di tlhokegang go diragatsa RWH go a farologana go ralala setšhaba sa Uganda. * [[Thailand]] e na le karolwana e kgolo ya baagi mo kgaolong ya magae e e ikaegileng ka go beeletsa metsi a pula (mo bogompienong e le masome a le mane mo lekgolong). Go beeletsa metsi a pula go ne ga rotloediwa thata ke puso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990, morago ga gore matlole a madi a puso a tlamele ditanka tsa go beeletsa metsi a fele, makalana a a ikemetseng ka nosi a ne a tsaya kgato a ntsha ditanka di le dikadikadike di mmalwa, tse bontsi jwa tsone di tswelelang go dirisiwa. <ref name="saladin20162">{{Cite web |last=Saladin |first=Matthias |date=2016 |title=Rainwater Harvesting in Thailand - learning from the World Champions |url=https://rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/759 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129200110/http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/759 |archive-date=2019-01-29 |access-date=2017-03-13}}</ref> Se ke sengwe sa dikai tse dikgolo tsa go itlamela ka metsi lefatshe ka bophara. * Kwa Bermuda, molao o gwetlha gore dikago tsotlhe tse dišwa di akaretse go beeletsa metsi a pula a a lekaneng baagi . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Harry Low|date=December 23, 2016|title=Why houses in Bermuda have white stepped roofs|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-38222271|access-date=2016-12-23}}</ref> * New Zealand e na le pula e ntsi kwa Bophirima le Borwa, mme go beeletsa metsi a pula ke tlwaelo mo mafelong a le mantsi a magae, go dirisiwa metsi a marulelo a a kaelwang ka go tshololela mo ditankeng tsa polokelo tse di khurumeditsweng, tsa dilitara di le sekete, ka thotloetso ya bontsi jwa makgotla a lefelo le. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2016 |title=Rainwater tanks |url=http://www.gw.govt.nz/rainwater-tanks// |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414164122/http://www.gw.govt.nz/rainwater-tanks// |archive-date=14 April 2016 |access-date=21 March 2017 |publisher=Greater Wellington Regional Council}}</ref> * Kwa Sri Lanka, go beeletsa metsi a pula e nnile mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng wa go bona metsi a temothuo le a go nwa mo malwapeng a a kwa magaeng . Molao wa go rotloetsa go beeletsa ga metsi a pula o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka Molao wa Tlhabololo ya Ditoropo (Paakanyo), No. 36 wa 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament Of The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka |url=http://www.lankarainwater.org/rwhsl/act_36_2007_e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104180251/http://www.lankarainwater.org/rwhsl/act_36_2007_e.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-04 |access-date=2011-12-09}}</ref> Foramo ya go Beeletsa Metsi a Pula ya Lanka e etelela pele letsholo la Sri Lanka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lanka Rain Water Harvesting Forum (LRWHF) |url=http://www.lankarainwater.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203171925/http://www.lankarainwater.org/ |archive-date=2015-02-03 |access-date=2011-12-09}}</ref> Thulaganyo ya tanka ya cascade ke thulaganyo ya bogologolo ya go nosetsa e e akaretsang setlhaketlhake sa Sri Lanka. * Kwa Bolivia, go simolotswe mananeo a go beeletsa metsi a pula kwa dikolong tsa kwa magaeng le kwa metsesetoropong go thusa go emelana le tlhaelo ya metsi le go tshegetsa temothuo e e dirwang kwa dikolong . Kwa Cochabamba, maiteko a a eteletsweng pele ke diNGO tsa lefelo leo le morafe a dirisitse ditsamaiso tsa go kokoanya metsi mo marulelong go nosetsa ditshingwana tse di tlamelang baithuti ka dijo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Archidiacono |first=Stefano |last2=Jeltsje Sanne |first2=Kemerink-Seyoum |last3=Irene |first3=Leonardelli |last4=Carolina |first4=Dominguez Guzman |last5=Tavengwa |first5=Chitata |last6=Zwarteveen |first6=Margreet |date=2024-09-01 |title=Engineering as Tinkering Care: A Rainwater Harvesting Infrastructure in Cochabamba, Bolivia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19378629.2024.2304176 |journal=Engineering Studies |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=206–225 |doi=10.1080/19378629.2024.2304176 |hdl=11245.1/15c42a7c-dc62-41c1-bcc8-00ab5c97b957 |issn=1937-8629 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref> 5ah6ea6mge019035sg76q257m7s4lbg 0 14576 57040 55528 2026-11-08T04:06:03Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 5 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57040 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|dikgaolo tsa lefatshe le le omeletseng di bontshiwa mo moalong lefatshe ka bophara , go lebilwe seelo sa komelelo se se badilweng mo palogareng ya dingwaga di le masome a mararo ka 1981 go ya go 2010. Dikaka tse di tlwaelesegileng di supiwa ke setlhopha sa hyper-arid (serolwana/mmala wa lephutshe yo o sa gatelelang). ]] [[File:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo go feteletseng kwa Somalia]] '''Go nna sekaka ga lefelo''' ke mofuta wa go senyega ga lefatshe mo go diragalang ka iketlo mo lefatshe le le nonneng go fetoga go nna sekaka se se omeletseng ka ntlha ya kopano ya ditiragalo tsa tlholego le ditiro tsa batho. Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka gantsi ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa loapi, go epa mmu go dira temothuo, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa mmu ga dimela go oketsega. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Geeson, Nichola |year=2002 |title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-84448-9 |page=58 |display-authors=etal |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mmu yo o sa sirelediwang fa godimo, le yo omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa e gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang mmu yo o ka fa tlase yo o sa nonang thata gore o nne mo letsatsing mme o felele o omelela thata o ka seke o ungwe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Banni ba kana masome a le boferabongwe mo lekgolong (90%) ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokodisiwang ke diemo tsa itsholelo le morafe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go fokotsega boleng jwa lefatshe mo go fokotsang go ungwa ga lone, go sa tlhomamang ga methale ya go itshetsa le go nna dingalo gore batho ba fitlhelele metswedi ya madi le ditshono. Dikgaolo mo lefatsheng tse di amegang thata di mo Aforika ( kgaolo ya Sahel ), Asia ( Sekaka sa Gobi le Mongolia ) le dikarolo tsa Amerika Borwa . Lefatshe le le omeletseng le tsaya mo e ka nnang masome a mane go ya go a le mane le bongwe mo lekgolong (40–41%) ya lefatshe la Lefatshe (Earth's land) mme ke legae la&nbsp;batho ba le dibilione di le pedi. Ditlamorago tsa go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka di akaretsa ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole, go tlhoka go tshepha go nna teng ga dijo, le lehuma . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carvalho |first=Keegan |date=2024-12-03 |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Earth.Org |language=en}}</ref> Methale ya go fokotsa kgotsa go busetsa morago go nna sekaka ga lefelo go akaretsa go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu, go dira dikaka ditala, go laola mafulo, le go jala ditlhare ( go jala dikgwa sesha le go jala dikgwa ) <ref>{{Cite web |last=N.V |first=GREEN EARTH GROUP |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.green.earth |language=en}}</ref> Mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa popego ya lefatshe, go nna teng ga dikaka go diragetse ka tlholego mo nakong e e telele thata. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Thuto ya segompieno ya go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo e tlhagile go tswa mo thutong ya komelelo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980 kwa Sahel . <ref name=":6">{{Cite book |date=2016 |title=The End of Desertification? |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |issn=2197-9596 |editor-last2=Mortimore |editor-first2=Michael}}</ref> == Ditlhaloso == Go nna sekaka ga lefelo ke tiragalo e e diregang ka iketlo ya go oketsega ga komelelo ya mmu . Go nna sekaka ga lefelo go tlhalositswe mo mokwalong wa Tumalano ya Ditšhabakopano ya go Lwantsha go Nna Sekaka (UNCCD) jaaka "go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga mmu mo dikgaolong tse di omileng, tse di omeletseng go le sekae le tse di omileng mme di na le bokgola jo bo kwa tlase mo go bakiwang ke mabaka a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le dipharologano tsa seemo sa loapi le ditiro tsa batho." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tlhaloso ya Sekaka – Lefelo mo lefatsheng le selekanyo sa pula le kapoko se leng kwa tlase thata go na le mafelo a mangwe, le palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e leng kwa tlase ga disenthimithara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano. Tlhaloso ka UNO (1995) – Go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe mo mafelong a a senang sepe, a a bokgola le a a seng bokgola ka ntlha ya phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho go bidiwa go nna sekaka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> Go tloga ka 2005, go ne go na le kganetsano e tona ka ga tlhaloso e e siameng ya lefoko ''desertification(go nna sekaka)'' ka ditlhaloso tse di fetang lekgolo tsa semmuso tse di neng di le teng. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut |date=1 October 2017 |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}</ref> E e neng ya amogelwa thata ke ya thanodi ya Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Princeton e e neng ya e tlhalosa jaaka " tiragalo e lefatshe le le nonneng ''le fetogang sekaka'' ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa, [[Leuba|komelelo]] kgotsa temothuo e e sa siamang ".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">citation needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tlhaloso e e bontshitse ka tlhamalalo kgolagano ya go fetoga ga lefatshe go nna sekaka le ditiro tsa batho, segolobogolo tiriso ya lefatshe le mekgwa ya taolo ya lefatshe. E ne gape ya tlhagisa ditlamorago tsa itsholelo, loago le tikologo tsa go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, tlhaloso e ya ntlha ya gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go ne go akaretsa go atolosiwa ga dikaka ke batho e gannwe ka gonne mogopolo o o ne wa tswelela ka go fetoga fa e sale ka nako eo. Gape go na le dikganetsano dingwe mabapi le go aroganngwa ga mefuta ya sekaka, go akaretsa, boammaaruri le mosola wa tlhaloso ya mafoko a a a tshwanang le "sekaka se se dirilweng ke batho" le "sekaka se se senang moalo". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bioscience_2004-09_54_9/page/817 |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == tse di bakang go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo == === tsa pele/ntlha fela === Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo ga ntlha fela ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa seemo sa loapi, go epa mmu go lema, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego ya mmu le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa ga dimela go oketsega. <ref name=":8"/> Mmu yo o fa godimo yo o sa sirelediwang, le yo o omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa di gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang dikarolo tse di kwa tlase tsa mmu go fisiwa ke letsatsi mme di omelele thata di palelwe ke go ungwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003-09-01 |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |journal=Resources Policy |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414114519/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |archive-date=2022-04-14}}</ref> === Tlhotlheletso ya ditiro tsa batho === Dithutopatlisiso tsa ntlha di ne di nganga gore nngwe ya dilo tse di tlwaelesegileng tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo e ne e le go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go ja dimela go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo le diruiwa tse dingwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, seabe sa tiriso e e feteletseng ya selegae mo go bakang go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo nakong e e fetileng ya bosheng go na le dikganetsano. <ref name=":6"/> Jaanong go akanngwa gore komelelo mo kgaolong ya Sahel e bakilwe thata ke go fetoga ga seelo sa pula ka dipaka tse di dirwang ke go fetoga ga mogote wa metsi a fa godimo a lewatle, mo go bakwang thata ke go fetogafetoga ga tlholego le go ntshiwa ga di-aerosol ( dikarolwana tsa sulfate tse di bonaletsang ) le digase tse di bakiwang ke batho. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |article-number=e591}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya se, go fetoga ga mogote wa lewatle le go fokotsega ga mesi ya sulfate go dirile gore kgaolo e e nne tala gape. <ref name=":3" /> Se se dirile gore barutegi bangwe ba bolele gore go latlhegelwa ke dimela mo go bakiwang ke temothuo ke selo se sennye se se ka dirang gore lefelo le fetoge sekaka. <ref name=":6" /> Diphetogo tsa palo ya batho di na le ditlamorago tse di tona mo go fudiseng go feta selekanyo, go lema go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa, mekgwa ye ya pele e e neng e amogelesega lantlha e setse e sena tswelelopele jaanong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epule |first=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=February 2015 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |issn=0343-2521 |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> Go na le mabaka a mantsi a balemibarui ba dirisang temothuo e e tseneletseng go na le temothuo e e tswelelang fela lebaka le legolo ke go oketsa thobo. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Ka go oketsa thobo, ba tlhoka menontshane e mentsi thata, dibolaya-ditshedi le badiri go tlhokomela didirisiwa. Tiriso e e tswelelang e ya lefatshe e fetsa ka bonako dikotla tsa mmu mo go dirang gore go nna sekaka ga legelo go aname. <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Intensive agriculture |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture |archive-date=24 June 2008 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> === Dipharologanyo tsa tlholego === Baitseanape ba maranyane ba dumalana gore go nna teng ga sekaka mo lefelong le sekaka sa Sahara se leng mo go lone jaanong ke ka ntlha ya dipharologanyo tsa tlholego tsa letsatsi ka ntlha ya go dikologa ga Lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tierney |first=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |article-number=e1601503}}</ref> Dipharologanyo tse di tshwanang le tse di tlhotlheletsa maatla a Monsoon ya Aforika Bophirima, mo go bakang gore dimela di fetoge gape le go ntsha lerole le le di godisang go gefoga fa seemo sa loapi, pula e na gape go tla go nna le komelelo mo Sahara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pausata |first=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gape go na le kakanyo ya gore phetogo ya Sahara go tswa mo savanna go ya kwa sekakeng ka nako ya bogareng jwa Holocene e ne e le ka bontlhabongwe ka ntlheng ya go fulwa go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo tsa baagi ba lefelo le. <ref name="Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period">{{Cite journal |last=K. Wright |first=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Baitseanape ba tsweletse ka go ithuta dikgaolo tse di botlhokwa, ba netefatsa gore ditiro tsa batho le boitekanelo jwa mmu di kopanela le mabaka a bosa jaaka dilo tse ditona tse di nang le seabe mo go nneng sekaka ga lefelo. Mo Sekakeng sa Mu Us, boitekanelo jwa mmu bo dira 37% ya ditiragalo tsa go nna sekaka fa ditiro tsa bosa le tsa batho di dira go lwantsha tiragalo e ka 46% le 17%, ka go latelana. Go nna sekaka mo teng ga Mongolia go tlhaolwa ka 24% ya mabaka a tsa bosa le 34.7% ya melemo ya mmu mo tikologong e yotlhe. Shaanxi ke sekai se se ganetsenang se mo go sone mabaka a bosa a berekang kgatlhanong le go nna sekaka mme mmu o one o gakatsa seemo, mo go supang ditlhotlheletso tse di farologaneng tsa mabaka a tlholego go tsamaya ka dikgaolo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi === Dipatlisiso ka ga go fetoga ga legelo go nna sekaka di farologane, mme ga go na seelo se le sengwe se se ka tlhalosang dintlha tsotlhe. Le fa go ntse jalo, phetogo e e tseneletseng ya seemo sa bosa e santse e solofetswe go oketsa mafelo a a omeletseng mo dikontinenteng tsa Lefatshe: go tswa go 38% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bomasome mabedi go ya go 50% kgotsa 56% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga, ka fa tlase ga Ditsela tsa Boemedi tsa "mo bogareng" le tse di thuthafetseng thata tsa dipalo 4.5 le 8.5. Bontsi jwa katoloso bo tla bonwa mo dikgaolong tse di tshwanang le "borwabophirima jwa Amerika Bokone, ntlha e e kwa bokone jwa Aforika, borwa jwa Aforika, le Australia". <ref name=":52"/> Dikgaolo tse di omeletseng di tsere 41% ya moalo jwa lefatshe mme di akaretsa 45% ya lefatshe la temothuo mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Dikgaolo tse di gareng ga dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tse di mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|seemo sa loapi]] le tiriso ya lefatshe e e bakiwang ke batho ka jalo di mo kotsing ya go fetoga sekaka. Thutopatlisiso e e ikaegileng ka go lebelela seemo ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo e ne ya dirwa ka 2020 mme e ne ya tlhalosa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi, go fetogafetoga ga seemo sa loapi, menontshane ya CO2 mmogo le diphetogo tsa tikologo tse di bakiwang ke tiriso ya lefatshe ka iketlo le ka bonako. <ref name="Burrell" /> Thutopatlisiso e e ne ya bona gore, magareng ga 1982 le 2015, 6% ya mafatshe a a omeletseng a lefatshe a ne a fetoga go nna sekaka mo go bakilweng ke mekgwa ya tiriso ya lefatshe e e senang tswelelopele e e neng e okeditswe ke phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho. Le fa go nna tala ga lefatshe ka bophara go le teng, phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho e digile boleng jwa lefatshe ka 12.6% ( 5.43 milione ya km ² ) mo nageng e e omeletseng eo, mo go nang le seabe mo go fetogeng ga naga go nna sekaka le go ama batho ba le didikadike di le makgolo a mabedi le lesome le boraro , 93% ya bone e le ba ba nnang mo diitsholelong tse di santseng tlhabologang . <ref name="Burrell" /> === Temothuo le ditiro tsa temothuo === Ditiro tsa temothuo jaaka go fudisa go feta selekanyo di baka go nna sekaka ga lefelo. Mo tirong e ya temothuo, diruiwa tse di tshwanang le dikgomo di letlelelwa go fula mo karolong ya lefatshe e le nngwe ka nako e telele ntle le go jala bojang go busetsa jo bo fudilweng. Ka ntlha ya se, lefatshe le nna lebala fela, mo go dirang gore le betswe ke mogoten o o tswang mo letsatsing o o dirang gore le thatafale, phefo e e bokete gape le yone e dira gore lefatshe le latlhegelwe ke dikotla tsa lone. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Otterman |first=Joseph |date=1974-11-08 |title=Baring High-Albedo Soils by Overgrazing: A Hypothesized Desertification Mechanism |url=https://doi.org/10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |journal=Science |volume=186 |issue=4163 |pages=531–533 |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Go lemolola mmu go feta selekanyo le go jwala mofuta o le mongwe wa semela ke ditiro tse dingwe tsa temothuo tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo Aforika. Go jala semela se le sengwe kgapetsakgapetsa mo lefatsheng le le lengwe go ntsha dikotla tse di botlhokwa mo lefatsheng. Fa mmu o setse o fedile boleng, o latlhegelwa ke menontshane ya one ya tlholego le bokgoni jwa go boloka bokgola, mme se se dire gore mmu o thatafale le go phanyega. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2011-12-30 |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |journal=Desertification, Land Degradation and Sustainability |pages=3–39 |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1}}</ref> == Ditlamorago == === Ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Borogo jwa Boemadikepe jwa Sydney jo bo khurumeditsweng ke lerole]] Go nnile le koketsego ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (25%) ya lerole mo lefatsheng e le dipalo tsa ngwaga le ngwaga magareng ga bokhutlo jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesomeleboferabongwe go fitlha gompieno. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanelle |first=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo gape go okeditse selekanyo sa motlhaba o o motlhofo le lerole le phefo e ka le tsayang la felela le nna setsuatsue. Ka sekai, ditsuatsue tsa lerole kwa Botlhabagare "di nna kgapetsakgapetsa le go nna maatla mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana" ka gore "phokotsego ya pula ya paka e telele [e baka] bokgola jo bo kwa tlase jwa mmu le phokotsego ya khurumetso ya dimela ". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Namdari |first=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> Difefo tsa lerole di ka nna le seabe mo malwetseng mangwe a go hema jaaka nyumonia, malwetsi a letlalo, khupelo le a mangwe a mantsi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707}}</ref> Di ka kgotlela metswedi ya metsi e e bulegileng , tsa fokotsa go atlega ga maiteko a lookwane/maatla a a phepa, le go emisa bontsi jwa mefuta ya dipalamo. Ditsuatsue tsa lerole le motlhaba di ka nna le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo seemong sa loapi mo go ka dirang gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go nne maswe le go feta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free |article-number=e4035609}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wu |first=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dikarolwana tsa lerole mo phefong di phatlalatsa marang a a tsenang go tswa mo letsatsing (Hassan, 2012). Lerole le le ka dira khurumetso ya nakwana ya mogote yo o fa fatshe mme fela mogote wa lefaufau one o tla oketsega. Se se ka senya le go khutshwafatsa botshelo jwa maru se se ka felelang se baka pula e e nnye. <ref name=":52"/> === Go tlhoka go tsepama ga seemo sa go nna teng ga dijo === Go nna le dijo mo lefatsheng lotlhe go tshosediwa ke go fetoga ga naga go nna sekaka. Fa palo ya batho e gola, go tshwanetse ga jalwa dijo tse dintsi . Kgwebo ya temothuo e fudusiwa go tswa mo lefatsheng le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. Sekai, Yuropa ka palogare e reka dijo tsa bone di feta sephatlo mo lekgolong go tswa kwa ntle. Mme jalo, 44% ya lefatshe la temothuo le fitlhelwa mo mafatsheng a a omeletseng mme a tlamela ka 60% ya dijo tsa lefatshe lotlhe ka bophara. Go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka go fokotsa selekanyo sa lefatshe le le nang le tswelelopele la tiriso ya temothuo mme letlhoko la dijalo le tsweletse ka go gola. Mo isagong e e gaufi, letlhoko le tlaa feta thobo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Dikgotlhang tse di maswe tsa badisa le balemibarui kwa Nigeria, Sudan, Mali le mafatshe a mangwe mo kgaolong ya Sahel di gakaditswe ke [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|phetogo ya seemo sa loapi]], go senyega ga lefatshe le kgolo ya palo ya batho . <ref>{{Cite news|date=22 January 2019|title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=6 August 2018|title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> === Koketsego ya lehuma === [[File:Soil_erosion,_Southfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_367917.jpg|thumb|Kgothego ya mmu kwa ntle ga Leuchars]] Palo e ka nna 90% ya baagi ba mafatshe a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokolang ka ntlha ya maemo a a bokoa a itsholelo le lefatshe. <ref name=":9"/> Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go latlhegelwa ke boleng jwa lefatshe ka ntlha ya phokotsego ya bokgoni jwa lone jwa go ungwa, go sa tlhomamang ga maemo a botshelo le bothata jwa go fitlhelela metswedi le ditshono tsa go fetola diemo tse. Mafatshe a a sa tlhabologang ka bontsi a amiwa ke seemo sa go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go lapa ga lefatshe le go ntsha metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe go feta selekanyo ka ntlha ya dikgatelelo tsa go dirisa mafelo a a omeletseng a a kwa thoko go dira temothuo. Batsaa ditshwetso ga ba rate go beeletsa mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng tse di nang le bokgoni jo bo kwa tlase. Go tlhoka dipeeletso mo go dira gore dikgaolo tse di kgaphelwe kwa thoko. Fa diemo tse di siamang tsa temothuo-seemo sa loapi di kopanngwa le go tlhoka mafaratlhatlha le phitlhelelo ya mebaraka, ga mmogo le mekgwa ya go lema dijo e e sa tlwaelesegang sentle le setšhaba se se sa jesiweng sentle gape se se sa rutegang sentle, bontsi jwa dikgaolo tse di ntseng jaana di kgaphelwa thoko mo tlhabololong. <ref name="csf-desertification.org">{{Cite web |title=Cornet A., 2002. Desertification and its relationship to the environment and development: a problem that affects us all. In: Ministère des Affaires étrangères/adpf, Johannesburg. World Summit on Sustainable Development. 2002. What is at stake? The contribution of scientists to the debate: 91–125.. |url=http://www.csf-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/doc_details/119-cornet-antoine-2002-desertification-and-its-relationship-to-the-environment-and-development |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809142606/http://www.csf-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/doc_details/119-cornet-antoine-2002-desertification-and-its-relationship-to-the-environment-and-development |archive-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> Go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka gantsi go dira gore mafelo a a kwa magaeng a se ka a kgona go tshegetsa palo ya batho e e tshwanang le ya pele e e neng e nna gone mo lefelong. Se se felela se baka khudugo ya bontsi mo tswa mo magaeng go ya kwa ditoropong segolobogolo mo Aforika mo go dirang letlhoko la ditiro le mekhukhu . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Pasternak, Dov |year=2001 |title=Combating desertification with plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-i8-DPf6xgC&pg=PA20 |last2=Schlissel, Arnold |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-46632-8 |page=20 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://books.google.com/books?id=B-i8-DPf6xgC&pg=PA20 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Briassoulis, Helen |year=2005 |title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA161 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5 |page=161 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161052/https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA161 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Palo ya batshabi ba ba diemo tsa tikologo e a gola ngwaga le ngwaga, mme diponelopele tsa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara di bontsha koketsego e e ka nnang teng go tswa mo didikadikeng di le lesome le bone ka 2010 go ya go didikadike di ka nna makgolo a mabedi ka 2050. Se se dira mathata kwa pele mo kgaolong e, ka gore ditšhaba tse di mabapi ga di na bokgoni jwa go tshegetsa palo ya batho ba le bantsi ya batshabi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Myers |first=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epule |first=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> Kwa Mongolia, 90% ya lefatshe ke le le omileng le le bokoa, se se dirang gore badisa ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa toropong go ya go bereka. Ka ditsompelo tse di lekanyeditsweng thata, badisa ba ba nnang mo lefatsheng le le omeletseng ba fudisa ka kelotlhoko thata gore ba kgone go somarela lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Temothuo ke nngwe ya metswedi e megolo ya lotseno mo merafeng ya banni ba sekaka mo Aforika. Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo dikgaolong tse go sentse lefatshe mo e leng gore batho ga ba tlhole ba kgona go lema le go rua ka tsela e e nang le thobo le go dira dipoelo. Se se amile itsholelo ka tsela e e sa siamang le go oketsa seelo sa lehuma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stringer |first=Lindsay C. |last2=Dyer |first2=Jen C. |last3=Reed |first3=Mark S. |last4=Dougill |first4=Andrew J. |last5=Twyman |first5=Chasca |last6=Mkwambisi |first6=David |year=2009 |title=Adaptations to climate change, drought and desertification: local insights to enhance policy in southern Africa |journal=Environmental Science & Policy |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=748–765 |bibcode=2009ESPol..12..748S |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2009.04.002}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le go oketsega ga bobueledi jwa lefatshe ka bophara, sekai ba UN SDG 15 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> go lwantsha go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka le go buseletsa mafatshe a a setseng a amegile. == Mafelo a amegileng == Mafelo a a omeletseng a tsaya mo e ka nnang 40–41% ya kgaolo ya lefatshe lotlhe mme ke magae a batho ba ka feta dibilione di le pedi. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book |date=2006 |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |url=https://archive.org/details/governingglobald0000unse |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}</ref> Go nnile le palo kakanyetso ya gore mo e ka nnang 10–20% ya mafelo a a omeletseng a setse a latlhegetswe ke boleng, lefelo lotlhe le le amilweng ke go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo le fa gare ga disekwerekhilomithara di le didikadike di le thataro le lesome le bobedi, gore mo e ka nnang 1–6% ya banni ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafelong a a sekaka, le gore batho ba le bilione ba mo kotsing ya go nna fa go fetogelang go nna sekaka go ya pele. <ref name="holtz">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Bank |year=2009 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Sahel === Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho mo go fetogeng sekaka ga lefelo di bonala mo kgaolong ya Sahel ya Aforika. Kgaolo e e tlhaolwa ka seemo sa loapi se se omeletseng go le mogote thata, dipalo tsa mogote tse di kwa godimo le pula e e kwa tlase (100–600&nbsp;mm ka ngwaga). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free |article-number=e453521}}</ref> Ka jalo, komelelo e a laola mo kgaolong ya Sahel. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Sahel e latlhegetswe ke lefatshe le ka nna botona jwa ba 650 000&nbsp;km ² ya lefatshe la yone la temothuo le le nang le dipoelo mo dingwageng di le 50 tse di fetileng; go anama ga go nna sekaka mo lefelong le go bonala thata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society_1998-05_79_5/page/815 |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> [[File:Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg|thumb|Kgaolo ya Sahel ya Mali]] Seemo sa loapi sa Sahara se nnile le diphetogo tse dikgolo mo dingwageng di le dikete di le makgolo tse di fetileng, <ref name="Lakes">{{Cite journal |last=Kevin White |last2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}</ref> se fetogafetoga fa gare ga go metsi (naga ya bojang) le go omelela (sekaka) dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le dikete di le masome a mabedi, <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Jennifer Chu|date=2 January 2019|title=A "pacemaker" for North African climate|url=http://news.mit.edu/2019/study-regulating-north-african-climate-0102|access-date=20 January 2020|publisher=MIT News}}</ref> (tiragalo e go dumelwa gore e bakilwe ke diphetogo tsa nako e telele mo Seemong sa loapi sa Aforika Bokone, se se fetolang tsela ya Monsooni wa Aforika Bokone , mo e ka nnang ga dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mane, mo go one go sekama ga axis ya lefatshe go fetogang fa gare ga 22° le 24,5°). <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book |last=Houérou |first=Henry N. |date=10 December 2008 |title=Bioclimatology and Biogeography of Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rvs7NkfeLEC&q=Sahara+rainfall+virtually+zero&pg=PA16 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-85192-9 |language=en |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160547/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rvs7NkfeLEC&q=Sahara+rainfall+virtually+zero&pg=PA16 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Dipalopalo dingwe di supile gore, fa e sale ka 1900, Sahara e atologile ka dikholomithara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano go ya kwa borwa mo godimo ga karolo ya lefatshe mme go tswa kwa bophirima go ya kwa botlhaba ka dikete di le thataro tsa dikholomithara ka boleele. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}</ref> Letsha la Chad, le le mo kgaolong ya Sahel, le ile la kgala ka ntlha ya go gogwa ga metsi mo go lone go nosetsa le go fokotsega ga selekanyo sa pula. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okpara |first=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}</ref> Letsha le le ngotlegile ka go feta 90% fa e sale ka 1987, mme se sa fudusa didikadike tsa banni. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002062620/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |url-status=dead }}</ref> Maiteko a mo bosheng a kgonne go dira kgatelopele nngwe mo go tsosoloseng go le buseletsa mme go sa ntse go tsewa fa le le mo kotsing ya go nyelela gotlhelele. <ref name="Remote sensing appraisal of Lake Ch">{{Cite journal |last=Onamuti |first=Olapeju Y. |last2=Okogbue |first2=Emmanuel C. |last3=Orimoloye |first3=Israel R. |date=8 November 2017 |title=Remote sensing appraisal of Lake Chad shrinkage connotes severe impacts on green economics and socio-economics of the catchment area |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=4 |issue=11 |bibcode=2017RSOS....471120O |doi=10.1098/rsos.171120 |pmc=5717671 |pmid=29291097 |doi-access=free |article-number=171120}}</ref> Go fokotsa go nna sekakaga mafelo, letsholo la Great Green Wall (Aforika) le ne la simololwa ka 2007 mme le ne le akaretsa go jala dimela mo karolong e e ka nnang dikholomithara di le dikete di le bosupa le makgolo a le bosupa le masome a masupa le botlhano (7 775 .&nbsp;km), dikholomithara di le lesome le botlhano ka bophara, go akaretswa mo lenaneong le mafatshe a le masome a mabedi le bobedi go fitlha ka 2030. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> Maikaelelo a letsholo le ke tona le la go jala dimela ke go tokafatsa go boloka metsi mo mmung morago ga pula ya paka, ka jalo go rotloetsa tsosoloso ya lefatshe le temothuo ya mo bokamosong. [[Senegal]] e setse e tsentse letsogo mo lenaneong le ka go jala ditlhare tsa diheketara di le dikete di le masome a matlhano. Go bolelwa fa se se tokafaditse boleng jwa lefatshe le go baka koketsego ya tshono ya go gola ga itsholelo mo kgaolong e. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Green Wall &#124; National Geographic Society |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-green-wall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222164123/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-green-wall/ |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> == Aforika == [[File:View_over_Bani_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Bani - Kgaolo ya Sahel - Burkina Faso]] === Kgaolo ya Sahel === Sahel, e leng kgaolo ya dikholomithara di dikete di le tlhano le makgolo a le mane e tsanaisana le phetogo ya seemo sa loapi sa Sekaka sa Sahara le dikgwa tse di bokgola tsa Sudan, e emela ngwe ya dikgaolo tsa lefatshe tse di ka tlhaselwang ke go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo ka bofefo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Case Study: Drought and Desertification in the Sahel |url=https://simplestudy.com/ie/leaving-cert/geography/revision-notes/option-atmosphere-ocean/climate-characteristics-and-economic-development/case-study-drought-and-desertification-in-the-sahel |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=SimpleStudy}}</ref> Go ya ka dipelo go tswa kwa Lenaneong la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano (UNEP), go senyega ga tikologo le go nna sekaka go ama mo e ka nnang 45% ya karolo yotlhe ya lefatshe mo teng ga Sahel, e leng mo e ka nnang disekwerekhilomithara di le didikadike di le 2.43 tsa lefatshe le le senyegileng. Dilo tse di bakang go nna sekaka kwa Sahel ke ditiro tsa batho le seemo sa loapi. Le fa dipalo tsa mogote mo kgaolong e di ile tsa oketsega ka 0,5°C go ya go 1,5°C mo lekgolong le le fetileng la dingwaga—tse di bakileng dipaka tse di sa tlhomamang thata tsa dipula tsa monsoon—go oketsega ga palo ya batho go ile ga oketsa kgatelelo ya tikologo le gone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Re-Greening of the Sahel |url=https://adaptation.climate.columbia.edu/content/re-greening-sahel |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Columbia Climate School}}</ref> Ka palo ya batho ba kgaolo e e akanyediwang go atologa thata ka 2050, letlhoko la lefatshe le le ka lengwang le la go rua le dirile gore go feta 70% ya mafulo a Sahel a fulwe thata le 80% ya mafatshe a temothuo a itemogele go fokotsega mo go tseneletseng ga dikotla. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 3, 2026 |title=Desertification - Sahel case study |url=https://www.green.earth/blog/desertification-sahel-case-study |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Green Earth}}</ref> Tatlhegelo e ya khurumetso ya dimela e dira gore mmu o o senang sepe o amiwe ke diphefo tse di omileng tsa Harmattan, mme se se itlhaganedisa go atologa go ya kwa borwa, maemo a go fetoga sekaka se se omileng thata. Dikgato tsa go lwantsha se, segolobogolo letsholo la Great Green Wall, di ikaelela go busetsa diheketara di le didikadike di le lekgolo tsa lefatshe le le senyegileng le ka 2030. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 15, 2022 |title=Desertification in Africa: Causes, Effects and Solutions |url=https://earth.org/desertification-in-africa/ |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Earth.org}}</ref> == Dithutopatlisiso == === Sahel === Mo kgaolong ya Sahel—e e simololang kwa Senegal go ya kwa Chad—go nna sekaka ga legelo go bakwa thata ke kgatelelo e e tseneletseng ya batho e kopantswe le go fetofetoga ga seelo sa pula. Dithutopatlisiso tsa tikologo tsa mo bosheng di supa gore go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe mo kgaolong e ke ga popego e bile go a oketsega. <ref>{{Citation|last=Osborne|first=Chetwynd|title=Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality through Active Restoration|date=2021-08-12|work=World Environment Day 2021: Essay Series on United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030|pages=13–15|url=https://doi.org/10.52377/mxya1412|access-date=2026-06-19|publisher=Journal of Academic Research and Essays}}</ref> * '''Selekanyo sa go latlhegelwa ke boleng:''' Go ya ka tshedimosetso go tswa kwa Lenaneong la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano (UNEP), go feta 45% ya kgaolo ya lefatshe kwa Sahel e amiwa thata ke go fetoga lefelo go nna sekaka, mme mo e ka nnang 80% ya masimo a temothuo a kgaolo e a setswe a laotswe gore a latlhegetswe ke boleng. * '''Go Sutela kwa Borwa (Mafelo a Nigeria a a kwa Pele):''' Kwa "mafelong a a kwa pele" a bokonebotlhaba jwa Nigeria (a a tshwanang le lefelo la Yobe), Sekaka sa Sahara se tsenelela kwa borwa. Tshedimosetso ya go tlhotlhomisa go tswa kgakala e bontsha gore go anama ga dithota tsa motlhaba go oketsegile go menagane go nna gabedi mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di sa tswang go feta, go ya kwa tlase ka seelo sa palo kakanyetso ya dikholomithara di le 0.6 ka ngwaga le go feta diheketara di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano le bongwe tsa lefatshe la dijalo ka ngwaga. * '''Ditiro tsa batho tse di bakamg go fetiga sekaka ga lefelo tsa konokono:''' Le fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e na le seabe, dithutopatlisiso mo mafelong ao di supa gore kgolo ya palo ya batho, lehuma la itsholelo le mekgwa mengwe ya temothuo e e tseneletseng ke tsone tse di dirang gore lefelo e nne sekaka ka bofefo. Go fudisa go feta selekanyo fela ka bo gone go dira mo e ka nnang 58% ya tshenyego ya lefatshe go ralala dikgaolo tse di omeletseng go le se kae, ka dipalopalo tsa leruo di apola khurumetso ya dimela tse di sireletsang mmu ka bonako go feta ka fa dimela tse di boang gape di gola ka bo tsone. === Lenaka la Aforika === Kwa Botlhaba jwa Lenaka la Afrika (bogolo jang Somalia, Ethiopia le Kenya), go nna sekaka ga mafelo go ile ga fefoswa thata ke diemo tsa seemo sa loapi tse di iseng di ko di nne teng e bile di latelana, e se ka ntlheng ya ditiro tsa batho fela. <ref>{{Citation|last=Osborne|first=Chetwynd|title=Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality through Active Restoration|date=2021-08-12|work=World Environment Day 2021: Essay Series on United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030|pages=13–15|url=https://doi.org/10.52377/mxya1412|access-date=2026-06-19|publisher=Journal of Academic Research and Essays}}</ref> * '''Kgakgamatso ya seemo sa bosa ya dingwaga di le masome a masupa:''' Magareng ga 2020 le 2023, kgaolo e e ne ya nna le leuba le le sa tlwaelesegang mo ditsong la dingwaga di le dintsi le le neng le bakwa ke tiragalo ya La Niña e e neng ya tswelela dingwaga di le tharo. Se se ne sa felela ka gore go nne le dipaka tsa pula di le tlhano tse di latelanang tse di sa atlegang—e leng paka e e maswe go gaisa tsotlhe ya komelelo e e tsereng nako e telele mo kgaolo e e kileng ya gatisiwa mo dingwageng di le masome a masupa tse di fetileng. * '''Bokete jwa go sa sireletsega ga lefatshe:''' Go tlhaela ga bokgola jwa mmu mo go feteletseng go dirile gore dimela di swe ka bonako. Kwa Somalia, mo e ka nnang 49% ya lefatshe lotlhe mo bogompienong e itemogela go senyega ga tikologo mo go fa gare, fa 30% e arogantswe jaaka e e senyegileng thata mme e fetogela ka bonako go nna sekaka sa sennela ruri. * '''Tsa itsholelo ya batho:''' Mekgatlho e e elang tlhoko diemo tsa tikologo di bolela gore ka nako ya leuba/komeleo e e kwa godimo yeo, go feta 95% ya matsha a mannye a metsi a a kwa godimo ga lefatshe a ne a kgala mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng. Se se ne sa pateletsa merafe ya badisa go tsamaya sekgala se se fa gare ga dikholomithara di le 8.6 le 17.6 go batla metswedi ya metsi e e ka dirisiwang, e e emelang koketsego ya 38% go feta palogare mo ditsong. * '''Tse di fefosang gore go nne le komelelo:''' Go ya ka ditso, dikomelelo tse di tona mo Lenakeng la Aforika di ne di diragala mo go ka nnang gangwe mo dingwageng dingwe le dingwe di le thataro. Fa e sa le ka 2005, dipalo tse di oketsegile go menagane go nna gabedi; dikomelelo tse di feteletseng jaanong di a ipoeletsa gangwe mo dingwageng dingwe le dingwe di le tharo, mme se ga se fe mmu yo o fa godimo nako e e lekaneng go buseletsa menontshane ya one ya tlholego kgotsa go boloka dikotla. === Tshwantshanyo ya Dikgaolo === Lenaneo le le latelang le farologanya tse di bakang go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo le ditlamorago tsa go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe go ralala dikgaolo ka bobedi : <ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release: World AIDS Day - 2014 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-5133-2014042 |access-date=2026-06-19 |website=Human Rights Documents online}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Tshwantshanyo ya Diphetogo tsa go Nna Sekaka ga lefelo !Kgaolo !Lebaka la konokono !Dipalo !Ditlamorago tsa Konokono |- |'''Sahel''' |Ditiro tsa batho (Go fudisa go feta selekanyo, temothuo e e tseneletseng, kgatelelo ya palo ya batho) |masome a le boferabobedi mo lekgolong (80%) ya masimo a a senyegile kana a latlhegetswe ke boleng |Go tsenelela ga dithota tsa motlhaba go ya kwa borwa ka 0.6 km ngwaga le ngwaga |- |'''Lenaka la Aforika''' |Diemo tsa bosa tse di maswe thata (Komelelo e e ipoeletsang ya dingwaga di le dintsi, La Niña) |tshenyo ya masome a le mararo mo lekgolong (30%) e e masisi ya lefatshe (Somalia) |Go kgala ga 95% ya metswedi ya metsi e e godimo ga lefatshe; go swa ka bonako ga dimela. |} === Lenaka la Aforika === Mo Lenakeng la Aforika, go nna sekaka ga lefelo go bonala itshupa ka go phutlhama ga thulaganyo ya go tshela ga diphologolo tsa tikologo mo go bakwang ke diemo tse di latelanang, tse di di masisi tsa komelelo. Go nna mo kotsing ga mafulo a kgaolo a a omileng go sekae go ne ga supiwa ke go palelwa mo go tseneletseng ga dipaka tsa dipula tse di latelanang fa gare ga 2023 le 2025, mo go neng ga senya khurumetso ya dimela le go itlhaganedisa go omelela ga mmu o o fa godimo go ralala Somalia, botlhaba jwa Kenya, le borwa jwa Ethiopia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2025 |title=Alert: An Extremely Poor October to December 2025 Rainfall Season in the Horn of Africa |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/alert-extremely-poor-october-december-2025-rainfall-season-horn-africa-urgent-action-needed-now-address-severe-food-security-risks-16-december-2025 |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Food Security and Nutrition Working Group via ReliefWeb}}</ref> Morago ga go palelwa gotlhelele ga dipula tsa bofelo jwa 2025, Somalia e ne ya itsise gore go na le seemo sa tshoganetso sa setšhaba sa komelelo, ka go senyega ga lefatshe le go latlhegelwa ke metswedi ya metsi a leruo go ne ga fudusa badisa ba ba fetang dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le botlhano kwa bofelong jwa 2025 le tshimologo ya 2026. Go fetoha ga mafelo a bojang a a ungwang go nna mafelo a a tshwanang le sekaka kwa Afrika Botlhaba go gakadiwa ke go rengwa ga dikgwa mo lefelong le go dira magala le go kgaoganngwa ga ditsela tsa setso tsa go fuduga ga batho, mo go bakang gore go nne le leruo le le ntsi mo mafulong a a bokoa. Go tsibogela seemo sa tatlhegelo ya mmu se se anameng, dipuso tsa dikgaolo di fetogetse kwa go direng ditekanyetso-kakanyetso tsa triro ya madi tse di ka kgonang go emelana le seemo sa bosa; ka sekai, maiteko a lefatshe mo diemong tsa tikologo kwa Kenya a remeletse thata mo tsosolosong ya ditikologo tsa mafulo tse di dirisitsweng go feta selekanyo go fokotsa go senyega ga mmu mo go tswelelang, gape le go thibela letlhoko le le tona la dijo mo itsholelong. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2026 |title=Desertification and Drought Day 2026: Insights from evidence of climate-resilient development across Africa and Asia |url=https://clareprogramme.org/update/desertification-and-drought-day-2026-insights-from-evidence-of-climate-resilient-development-across-africa-and-asia/ |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=CLARE Programme}}</ref> === Sekaka sa Gobi le Mongolia === Lefelo le lengwe le le tona le le amiwang ke go fetoga ga sekaka ga lefelo ke Sekaka sa Gobi se se kwa Bokone jwa China le kwa Borwa jwa Mongolia. Sekaka sa Gobi ke sekaka se se atologang ka bonako go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, ka gore se fetola go feta disekwerekhilomithara di le dikete di le tharo tsa naga ya bojang go nna naga e e latlhegetsweng ke boleng ngwaga le ngwaga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rechtschaffen |first=Daniel |title=How China's Growing Deserts Are Choking The Country |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216110308/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Le fa Sekaka sa Gobi ka bosone se sa ntse se le kgakala le [[Beijing]], dipego go tswa mo dithutong tsa lefelo di bolela gore go na le dithota tse ditona tsa motlhaba tse di ipopang sekgala sa dikholomithara di le masome a le bosupa fela kwa ntle ga toropo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2020 |title=Gobi Desert: A Complete Guide to East Asia's Largest Desert |url=https://www.youngpioneertours.com/gobi-desert-guide/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160548/https://www.youngpioneertours.com/gobi-desert-guide/ |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Young Pioneer Tours |language=en}}</ref> Kwa Mongolia, mo e ka nnang 90% ya naga ya bojang e tsewa e le e e ka nnang sekaka ke UN . Palokakanyetso ya 13% ya go nna sekaka ga lefelo kwa Mongolia e bakwa ke mabaka a tlholego; a mangwe ke ka ntlha ya tlhotlheletso ya ditiro tsa batho segolobogolo go fudisa go feta selekanyo le kgothego ya mmu e e oketsegileng mo mafelong a a lemilweng. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Desertification and How Does It Impact Mongolia? |url=https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401180828/https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Breathe Mongolia – English |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Jie |last2=Dai |first2=Han |last3=Gu |first3=Zhaolin |date=1 December 2021 |title=Sandstorms and desertification in Mongolia, an example of future climate events: a review |journal=Environmental Chemistry Letters |language=en |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=4063–4073 |bibcode=2021EnvCL..19.4063H |doi=10.1007/s10311-021-01285-w |issn=1610-3661 |pmc=8302971 |pmid=34335128}}</ref> Mo pakeng ya 1940 go ya go 2015, palogare ya mogote wa phefo e ne ya oketsega ka 2.24&nbsp;°C. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Jie |last2=Dai |first2=Han |last3=Gu |first3=Zhaolin |date=1 December 2021 |title=Sandstorms and desertification in Mongolia, an example of future climate events: a review |journal=Environmental Chemistry Letters |language=en |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=4063–4073 |bibcode=2021EnvCL..19.4063H |doi=10.1007/s10311-021-01285-w |issn=1610-3661 |pmc=8302971 |pmid=34335128}}</ref> Paka e e bothitho thata ya dingwaga di le lesome e ne e le mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di sa tswang go feta mo bosheng go fitlha ka 2021. Pula e fokotsegile ka 7% mo pakeng e e mo go bakileng koketsego ya diemo tsa komelelo go ralala Mongolia. Sekaka sa Gobi se tswelela ka go atologa go ya kwa bokone, ka lefatshe le le fetang 70% la Mongolia le le senyegileng ka ntlha ya go fulwa go feta selekanyo, go rengwa ga dikgwa le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Mo godimo ga moo, puso ya Mongolia e kwadile melelo ya dikgwa, go swa ga dimela, ditiro tsa dikgwa tse di sa tsweleleng pele le tsa meepo jaaka dilo tse di bakang go fetoga ga naga sekaka mo nageng e . Phetogo go tswa mo temothuong ya dinku go ya kwa go ya dipodi gore go kgonwe go fitlhelela ditlhokego tsa go rekisa kwa ntle boboa jwa cashmere go bakile go senyega ga lefatshe la mafulo. Fa di bapisiwa le dinku, dipodi di dira tshenyo e ntsi mo mafulong ka go ja medi le dithunya. <ref>{{Citation|last1=Dorj|first1=O.|date=2013|pages=217–229|editor-last=Heshmati|editor-first=G. Ali|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-6652-5_11|isbn=978-94-007-6651-8|last2=Enkhbold|first2=M.|last3=Lkhamyanjin|first3=S.|last4=Mijiddorj|first4=Kh.|last5=Nosmoo|first5=A.|last6=Puntsagnamil|first6=M.|last7=Sainjargal|first7=U.|title=Combating Desertification in Asia, Africa and the Middle East|chapter=Mongolia: Country Features, the Main Causes of Desertification and Remediation Efforts|editor2-last=Squires|editor2-first=Victor R.}}</ref> Go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa letlhoko la madi ka ntlheng ya go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo kwa Inner Mongolia, Bai Jingying o ruta basadi go loga dilo tsa setso, tse morago ga moo ba di rekisang gore ba nne le lotseno lo lo oketsegileng. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Community threads together |url=https://www.chinadailyhk.com/hk/article/252552#Community-threads-together-2021-12-20 |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=chinadailyhk |language=en}}</ref> [[File:10-4-26_沙尘暴_-_panoramio_-_阿留申.jpg|thumb|Ditsuatsue tsa lerole kwa China tse di amanngwang le go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka mo dikgaolong tsa yone tse di kwa bokone le kwa bokonebophirima]] === Amerika Borwa === Amerika Borwa ke lefelo le lengwe le le mo kotsing ya go fetoga sekaka, ka 25% ya lefatshe e tlhaolwa jaaka mafelo a a omeletseng <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Soil Degradation Threatens Nutrition in Latin America - World |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403121753/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> mme go feta 68% ya lefatshe le nnile le kgothego ya mmu ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa le go fudisa go feta selekanyo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Why We Should Invest in Land Management in Latin America |url=https://www.nrdc.org/bio/carolina-herrera/why-we-should-invest-land-management-latin-america |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=www.nrdc.org |language=en}}</ref> 27 go ya go 43% ya mafelo a lefatshe kwa Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador le Peru a mo kotsing ka ntlha ya go fetoga sekaka. Kwa Argentina, Mexico le Paraguay, lefelo le le fetang sephatlo sa lefatshe le sentswe ke go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo mme ga se le le ka dirisetswang temothuo. Kwa Amerika Bogare, komelelo e bakile go oketsega ga letlhoko la ditiro le go fokotsega ga pabalesego ya go nna teng ga dijo - gape e baka le go fuduga ga batho. Go ile ga bonwa ditlamorago tse di tshwanang le tse kwa magaeng a Mexico kwa botona jwa disekwerekhilomithara di le sekete tsa lefatshe di latlhegileng ngwaga le ngwaga ka ntlha ya go nna sekaka. <ref name=":0" /> Kwa Argentina, go fetoga ga sekaka ga lefelo go na le bokgoni jwa go kgoreletsa ditlamelo tsa dijo tsa lefatshe . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Torres |first=Laura |last2=Abraham |first2=Elena M. |last3=Rubio |first3=Clara |last4=Barbero-Sierra |first4=Celia |last5=Ruiz-Pérez |first5=Manuel |date=7 July 2015 |title=Desertification Research in Argentina |journal=Land Degradation & Development |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2015LDeDe..26..433T |doi=10.1002/ldr.2392 |hdl=11336/48401 |s2cid=129476957 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Go busetsa morago seemo sa go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka == [[File:Harsh_Vardhan_addressing_at_the_inauguration_of_the_United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification_(UNCCD)_Asia-Pacific_four-day_Regional_Workshop,_in_New_Delhi_(1).JPG|thumb|Bokopano ka 2018 kwa New Delhi jo bo neng bo amana le Tumalano ya Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng ya go Lwantsha go Nna Sekaka]] [[File:North_Sahara._Anti-sand_shields.jpg|thumb|Ditshireleretso kgatlhanong le motlhaba kwa bokone jwa Sahara, [[Tunisia|kwa Tunisia]]]] [[File:GreeningdesertTharIndia.jpg|thumb|Ditshimo tsa jojoba, jaaka di supiwa, di nnile le seabe mo go lwantsheng ditlamorago tsa go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo Sekaka sa Thar, India . ]] [[File:Tamarisk_planted_along_roads_in_Xinjiang_near_Cherchen_to_slow_desertification.jpg|thumb|Saxaul e jetswe go bapa le ditsela kwa Xinjiang gaufi le Cherchen go fokotsa go nna sekaka ga lefelo ]] Mekgwa le dikgato tsa go lwantsha fokotsa kgotsa go busetsa morago go fetoga go nna sekaka ga lefelo e teng. Mo dikgatong dingwe tse, go na le dikgoreletsi di le dintsi tse di itsang go diragatswa ga tsone. Mme le fa go ntse jalo, mo go tse dingwe tharabololo e tlhoka fela gore batho ba dirise ditlhaloganyo tsa bone. Mogopolo mongwe wa go thusa seemo ke gore ditshenyegelo tsa go amogela mekgwa ya temothuo e e tswelelang ka dinako dingwe di feta dipoelo tsa balemibarui ka bongwe jwa bone, le fa di le mosola mo morafeng le mo tikologong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Drost |first=Daniel |last2=Long |first2=Gilbert |last3=Wilson |first3=David |last4=Miller |first4=Bruce |last5=Campbell |first5=William |date=1 December 1996 |title=Barriers to Adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices |url=https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php |journal=Journal of Extension |volume=34 |issue=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222053123/https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> Kgang e nngwe ke go tlhoka keletso ya sepolotiki, le go tlhoka madi a go tshegetsa mananeo a go tsosolosa lefatshe le go lwantsha go fetoga ga lefatshe go nna sekaka. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Briassoulis, Helen |year=2005 |title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA237 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5 |page=237}}</ref> Go nna sekaka ga lefelo go lemogwa jaaka matshosetsi a matona mo mefuteng ya ditshedi . Mafatshe a mangwe a tlhamile maano a tiro a mefutafuta ya ditshedi go lwantsha ditlamorago tsa seemo se, segolobogolo mabapi le tshireletso ya dimela le diphologolo tse di mo kotsing ya go nyelela . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desert reclamation projects |url=http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172821/http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html |archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref> === Go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu === Mekgwa ya go dira se e remetse mo dintlheng tse pedi: tlamelo ya metsi, le go baakanya le go nontsha mmu thata. Go baakanya mmu gantsi go dirwa ka tiriso ya dipopoma tsa tshireletso, ditsha tsa dikgong le dithibelaphefo . Dithibelaphefo di dirwa ka ditlhare le matlhare mme di dirisiwa go fokotsa kgothego ya mmu le go latlhegelwa ke metsi ga dimela . Mebu e mengwe (sekai, mmopa ), ka ntlha ya go tlhoka metsi e ka nna e e kopaneng go na le go nna le motlhofo (jaaka mmu wa motlhaba). Mekgwa e mengwe jaaka zaï kgotsa go epa di tlaabo morago go letla go lengwa ga dijalo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Good Earth – National Geographic Magazine |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425181742/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html |archive-date=25 April 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> Mokgwa o mongwe ke go epa mesele . Se se diragala ka go epa mesele ya boleele jwa dimithara di le lekgolo le masomea matlhano le mithara o le mongwe wa boteng mo mmung. Mesele e e tlaabo e dirwa go tsamaisana le mela ya bogodimo jwa naga, go thibela metsi go elela mo teng ga mesela go baka kgothego ya mmu. Go bewa mabota a matlapa go dikologa mesele go thibela gore e seka ya tswalega gape. Mokgwa o o tlhamilwe ke Peter Westerveld. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home – Justdiggit |url=http://nagafoundation.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402205707/https://nagafoundation.org/ |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> Go humisa mmu le go buseletsa menontshane ya one gantsi go fitlhelelwa ke dimela. Mo go tsone, dimela tsa dinawa tse di ntshang naeterojene mo phefong le go e tsenya mo mmung, dimela tse di matute (jaaka Opuntia ), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nefzaoui |first=Ali |date=30 January 2014 |title=Cactus as a Tool to Mitigate Drought and to Combat Desertification |journal=Journal of Arid Land Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=121–124 |hdl=20.500.11766/7319 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> le dijalo/ditlhare tsa dijo jaaka digrains, barley, dinawa le di-date ke tsone tse di botlhokwa thata. Dithota tsa motlhaba di ka dirisiwa gape go laola go suta ga mmu le kgothego ya motlhaba. Tsela e nngwe ya go busetsa menontshane ya mmu ke ka tiriso ya monontshane o o nang le naeterojene e ntsi. Ka ntlha ya tlhwatlhwa e e kwa godimo ya monontshane o, balemibarui ba le bantsi ba dipolasepotlana ba palelwa ke go o dirisa, segolobogolo mo dikgaolong tse temothuo ya go ja mo lwapeng e tlwaelesegileng. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krah |first=Kwabena |last2=Michelson |first2=Hope |last3=Perge |first3=Emilie |last4=Jindal |first4=Rohit |date=1 December 2019 |title=Constraints to adopting soil fertility management practices in Malawi: A choice experiment approach |journal=World Development |volume=124 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104651 |s2cid=202302505 |article-number=104651}}</ref> Mafatshe a le mmalwa, a akaretsa India, Zambia le Malawi a ile a tsibogela se ka go tsenya mo tirisong dithuso tsa madi go thusa go kgothatsa batho gore ba dirise mokgwa o. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duflo |first=Esther |last2=Kremer |first2=Michael |last3=Robinson |first3=Jonathan |date=October 2011 |title=Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |url-status=live |journal=American Economic Review |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=2350–2390 |doi=10.1257/aer.101.6.2350 |hdl=1721.1/63964 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002053100/http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2015 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Mafelo mangwe a dipatlisiso (sekai lefelo la Patlisiso la Bel-Air IRD/ISRA/UCAD) le one a dira ditekeletso tsa go kenta mefuta ya ditlhare ka mycorrhiza mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng. Di-mycorrhiza tota ke di-fungi tse di itshwarelelang mo meding ya dimela. Ka jalo di dira botsalano jwa tirisanommogo le ditlhare, di oketsa bophara jwa medi ya setlhare thata (mo go letlelelang setlhare go kokoanya dikotla tse dintsi thata go tswa mo mmung). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Département Biologie Végétale – Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD-ISRA-UCAD |url=http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015819/http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> Boenjenere jwa ditshedi jwa ditshedi tse dinnye tsa mmu, segolobogolo tse di thusang go dira dijo tsa dimela, le tsone di boletswe le go tshwantshiwa jaaka mokgwa wa go sireletsa mafelo a a omeletseng. Maikaelelo e le go tokafatsa mekgwa ya tirisanommogo e e leng teng magareng ga ditshedi tse dinnye tsa mmu le dimela. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bioengineered soil microbes may help prevent desertification |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827204631/https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html |archive-date=27 August 2020 |access-date=26 August 2020 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref> === Go dira sekaka gore se nne setala === Ka gore go na le mefuta e mentsi e e farologaneng ya dikaka, go na gape le mefuta e e farologaneng ya mekgwa ya go tsosolosa dikaka . Sekai sa se ke dipane tsa letswai kwa sekakeng sa Rub' al Khali kwa Saudi Arabia . Dipane tse tsa letswai ke dingwe tsa mafelo a a solofetsang thata mo kgaolong ya sekaka go thusa ka temothuo ya metsi a lewatle e bile di ka tsosolosiwa ntle le tiriso ya metsi a a phepa kgotsa maatla a mantsi. Tsosoloso ya tlholego e e laolwang ke balemibarui (FMNR) ke mokgwa o mongwe o o ntshitseng maduo a a atlegileng a go leka go buseletsa lefatshe la sekaka. Fa e sa le ka 1980, mokgwa o wa go lema ditlhare mo lefatsheng le le senyegileng o ntse o dirisiwa ka katlego e e rileng kwa Niger. Mokgwa o o motlhofo yoo gape o sa ture o letleleletse balemibarui gore ba kgone go tsosolosa disekwerekhilomithara di ka nna dikete di le masome a marataro kwa Niger. Thulaganyo e e akaretsa go kgontsha kgolo ya ditlhare ka go kgaola matlhare a dimela mo go kgethegileng. Masalela go tswa mo ditlhareng tse di kgaotsweng a ka dirisiwa go tlamela ka go bewa fa godimo ga lefatshe le le lemilweng mo masimong ka jalo go oketsa go tshwara metsi ga mmu le go fokotsa go latlhegelwa ke metsi ga mmu. Mo godimo ga moo, ditlhare tse di katoganeng sentle le go kgaolwa dikala di ka oketsa thobo ya dijalo. Lenaneo la Tsosoloso e e Thusiwang ke Humbo e e dirisang mekgwa ya FMNR kwa Ethiopia e amogetse madi go tswa kwa Letloleng la BioCarbon la Banka ya Lefatshe, le le tshegetsang mananeo a a tshwarang kgotsa a somarelang khabone mo dikgweng kgotsa mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo tsa temothuo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2011 |title=Sprouting Trees From the Underground Forest — A Simple Way to Fight Desertification and Climate Change – Water Matters – State of the Planet |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623022554/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |archive-date=23 June 2012 |access-date=11 August 2012 |publisher=Blogs.ei.columbia.edu}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa Dijo le Temothuo wa Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng o simolodisitse Letsholo la Tsosoloso ya Mafatshe a a Omeletseng la FAO ka 2012 go kopanya dithuto le kitso ka go tsosolosa mafatshe a a omeletseng. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Drylands Restoration Initiative |url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723220152/http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |archive-date=23 July 2016 |access-date=14 April 2016 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Ka 2015, FAO e gatisitse dikaelo tsa lefatshe ka bophara tsa go tsosolosa dikgwa le lefatshe la naga le le senyegileng mo mafelong a a omeletseng, ka tirisanommogo le Lephata la Dikgwa le Merero ya Metsi la Turkey le Mokgatlho wa Tirisanommogo le Kgokaganyo wa Turkey. <ref>{{Cite book |date=June 2015 |title=Global guidelines for the restoration of degraded forests and landscapes in drylands |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5036e.pdf |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn=978-92-5-108912-5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423203240/http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5036e.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=live<!-- |access-date=June 2015 -->}}</ref> " Lebota le letala la China " ke sekai sa maemo a a kwa godimo sa mokgwa mongwe o o ntseng o bona katlego mo ntweng e ya go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=desertification 3D environment |url=https://b2b.partcommunity.com/community/knowledge/en/detail/9815/Desertification#knowledge_article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228141238/https://b2b.partcommunity.com/community/knowledge/en/detail/9815/Desertification#knowledge_article |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> Lebota le ke mofuta o motona thata wa se balemibarui ba Amerika ba se dirileng ka dingwaga tsa bo1930 go emisa seelo sa lerole la Bophirmagare. Leano le le ne ntshiwa kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo1970, mme le fetogile lenaneo le le tona la boenjenere jwa tikologo le go sa solofelweng gore le ka ema pele ga ngwaga wa 2055. Go ya ka dipego tsa China, go lemilwe di ka nna dibilione di le masome a marataro mo leboteng le legolo le letala la China. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2017 |title=China's 'Great Green Wall' Fights Expanding Desert |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/china-great-green-wall-gobi-tengger-desertification/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813110737/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/china-great-green-wall-gobi-tengger-desertification/ |archive-date=13 August 2017 |access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref> Lebota le letala la China le fokoditse lefatshe la sekaka kwa China ka palogare ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya disekwerekhilomithara di le sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le masome a le boferabobedi. <ref>{{Cite news|date=26 May 2018|title=Across China: A guardian of the great green wall against China's second largest desert|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/26/c_137207841.htm|access-date=26 July 2026|archivedate=9 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009130927/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/26/c_137207841.htm}}</ref> Dipalo tsa ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba lefatshe ka bophara di wetse tlase ka masome a mabedi mo lekgolong (20%) ka ntlha ya lebota le letala. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beiser |first=Vince |date=1 September 2017 |title=A tree grows in China: can a "Green Great Wall" stop sand from devouring the countryside? |journal=Mother Jones |volume=83 |issue=4}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya katlego e China e ntseng e e bona mo go emiseng go anama ga go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka, maano mo Aforika go simolola "lebota" go bapa le melelwane ya sekaka sa Sahara mmogo le go tlamelwa ka matlole ke Mokgatlho wa Tikologo sa Lefatshe Lotlhe sa Ditšhabakopano a ntse a dirwa mo nakong ya gompieno. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gadzama |first=Njidda Mamadu |date=2017 |title=Attenuation of the effects of desertification through sustainable development of Great Green Wall in the Sahel of Africa |journal=World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=279–289 |doi=10.1108/WJSTSD-02-2016-0021}}</ref> [[File:Great_green_wall_map.svg|thumb|Lebota le legolo le letala, mafatshe a a tsayang karolo le Sahel . Ka Lwetse 2020, go ne ga begwa gore GGW e ne ya kgona go lema fela 4% ya lefelo le le neng le rulaganyeditswe tiro ye. ]] Ka 2024, palo e e ne e oketsegile go fitlha kwa go 30% wa seelo se se beilweng mme e a oketsega. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Heath |first=Victoria |date=2024-10-22 |title=Will Africa's Great Green Wall ever be finished? |url=https://geographical.co.uk/science-environment/will-africas-great-green-wall-ever-be-finished |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Geographical |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ka 2007 [[African Union|Kopano ya Aforika]] e ne ya simolola lenaneo la Lebota le Legolo le le Tala la Aforika gore e kgone go lwantsha go fetoga ga sekaka ga mafelo mo mafatsheng a le masome a mabedi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall{{!}}Action Against Desertification{{!}}Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=https://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification/overview/great-green-wall/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127153831/https://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification/overview/great-green-wall/en/ |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> Lebota le le dikholomithara di le dikete di le boferabobedi ka bophara, le anama go ralala bophara jotlhe jwa kontinente mme go na le didolara di le dibilione di le boferabobedi go tshegetsa lenaneo le. Lenaneo le le tsosolositse diheketara di le didikadike di le masome a mararo le borataro tsa lefatshe, mme ka 2030 letsholo le le rulaganyetsa go busetsa palogotlhe ya diheketara di le didikadike di le lekgolo tsa lefatshe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gadzama |first=Njidda |date=2017 |title=Attenuation of the Effects of Desertification through Sustainable Development of Great Green Wall in the Sahel of Africa |journal=World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=279–289 |doi=10.1108/WJSTSD-02-2016-0021}}</ref> Lebota le Legolo le le Tala le tlhodile ditshono di le tse dintsi tsa ditiro mo mafatsheng a a tsayang karolo, ka ditiro di feta dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di tlhamilweng kwa Nigeria fela. <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification |date=2019 |title=The Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202120122/https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification}}</ref> === Go fudisa leruo mo go laolwang sentle === Dikgaolo tsa bojang tse di tsosolositsweng di boloka CO ₂ go tswa mo lefaufaung jaaka sediriswa sa menontshane ya dimela. Diruiwa tse di fulang, gantsi di sa tlogelwe go ya kwa le kwa, di ja bojang mme di fokotsa kgolo ya jone. <ref name="Tlovell">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/environment/2011/01/lovell-carbon-ward-climate|title=How fences could save the planet|publisher=newstatesman.com|access-date=5 May 2013|date=13 January 2011}}</ref> Mokgwa o o akantsweng wa go tsosolosa mafudiso bojang o dirisa magora go kgaogantswe go dira mafulo a mantsi a mannye , go sutisiwa leruo go tswa mafulong a mangwe go ya kwa go a mangwe morago ga letsatsi kgotsa a mabedi gore go kgonwe go dirwa nkare ke mafulo a tlholego mme se se letle bojang go gola ka botlalo. <ref name="Tlovell" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2008/02/restoring-soil-carbon-can-reverse-global-warming-desertification-and-biodiversity-loss/|title=Restoring soil carbon can reverse global warming, desertification and biodiversity loss|publisher=mongabay.com|access-date=2 May 2026|date=21 February 2008}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1953692,00.html|title=How eating grass-fed beef could help fight climate change|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=11 May 2013|date=25 January 2010|archivedate=17 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817083349/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1953692,00.html}}</ref> Ba ba dumalanang le mekgwa ya go fudisa e e laolwang sentle ba bolela gore go oketsa mokgwa o go ka oketsa diteng tsa khabone mo mebung ya lefatshe ya diheketara di le dibilione di le tharo le sephatlo tsa naga ya bojang jwa temothuo le go fokotsa dingwaga di ka nna lesome le bobedi tsa mesi ya CO ₂ . <ref name="Tlovell" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, babatlisisi ba le bantsi ba ile ba ganetsa dipolelo tse di ntseng jalo mme ba bolela gore ga di busetse morago go nna sekaka ga lefelo e bile ga di fokotse digase tse di ntshiwang ke tsone. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Briske |first=David D. |last2=Bestelmeyer |first2=Brandon T. |last3=Brown |first3=Joel R. |last4=Fuhlendorf |first4=Samuel D. |last5=Wayne Polley |first5=H. |date=Oct 2013 |title=The Savory Method Can Not Green Deserts or Reverse Climate Change |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0190052813500320 |journal=Rangelands |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=72–74 |doi=10.2111/RANGELANDS-D-13-00044.1 |hdl=10150/639967 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Temothuo ya tiriso ya motlakase === Babatlisisi kwa bokone jwa China ba akantshitse gore dithulaganyo tsa agrivoltaic tse di beilweng sentle di ka tshegetsa tiro ya thulaganyo ya tikologo ya mo dikakeng, le mo mafelong a a nang le pula e nnye tota. Thutopatlisiso ya 2025 e e sekasekilweng ke balekane e e gatisitsweng mo ''Scientific Reports'' e begile gore palo ya ditshed tse dinnye, boleng jwa mmu le diteng tsa dikotla di tokafetse "ka tsela e e bonalang thata" ka fa tlase ga dithulaganyo tse di kopantsweng tsa agrivoltaic, fa di bapisiwa le dijalo tse di sa diriseng marang a letsatsi le tse di dirisang letsatsi fela mo sekakeng sa Kubuqui, se se amogelang 300mm ya pula fela ngwaga le ngwaga. Babatlisisi ba ne ba amanya dipharologano tse le moriti o o tswang mo diphaneleng, o o neng wa fokotsa mogote wa mmu le go lekanyetsa selekanyo sa metsi a a tswang mo mmung, le tiro ya go thibela phefo ya diphanele, tse di neng di thibela motlhaba go katela dimela, le tirisanommogo le ditlhare tse di lemilweng, tse mmogo di neng tsa dira seemo sa bosa se se siameng go feta dithulaganyo tse dingwe fa di bapisiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawrence |first=Kristen |date=2026-01-10 |title=Scientists make incredible discovery after pairing solar panels with crops in desert: 'An effective pathway' |url=https://www.thecooldown.com/green-tech/agrivoltaics-solar-panels-improves-desert-soil-quality/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Cool Down |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ma |first=Mingjie |last2=Yang |first2=Fan |last3=Zheng |first3=Xiannian |last4=Yang |first4=Xinghua |last5=Mamtimin |first5=Ali |last6=Zhou |first6=Chenglong |last7=Li |first7=Chaofan |last8=Huo |first8=Wen |last9=Zheng |first9=Xinqian |last10=Wang |first10=Tianhe |last11=He |first11=Peng |last12=Gong |first12=Qing |date=2025-11-29 |title=Integrated photovoltaic-agriculture systems enhance soil health in desert ecosystems: evidence from microbial biomass and nutrient synergies |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12775456/ |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=472 |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-29815-4 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=12775456 |pmid=41318781}}</ref> == Ditso == Dikaka tse di itsegeng thata mo lefatsheng di bopilwe ke ditiragalo tsa tlholego tse di dirigatseng mo nakong e telele. Mo bontsing jwa dinako tse, dikaka di ile tsa gola le go ngotlega ka botsone go sa laolwe ke ditiro tsa batho. Dikaka tsa bogologolo ke mawatle a matona a motlhaba a jaanong a sa direng sepe ka gonne a baakantswe ke dimela, dingwe di feta melelwane ya mo bogompienong ya dikaka tsa konokono, tse di tshwanang le Sahara, sekaka se setona e bile se le mogote go di gaisa tsotlhe. <ref name=":1"/> Bosupi jwa ditso bo bontsha gore go senyega ga lefatshe mo go masisi le mo go tseneletseng mo go neng ga diragala makgolokgolo a dingwaga a a fetileng mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng go ne go na le mafelo a mararo: Mediterranean, Mogorogoro wa Mesopotamia le Loess Plateau ya China, kwa palo ya batho e neng e le ntsi teng. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dregne |first=H.E. |title=Desertification of Arid Lands |url=http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-193/002-193.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428120939/http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-193/002-193.html |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> Puisano ya ntlha e e itsiweng ka ga kgang e e ne ya tlhagelela ka bonako fela morago ga gore Aforika Bophirima e nne kolone ya Fora, fa Comité d'Etudes e ne e laela gore go dirwe patlisiso ka ga ''desséchement progressif'' go sekaseka go atologa ga Sekaka sa Sahara pele ga ditso. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mortimore, Michael |year=1989 |title=Adapting to drought: farmers, famines, and desertification in West Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx89AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-32312-3 |page=12 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160046/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx89AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Thuto ya segompieno ya go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka e tlhagile go tswa mo thutong ya komelelo ya dingwaga tsa bo1980 kwa Sahel . <ref name=":6"/> 54vc9djyrqslel20o6g6hbrk7t26zsa 0 14717 57074 53440 2026-11-08T11:17:12Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57074 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tumalano ya Paris''' ( e gape e bidiwang '''Ditumalano tsa Paris''' kgotsa '''Ditumalano tsa Seemo sa Loapi tsa Paris''' ) ke tumalano ya boditšhabatšhaba ka ga [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|phetogo ya seemo sa loapi]] e e neng ya bewa monwana ka 2016 . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Paris Agreement, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1 |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212194411/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2015 |access-date=12 December 2015 |website=UNFCCC secretariat}}</ref> Tumalano e e akaretsa phokotso ya phetogo ya seemo sa loapi, [[Go lepalepana le seemo sa phetogo ya loapi|tlwaelo]], le tsa madi . Tumalano ya Paris e ne ya buisanwa ke makoko a le lekgolo le masome a le boferabongwe le borataro kwa Phuthegong ya Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi ya 2015 gaufi le Paris, kwa Fora . Go ema ka Firikgong 2026, maloko a le lekgolo le masome a le boferabongwe le bone a Tumalano ya Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng ka ga Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi (UNFCCC) ke makoko a tumalano e. Mo mafatsheng a le mararo a e leng maloko a UNFCCC a a iseng a amogele tumalano e, ke Iran fela e e ntshang digase tse dintsi . United States, e leng lefatshe la bobedi le le ntshang digase tse dintsi, le ne la ikgogela morago mo tumalanong e ka 2020, <ref name="UScom">{{Cite web |date=8 August 2017 |title=Reference: C.N.464.2017.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d (Depositary Notification) |url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/2017/CN.464.2017-Eng.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815062938/https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/2017/CN.464.2017-Eng.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2017 |access-date=14 August 2017 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> la tsena gape ka 2021, <ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=19 February 2021 |title=US makes official return to Paris climate pact |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/19/us-official-return-paris-climate-pact |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219091824/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/19/us-official-return-paris-climate-pact |archive-date=19 February 2021 |access-date=19 February 2021 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |via=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> mme la ikgogela morago gape ka 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Calma |first=Justine |date=20 January 2025 |title=Donald Trump pulls US out of Paris climate agreement |url=https://www.theverge.com/2025/1/20/24345964/donald-trump-paris-climate-agreement-exit |access-date=20 January 2025 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> Tumalano ya Paris e na le maikaelelo ka selekanyo sa mogote, e le a go baya palo ya tlhatlogo ya mogote wa boalogodimo jwa lefatshe kwa tlase thata ga {{Convert|2|C-change}} kwa godimo ga maemo a pele ga madirelo . Tumalano e gape e bolela gore go ka nna botoka gore selekanyo sa koketsego se nne {{Convert|1.5|C-change}} fela. Ditekanyetso tse di tlhalosiwa jaaka palogare ya mogote wa lefatshe jaaka di lekantswe mo dingwageng di le dintsi. <ref name=":21">{{Cite news|last1=Zhong|first1=Raymond|last2=Plumer|first2=Brad|last3=Rojanasakul|first3=Mira|date=10 January 2025|title=2024's Record-Breaking Heat Brought the World to a Dangerous Threshold. Now What?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/01/09/climate/2024-heat-record-climate-goal.html|access-date=10 January 2025|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Fa selekanyo sa koketsego ya mogote se ya kwa tlase, go ka solofelwa ditlamorago tse dinnye tsa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi . Go fitlhelela maikaelelo a a selekanyo sa mogote, digase tse di ntshiwang mo digreenhouse di tshwanetse go fokodiwa ka bonako jo bo kgonegang, le ka bontsi jo bo kgonegang. Di tshwanetse go tlhoka go ntshiwa gotlhelele mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bomasome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=UNFCCC |title=The Paris Agreement |url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319205057/https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement |archive-date=19 March 2021 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=unfccc.int}}</ref> Go nna kwa tlase ga 1.5{{Nbsp}}°C ya thuthafalo ya lefatshe, mesi e tshwanetse go fokodiwa ka mo e ka nnang sephatlo mo lekgolong (50%) ka 2030. Palo e e tsaya tsia ditsholofetso tse di kwadilweng tsa lefatshe lengwe le lengwe . <ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Schleussner |first=Carl-Friedrich |title=The Paris Agreement – the 1.5 °C Temperature Goal |url=https://climateanalytics.org/briefings/15c/ |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=Climate Analytics |language=en}}</ref> Fa Tumalano ya Paris e sena go bewa monwana, mesi ya lefatshe lotlhe e ne ya tswelela e tlhatloga go na le go wela tlase. <ref name=":21"/> 2024 e ne e le ngwaga o o mogote go gaisa, ka tlhatlogo e e fetang 1.5.&nbsp;°C mo palogareng ya mogoteng wa lefatshe. <ref name=":21" /> Tumalano e e ikaelela go thusa mafatshe go itlwaetsa go tshela le ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi, le go kokoanya madi a a lekaneng. Mo tumalanong e, lefatshe lengwe le lengwe le tshwanetse go tlhomamisa, go rulaganya le go bega ka gangwe le gape ka seabe sa lone. Ga go na mokgwa ope o o pateletsang lefatshe go tlhoma dipalo tse di rileng tsa mesi e e le ntshang, mme fela palo ya lefatshe lengwe le lengwe e tshwanetse go feta dipalo tse di beilweng tsa nako e e fetileng . Ga di farologangwa le Tsamaiso ya Kyoto ya 1997, pharologano fa gare ga mafatshe a a tlhabologileng le a a santseng a tlhabologa ga e bonale sentle, mo e leng gore mafatshe a a santseng a tlhabologa le one a tshwanetse go romela maano a one a go fokotsa mesi. Tumalano ya Paris e ne ya bulelwa go bewa monwana ka Moranang a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 2016 ( Letsatsi la Lefatshe ) kwa moletlong o o neng o tshwaretswe kwa ntlokgolong ya UN kwa New York City . Morago ga gore Bokopano jwa Yuropa bo amogele tumalano e, palo ya mafatshe e e lekaneng e ne e amogetse tumalano e e nang le maikarabelo a digase tse di lekaneng tsa lefatshe tsa gore tumalano e tsene tirisong ka Ngwanatseele a le malatsi a le mane ngwaga wa 2016. Baeteledipele ba mafatshe ba akgotse tumalano e. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=12 December 2015 |title=Historic Paris Agreement on Climate Change – 195 Nations Set Path to Keep Temperature Rise Well Below 2 Degrees Celsius |url=http://newsroom.unfccc.int/unfccc-newsroom/finale-cop21/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117141004/http://newsroom.unfccc.int/unfccc-newsroom/finale-cop21/ |archive-date=17 January 2016 |access-date=14 December 2015 |website=UN Climate Change Newsroom |publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le kganetsano ka go bereka ga yone, fa baitseanape bangwe ba tikologo le basekaseki ba e kgala gore ga ya gagamala thata. Le fa ditsholofetso tse di ka fa tlase ga Tumalano ya Paris di sa lekana go fitlhelela maikaelelo a selekanyo sa mogote a a beilweng, go na le mokgwa wa go batla go oketsa keletso go fitlhelela se. Tumalano ya Paris e dirisitswe ka katlego mo dikgetsing tsa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo2010, mme se se pateletsa mafatshe le dikompone tsa lookwane go gagamatsa dikgato tsa go inaakanya le seemo sa loapi . <ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Corder |first=Mike |date=20 December 2019 |title=Activists cheer victory in landmark Dutch climate case |url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-the-hague-courts-supreme-courts-international-news-5534fe18ac5352ba43c74c9a64d6a20a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190944/https://apnews.com/article/europe-the-hague-courts-supreme-courts-international-news-5534fe18ac5352ba43c74c9a64d6a20a |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=2 July 2021 |website=AP news |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Boffey |first=Daniel |date=26 May 2021 |title=Court orders Royal Dutch Shell to cut carbon emissions by 45% by 2030 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/may/26/court-orders-royal-dutch-shell-to-cut-carbon-emissions-by-45-by-2030 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526142843/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/may/26/court-orders-royal-dutch-shell-to-cut-carbon-emissions-by-45-by-2030 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Maikaelelo == Maikaelelo a tumalano e, jaaka go tlhalositswe mo Lekwalong la bobedi, ke go nna le tsibogo e e maatla mo kotsing ya phetogo ya seemo sa loapi; e batla go tokafatsa go tsenngwa mo tirisong ga Tumalano ya Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng ka ga Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi ka go: <ref name=":0"/> Mafatshe gape a ikaelela go fitlhelela "setlhoa sa lefatshe lotlhe sa mesi ya digase tsa digreenhouse ka bofefo jo bo kgonegang." <ref name=":0"/> == Tlhabololo == [[File:GUSTAVO-CAMACHO-GONZALEZ-L1060274_(23430273715).jpg|thumb|Ditlhogo tsa baemedi kwa Phuthego ya 2015 ya Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi kwa Paris]] === Ketapele === Tumalano ya Lekgotlana la UN ka ga Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi (UNFCCC), e e amogetsweng kwa Bokopanong jwa Lefatshe jwa 1992 ke nngwe ya ditumalano tsa ntlha tsa boditšhabatšhaba ka ga setlhogo se. E tlhalosa gore makoko a tshwanetse go kopana gangwe le gape go emalana le phetogo ya seemo sa loapi, kwa Phuthegong ya Makoko kgotsa COP. E bopa motheo wa ditumalano tsa isago tsa seemo sa loapi. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=UN Climate Talks |url=https://www.cfr.org/timeline/un-climate-talks |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720114238/https://www.cfr.org/timeline/un-climate-talks |archive-date=20 July 2021 |access-date=20 July 2021 |website=Council of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> Tsamaiso ya Kyoto, e e amogetsweng ka 1997, e ne ya laola phokotso ya digase tsa digreenhouse moafatsheng a le mmalwa go simolola ka 2008 go ya go 2012 . Tsamaiso e e ne ya atolosiwa go fitlha ka 2020 ka Paakanyo ya Doha ka 2012. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20653018|title=UN climate talks extend Kyoto Protocol, promise compensation|access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref> United States e ne ya wetsa ka gore e tsere tshwetso ya go seke go amogela Tsamaiso e, bogolo jang ka ntlha ya gore e ne e tlama.ka fa semolaong. Se, le kgotlhang ya phatlalatso, di ne tsa dira gore dipuosano tsa boditšhabatšhaba tse di neng tsa latela tsa go laola phetogo ya seemo sa loapi di palelwe. Dipuisano tsa 2009 di ne di ikaeletse go tlhagisa tumalano e e latelelang ya Kyoto, fela dipuisano tsedi ne tsa phutlhama mme Tumalano ya Copenhagen e e neng ya tswa morago ga seo e ne e sa tlame ka semolao mme ga e a ka ya amogelwa lefatshe ka bophara. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Falkner |first=Robert |date=2016 |title=The Paris Agreement and the new logic of international climate politics |url=https://academic.oup.com/ia/article/92/5/1107/2688148 |url-status=live |journal=International Affairs |language=en |volume=92 |issue=5 |pages=1107–1125 |doi=10.1111/1468-2346.12708 |issn=0020-5850 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603060439/https://academic.oup.com/ia/article/92/5/1107/2688148 |archive-date=3 June 2018 |access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Richard J. T. |date=7 December 2020 |title=The Paris Agreement and the future of climate negotiations |url=https://www.sei.org/perspectives/paris-agreement-and-future-of-climate-negotiations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718165725/https://www.sei.org/perspectives/paris-agreement-and-future-of-climate-negotiations/ |archive-date=18 July 2021 |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=Stockholm Environment Institute |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tumalano e e ne ya baya motheo wa mokgwa wa go tswa kwa tlase go ya kwa godimo wa Tumalano ya Paris. <ref name=":11"/> Ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa mokwaledi wa khuduthamaga wa UNFCCC Christiana Figueres, dipuisano di ne tsa simolola gape morago ga go palelwa ga Copenhagen . <ref>{{Cite news|last=McGrath|first=Matt|date=19 February 2016|title=UN climate chief Christiana Figueres to step down|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35612559|access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref> Ka nako ya Phuthego ya Ditšhaba tse di kopaneng ya 2011 ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi, lekgotlana la Durban le ne la tlhomiwa go buisana ka sedirisiwa sa semolao se se laolang dikgato tsa go fokotsa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi go simolola ka 2020 . Lekgotlana le le ne le na le thomo ya go itsisiwe ka Pego ya Botlhano ya Tlhatlhobo ya IPCC le tiro ya mekgatlho e e tlaleletsang ya UNFCCC. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orangias, Joseph |date=1 April 2022 |title=The Nexus between International Law and Science: An Analysis of Scientific Expert Bodies in Multilateral Treaty-Making |doi=10.1163/18719732-bja10068 |hdl=1887/3765960 |s2cid=248057340 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Tumalano e e neng ya nna teng e ne e tshwanetse go amogelwa ka 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UNFCCC:Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) |url=http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6645.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802050511/http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6645.php |archive-date=2 August 2015 |access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref> === Dipuisano le kamogelo === [[File:Paris_agreement_signed.webm|thumb|Setshwantsho se bontsha Laurent Fabius a supa go amogelwa semmuso ga Tumalano ya Paris]] Dipuisano kwa Paris di ne tsa tshwarwa mo pakeng ya dibeke di le pedi, mme tsa tswelela mo masigong otlhe a mararo a bofelo. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jepsen |first=Henrik |date=2021 |title=Negotiating the Paris Agreement: The Insider Stories |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/negotiating-the-paris-agreement/660C5CB692E6AE32FE9244374CD1EF39 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-88624-6 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldenberg |first=Suzanne |date=12 December 2015 |title=Paris climate deal: nearly 200 nations sign in end of fossil fuel era |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/12/paris-climate-deal-200-nations-sign-finish-fossil-fuel-era |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726181643/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/12/paris-climate-deal-200-nations-sign-finish-fossil-fuel-era |archive-date=26 July 2021 |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Dikwalo tse di iseng di tlhomamisiwe le megopolo e e farologaneng e ne ya ngangisanwa le go tokafadiwa mo ngwageng o o fetileng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Simon |date=7 September 2015 |title=Bonn climate talks ask for draft Paris text |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/bonn-climate-talks-ask-for-draft-paris-text |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718171321/https://www.carbonbrief.org/bonn-climate-talks-ask-for-draft-paris-text |archive-date=18 July 2021 |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Go ya ka motshwaedi mongwe ditsela tse pedi ka fa BaFora ba neng ba oketsa kgonagalo ya katlego e ne e le tse: ya ntlha go netefatsa gore Dikabelo tse di Ikaeletsweng tsa Setšhaba (INDCs) di weditswe pele ga tshimologo ya dipuisano, mme ya bobedi ya go laletsa baeteledipele fela go simolola phuthego.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2016 |title=The Paris Agreement is done! Let the negotiations begin? |url=https://ghginstitute.org/2016/02/24/the-paris-agreement-is-done-let-the-negotiations-begin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722120833/https://ghginstitute.org/2016/02/24/the-paris-agreement-is-done-let-the-negotiations-begin/ |archive-date=22 July 2021 |access-date=22 July 2021 |website=GHG and Carbon Accounting, Auditing, Management & Training {{!}} Greenhouse Gas Management Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> Dipuisano di batlile di palelwa ka ntlha ya lefoko le le lengwe fela fa setlhopha sa semolao sa US se ne se lemoga ka motsotso wa bofelo gore "tlaa" o amogetswe, go na le "tshwanetse", se se rayang gore mafatshe a a tlhabologileng a tlaabo a tlamaga ka fa molaong go fokotsa mesi: BaFora ba ne a rarabolola bothata jo ka go bo fetola gore ke "phoso ya go kwala". <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2015 |title=How a 'typo' nearly derailed the Paris climate deal |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2015/dec/16/how-a-typo-nearly-derailed-the-paris-climate-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722135937/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2015/dec/16/how-a-typo-nearly-derailed-the-paris-climate-deal |archive-date=22 July 2021 |access-date=22 July 2021 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Kwa bokhutlong jwa COP21 (phuthego ya bomasome a mabedi le bongwe Bokopano jwa Makoko), ka Sedimonthole a le malatsi a le lesome le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 2015, mafoko a bofelo a Tumalano ya Paris a ne a amogelwa ka tumalano ke mafatshe a le lekgolo le masome a le boferabongwe le botlhano a a tsayang karolo a maloko a UNFCCC le Bokopano jwa Yuropa. <ref name="auto">{{Cite news|last=Sutter|first=John D.|date=12 December 2015|title=Final draft of climate deal formally accepted in Paris|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/12/world/global-climate-change-conference-vote/|access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref> Nicaragua e ne ya supa fa e ne e batla go ganetsa go amogelwa mo ka ba ne ba kgala bokoa jwa tumalano, mme ba seka ba fiwa sebaka . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Watts |first=Joshua |last2=Depledge |first2=Joanna |year=2018 |title=Latin America in the climate change negotiations: Exploring the AILAC and ALBA coalitions |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wcc.533 |url-status=live |journal=WIREs Climate Change |volume=9 |issue=6 |bibcode=2018WIRCC...9E.533W |doi=10.1002/wcc.533 |s2cid=134228301 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715105140/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wcc.533 |archive-date=15 July 2021 |access-date=15 July 2021 |article-number=e533}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harvey |first=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=8 December 2020 |title=The Paris agreement five years on: Is it strong enough to avert climate catastrophe? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/08/the-paris-agreement-five-years-on-is-it-strong-enough-to-avert-climate-catastrophe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715105140/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/08/the-paris-agreement-five-years-on-is-it-strong-enough-to-avert-climate-catastrophe |archive-date=15 July 2021 |access-date=15 July 2021 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Mo tumalanong maloko a ne a solofetsa go fokotsa khabone e ba e ntshang " ka bonako jo bo kgonegang " le go dira bojotlhe jwa bone go baya thuthafalo ya lefatshe " kwa tlase thata ga 2°C " (3.6&nbsp;°F). <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cop21-climate-change-talks-saturday-announced-1.3362354|title='Historic' Paris climate deal adopted|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=12 December 2015|publisher=CBC/Radio Canada|access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref> === Go bewa monwana le go tsenngwa mo tirisong === Tumelano ya Paris e ne e buletswe go bewa monwana ke mafatshe le mekgatlho ya kgaolo ya kopanyo itsholelo e e leng makoko a UNFCCC (tumalano) go tloga Moranang a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 2016 go fitlha ka Moranang a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bongwe ngwaga wa 2017 kwa Ntlokgolong ya UN kwa New York. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Article 20(1) |url=https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117143548/https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2017 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=UNFCCC.int}}</ref> Go bewa monwana ga tumalano ke kgato ya ntlha go ya kwa kamogelong, fela go a kgonega go amogela tumalano kwa ntle ga go e baya monwana. <ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Yeo |first=Sophie |date=19 April 2016 |title=Explainer: The adoption, signing and ratification of the UN climate deal |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-the-adoption-signing-and-ratification-of-the-un-climate-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508110450/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-the-adoption-signing-and-ratification-of-the-un-climate-deal |archive-date=8 May 2021 |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> E tlama makoko go se dire kgatlhanong le maikaelelo a tumalano. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Voigt |first=Christina |date=2017 |title=The Paris Agreement on Climate Change |editor-last=Klein |editor-first=Daniel |page=363 |chapter=Institutional Arrangements and Final Clauses}}</ref> Ka Moranang a le letsatsi le le lengwe ngwaga wa 2016, United States le China, tse di emelang palo e e ka tshwarang masome a mane mo lekgolong (40% ) ya mesi ya lefatshe di netefaditse gore di tla baya monwana Tumalano ya Paris ya Seemo sa Loapi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGrath |first=Matt |date=31 March 2016 |title=Paris Climate Treaty: 'Significant step' as US and China agree to sign |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35935756?ocid=global_bbccom_email_31032016_top+news+stories |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423220344/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35935756?ocid=global_bbccom_email_31032016_top+news+stories |archive-date=23 April 2016 |access-date=23 April 2016 |website=BBC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/world/asia/obama-and-president-xi-of-china-vow-to-sign-paris-climate-accord-promptly.html|title=Obama and President Xi of China Vow to Sign Paris Climate Agreement Promptly|date=31 March 2016|last=Davenport|first=Coral|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Tumalano e e ne ya bewa monwana ke makoko a le lekgolo le masome a masupa le botlhano (mafatshe a le lekgolo le masome a masupa le bone le Bokopano jwa Yuropa) ka letsatsi la ntlha le e neng ya bulwa go bewa monwana ka lone. <ref name="historic">{{Cite web |date=22 April 2016 |title='Today is an historic day,' says Ban, as 175 countries sign Paris climate accord |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629105154/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y |archive-date=29 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017 |website=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2016 |title=Paris Agreement Signature Ceremony |url=http://newsroom.unfccc.int/media/632121/list-of-representatives-to-high-level-signature-ceremony.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516205241/http://newsroom.unfccc.int/media/632121/list-of-representatives-to-high-level-signature-ceremony.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2017 |access-date=22 April 2016 |website=[[UNFCCC]]}}</ref> Go tloga ka Firikgong 2026, mafatshe a le lekgolo le masome a le boferabongwe le bone le Bokopano jwa Yuropa di a beile tumalano e monwana. <ref name="depo2">{{Cite web |title=Paris Agreement |url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705141043/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en |archive-date=5 July 2021 |access-date=15 July 2021 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> [[File:Secretary_Kerry_Holds_Granddaughter_Dobbs-Higginson_on_Lap_While_Signing_COP21_Climate_Change_Agreement_at_UN_General_Assembly_Hall_in_New_York_(26512345421).jpg|left|thumb|Go baya tumalano monwana ke John Kerry kwa Ntlonglehalahala ya Phuthego ya Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng ya United States]] Tumalano e ne e tla tsena mo tirisong (mme ka jalo e simolole go bereka ka botlalo) fa mafatshe a le masome a matlhano le botlhano a a ntshang 55% ya mesi ya digase tsa digreenhouse mo lefatsheng (go ya ka lenaaneo le le ntshitsweng ka 2015) <ref name="ratpct">{{Cite web |title=Information provided in accordance with paragraph 104 of decision 1 CP21 related to entry into force of the Paris Agreement (Article 21) |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10.pdf#page=30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221204004/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10.pdf#page=30 |archive-date=21 February 2016 |access-date=23 April 2016 |website=UNFCCC}}</ref> a ka amogela kgotsa ka tsela nngwe a ka tsenelela tumalano e. <ref name=":13"/> Ditsela tse dingwe tsa go tsenelela tumalano e ke go e lemoga, kamogelo, kgotsa go phitlhelelo. Tse pedi tsa ntlha gantsi di dirisiwa fa tlhogo ya Lefatshe e sa tlhokege go tlama lefatshe mo tumalanong, mme ya bofelo gantsi e diragala fa lefatshe le tsenelela tumalano e e setseng e dira. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Glossary of terms relating to Treaty actions |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Overview.aspx?path=overview/glossary/page1_en.xml#acceptance |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522074345/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Overview.aspx?path=overview%2Fglossary%2Fpage1_en.xml#acceptance |archive-date=22 May 2019 |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=United Nations Treaty Collection |language=EN}}</ref> Morago ga go amogelwa ke Bokopano jwa Yuropa, tumalano e ne ya bona makoko a a lekaneng go tsena mo tirisong ka Ngwanatseele a le malatsi a le mane ka 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yeo |first=Sophie |date=6 October 2016 |title=Explainer: Paris Agreement on climate change to 'enter into force' |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-paris-agreement-to-enter-into-force |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508084316/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-paris-agreement-to-enter-into-force |archive-date=8 May 2021 |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> EU gotlhe le mafatshe a yone a maloko a na le boikarabelo, lefatshe lengwe le lengwe ka bolone go amogela Tumalano ya Paris. Go ne ga begwa gore EU le mafatshe a maloko a yone a le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi a ne dumalana ka nako e le nngwe go tlhomamisa gore ga a ineele mo go diragatseng maitlamo a e leng a maloko a mangwe fela, <ref name="eurat">{{Cite web |last=Yeo |first=Sophie |date=23 June 2016 |title=Explainer: When will the European Union ratify the Paris Agreement? |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-when-will-european-union-ratify-paris-agreement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905103935/http://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-when-will-european-union-ratify-paris-agreement |archive-date=5 September 2016 |access-date=3 September 2016 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref> mme go ne go na le poifo mo balebeleding gore go sa dumalane ka karolo ya lefatshe lengwe le lengwe le e leng leloko ka selekanyo sa go fokotsa mesi e e ntshiwang ya EU, ga mmogo le [[Vote to leave the EU|tshwetso ya Borithane go tlogela EU]] gore e ne e ka nna ya diya tumalano ya Paris.<ref name="Nature">{{Cite journal |last=Schiermeier |first=Quirin |date=4 October 2016 |title=Paris climate deal to take effect as EU ratifies accord |url=http://www.nature.com/news/paris-climate-deal-to-take-effect-as-eu-ratifies-accord-1.20735 |url-status=live |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/nature.2016.20735 |s2cid=158043198 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005125351/http://www.nature.com/news/paris-climate-deal-to-take-effect-as-eu-ratifies-accord-1.20735 |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, EU e ne ya tsenya didirisiwa tsa yone tsa go dumalana ka Phalane a le malatsi a le matlhano ngwaga wa 2016, mmogo le mafatshe a maloko a EU a le bosupa. <ref name="Nature" /> == Makoko == [[File:The_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi_greeting_the_President_of_Brazil,_Ms._Dilma_Rousseff,_during_Group_Photo_Session,_at_COP21_Summit,_in_Paris,_France_on_November_30,_2015.jpg|thumb|Tonakgolo ya India, Narendra Modi a dumedisa tautona wa Brazil, Dilma Rousseff, kwa morago Tonakgolo ya Portugal António Costa kwa Bokopanong jwa COP21 ka Ngwanatseele a le malatsi a le masome a mararo ka ngwaga wa 2015]] === Mafatshe a a dumalaneng kgotsa a amogetse tumalano === EU le mafatshe a le lekgolo le masome a le boferabongwe le bone, ba mmogo ba ntshang mesi ya digase tsa digreenhouse di feta 98% ba dumalane kgotsa ba amogetse tumalano e. Mafatshe hela a a iseng a amogele ke a mangwe a a ntshang digase tsa digreenhouse kwa Botlhabagare : Iran ka 2% ya palogotlhe ya lefatshe e le yone e tona go gaisa. Libya le Yemen le bone ga ba ise ba amogele tumalano e. Eritrea ke lefatshe le le sha go amogela tumalano, ka Tlhakole a le malatsi a le bosupa ngwaga wa 2023. Lekwalo la bomasome a mabedi le boferabobedi le letla makoko go ikgogela morago mo tumalanong e morago ga go romela kitsiso ya go ikgogela morago kwa lefelong la polokelo . Kitsiso e ka neelwa mme e seng pele ga dingwaga di le tharo morago ga gore tumalano e tsene mo tirisong mo lefatsheng. Go ikgogela morago go simolola ngwaga o le mongwe morago ga gore motlhokomedi kwa lefelong la polokelo a itsisiwe. === Go ikgogela morago ga United States, go amogelwa gape, le go ikgogela morago gape === Ka Phatwe a le malatsi a le mane 2017, puso ya ga Trump e ne ya romela kitsiso ya semmuso kwa [[Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng|Ditšhabeng tse di Kopaneng]] gore United States, e leng lefatshe la bobedi le le ntshang digase tsa digreenhouse thata morago ga China, le ne le ikaeletse go ikgogela morago mo Tumalanong ya Paris ka bonako fela fa le letlelesega go dira jalo. <ref name="UScom"/> Kitsiso ya go ikgogela morago e ne e seka ya kgonega go romelwa go fitlhelela fa tumalano e dira dingwaga di le tharo mo US, ka Ngwanatseele a le malatsi a le mane ngwaga wa 2019. Puso ya United States e ne ya romela kitsiso e kwa go mokwaledimogolo wa Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng mme ya ikgogela morago semmuso ngwaga o le mongwe morago ka Ngwanatseele a le malatsi a le mane ngwaga wa 2020. Tautona Joe Biden o ne a baya monwana taelo ya khuduthamaga mo letsatsing la gagwe la ntlha mo maemong a botautona, ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi ngwaga wa 2021, gore go amogelwe United States gape mo Tumalanong ya Paris. Go selwa morago sebaka sa malatsi a le masome a mararo a a beilweng ke Lekwalo la 21.3, US e ne ya amogelwa gape mo tumalanong. Morongwa wa dikgang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi United States John Kerry o ne a tsaya karolo mo ditiragalong tse mo maranyaneng , a re US e tla "berekela tsela ya yone ya go boela" go ikanyega mo thulaganyong ya Paris. Mokwaledimogolo wa Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng António Guterres o ne a amogela go boa ga United States jaaka go busetsa "kgokagano e e latlhegileng e e koafaditseng gotlhe". Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi ngwaga wa 2025, Tautona Donald Trump o ne a baya monwana taelo ya khuduthamaga gape e e neng e gogela US morago mo tumalanong e. Go ikgogela morago mo go ne ga simolola ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bosupa ka ngwaga wa 2026. == Diteng == === Popego === Tumalano ya Paris ke tumalano e khutshwane e e nang le ditemana di le lesome le borataro tsa matseno le makwalo/dikwalo di le masome a mabedi le boferabongwe. E na le dikwalo tsa tsamaiso (tse di akaretsang, ka sekai, tse di tlhokegang go tsenngwa mo tirisong ga yone) le dikwalo tsa tiriso (tse di akaretsang, ka sekai, phokotso, [[Go lepalepana le seemo sa phetogo ya loapi|go tlwaela]] le tsa madi). Ke tumalano e e tlamang, mme bontsi jwa dikwalo tsa yone ga di bewe jaaka maitlamo kgotsa di teng go tlhofofatsa tirisanommogo ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Savaresi |first=Annalisa |date=2016 |title=The Paris Agreement: a new beginning? |url=https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/24099/1/ParisAgreementANewBeginning.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=16–26 |bibcode=2016JENRL..34...16S |doi=10.1080/02646811.2016.1133983 |hdl=1893/24099 |issn=0264-6811 |s2cid=146999274 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724140207/https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/24099/1/ParisAgreementANewBeginning.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2021 |access-date=24 July 2021 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> E akaretsa bontsi jwa mesi ya digase tsa digreenhouse, fela ga e dire mo go tsa difofane tsa boditšhabatšhaba le dikepe, tse di welang ka fa tlase ga maikarabelo a Mokgatlho wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Difofane le Mokgatlho wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Mawatle, ka go latelana. <ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Andrew Dessler]] |year=2020 |title=The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the Debate |last2=Edward A Parson |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-316-63132-4 |pages=190–191}}</ref> Tumalano ya Paris e tlhalositswe jaaka e e nang le popego ya go tswa kwa tlase go ya kwa godimo, jaaka fa mokgwa wa yone wa konokono wa tsholofetso le tshekatsheko o letla ditšhaba go ipeela seelo sa seabe sa tsone tse di tlhomamisitsweng ke setšhaba (di-NDC), go na le go nna le dielo tse di beilweng go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase. <ref name="Falkner">{{Cite journal |last=Robert Falkner |author-link=Robert Falkner |year=2016 |title=The Paris Agreement and the new logic of international climate politics |url=https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/67741/ |url-status=live |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=92 |issue=5 |pages=1107–1125 |doi=10.1111/1468-2346.12708 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030043759/https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/67741/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Andrew Dessler]] |year=2020 |title=The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the Debate |last2=Edward A Parson |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-316-63132-4 |pages=28, 137–148, 175–179}}</ref> Go farologana le e e tlileng pele ga yone, e leng Tsamaiso ya Kyoto, e e tlhomang dielo tsa go nna le seabe tse di nang le maatla a semolao, Tumalano ya Paris, ka kgatelelo ya yone mo go ageng tumalano, e letla dielo tsa boithaopo le tse di tlhomamisitsweng ke setšhaba. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Taraska |first=Gwynne |date=15 December 2015 |title=The Paris Climate Agreement |url=https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/15030725/ParisClimateAgreement.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118224648/https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/15030725/ParisClimateAgreement.pdf |archive-date=18 November 2016 |publisher=Center for American Progress}}</ref> Ka jalo maikaelelo a go lwantsha phetogo ya seemo sa loapi a rotloediwa ka sepolotiki, go na le go tlamiwa ka semolao. Ke fela dithulaganyo tse di laolang go dira dipego le tshekatsheko ya maikaelelo a a beilweng di leng ka fa tlase ga molao wa boditšhabatšhaba . Popego e kgethegile thata mo lefatsheng la United States ka gore ga gona diphokotso tsa semolao kgotsa dielo tsa madi, tumalano e tsewa jaaka "tumalano ya khuduthamaga go na le tumalano". Ka gore tumalano ya UNFCCC ya 1992 e ne ya amogela tumelelo ya Senate ya United States, tumalano e e ntšha e ga e tlhoke melao e mengwe. <ref name=":2" /> Pharologano e nngwe ya botlhokwa magareng ga Tumalano ya Paris le Tsamaiso ya Kyoto ke botona jwa go dira ga tsone. Tsamaiso ya Kyoto e ne e farologanya magareng ga Setlhopa-I, mafatshe a a humileng a a nang le maikarabelo a ditso a phetogo ya seemo sa loapi, le mafatshe a a seng mo Setlhopha-I, mme fela go kgaoganya mafatshe mo go nyeleditswe mo Tumalanong ya Paris ka gore makoko otlhe a tlhoka go romela maano a phokotso ya mesi/digase. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Sinha|title=Paris climate talks: Differentiation of developed and developing stays, India happy}}</ref> Tumalano ya Paris e sa ntse e gatelela molaomotheo wa Boikarabelo jo bo Tshwanang mme bo Farologane le Bokgoni jo bo Farologaneng- go lemoga gore ditšhaba tse di farologaneng di na le bokgoni le maikarabelo a a farologaneng mo dikgatong tsa go lwantsha phetogo ya seemo sa loapi - mme ga e kgaoganye ditšhaba gore tse di tlhabologileng le tse di santseng di tlhabologang. <ref name=":3" /> === Ditsholofetso tsa ditšhaba tse di tlhomamisitsweng === [[File:Probability_that_countries_achieve_their_Paris_Agreement_Goals_according_to_their_nationally_determined_contributions_(NDCs).webp|thumb|Kgonagalo ya gore mafatshe a fitlhelele Maikaelelo a one a Tumalano ya Paris go ya ka seabe sa ditšhaba se se tlhomamisitsweng go tloga ka 2021 ( di-NDC ) ]] Mafatshe a itlhophela ka boone gore ke efe karolo e ba tshwanetseng go e tsaya go fitlhelela maikaelelo a tumalano. Ka jalo, maano a a bidiwa a ''ditsholofetso tsa go tsaya karolo mo go tlhomamisitsweng ke setšhaba'' (di-NDC). Lekwalo la boraro le tlhoka gore di-NDC e nne "maiteko a a nang le maikaelelo a a kwa godimo" go ya kwa "go fitlheleleng maikaelelo a Tumalano e" le go "go fitlhelela tswelelopele mo tsamaong ya nako". <ref name="Article3" /> Ditsholofetso tsa setšhaba di tshwanetse go bewa dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le tlhano mme di tshwanetse tsa kwadisiwa ke Bokwaledi jwa UNFCCC . Maikaelelo mangwe le mangwe a a tswelelang a tshwanetse go nna matona mo go feta a a fetileng, a a itsegeng jaaka molawana wa ''tswelelopele'' . Mafatshe a ka dirisana mmogo go kopanya ditsholofetso tsa tse di tlhomamisitsweng ke ditšhaba. Maikano a go tsaya karolo a a Ikaeletsweng gape a Tlhomamisitswe ke Setšhaba a a solofeditsweng ka nako ya Phuthego ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi ya 2015 a fetolelwa go nna di-NDC fa lefatshe le amogela Tumalano ya Paris, fa e se fela le ka romela diphetogo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taibi |first=Fatima-Zahra |year=2020 |title=Pocket Guide to NDCs: 2020 Edition |url=https://ecbi.org/sites/default/files/2020%20Pocket%20Guide%20to%20NDCs.pdf |last2=Konrad |first2=Susanne |last3=Bois von Kursk |first3=Olivier |publisher=European Capacity Building Initiative |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Anju |page=1 |access-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417170754/https://ecbi.org/sites/default/files/2020%20Pocket%20Guide%20to%20NDCs.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=22 November 2019 |title=National Climate Action under the Paris Agreement |url=https://www.wri.org/ndcs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513062710/https://www.wri.org/ndcs |archive-date=13 May 2021 |access-date=13 May 2021 |website=World Resources Institute |language=en}}</ref> Tumalano ya Paris ga e laele mofuta o o tlhomameng wa di-NDC. Mme fela, di tshwanetse go nna le dielo tsa phokotso, gape di ka nna le ditsholofetso ka go tlwaela seemo, tsa madi, dithomelo tsa maranyane, bokgoni jwa kago le go dira dilo mo pepeneneng. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Taibi |first=Fatima-Zahra |year=2020 |title=Pocket Guide to NDCs: 2020 Edition |url=https://ecbi.org/sites/default/files/2020%20Pocket%20Guide%20to%20NDCs.pdf |last2=Konrad |first2=Susanne |last3=Bois von Kursk |first3=Olivier |publisher=European Capacity Building Initiative |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Anju |page=17 |access-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417170754/https://ecbi.org/sites/default/files/2020%20Pocket%20Guide%20to%20NDCs.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Dingwe tsa ditsholofetso tse di mo di-NDC ga laolwe ke diemo, fela tse dingwe di ikaegile ka dintlha tsa kwa ntle tse di tshwanang le go bona dithuso tsa madi le tshegetso ya setegeniki, keletso go tswa mo makokong a mangwe kgotsa dintlha tsa melawana ya Tumalano ya Paris tse di santseng di tla bewa. Bontsi jwa di-NDC di na le karolo ya diemo. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Taibi |first=Fatima-Zahra |year=2020 |title=Pocket Guide to NDCs: 2020 Edition |url=https://ecbi.org/sites/default/files/2020%20Pocket%20Guide%20to%20NDCs.pdf |last2=Konrad |first2=Susanne |last3=Bois von Kursk |first3=Olivier |publisher=European Capacity Building Initiative |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Anju |pages=32–33 |access-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417170754/https://ecbi.org/sites/default/files/2020%20Pocket%20Guide%20to%20NDCs.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Le fa di-NDC ka botsone di sa tlame, ditsamaiso tse di di dikologileng di a tlama. Ditsamaiso tse di akaretsa maitlamo a go baakanya, go buisana le go tlhokomela di-NDC tse di latelanang, go tlhoma tse disha dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le tlhano, le go tlamela ka tshedimosetso ka ga go tsenngwa mo tirisong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bodansky |first=Daniel |date=2016 |title=The Legal Character of the Paris Agreement |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/reel.12154 |url-status=live |journal=Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=142–150 |bibcode=2016RECIE..25..142B |doi=10.1111/reel.12154 |issn=2050-0394 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318073355/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/reel.12154 |archive-date=18 March 2021 |access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref> Ga go na mokgwa wa go pateletsa <ref name="reguly2015">{{Cite news|last=Reguly|first=Eric|date=14 December 2015|title=Paris climate accord marks shift toward low-carbon economy|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/optimism-in-paris-as-final-draft-of-global-climate-deal-tabled/article27739122/|access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref> lefatshe go tlhoma seelo sa NDC sa nako e e rileng, le fa e le go fitlhelela seelo sa bone. <ref name="BBC-Kinver">{{Cite web |last=Mark |first=Kinver |date=14 December 2015 |title=COP21: What does the Paris climate agreement mean for me? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35092127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214130942/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35092127 |archive-date=14 December 2015 |access-date=14 December 2015 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/world/europe/climate-change-accord-paris.html|title=Nations Approve Landmark Climate Accord in Paris|last=Davenport|first=Coral|date=12 December 2015|access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref> Go tla nna fela le tsamaiso ya go buiwa ka leina le go tlhabisiwa ditlhong <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Chetan |date=14 December 2015 |title=Paris climate deal: What the agreement means for India and the world |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/paris-climate-deal-what-the-agreement-means-for-india-and-the-world/story-U7TWH8dusBqRV8pzmqDG8M.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214182821/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/paris-climate-deal-what-the-agreement-means-for-india-and-the-world/story-U7TWH8dusBqRV8pzmqDG8M.html |archive-date=14 December 2015 |access-date=14 December 2015 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> kgotsa jaaka János Pásztor, mothusa mokwaledi-mogolo wa pele wa UN ka ga phetogo ya seemo sa loapi, a ne a bolela, leano la "go buiwa ka leina le go rotloetswa". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Falk |first=Pamela |date=12 December 2015 |title=Climate negotiators strike deal to slow global warming |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/cop21-climate-change-conference-final-draft-historic-plan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213054835/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/cop21-climate-change-conference-final-draft-historic-plan/ |archive-date=13 December 2015 |access-date=14 December 2015 |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> === Dipalo tsa lefatshe ka bophara === Ka fa tlase ga Tumalano ya Paris, mafatshe a tshwanetse go oketsa keletso ya yone ya go fitlhelela Tumalano dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le tlhano. Go diragatsa se, tumalano e tlhomile Global Stocktake, e e sekasekang tswelelopele, ka tshekatsheko ya ntlha ka 2023. Maduo a tlaabo a dirisiwa mo ditsholofelotsong tse disha tse di tlhomamisitsweng tsa setšhaba tsa makoko. <ref>article 14 {{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=12 December 2015 |title=Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212201810/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2015 |access-date=12 December 2015 |website=United Nations FCCC Int. |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Puisano ya Talanoa ka 2018 e ne ya bonwa jaaka sekai sa go tsewa ga dipalo mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Morago ga ngwaga wa dipuisano, go ne ga gatisiwa pego mme ga nna le pitso ya gore go tsewe kgato, mme mafatshe a ne a seke a oketsa keletso ya yone morago ga moo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hermwille |first=Lukas |last2=Siemons |first2=Anne |last3=Förster |first3=Hannah |last4=Jeffery |first4=Louise |date=2019 |title=Catalyzing mitigation ambition under the Paris Agreement: elements for an effective Global Stocktake |journal=Climate Policy |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=988–1001 |bibcode=2019CliPo..19..988H |doi=10.1080/14693062.2019.1624494 |hdl=1871.1/cbd8cb40-3d5d-41b6-9c79-1afdd987554f |issn=1469-3062 |s2cid=197773078 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Go tsewa ga dipalo go dira jaaka karolo ya maiteko a Tumalano ya Paris a go tlhama "go tlhatloga" ga keletso ya go fokotsa mesi/digase. Ka gore basekaseki ba ne ba dumalana ka 2014 gore di-NDC ga di kake tsa lekanyetsa dipalo tsa mogote yo o tlhatlogang kwa tlase ga 2&nbsp;°C, go tsaya dipalo ga lefatshe ka bophara go kopanya gape makoko go sekaseka ka fa di-NDC tsa bona tse disha di tshwanetseng go fetoga ka teng gore di tswelele go supa "keletso e e kwa godimo e e kgonegang" ya lefatshe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Yeo |first=Sophie |date=19 January 2016 |title=The Paris Agreement 'Ratchet Mechanism' |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/timeline-the-paris-agreements-ratchet-mechanism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119055158/https://www.carbonbrief.org/timeline-the-paris-agreements-ratchet-mechanism |archive-date=19 November 2016 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref> Le fa go tlhatlosa keletso ya di-NDC e le maikaelelo a matona a go tsaya dipalo ga lefatshe ka bophara, go sekaseka maiteko a a fetang go fokotsa. Ditshekatsheko tsa dingwaga di le tlhano di tla sekaseka gape go tlwaela, dipeeletso tsa madi a a thusang ka dikgang tsa seemo sa loapi, le tlhabololo le phetogo ya tiriso ya maranyane.<ref name=":1" /> Ka Ngwanatseele a le malatsi a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2023, Phuthego ya Ditšhaba tse di kopaneng ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi (COP28) e simolotse kwa Dubai ka dipitso tse di ntšhwafaditsweng tsa maiteko a a okeditsweng a dikgato tsa go baakanya seemo sa loapi. === Dikarolo tsa phokotso le mebaraka ya khabone === Lekwalo la borataro le tshwailwe jaaka le le nang le dingwe tsa dikarolo tsa botlhokwa tsa Tumalano ya Paris. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2016 |title=Article 6 Implementation Paper |url=http://www.ieta.org/resources/Resources/Position_Papers/2016/IETA_Article_6_Implementation_Paper_May2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017115236/http://ieta.org/resources/Resources/Position_Papers/2016/IETA_Article_6_Implementation_Paper_May2016.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2016 |website=International Emissions Trading Association}}</ref> Ka kakaretso, le tlhalosa mekgwa ya tirisanommogo e makoko a ka e tsayang go fitlhelela diphokotso tsa bone tsa mesi ya khabone tse di tlhomamisitsweng ke setšhaba. Ka go dira jalo, le thusa go tlhoma Tumalano ya Paris jaaka motheo wa mmaraka wa lefatshe wa khabone. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Stavins |first=Robert |year=2016 |title=Market Mechanisms in the Paris Climate Agreement: International Linkage under Article 6.2 |url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/2016-10_paris-agreement-beyond_v4.pdf#page=59 |journal=Harvard Project on Climate Agreements |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119062203/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/2016-10_paris-agreement-beyond_v4.pdf#page=59 |archive-date=19 November 2016 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref> Lekwalo la borataro ke lone fela karolo e e botlhokwa ya tumalano e e sa ntseng e tshwanetse go rarabololwa; dipuisano ka 2019 ga di a ntsha maduo.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Simon |last2=Gabbatiss |first2=John |date=29 November 2019 |title=In-depth Q&A: How 'Article 6' carbon markets could 'make or break' the Paris Agreement |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-q-and-a-how-article-6-carbon-markets-could-make-or-break-the-paris-agreement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420143355/https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-q-and-a-how-article-6-carbon-markets-could-make-or-break-the-paris-agreement |archive-date=20 April 2020 |access-date=7 March 2021 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Kgang e e ne ya rarabololwa ka nako ya COP26 ya 2021 kwa Glasgow . Mokgwa, wa "phetolo e tsamaelanang", o ile wa tlhongwa go itsa go bala dipalo tsa mesi e e ntshiwang ga bedi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Explainer: Article 6 |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2022/05/17/what-you-need-to-know-about-article-6-of-the-paris-agreement |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> ==== Kgolaganyo ya dithulaganyo tsa kgwebo ya khabone le di-ITMO ==== Ditemana 6.2 le 6.3 di tlhoma motheo wa go laola dithomelo tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa maduo a phokotso (di-ITMO). Tumalano e e lemoga ditshwanelo tsa makoko go dirisa mananeo a diphokotso tsa mesi kwa ntle ga melelwane ya bone go ya kwa NDC ya bone, mo thulaganyong ya dipalo tsa khabone le kgwebo. <ref name=":5"/> Karolo e e tlhoka "kgolaganyo" ya dithulaganyo tsa kgwebo ka mesi ya khabone - ka gore diphokotso tse di lekantsweng tsa mesi di tshwanetse go tila "go balwa gabedi", maduo a phokotso a tshwanetse go kwalwa jaaka poelo ya diyuniti tsa mesi mo letlhakoreng le lengwe le phokotso ya diyuniti tsa mesi mo go le lengwe, <ref name=":4"/> se se bidiwang "paakanyo e e tsamaelanang". Ka ntlha ya gore di-NDC, le ditshetlana tsa kgwebo ya khabone tsa selegae, ga di tshwane, di-ITMO di tla tlamela ka sebopego sa kgolagano ya lefatshe ka fa tlase ga tlhokomelo ya UNFCCC. <ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Marcu |first=Andrei |year=2016 |title=The Paris agreement and beyond |url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/2016-10_paris-agreement-beyond_v4.pdf#page=53 |publisher=Harvard Project on Climate Agreements |editor-last=Stavins |editor-first=Robert |chapter=Governance of Carbon Markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement |access-date=18 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119062203/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/2016-10_paris-agreement-beyond_v4.pdf#page=53 |archive-date=19 November 2016}}</ref> Ka jalo gape karolo e e dira gore mafatshe a nne le kgatelelo ya go dirisa dithulaganyo tsa go laola mesi{{snd}} fa lefatshe le batla go dirisa mekgwa ya tirisanommogo e e somarelang ditshenyegelo go fitlhelela di-NDC tsa lone, le tla tshwanelwa ke go ela tlhoko diyuniti tsa khabone tsa diitsholelo tsa bone. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hone |first=David |date=16 May 2016 |title=A Vision for Article 6 of the Paris Agreement |url=http://www.theenergycollective.com/davidhone/2378184/a-vision-for-article-6-of-the-paris-agreement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120003330/http://www.theenergycollective.com/davidhone/2378184/a-vision-for-article-6-of-the-paris-agreement |archive-date=20 November 2016 |website=The Energy Collective}}</ref> Go fitlha mo bogompienong, jaaka lefatshe le le nosi le le batlang go reka di-ITMO, Switzerland e beile monwana ditumalano mabapi le kgwebo ya di-ITMO le Peru, Ghana, Senegal, Georgia, Dominica, Vanuatu, Thailand le Ukraine. {| class="wikitable" !Lefatshe !Letsatsi la go bewa monwana !Motswedi |- |Peru |Phalane a le masome a mabedi, 2020 | |- |Ghana |Ngwanatseele a le masome a mabedi le boraro, 2020 | |- |Senegal |Phukwi a le malatsi a le marataro, 2021 | |- |Georgia |Phalane a le lesome le boferabobedi, 2021 | |- |Dominika |Ngwanatsele a le lesome le bongwe, 2021 | |- |Vanuatu |Ngwanatseele a le lesome le bongwe, 2021 |<ref name="bafu-CH" /> |- |Thailand |Seetebosigo a le masome a mabedi le bone, 2022 |<ref name="bafu-CH" /> |- |Ukraine |Phukwi a le bone, 2022 |<ref name="bafu-CH" /> |} ==== Mokgwa wa Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang ==== Ditemana 6.4 –6.7 di tlhoma mokgwa "wa go nna le seabe mo phokotsong ya digase tsa digreenhouse le go tshegetsa tlhabololo e e tswelelang". Le fa go ise go nne le leina la semmuso la mokgwa o go fitlha mo bogompienong, o ntse o bidiwa Mokgwa wa Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang kgotsa SDM. <ref name=":12"/> SDM e tsewa fa e latelela Mokgwa wa Tlhabololo e e Phepa, e leng mokgwa o o ka fa tlase ga Tsamaiso ya Kyoto o ka one makoko a ka dirisanang mmogo go fokotsa mesi . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kachi |first=Aki |date=May 2017 |title=Building blocks for a robust Sustainable Development Mechanism |url=https://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/BUILDING-BLOCKS-FOR-A-ROBUST-SUSTAINABLE-DEVELOPMENT-MECHANISM_WEB-SINGLE_FINAL.pdf |last2=Voigt |first2=Juliane |publisher=Carbon Market Watch |page=2 |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425061559/https://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/BUILDING-BLOCKS-FOR-A-ROBUST-SUSTAINABLE-DEVELOPMENT-MECHANISM_WEB-SINGLE_FINAL.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> SDM e rulagantswe go tshwana thata le Mokgwa wa Tlhabololo e e Phepa, ka maikaelelo a mabedi a go nna le seabe mo phokotsong ya mesi ya GHG ya lefatshe le go tshegetsa tlhabololo e e tswelelang. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Marcu |first=Andrei |date=January 2016 |title=Carbon Market Provisions in the Paris Agreement (Article 6) |url=https://www.ceps.eu/download/publication/?id=9274&pdf=SR%20No%20128%20ACM%20Post%20COP21%20Analysis%20of%20Article%206.pdf |publisher=Centre for Europe and Policy Studies |isbn=978-94-6138-501-7 |page=13 |access-date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702140041/https://www.ceps.eu/download/publication/?id=9274&pdf=SR%20No%20128%20ACM%20Post%20COP21%20Analysis%20of%20Article%206.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Le fa popego le dithulaganyo tse di laolang SDM di ise di tlhomamisege, go tshwana le dipharologano tse di rileng go tswa mo Mekgweng ya Tlhabololo e e Phepa di setse di bonala sentle. Pharologanyo e tona ke gore SDM e tla nna teng mo makokong otlhe go na le mo makokong a Setlhopha-I fela, mme se se dira gore e nne bophara thata . Mokgwa wa Tlhabololo e e Phepa wa Tsamaiso ya Kyoto o ne wa kgalwa ka ntlha ya go palelwa ke go dira diphokotso a mesi tse di nang le bokao kgotsa dipoelo tsa tlhabololo e e tswelelang mo makgethong a le mantsi. le ka ntlha ya go nna matswakabele ga yone. Go a kgonega gore SDM e tlaa bona mathata. <ref name=":6"/> === Dikarolo tsa go itlwaetsa go tshela le phetogo ya seemo sa loapi === [[Go lepalepana le seemo sa phetogo ya loapi|Go tlwaela go tshela le seemo sa phetogo ya loapi]] go ne ga nna mogopolo o go remelelwang mo go one kwa dipuisanong tsa Paris go na le mo ditumalanong tse di fetileng tsa seemo sa loapi. Maikaelelo a a kopanetsweng, a paka e telele a go tlwaela seemo a akareditswe mo tumalanong, mme mafatshe a tshwanetse go bega ka ga ditiro tsa one tsa go tlwaela go tshela le seemo, go e dira karolo e e tsamaelanang le phokotso. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mogelgaard |first=Kathleen |date=23 December 2015 |title=What Does the Paris Agreement Mean for Climate Resilience and Adaptation |url=http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/12/what-does-paris-agreement-mean-climate-resilience-and-adaptation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119060408/http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/12/what-does-paris-agreement-mean-climate-resilience-and-adaptation |archive-date=19 November 2016}}</ref> Maikaelelo a tlwaelo a tsepamisitse mogopolo mo go tokafatseng bokgoni jwa go tlwaela, go oketsa maatla a go itepatepanya le seemo, le go fokotsa go nna mo kotsing . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgan |first=Jennifer |date=12 December 2015 |title=The Paris Agreement: Turning Point for a Climate Solution |url=http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/12/paris-agreement-turning-point-climate-solution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119055526/http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/12/paris-agreement-turning-point-climate-solution |archive-date=19 November 2016}}</ref> rwzny6cyl92krg1iu3oi9rfawogg04h 0 14760 57059 53515 2026-11-08T09:53:22Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57059 wikitext text/x-wiki Leina "Aforika Borwa" le tswa mo lefelong le naga e leng mo go lone kwa ntlheng ya borwa jwa Aforika. Fa naga e sena go tlhamiwa, e ne ya bidiwa Union of South Africa ka Seesemane le ''{{Lang|nl|Unie van Zuid-Afrika}}'' ka [[Se-dutch|Sedatšhe]], go supa tshimologo ya yona go tswa mo go kopanngweng ga dikolone tse nne tsa Boritane. Go tloga ka 1961, leina le le telele le la mmuso ka Seesemane e ne e le "Republic of South Africa" le {{Lang|af|Republiek van Suid-Afrika}} ka [[Seburu]]. Naga e e na le leina la semmuso ka [[Dipuo tsa semmuso tsa Aforikaborwa|Dipuo tsotlhe di le 12 tsa semmuso]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The text |url=https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/constitution/the-text |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225080137/https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/constitution/the-text |archive-date=25 December 2023 |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=www.concourt.org.za}}</ref> '''Mzansi''', e e tswang mo leineng la [[Sethosa|Sexhosa]] {{Lang|xh|uMzantsi}} le le kayang "borwa", ke leina la puo ya tlwaelo la Aforika Borwa, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Livermon |first=Xavier |year=2008 |title=Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-8121-1 |editor-last=Nuttall |editor-first=Sarah |location=Durham |page=283 |chapter=Sounds in the City |quote=''Mzansi'' is another black urban vernacular term popular with the youth and standing for South Africa. |access-date=5 January 2016 |editor-last2=Mbembé |editor-first2=Achille |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502074447/https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C |archive-date=2 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mzansi DiToloki |url=http://www.deafsa.co.za/mzansi_ditoloki/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116135926/http://www.deafsa.co.za/mzansi_ditoloki/ |archive-date=16 January 2014 |access-date=15 January 2014 |publisher=Deaf Federation of South Africa |quote=uMzantsi in Xhosa means 'south', Mzansi means this country, South Africa}}</ref> ya re makoko mangwe a sepolotiki [[Bo-Aforika-Jotlhe|a Pan-Africanist]] a rata lereo " Azania ", e leng lefoko le le tswang mo Segerikeng, mme e seng puo ya Aforika. === Nako ya pele ga bokoloniale === Batho ba tlholego [[Basarwa|ba San]] le Khoikhoi ba Borwa jwa Aforika e ne e le batsomi-baphuthi mme, mo ntlheng ya Bakhoikhoi, le bona ba ne ba dira bodisa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Hie Lim |last2=Ratan |first2=Aakrosh |last3=Perry |first3=George H. |last4=Montenegro |first4=Alvaro |last5=Miller |first5=Webb |last6=Schuster |first6=Stephan C. |date=4 December 2014 |title=Khoisan hunter-gatherers have been the largest population throughout most of modern-human demographic history |journal=Nature Communications |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=5692 |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.5692K |doi=10.1038/ncomms6692 |hdl=11449/130054 |pmc=4268704 |pmid=25471224 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Batho ba Khoisan e ka tswa e le ditlogolwana tsa go gasagana ga batho ba segompieno go ya kwa Borwa jwa Aforika pele ga 150 000 .&nbsp;dingwaga tse di fetileng. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pargeter |first=Justin |last2=Mackay |first2=Alex |last3=Mitchell |first3=Peter |last4=Shea |first4=John |last5=Stewart |first5=Brian |year=2016 |title=Primordialism and the 'Pleistocene San' of southern Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/primordialism-and-the-pleistocene-san-of-southern-africa/45D6E61597C34A496AB5A0B6FA1C7632 |journal=Antiquity |volume=90 |issue=352}}</ref> Bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba fudusiwa kgotsa ba tsewa ke [[katoloso ya Bantu]] e e neng ya diragala magareng ga 1 500 le 2 000 .&nbsp;dingwaga tse di fetileng. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Barnard, Alan |year=1992 |title=Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa: A comparative ethnography of the Khoisan peoples |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York, NY; Cambridge, UK}}</ref> [[Karolo:Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] izq89sjuvanhstgmlcumf52zpigm10w 0 14876 57063 54182 2026-11-08T10:18:03Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57063 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Birth control|image=Sekausu.jpg|width=200|caption=Sekausu se se sa dirisiwang|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɒ|n|d|ə|m}} or {{IPAc-en|uk|ˈ|k|ɒ|n|d|ɒ|m}}|bc_type=Barrier|date_first_use=Ancient<ref name=Hat2007/><br />Rubber: 1855<ref name=Al2011/><br />Latex: 1920s<ref name=Mc2000/><br />Polyurethane: 1994<br />Polyisoprene: 2008|rate_type=[[Boimana]]|failure_measure=first year, latex|perfect_failure%=2|perfect_failure_ref=<ref name="Trussell 2011">{{cite book|last=Trussell|first=James|year=2011|chapter=Contraceptive efficacy|editor1-last=Hatcher|editor1-first=Robert A.|editor2-last=Trussell|editor2-first=James|editor3-last=Nelson|editor3-first=Anita L.|editor4-last=Cates|editor4-first=Willard Jr.|editor5-last=Kowal|editor5-first=Deborah|editor6-last=Policar|editor6-first=Michael S.|title=Contraceptive technology|edition=20th revised|location=New York|publisher=Ardent Media|isbn=978-1-59708-004-0|issn=0091-9721|oclc=781956734|pages=779–863|chapter-url=http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CTFailureTable.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112130150/http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CTFailureTable.pdf|archive-date=2013-11-12}}</ref>|typical_failure%=18|typical_failure_ref=<ref name="Trussell 2011" />|duration_effect=|reversibility=Ee|user_reminders=Latex condoms are damaged by oil-based [[Personal lubricant|lubricants]]<ref name=Hat2007/>|clinic_interval=|STD_protection_YesNo=Ee<ref name=Hat2007/>|periods=|benefits=Ga go tlhokane le go etela kokelo gape go ga turu<ref name=Hat2007/>|weight_gain_loss=|risks=|medical_notes=}} '''Sekausu''' ke sediriswa se se bopegileng jaaka kgapetla se se dirisiwang ka nako ya [[thobalano]] go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go ima kgotsa megare e e tshelanwang ka tlhakanelodikobo (STI).<ref name="Hat2007">{{Cite book|last=Hatcher|first=Robert Anthony|last2=M.D|first2=Anita L. Nelson|title=Contraceptive Technology|date=2007|publisher=Ardent Media|isbn=9781597080019|pages=297–311|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txh0LpjjhkoC&pg=PA297|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918185600/https://books.google.com/books?id=txh0LpjjhkoC&pg=PA297|archive-date=2017-09-18}}</ref> Go na le dikausu tsa banna le tsa basadi.<ref name="WHO2008">{{Cite book|title=WHO Model Formulary 2008|url=https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse|year=2009|isbn=9789241547659|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|veditors=Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR|hdl=10665/44053|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|hdl-access=free|page=[https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse/page/372 372]}}</ref> Fa e dirisiwa sentle—le go dirisiwa mo tirong nngwe le nngwe ya tlhakanelodikobo—basadi ba bakapelo ba bone ba dirisang dikausu tsa banna ba itemogela selekanyo sa boimana sa 2% ka ngwaga.<ref name="Hat2007" /> Ka tiriso e e tlwaelegileng seelo sa boimana ke 18% ka ngwaga. Tiriso ya tsona e fokotsa thata bodiphatsa jwa go ka tsenwa ke thosola, tlelamidia, trichomoniasis, hepatitis B, le [[HIV/AIDS]].<ref name="Hat2007" /> Gape di sireletsa ka selekanyo se sennye kgatlhanong le dikakana tsa dikarolo dikarolo tsa sephiri, mogare wa papilloma wa motho ( HPV ) le [[Thosola/Rasephiphi|Rasephiphi]].<ref name="Hat2007" /> Sekausu sa monna se rwalwa/tsenngwa ka go pitikololwa mo bonneng jo bo emeng pele ga thobalano mme se bereke go sireletsa ka go thibelang peo ya bonna go tsena mo mmeleng wa mokapelo ka nako ta thobalano.<ref name="Hat2007" /><ref name="Sp2011" /> Dikausu tsa banna gantsi di dirwa ka latex mme, ka tsela e e sa tlwaelegang, ka polyurethane, polyisoprene, kgotsa mala a nku.<ref name="Hat2007" /> Dikausu tsa banna di na le bomolemo jwa go dirisiwa bonolo, go bonwa bonolo, le ditlamorago di le mmalwa.<ref name="Hat2007" /> Mo go ba ba sa tseweng sente ke latex go tshwanetse ga dirisiwa polyurethane kgotsa mofuta o mongwe wa maitirelo.<ref name="Hat2007" /> Dikausu tsa basadi gantsi di dirilwe ka polyurethane mme di ka dirisiwa makgetlo a le mantsi.<ref name="Sp2011">{{Cite book|last=Speroff|first=Leon|last2=Darney|first2=Philip D.|title=A Clinical Guide for Contraception|date=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9781608316106|pages=305–307|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f5XJtYkiJ0YC&pg=PT420|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114203840/https://books.google.com/books?id=f5XJtYkiJ0YC|archive-date=2016-11-14}}</ref> Dikausu jaaka mokgwa wa go thibela malwetse a tlhakanelodikobo di ntse di dirisiwa fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a marataro le bone(1564).<ref name="Hat2007" /> Dikausu tsa rabara di ne tsa nna teng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le botlhano(1855), mme tsa latelwa ke dikausu tsa latex ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi (1920).<ref name="Al2011">{{Cite book|last=Allen|first=Michael J.|title=The Anthem Anthology of Victorian Sonnets|date=2011|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9781843318484|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQxdE8Ryz9YC&pg=PR51|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mc2000">{{Cite book|last=McKibbin|first=Ross|title=Classes and Cultures: England 1918–1951|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198208556|page=305|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYuoPxzjnXUC&pg=PA305|language=en}}</ref> E mo Lenaaneng la Melemo ya Botlhokwa la Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Boitekanelo.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ditshenyegelo tsa thekiso mo madirelong a matonakgolo mo mafatsheng a tlhabologang di ka nna 0.03 go ya go US$0.08 nngwe le nngwe.<ref name="ERC2014">{{Cite web|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=209&searchYear=2015|title=Condoms (Lubricated)|website=International Medical Products Price Guide|publisher=Management Sciences For Health, Inc.|access-date=2 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802170925/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=209&searchYear=2015|archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> Kwa United States gantsi dikausu di ja madi a a kwa tlase ga R1,00.<ref name="Sh2011">{{Cite book|last=Shoupe|first=Donna|title=Contraception|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781444342635|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ksjJcx1CeKcC&lpg=PA15&pg=PA15|language=en|access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=2020-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729155934/https://books.google.com/books?id=ksjJcx1CeKcC&lpg=PA15&pg=PA15|url-status=live}}</ref> Lefatshe ka bophara batho ba ba kwa tlase ga 10% ba ba dirisang sekausu go thibela boimana.<ref name="Ch2012" /> Dikelo tsa tiriso ya sekausu di kwa godimo mo mo mafatsheng a tlhabologileng.<ref name="Ch2012">{{Cite book|last=Chen|first=Lincoln C.|last2=Amor|first2=Jaime Sepulveda|last3=Segal|first3=Sheldon J.|title=AIDS and Women's Reproductive Health|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781461533542|page=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KWvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|language=en}}</ref> Kwa United Kingdom sekausy ke mokgwa wa bobedi o o tlwaelegileng thata wa go thibela pelegi (22%) fa kwa United States e le wa boraro o o tlwaelegileng thata (15%).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Herring|first=Jonathan|title=Medical Law and Ethics|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198702269|page=271|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9JFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA271|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=26556545|year=2015|last=Daniels|first=K.|title=Current Contraceptive Use and Variation by Selected Characteristics Among Women Aged 15–44: United States, 2011–2013|journal=National Health Statistics Reports|issue=86|pages=1–14|last2=Daugherty|first2=J.|last3=Jones|first3=J.|last4=Mosher|first4=W.}}</ref> Go rekisiwa dibilione di ka nna thataro go ya go di le robongwe ka ngwaga.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hermann|first=Henry R.|title=Dominance and Aggression in Humans and Other Animals: The Great Game of Life|date=2016|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780128092958|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT529|language=en}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == <references /> [[Category:Sekausu]] [[Category:Kgotlopo]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] q43h8h528f0vc5hif518owr9cxizlh0 0 14902 57044 55215 2026-11-08T05:07:38Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Kankere ya Lebele | synonym = | image = Breast Cancer.png | image_size = | image_thumbtime = | alt = | caption = Kankere ya Lebele mo lebeleng la moja | pronounce = | specialty = <nowiki>[[Ngwaka ya Kankere]</nowiki> | symptoms = Go nna le kgopa mo sehubeng, go fetoga ga popego ya sehuba, go nna le marontho mo letlalong, seedi se se tswang mo thining, thining e e sa tswang go menoga, letlalo le lehibidu le le nang le makape mo sehubeng<ref name=NCI2014Pt/> | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = Go nna mosadi, [[obesity]], go sa itshidila mmele, bojalwa, [[hormone replacement therapy]] during [[menopause]], [[ionizing radiation]], early age at [[menarche|first menstruation]], Go nna le bana morago ga nako kgotsa go sa nna le bana gotlhelele,bogodi , ga o kile wa amiwa ke bolwetsi pele, ditso tsa kankere mo lwapeng, [[Klinefelter syndrome]]<ref name=NCI2014Pt /><ref name=WCR2014 /><ref name = NICHD>{{cite web |url = http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/klinefelter_syndrome.cfm |title = Klinefelter Syndrome |date = 24 May 2007 |publisher = [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121127030744/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/klinefelter_syndrome.cfm |archive-date = 27 November 2012 |url-status = dead}}</ref> | diagnosis = [[Biopsy|Tissue biopsy]]<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> | differential = | prevention = | treatment = [[Loaro]], [[go tshubiwa ka marang]], [[chemotherapy]], [[Hormonal therapy (oncology)|hormonal therapy]], [[targeted therapy]]<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> | medication = | prognosis = [[Five-year survival rate]] ≈85% (US, UK)<ref name=SEER2014 /><ref name=UK2013Prog /> | frequency = 2.1 million affected as of 2018<!-- prevalence --><ref name=Bra2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A | title = Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries | journal = Ca | volume = 68 | issue = 6 | pages = 394–424 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30207593 | doi = 10.3322/caac.21492 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/83ab5cf89399bca5449f4a7baf1b1b3c2e1178c7 | doi-access = free | access-date = 5 August 2020 | archive-date = 17 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210417233225/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Global-cancer-statistics-2018%3A-GLOBOCAN-estimates-Bray-Ferlay/83ab5cf89399bca5449f4a7baf1b1b3c2e1178c7 | url-status = live }}</ref> | deaths = 627,000 (2018)<ref name=Bra2018/> | named after = }} '''Kankere ya Lebele''' ke kankere e e tlhagelelang mo ditshikeng tsa mabele.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Breast Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast|website=NCI|access-date=29 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625232947/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast|archive-date=25 June 2014|df=dmy-all|date=January 1980}}</ref> Dikai tsa kankere ya Lebele di akaretsa go nna le legogo mo lebeleng, go fetoga ga popego ya Lebele, go tlhotlhorega ga letlalo, matute/metsi a a tswang mo lebeleng, lebele le le sa tswang go retologa, kgotsa letlalo le lehibidu kgotsa le le nang le dipatso.<ref name="NCI2014Pt">{{Cite web|title=Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|date=23 May 2014|access-date=29 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705110404/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page1/AllPages|archive-date=5 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mo go ba ba nang le kanamo e e kgakala ya bolwetse, go ka nna le ditlhabi tsa marapo, go ruruga ga dilimfenoutu, go tlhaela mowa, kgotsa letlalo le le serolwana.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Saunders|first=Christobel|last2=Jassal|first2=Sunil|title=Breast cancer|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-955869-8|page=Chapter 13|edition=1.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=as46WowY_usC&pg=PT123|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025013217/https://books.google.com/books?id=as46WowY_usC&pg=PT123|archive-date=25 October 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Dintlha tse di kotsi tsa go nna le kankere ya Leele di akaretsa go nna mosadi, bokima jo bo feteletseng, go tlhoka go ikatisa mmele, botagwa, kalafi ya go emisetsa dihomoune ka nako ya go kgaotsa go bona kgwedi, marang a ionizing, dingwaga tse dinnye tsa go bona setswalo la ntlha, go nna le bana morago ga nako mo botshelong kgotsa go sa nne le bone gotlhelele, ditso tsa kankere mo lwapeng kgotsa go nna le mabele.<ref name="NCI2014Pt" /><ref name="WCR2014">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-0429-9|pages=Chapter 5.2}}</ref> Mo e ka nnang 5–10% ya dikgetse ke ditlamorago tsa tshekamelo ya dijini e e ruilweng mo batsading ba motho, go akaretsa le BRCA1 le BRCA2 gareng ga tse dingwe.<ref name="NCI2014Pt" /> Kankere ya Lebele gantsi e nna teng mo diseleng tse di tswang mo letlalong la ditšhika tsa mashi le mo di-lobule tse di tlamelang ditšhika tseno ka mashi.<ref name="NCI2014Pt" /> Dikankere tse di tlhagelelang mo diphaepheneng di itsege jaaka dikankere tsa diphaephe, fa tse di tlhagelelang mo dilobuleng di itsege jaaka dikankere tsa dilobule.<ref name="NCI2014Pt" /> Go na le mefuta e mengwe e e fetang lesome le borobabobedu ya kankere ya Lebele.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Tse dingwe, jaaka kankere ya ditšhika mo lefelong la tsone, di tlhagelela go tswa mo dinthong tsa pele ga go tsenelela.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Go tshwatwa ga kankere ya Lebele go netefadiwa ka go tsaya biopsy ya thishu e e amegang.<ref name="NCI2014Pt" /> Fa kankere e sena go lemogiwa, go dirwa diteko tse dingwe go bona gore a kankere e aname go feta letswele le gore ke dikalafi dife tse go ka diregang gore di nne le matswela thata.<ref name="NCI2014Pt" /> Tekatekano ya melemo le dikotsi tsa go tlhatlhoba kankere ya mabele e a ganetsana. Tlhatlhobo ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe ( 2009) ya Setlhopha sa Tiro sa Ditirelo tsa Thibelo ya Amerika e ne ya fitlhela bosupi jwa gore go na le mosola mo bathong bao ba dingwaga di le masome a mane go ya go di le masome a supa,<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nelson HD, Tyne K, Naik A, Bougatsos C, Chan B, Nygren P, Humphrey L|title=Screening for Breast Cancer: Systematic Evidence Review Update for the US Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]|date=November 2009|pmid=20722173|journal=U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses|location=Rockville, MD|publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|id=Report No.: 10-05142-EF-1}}</ref> mme e akantsha gore go tlhatlhobiwe dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le pedi mo basading ba dingwaga di le masome a mane go ya go di le masome a supa le bone go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro.<ref name="USPSTF2023">{{Cite web|title=Draft Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Screening {{!}} United States Preventive Services Taskforce|url=https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/draft-recommendation/breast-cancer-screening-adults|website=www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org|access-date=10 May 2023|archive-date=9 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509172307/https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/draft-recommendation/breast-cancer-screening-adults|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="USPSTFScreen2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Siu AL|title=Screening for Breast Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=164|issue=4|pages=279–96|date=February 2016|pmid=26757170|doi=10.7326/M15-2886|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tlhatlhobo ya Cochrane ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro e ne ya fitlhela gore ga go tlhaloganyesege sentle gore a go tlhatlhoba ka maranyane a mammography go kotsi go na le go thusa, ka gonne karolo e tona ya basadi ba ba fitlhelwang ba na le bolwetse jono ba itshupa ba se na bolwetse jono.<ref name="Got2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ|title=Screening for breast cancer with mammography|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|pages=CD001877|date=June 2013|pmid=23737396|pmc=6464778|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5}}</ref> Ditlhare tsa tamoxifen kgotsa raloxifene di ka dirisiwa ka maiteko a go thibela kankere ya Lebele mo bathong ba ba mo kotsing e tona ya go nna le yone.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Go ntsha mabele ka bobedi ka go arwa ke kgato e nngwe ya go thibela mo basading bangwe ba ba mo kotsing e tona.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Mo go ba ba lemogilweng gore ba na le kankere, go ka dirisiwa dikalafi di le mmalwa, go akaretsa le karo, kalafi ya marang, kalafi ya dikhemikhale, kalafi ya dihoromone, le kalafi e e ikaeletsweng.<ref name="NCI2014Pt" /> Mefuta ya karo e farologana go tswa go karo ya go somarela mabele go ya go karo ya go kgaola mabele.<ref name="ACSfive">{{Cite web|date=September 2013|title=Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question|publisher=[[American College of Surgeons]]|website=[[Choosing Wisely]]: an initiative of the [[Choosing Wisely|ABIM Foundation]]|url=http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-surgeons/|access-date=2 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027085747/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-surgeons/|archive-date=27 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="NCI2014TxProf">{{Cite web|title=Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/healthprofessional/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=29 June 2014|date=26 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705110521/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/healthprofessional/page1/AllPages|archive-date=5 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Go aga sesha ga mabele go ka dirwa ka nako ya karo kgotsa moragonyana.<ref name="NCI2014TxProf" /> Mo go ba kankere e anametse kwa dikarolong tse dingwe tsa mmele mo go bone, dikalafi di ikaeletse thata go tokafatsa boleng jwa botshelo le kgomotso.<ref name="NCI2014TxProf" /> Ditlamorago tsa kankere ya Lebele di farologana go ikaegile ka mofuta wa kankere, selekanyo sa bolwetse, le dingwaga tsa motho.<ref name="NCI2014TxProf" /> Dikelo tsa go falola tsa dingwaga di le tlhano kwa Engelane le United States di magareng ga 80 le 90%.<ref name="SEER2014">{{Cite web|title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Breast Cancer|url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html|website=NCI|access-date=18 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703030149/http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html|archive-date=3 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="UK2013Prog">{{Cite web|title=Cancer Survival in England: Patients Diagnosed 2007–2011 and Followed up to 2012|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_333318.pdf|website=Office for National Statistics|access-date=29 June 2014|date=29 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129124915/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_333318.pdf|archive-date=29 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="WCR2008">{{Cite web|publisher=[[International Agency for Research on Cancer]]|year=2008|title=World Cancer Report|url=http://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/wcr/2008/wcr_2008.pdf|access-date=26 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720232417/http://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/wcr/2008/wcr_2008.pdf|archive-date=20 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mo mafatsheng a tlhabologang, dikelo tsa go tshela dingwaga di le tlhano di kwa tlase.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Lefatshe ka bophara, kankere ya mabele ke mofuta o o eteletseng pele mo basading, e dira 25% ya dikgetse tsotlhe.<ref name="WCR2014Epi">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-0429-9|pages=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi e ne ya felela ka dikgetse tse disha di le dimilione di le pedi le dintsho di le 627 000. E tlwaelegile thata mo dinageng tse di tlhabologileng <ref name="WCR2014" /> mme e tlwaelegile go feta makgetlo a le lekgolo mo basading go feta mo banneng.<ref name="WCR2008" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Male Breast Cancer Treatment|publisher=[[National Cancer Institute]]|year=2014|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/malebreast/HealthProfessional|access-date=29 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704182515/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/malebreast/HealthProfessional|archive-date=4 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] dqh3ex303fe3jl1iu142fi4jqv00qcd 0 14960 57056 54626 2026-11-08T07:39:08Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57056 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Johannes_Maros_Mosehla.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johannes_Maros_Mosehla.jpg|thumb|Comrades Marathon]] == Metlamo ya go Taboga == Go taboga ke karalo e e ratiwang thata ya metshameko le botshelo jwa loago jwa Aforika Borwa.Go ralala naga,batho ba tsaya karalo mo mabelong a tsela, go taboga go go monate, dimarathone le ditiragalo tsa go taboga ga baagi. Go taboga ga se fela go gaisana ,gape e kopanya batho , e rotloetsa mekgwa ya matshelo a a itekanetseng le go dira gore batho ba ikutlwe ba le seoposengwe. Aforika Borwa e na le ditlelapa/metlamo e mentsi ya go taboga,go akaretsa Soweto Cabal Athletics Club,Nedbank Running Club,Tuks Athlethics Club, Sosha Breakfast Run,Thesis Run Crew. Sekao, Marathone wa Comrades o na le batsayakarolo go tswa ditlelapong tse dintsi tsa go taboga go ralala nagana<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unwin |first=Antony |date=2024-08-23 |title=ComradesM: The Comrades Marathon 1921 to 2019 |url=https://doi.org/10.32614/cran.package.comradesm |access-date=2026-09-04 |website=CRAN: Contributed Packages}}</ref> Setlhopha sengwe se se tlhomileng ke Soweto Cabal Athletics Club, e e neng ya tlhongwa ka 1999. Setlhopha seno se ne sa tlhamelwa go rotloetsa go taboga, o tshela botshelo jo bo itekanetseng le botsalano mogare ga maloko a sone. Batabogi ba yone ba tsaya karalo mo mabelong a magalo a a jaaka Marathone wa Comrades wa Two Oceans (Cabal ya Soweto) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Soweto Cabal Athletics Club {{!}} ...we are on the MOVE |url=https://www.sowetocabal.co.za/cabal/ |access-date=2026-09-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> Thesis Run Cru ke sekao se sengwe sa setso se se golang sa go toboga sa Aforika Borwa. E theilwe kwa Soweto, e tlhomilwe ka 2014 go rotloetsa baswa le maloko a baagi go nna matlhagatlhaga ka go taboga . Setlhopha seno se tshwara ditabogo tsa ka metlha le ditiragalo tsa baagi , go bontsha gore go taboga e ka nna motshameko le tiro ya loago.(Badiri ba ba Tabogang)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Running Clubs |url=https://runningclubs.co.za/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912033325/https://runningclubs.co.za/ |archive-date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2026-09-04 |website=runningclubs.co.za |language=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == <references /> ks8myu68i6r8rel5idb8psndubt4c7c 0 15012 57034 54730 2026-11-08T01:58:06Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57034 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charlene A. Carruthers''' ke motho montsho o e leng molweladitshwanelo tsa basadi, gape ke mokwadi <ref>{{Cite book |last=Evans-Winters |first=Venus |year=2018 |title=Activists under 30: Global Youth, Social Justice, and Good Work |url=https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/38760 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-37718-9 |series=Youth, Media, and Culture Series |volume=7 |pages=21–26 |language=en |chapter=Charlene Carruthers, US: African American Youth Activist |doi=10.1163/9789004377189_003 |oclc=1033565664 |access-date=2 June 2026 |chapter-url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004377189/BP000012.xml |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petersen |first=Lilli |last2=West |first2=Chandler |date=15 February 2016 |title=How This Activist Is Building Change From A Black, Queer, Feminist Lens |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2016/02/103198/activists-to-know-black-lives-matter-charlene-carruthers |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=[[Refinery29]] |language=en}}</ref> o tiro ya gagwe e itebagantseng le tlhabololo ya boeteledipele . Carruthers o berekile le mekgatlho ya balweladitshwanelo ya maemo a a kwa godimo e akaretsa Color of Change le Women's Media Center, e ne e le lengwe la maloko a botlhokwa a a simolotseng Black Youth Project 100. O berekile e le mookamedi wa setshaba o o simolotseng BYP100 go tswa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro go tsena dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi. == Tiro ya go lwela ditshwanelo == Carruthers o supa fa go tsena sekolo ga gagwe kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] a le dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi e le gone mo go simolotseng kgatlhego ya gagwe mo go tsa sepolotiki. Fa e sale jalo, bontsi jwa tiro ya gagwe e itebagantse le go tlhabolola go nna le seabe mo polotiking le boeteledipele ga batho ba ba kgaphetsweng kwa thoko. O berekile kgotsa a nna leloko la baokamedi ba mekgatlho ya Arcus Foundation, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marra |first=Andy |date=15 May 2015 |title=Arcus Announces 13 Executive Directors to Participate in Arcus Leadership Fellowship |url=http://www.arcusfoundation.org/arcus-announces-13-executive-directors-participate-arcus-leadership-fellowship/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425140647/http://www.arcusfoundation.org/arcus-announces-13-executive-directors-participate-arcus-leadership-fellowship/ |archive-date=25 April 2025 |access-date=2 June 2026 |website=[[Arcus Foundation]]}}</ref> SisterSong Women of Color Reproductive Justice Collective, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sistersong Board Members |url=http://sistersong.net/board-members-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329192110/http://sistersong.net/board-members-2/ |archive-date=29 March 2016 |website=[[SisterSong]]}}</ref> Wellstone Action, <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ennis|first1=Dawn|date=14 May 2015|title=Meet 13 Emerging Leaders in Social Justice Selected as Arcus Fellows|url=https://www.advocate.com/lgbt/2015/05/14/meet-13-emerging-leaders-social-justice-selected-arcus-fellows|access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> le NAACP . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charlene A. Carruthers |url=http://byp100.org/charlene-a-carruthers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307003422/http://byp100.org/charlene-a-carruthers/ |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=2 March 2016 |website=[[BYP100|Black Youth Project 100]]}}</ref> O itebagantse gape le go netefatsa gore go na le tirisanommogo gareng ga ditlhopha tse di farologaneng tse di kgaphetsweng kwa thoko, go akaretsa go tsaya loeto ga balweladitshwanelo ba bantsho ba kwa America go ya lefatsheng la Palestina go tlhama tumalano le tirirsanommogo magareng ga barulaganyi mo mafatsheng o o mabedi. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bailey|first1=Kristian Davis|title=Dream Defenders, Black Lives Matter & Ferguson Reps Take Historic Trip to Palestine|url=https://www.ebony.com/dream-defenders-black-lives-matter-ferguson-reps-take-historic-trip-to-palestine/|date=9 January 2015|access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> Mo dipolotiking tsa ditlhopho tsa US, Carruthers o supile fa maikaelelo a gagwe e le go tlhopha Joe Biden mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi . === Porojeke ya banana ba Bantsho ya Black Youth Project 100 === Ka Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro, Carruthers e ne e le mongwe wa baeteledipele ba balwela ditshwanelo ba le lekgolo ba bantsho go kgabaganya lefatshe ba phuthilwe ke porojeke ya Black Youth Project kwa Chicago go tsenelela bokopano jo maikaelelo a jone e neng e le go aga botsalano le tirisanommogo ga go lwela dtshwanelo ga banana ba bantsho mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Ka letsatsi la bobedi la bokopano, dikgang go tswa kwa Florida di ne tsa itsise ka go itshwarelwa ga ga George Zimmerman mo melatong yotlhe e a neng a lebisitswe ka nako ya polao ya ga Trayvon Martin ka Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobedi. Katlholo e e ne ya gwetlha Carruthers le balwela ditshwanelo ba bangwe go tlhama Black Youth Project 100 go rulaganya go lwela ditshwanelo ga banana ba bantsho go gana kgatelelo ya ditsamaiso. Le ntswa pele a ne a le sebete se molangwana go ka tsaya maemo a bookamedi, Carruthers o ne a lemoga tshono e e sa tlwaelesegang e e bakilweng ke tlhakatlhakano e.<ref>{{Cite news|author1=Wilson|title=Why Can't I Be You: Charlene Carruthers|date=30 January 2015|journal=[[Rookie (magazine)|Rookie]]|issue=41}}</ref> BYP100 e ikaegile thata ka go katisa baeteledipele le go ruta ba ba fetolang, e le tsela ya go matlafatsa dikokomane mo go lweleng ditshwanelo tsa batho bantsho. Mo setshabeng le mo dikgannyeng, Carruthers o gateletse gore metheo e e gatelelang e tshwana le lotso, bong, le maemo a tsa itsholelo e mafaratlhatlha ka jalo e itsa go ka ganana le motheo o le mongwe ka nako. Mo boemong ba lwela go kopanela go diragatsa ga ba ba kgaphetsweng kwa hoko go fetola motheo otlhe mmogo.<ref name="thecairoreview1">{{Cite news|title=Black Power: Chicago activist Charlene Carruthers on the first African American president, the campaign against police brutality, and the struggle for black liberation.|author1=MacLeod|date=Winter 2016|journal=The Cairo Review of Global Affairs}}</ref>Mananeo a BYP100 a ikaegile ka mogopolo wa go kopana ga dikganetso ka go itebaganya le dikgang tse di dirang dikganetsano tse di ntse tsa metheo. Sekai, kgatiso ya "maikaelelo a go re babalela" e inola tshiamo ya itsholelo le tlhabololo ya go itshetlela ga itsholelo e le diilo tsa botlhokwa go fitlhelela tshiamo ya bong le lotso.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Agenda to Keep Us Safe|date=2014|journal=Agenda to Keep Us Safe}}</ref> Lentswe la ga Carruthers le ntse le utlwala thata mo go kgaleng go nna le seabe se setona ga go tswa mo kgolegelong go ya madirelong le go tswa mo sekolong go ya kgolegelong mo go agang maitemogelo a go gatelelwa ga batho le batho ba mmala, ba ba fetotseng bong le ba ba sa isthupeng e le ba bong bope, le ba ba sa itsholelang.<ref name="thecairoreview1" /> === Tiriso dikgoka ya sepodisi === Carruthers ke motho o o kgalang tiriso dikgoga ya ba sepodisi a sa kgwe mathe, go tlhoka go tsiboga mo go lekaneng ga puso mo tiriso dikgokeng e, le ditsamaiso le tse di rotloetsang tsamaiso ya tlolo molao kwa America .<ref name="thecairoreview1" /> Ka Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone, o ne a ya kwa Ferguson Missouri go katisa le go rulaganya go tsiboga ga banana ba bantsho fa toropo e ne e duma ka go thuntshiwa ke Darren Wilson ga ga Mike Brown wa dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=How the New Black Activists Are Fighting Back in Ferguson|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/how-new-black-activists-are-fighting-back-ferguson/|date=26 August 2014|access-date=2 June 2026|work=[[The Nation]]}}</ref> ==== Lephata la sepodisi la kwa Chicago ==== Ka e le motho o o tlholegang kwa Chicago borwa, Carruthers o tswa kgakala a kgala lephata la koo la sepodisi, a rulaganya megwanto mabapi le go thuntshiwa ga ga Rekia Boyd wa dingwaga di le masome mabedi le bobedi.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=Angelique|title=Charlene Carruthers talks Black Youth Project 100|url=https://windycitytimes.com/2015/12/16/charlene-carruthers-talks-black-youth-project-100/|publisher=|date=16 December 2015|access-date=2 June 2026|work=[[Windy City Times]]}}</ref> Carruthers o ne a gape a tsibogela polao ya ga Laquan McDonald wa dingwaga di le lesome le bosupa ke lepodisi le le neng le theogetse, a kgala ka fa toropo e tsibogetseng ka teng tiragalo e, bogolo jang go nna le seabe ga ofisi ya ga ratoropo mo go bipeng sesupo sa tiragalo sebaka sa ngwaga. O ne a gwetlha go ithola marapo ga ga ratoropo Rahm Emanuel le mmueledi wa kgaolo ya Cook Anita Alvarez.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Muwakkil|first=Salim|title=Not Your Grandfather's Black Freedom Movement: An Interview with BYP100's Charlene Carruthers|url=https://inthesetimes.com/article/charlene-carruthers-on-byp200-Laquan-McDonald-and-police-violence|date=8 February 2016|access-date=2 June 2026|work=[[In These Times (magazine)|In These Times]]}}</ref> === Difilimi === Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi, Carruthers o ne a kwala, a kaela a bo a nna mongwe wa batlhami ba The Funnel, filimi e khutshwane ya lorato, nonofo ya badimo le maitemogelo a batho bantsho a go fudusiwa le go ingangatlela.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Charlene Carruthers' debut film, 'The Funnel' is selected for Black Harvest Film Festival|url=https://thetriibe.com/2022/09/south-side-native-charlene-carruthers-explores-love-and-ancestral-power-in-her-debut-film-the-funnel/|date=29 September 2022|access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Carruthers gape o kaetse a bo a kwala a na le Deivid Rojas, La Salida, ngwaga one oo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=38th Annual Sojourner Truth Lecture: Charlene A. Carruthers, author and filmmaker |url=https://www.hmc.edu/calendar/events/sojourner-truth-lecture-charlene-a-carruthers-author-and-filmmaker/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260217120713/https://www.hmc.edu/calendar/events/sojourner-truth-lecture-charlene-a-carruthers-author-and-filmmaker/ |archive-date=17 February 2026 |access-date=2 June 2026 |website=[[Harvey Mudd College]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Charlene Carruthers |url=https://www.otvatlas.com/charlene-carruthers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260603032327/https://www.otvatlas.com/charlene-carruthers |archive-date=3 June 2026 |access-date=2 June 2026 |website=OTV Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano, o ne a kaela, a kwala a bo a nna moanelwamogolo mo Plenum, filimi khutswe ya ""batsalwa mmogo ba le babedi ba ba neng ba itemogela segajaja sa AIDS kwa bokopanong jwa mo ditsong jwa batho bantsho ba ba ratanang ka bong bo bo tshwanang."<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Together: In the Life |url=https://web.saic.edu/blackharvestfest/together-in-the-life/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251028133624/https://web.saic.edu/blackharvestfest/together-in-the-life/ |archive-date=28 October 2025 |access-date=2 June 2026 |website=Black Harvest Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=17 February 2026|title=Charlene Carruthers builds Black liberation beyond theory: The activist, filmmaker, and PhD candidate discusses BYP100, her film Plenum, and building movements through a Black queer feminist lens|url=https://rollingout.com/2026/02/17/charlene-carruthers-black-liberation/|access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> == Tse di gatisitsweng == * {{Citation|last=Carruthers|first=Charlene|title=Hearing Assata Shakur's Call: A Black Feminist Reflection on "To My People"|journal=WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=46|issue=3–4|year=2018|pages=222–225|doi=10.1353/wsq.2018.0042|oclc=7900054322}} * {{Citation|last=Carruthers|first=Charlene|title=Unapologetic: a Black, queer, and feminist mandate for radical movements|year=2018|oclc=1014037040}} == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] hh11gewk9uownfqs3rgiu3580ytg7ad 0 15042 57073 54983 2026-11-08T11:08:42Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57073 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mme Tracy Chapman''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le malatsi a le masome a mararo ka ngwaga wa 1964) ke seopedi le mokwadi wa dipina wa Amerika. O ne a thapiwa ke kompone ya [[:en:Elektra_Records|Elektra Records]] e e tlhamilweng ke [[:en:Bob_Krasnow|Bob Krasnow]] ka ngwaga wa 1987. Ngwaga o o latelang o ne a golola alebamo ya gagwe ya ntlha e e neng ya bidiwa ka leina la gagwe, e e neng ya atlega mo kgwebong, e e neng ya tlhotlhelediwa ke go tlhagelela ga gagwe kwa maitisong a Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute, mme o ne a newa rurifadiwa garataro ka polatinamo ke ba Recording Industry Association of America . Alebamo e e ne ya tlhophiwa makgetho a le marataro go bona Seetsele sa Grammy, go akaretsa le e le nngwe ya Alebamo ya Ngwaga, o ne a fenya dietsele tse tharo: Moopedi yo Moša yo o Gaisitseng, Moopedi yo o Gaisitseng wa Mosadi wa mminong wa Pop ka pina ya gagwe ya "Fast Car", le Alebamo e e Gaisitseng ya Setso ya Segompieno . Ka ngwaga wa 2025, alebamo e e ne ya bolokwa kwa National Recording Registry ke Library of Congress . Ka ngwaga wa 1989, o ne a golola alebamo ya gagwe ya bobedi, ''Crossroads'', e e neng ya dira gore a tlhophiwe gape go bona Seetsele sa Grammy ya Alebamo e e Gaisitseng ya Setso ya Segompieno. Alebamo ya gagwe ya boraro, ''Matters of the Heart'', e ne ya latela ka ngwaga wa 1992. Alebamo ya gagwe ya bone, ''New Beginning'', e ne ya gololwa ka ngwaga wa 1995 mme ya atlega lefatshe ka bophara. E ne ya rurifadiwa ga tlhano ka polatinamo ke ba RIAA mme ya ntsha pina e e tumileng ya "Give Me One Reason", e e neng ya dira gore a abelwe Seetsele sa Grammy sa Pina e e Gaisitseng Tsotlhe mo mminong wa Rock . Go ne ga feta dingwaga di le tlhano pele ga go gololwa ga alebamo ya gagwe ya botlhano, ''Telling Stories'' (2000). ''Let It Rain'' le ''Where You Live'' di ne tsa gololwa ka mo ngwageng wa 2002 le 2005, ka go latelana. Alebamo ya gagwe ya bošeng ya setudio, ''Our Bright Future'', e ne ya gololwa ka ngwaga wa 2008. Alebamo e e dirilweng seša ya ''Greatest Hits'', e a neng a e rulagantse, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Monger |first=James Christopher |title=''Greatest Hits'' – Tracy Chapman |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/greatest-hits-mw0002889914 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107124428/https://www.allmusic.com/album/greatest-hits-mw0002889914 |archive-date=January 7, 2019 |access-date=January 6, 2019 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> e ne ya gololwa ka ngwaga wa 2015. Ka ngwaga wa 2023, Mme Chapman o ne a nna motho montsho wa ntlha go gapa maemo a ntlha mo mminong wa country ka tlhamo ya gagwe a le esi, le go fenya Setseele sa Mokgatlho wa Mmino wa Country sa Pina ya Ngwaga, fa Luke Combs a ne a opela pina ya gagwe ya "Fast Car". == Botshelo jwa ntlha le thuto == Mme Chapman o tsholetswe kwa Cleveland mme a godisiwa ke mmaagwe, yo o neng a mo rekela ukulele a le dingwaga di le tharo. <ref name="biog">{{Cite web |last=Williamson |first=Nigel |author-link=Nigel Williamson |date=March 11, 2008 |title=Tracy Chapman's Biography |url=http://www.about-tracy-chapman.net/biography-by-nigel-williamson-2001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819151933/http://www.about-tracy-chapman.net/biography-by-nigel-williamson-2001/ |archive-date=August 19, 2019 |access-date=July 21, 2019 |website=About-Tracy-Chapman.net}}</ref> Batsadi ba gagwe ba ne ba tlhalana fa a ne a le dingwaga di le nne. O ne a simolola go tshameka katara le go kwala dipina a le dingwaga di le borobabobedi. A re o ka tswa a ne a tlhotlhelediwa la ntlha go tshameka katara ke lenaneo la thelebišene ''la Hee Haw''. <ref name="Ado">{{Cite news|last=Martin|first=Michel|url=https://www.npr.org/2009/08/20/112056043/without-further-ado-songstress-tracy-chapman-returns?ft=1&f=1003|title=Without Further Ado, Songster Tracy Chapman Returns|date=August 20, 2009|access-date=July 21, 2019}}</ref> Kwa Cleveland kwa a tsholetsweng gone, o ne a kgerisiwa kgapetsakgapetsa le go tlhaselwa ka ntlha ya letso le mmala wa gagwe fa a sa ntse a le ngwana. <ref name="Fleming">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/oct/31/tracy-chapman-women-pop-usa|title=Amy Fleming on Tracy Chapman, the quiet revolutionary|first=Amy|last=Fleming|date=October 31, 2008|access-date=March 13, 2020}}</ref> O ne a godisiwa e le moBaptist, a tsena sekolo se segolo sa Episcopal <ref name="Ado" /> mme a amogelwa mo lenaneong la A Better Chance, le le rotloetsang baithuti kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane tsa go baakanyetsa kholetšhe kgakala le mafelo a ba nnang kwa go one. O ne a aloga kwa Sekolong sa Wooster kwa Connecticut mme morago ga moo a ya kwa mmadikolong wa Tufts, a dira dithuto tse dikgolo tsa thuto-loago .<ref name="biog" /><ref name="ambio">{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |title=Tracy Chapman |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/tracy-chapman-mn0000016281#biography |access-date=January 25, 2024 |website=[[All Music Guide]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.spin.com/2019/08/tracy-chapman-self-titled-july-1988-interview/|title=Tracy Chapman: Our 1988 Interview|date=August 18, 2019|access-date=July 7, 2023}}</ref> Fa a ne a le moithuti kwa Tufts, o ne a iketla mo mafelong a a gaufi, go akaretsa le Harvard Square le mo dipolatefomong tsa MBTA Red Line . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-02-23 |title=Tracy Chapman: On snakes, faith and busking for food |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/tracy-chapman-on-snakes-faith-and-busking-for-food-120277.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613204530/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/tracy-chapman-on-snakes-faith-and-busking-for-food-120277.html |archive-date=June 13, 2022 |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Rosenwald|first=Michael S.|title=To Chapman, underground music is pure performance|date=November 26, 2003|url=https://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2003/11/26/to_chapman_underground_music_is_pure_performance/|access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref> Mme Chapman o ne a gatisa dipontsho tsa dipina kwa seromammoeng sa mmadikolo wa Tufts, WMFO, go fa seromamoa tetla ya go nna le dipina tsa gagwe fa a ne a le moithuti kwa Tufts, go ananya tshwanelo le seromamoa gore se tshameke dipina tsa gagwe. <ref name="rollingstone">{{Cite web |date=November 16, 1989 |title=100 Best Albums of the Eighties: Tracy Chapman, 'Tracy Chapman' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-best-albums-of-the-eighties-20110418/tracy-chapman-tracy-chapman-19691231 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712062558/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-best-albums-of-the-eighties-20110418/tracy-chapman-tracy-chapman-19691231 |archive-date=July 12, 2012 |access-date=January 25, 2024 |publisher=Rolling Stone}}</ref> == Mokgwa wa go itshetsa le tswelelopele == Mme Chapman o ne a opela la ntlha mo setšhabeng se segolo fa a bulela moopedi wa go simolola women's music e bong Linda Tillery kwa Strand Theatre kwa Boston ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a mararo, ka ngwaga wa 1985. <ref name="McLaughlin">{{Cite news|last=McLaughlin|first=Jeff|date=May 1, 1985|title=Linda Tillery's 'healing music'|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|location=Boston, MA|page=78}}</ref> Moithuti yo mongwe wa kwa Tufts, e bong Rre Brian Koppelman, o ne a mo utlwa a tshameka mme a mo itsise kwa go rraagwe, e bong Rre Charles Koppelman, a mmontsha theipi ya pontsho e a neng a e tsere ka bokhukhuntshwane go tswa kwa seromamoeng sa sa kholetšhe e e neng e na le pina ya "Talkin' bout a Revolution". Rre Charles Koppelman, yo o neng a tsamaisa SBK Publishing, o ne a mo thapa ka ngwaga wa 1986. Fa a sena go aloga kwa Tufts ka ngwaga wa 1987, o ne a mo thusa go thapiwa ke Elektra Records . <ref name="ambio" /> <ref name="rollingstone" /> [[Setshwantsho:Tracy-Chapman 1988 by Zoran Veselinovic.jpg|thumb|Chapman kwa Budapest, kwa Hungary, ka ngwaga wa 1988]] Kwa Elektra, o ne a golola ''Tracy Chapman'' (1988). Alebamo e ne ya akgolwa thata, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Peter |title=On this day in 1988: Tracy Chapman starts a three-week run at No. 1 with her eponymous debut album |url=https://www.hotpress.com/music/day-1988-tracy-chapman-starts-three-week-run-no-1-eponymous-debut-album-22778696 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103083257/https://www.hotpress.com/music/day-1988-tracy-chapman-starts-three-week-run-no-1-eponymous-debut-album-22778696 |archive-date=November 3, 2020 |access-date=April 7, 2020 |website=Hotpress}}</ref> mme o ne a simolola go opela mo mafelong a farologaneng le go aga balatedi ba gagwe. <ref name="auto" /> "Fast Car" e ne ya simolola go tlhatloga mo ditšhateng tsa U.S. ka bonako fela fa a sena go e diragatsa kwa maitisong a thelebišene Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute a a neng a tlhagisitswe mo setshwantshong sa motshinyego kwa Wembley Stadium kwa Lontone ka Seetebosigo ka ngwaga wa 1988. Kwa maitisong, o ne a simolola go opela ka boripana mo tshokologong, mme a utlwiwa ke bareetsi ba bantsi fa a ne a le moemedi wa motsotso wa bofelo wa ga Rre Stevie Wonder, yo o neng a na le mathata a setegeniki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Springer |first=Jacqueline |date=June 12, 2018 |title=BBC Radio 4 – Front Row, Tracy Chapman: remembering her remarkable debut 30 years on |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p069w23s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321102239/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p069w23s |archive-date=March 21, 2022 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ponagalo e e ne ya akgolwa ka theko ya potlako ya pina le alebamo. "Fast Car" e ne ya nna pina ya borataro e e tumileng mo <nowiki><i id="mwwA">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 mo bekeng e e neng ya wela ka Phatwe a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ka ngwaga wa 1988. ''Rolling Stone'' e ne ya baya pina e mo maemong a lekgolo le masome a marataro le bosupa mo lenaaneng la bone la ngwaga wa 2010 la "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time" . " Talkin' 'bout a Revolution ", e e neng ya latela "Fast Car", e ne ya nna mo maemong a masome a supa le botlhano mme ya latelwa ke "Baby Can I Hold You", e e neng ya fitlha kwa maemong a masome a bane le borobabobedi. <ref name="grammys.com">{{Cite web |title=Tracy Chapman |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/tracy-chapman/878 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705013758/https://www.grammy.com/artists/tracy-chapman/878 |archive-date=July 5, 2023 |access-date=July 1, 2023 |publisher=[[The Recording Academy]]}}</ref> Alebamo e ne ya rekwa sentle, ya ya kwa dipolatinamong tse dintsi mme ya gapa Dietsele di le tharo tsa Grammy, go akaretsa le tlotla ya gagwe ya Moopedi yo Moša yo o Gaisitseng. <ref name="grammys.com" /> Moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1988 o ne a tlhagelela e le moopedi mo thulaganyong ya lefatshe lotlhe ya Amnesty International Human Rights Now! Tour. <ref name="auto" /> Alebamo ya gagwe e e latelang, e leng ''[[:en:Crossroads_(Tracy_Chapman_album)|Crossroads]]'' (1989), e ne ya se ka ya atlega thata jaaka ya gagwe ya ntlha, mme e ne ya fitlhelela maemo a polatinamo kwa U.S. Ka ngwaga wa 1992, o ne a golola ''Matters of the Heart''. Alebamo ya gagwe ya bone, ''New Beginning'' (1995), e ne ya atlega, ya rekisiwa go feta didikadike tse tlhano kwa U.S. fela. <ref name="riaa" /> Alebamo e ne e akaretsa pina e e tumileng ya "Give Me One Reason", e e neng ya gapa Grammy ya ngwaga wa 1997 ya Pina e e Gaisitseng ya Rock mme ya nna pina ya gagwe e e atlegileng go gaisa kwa U.S. go fitlha gone jaana, ya fitlha kwa maemong a boraro mo ''Billboard'' Hot 100, mme ya nna polatinamo. <ref name="riaa" /> Alebamo ya gagwe ya botlhano, ''Telling Stories'', e ne ya gololwa ka ngwaga wa 2000, mme moragonyana ya nna gauta. <ref name="riaa" /> O ne a golola alebamo ya gagwe ya borataro, ''e leng Let It Rain'', ka ngwaga wa 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2002 |title=CD: Tracy Chapman, Let It Rain |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2002/oct/18/popandrock.artsfeatures5 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Photograph of Tracy Chapman and Eric Clapton Performing at a White House Special Olympics Dinner - DPLA - 95f7de6b7052d279d6d726552ea0ca25.jpg|left|thumb|Chapman le [[:en:Eric_Clapton|Eric Clapton]] mo seraleng kwa dijong tsa maitseboa tsa Diolimpiki tse di Kgethegileng kwa Ntlong e Tshweu, kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ngwaga wa 1998.]] O ne a thapiwa ke American Conservatory Theatre go tlhama mmino wa tlhagiso ya ''Blood Knot'' ka ga Athol Fugard, e leng motshameko o o neng o bua ka [[tlhaolele]] mo Aforikaborwa, o o neng wa tshamekiwa mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2008 <ref>{{Cite news|pages=28–30}}</ref> Atlantic Records e golotse alebamo ya gagwe ya borobabobedi ya setudio, Our Bright Future (2008). <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2014 |title=Happy Birthday To Danbury's Tracy Chapman |url=https://dailyvoice.com/connecticut/danbury/neighbors/happy-birthday-to-danburys-tracy-chapman/441215/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112230358/https://dailyvoice.com/connecticut/danbury/neighbors/happy-birthday-to-danburys-tracy-chapman/441215/ |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |access-date=January 12, 2022 |website=Danbury Daily Voice}}</ref> Alebamo e e ne ya dira gore a tlhophelwe seetsele sa Grammy sa Alebamo e e Gaisitseng ya Setso ya Segompieno mo ngwageng o o latelang. <ref name="grammys.com" /> [[Setshwantsho:Tracy Chapman at TED conference 2007 by jurvetson.jpg|thumb|Chapman kwa tiragalong ya ngwaga wa 2007]] O ne a tlhomiwa go nna leloko la juri ya ngwaga wa 2014 ya Ditokomane tsa Sundance Film Festival kwa Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 9, 2014 |title=Tracy Chapman, Dana Stevens, Bryan Singer, Max Mayer and More Among 2014 Sundance Film Festival Jurors |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Tracy-Chapman-Dana-Stevens-Bryan-Singer-Max-Mayer-and-More-Among-2014-Sundance-Film-Festival-Jurors-20140109 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721195529/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Tracy-Chapman-Dana-Stevens-Bryan-Singer-Max-Mayer-and-More-Among-2014-Sundance-Film-Festival-Jurors-20140109 |archive-date=July 21, 2019 |access-date=July 21, 2019 |website=[[BroadwayWorld]]}}</ref> O ne a opela pina ya ga Rre Ben E. King ya "Stand By Me" mo nngweng ya dikarolo tsa bofelo tsa pontsho ya ''Late Show with David Letterman'' ka Moranang ka ngwaga wa 2015. Tiragatso e e ne ya tuma thata mme e ne ya kwalwa thata mo dipampiring tsa dikgang tse di farologaneng go akaretsa le tsa ''Billboard'' le ''tsa The Huffington Post'' . <ref>{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921054038/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/tracy-chapman-stand-by-me_n_7192080|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/tracy-chapman-stand-by-me_n_7192080|title=Tracy Chapman Singing 'Stand By Me' Will Break Your Heart|work=[[HuffPost]]|date=June 12, 2015|access-date=July 21, 2019|archivedate=September 21, 2019}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatsela a le malatsi a masome a mabedi, ka ngwaga wa 2015, o ne a golola ''Greatest Hits'', e e nang le dipina di le lesome le borababobedi go akaretsa le e a e opetseng fa pele ga setšhaba e leng "Stand by Me". Alebamo ke ya gagwe ya ntlha ya kokoanya baaopedi ba ba farologaneng ya bo e gololelwa lefatshe lotlhe ka bophara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 16, 2015 |title=Tracy Chapman Greatest Hits releases on November 20, 2015 |url=http://www.about-tracy-chapman.net/tracy-chapman-greatest-hits-2015/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721201055/http://www.about-tracy-chapman.net/tracy-chapman-greatest-hits-2015/ |archive-date=July 21, 2019 |access-date=July 21, 2019 |publisher=About Tracy Chapman}}</ref>  Ka Phalane ka ngwaga wa 2018, o ne a sekisa moopedi wa mmino wa Rap e bong Mme Nicki Minaj ka ntlha ya go tlola molao wa tetlokhopi, a bolela gore Mme Minaj o ne a sampola pina ya gagwe ya "Baby Can I Hold You" kwantle ga tetlelelo. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Tracy Chapman sues Nicki Minaj over unauthorised sample|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/oct/23/tracy-chapman-nicki-minaj-lawsuit|access-date=July 21, 2019|work=The Guardian|date=October 23, 2018}}</ref> Mme Chapman o boletse gore o ne a "ganne gantsi" ka tetla ya gore "Baby Can I Hold You" e sampole. Kgetsi e ne ya bolela gore Mme Minaj o ne a tlola tetlokhopi (sa ntlha) ka go tlhama pina ya "Sorry" le (sa bobedi) ka go e anamisa; o ne a kopa taelo ya go thibela Mme Minaj go golola pina eo. Go ya ka kgetsi, Mme Chapman o na le molao wa go gana dikopo tsotlhe tsa tetla ya go sampola dipina tsa gagwe. Ka Lwetse ka ngwaga wa 2020, moatlhodi wa Kgotlatshekelo ya Kgaolo Mme Virginia A. Phillips o ne a ntsha katlholo e e khutshwane e e neng e solegela Mme Minaj molemo mo kgetsing ya ntlha ya ngongorego ya gagwe, a bolela gore go dira diteko ga ga Mme Minaj ka pina ya ga Mme Chapman go ne go bontsha go dirisa pina ya ga Mme Chapman ka tsela e e siameng go na le go tlola tetlokhopi . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2020/music/news/nicki-minaj-copyright-lawsuit-tracy-chapman-1234772693/|title=Judge Rules in Favor of Nicki Minaj in Tracy Chapman Copyright Dispute|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=September 16, 2020|access-date=September 18, 2020}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, moatlhodi o ne a atlhola gore palo ya bobedi ya ngongorego e tshwanetse go ya kwa tshekong. Ka Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa 2021, kganetsano e ne ya rarabologa fa Mme Minaj a ne a duela Mme Chapman diketekete tse makgolo a mane le masome a matlhano a didolara tsa Amerika. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/nicki-minaj-tracy-chapman-copyright-lawsuit-sorry-b1784702.html|title=Nicki Minaj to pay Tracy Chapman $450k in 'Sorry' copyright infringement lawsuit|work=[[The Independent]]|date=January 9, 2021|access-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref> Ka tshimologo ya 2020 United States presidential election o ne a opela "Talkin' 'bout a Revolution" mo ''Late Night with Seth Meyers'', a rotloetsa batho go tlhopha. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-03 |title=Tracy Chapman makes rare TV appearance as she urges Americans to vote |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/tracy-chapman-seth-meyers-performance-vote-us-election-b1554908.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405163147/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/tracy-chapman-seth-meyers-performance-vote-us-election-b1554908.html |archive-date=April 5, 2022 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Fa mofuta wa pina ya gagwe ya "Fast Car" e e opelwang ke Rre Luke Combs e ne ya nna mo maemong a ntlha mo tšhateng ya Country Airplay ka Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 2023, Mme Chapman e ne ya nna mosadi wa ntlha wa motho Montsho go bona maemo a ntlha a tlhamo ya pina ya mmino wa country a le esi. Kwa 57th Annual Country Music Association Awards ka Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2023, o ne a nna mosadi wa ntlha wa motho Montsho go ikgapela Seetsele sa CMA, a fenya Pina ya Ngwaga ya "Fast Car", e gape e neng ya dira gore e nne mokwadi wa ntlha wa dipina wa motho Montsho go fenya seetsele seo. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Yahr|first=Emily|date=2023-11-09|title=CMA Awards 2023: Complete list of winners, best and worst moments|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/2023/11/09/cma-awards-2023-best-worst-moments/|access-date=2023-11-09}}</ref> <ref name="cma">{{Cite news|last=Ives|first=Mike|date=2023-11-09|title=35 Years After Its Debut, Tracy Chapman's 'Fast Car' Wins a Song of the Year Award|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/09/arts/music/tracy-chapman-cma-awards-fast-car.html|access-date=2023-11-09}}</ref> Ka 66th Grammy Awards ka Tlhakole a le malatsi a mane, ka ngwaga wa 2024, o ne a opela "Fast Car" le Rre Combs.<ref>Hudak, Joseph (February 4, 2024). [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/tracy-chapman-luke-combs-fast-car-2024-grammys-performance-1234957795/ "Tracy Chapman Performs 'Fast Car' Live for First Time in Nine Years at 2024 Grammys With Luke Combs".] ''[[:en:Rolling_Stone|Rolling Stone]]''. Retrieved February 4, 2024.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Flam |first=Charna |last2=Wenger |first2=Stephanie |date=4 February 2024 |title=Tracy Chapman Delivers Rare 'Fast Car' Performance with Luke Combs at 2024 Grammys |url=https://people.com/2024-grammys-luke-combs-and-tracy-chapman-perform-duet-of-fast-car-at-2024-grammy-awards-8558351 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205033248/https://people.com/2024-grammys-luke-combs-and-tracy-chapman-perform-duet-of-fast-car-at-2024-grammy-awards-8558351 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |access-date=5 February 2024 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> == Bolwela-loago == Mme Chapman o matlhagatlhaga mo sepolotiking le mo setšhabeng. Mo potsolotsong ya ngwaga wa 2009 le National Public Radio, o ne a re, "Ke latelwa ke mekgatlho e le mentsi le batho ba le bantsi ba ba batlang gore ke rotloetse maiteko a bone a a farologaneng a go thusa batho ka tsela nngwe. Mme ke leba dikopo tseo ke leka go dira se nka se kgonang. Mme ke na le dikgatlhego dingwe tsa me, ka kakaretso ke kgatlhegela ditshwanelo tsa batho." <ref name="Ado" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1988 o ne a opela kwa Lontone e le karolo ya loeto lwa maitiso a lefatshe ka bophara go gopola ngwaga wa bo masome a mane wa Universal Decalration of Human Rights le Amnesty International. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul Paz y Miño |date=January 24, 2014 |title=An Activist Remembers the Concert That Moved a Generation |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/an-activist-remembers-the-concert-that-moved-a-generation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721195528/https://www.amnestyusa.org/an-activist-remembers-the-concert-that-moved-a-generation/ |archive-date=July 21, 2019 |access-date=July 21, 2019 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Ka one ngwaga oo o ne a opela kwa maitisong a tlotla a go gopola letsatsi la bo masome a supa la matsalo a molweladitshwanelo le moeteledipele wa Aforikaborwa [[Nelson Mandela]], tiragalo e e neng ya kokoanya madi a Mokgatlho wa Aforikaborwa wa go Lwantsha Tlhaolele le mekgatlho e le mmalwa ya go thusa bana. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Live Aid's Legacy of Charity Concerts|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4627249.stm|access-date=July 21, 2019|date=June 30, 2005}}</ref> Gape o ne a opela kwa tiragalong ya go gopola ngwaga wa bo masome a matlhano wa Amnesty International o o neng o tshwaretswe kwa Paris ka Sedimonthole a le malatsi a lesome, ka ngwaga wa 1998, o o neng o bidiwa " The Struggle Continues... ". E ne e le mongwe wa baopedi ba baeng kwa Pavarotti &amp;amp; Friends for Cambodia and Tibet ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a borataro, ka ngwaga wa 2000, kwa a neng a opela pina le Luciano Pavarotti e e neng ya akgolwa thata ya "Baby Can I Hold You Tonight". <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGregor |first=Claire |date=July 11, 2022 |title=Tracy Chapman and Luciano Pavarotti's Gorgeous Duet of Baby Can I Hold You |url=https://www.themusicman.uk/tracy-chapman-luciano-pavarotti/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002205011/https://www.themusicman.uk/tracy-chapman-luciano-pavarotti/ |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |access-date=October 2, 2022 |website=The Music Man}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2004, o ne a opela le go palama mo tiragalong ya AIDS/LifeCycle . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AIDS LifeCycle 2004 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEHMK-5l2Z8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502015645/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEHMK-5l2Z8 |archive-date=May 2, 2016 |access-date=July 21, 2019 |website=Online Posting |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>  O ntse a amega le dikolo tsa bo botlana tsa Cleveland, a dira ditshwantso tsa motshikinyego tsa dipina tse di rutang gape di tlhagisa diphitlhelelo mo ditiragalong tsa bogologolo tsa ya MaAforika le MaAmerika. O ne a rotloetsa "Crossroads in Black History", e e leng kgaisano ya dipolelo ka baithuti ba dikolo tse digolwane kwa Cleveland le kwa ditoropong tse dingwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |year=1990 |title=School Uses Video To Teach Black History |journal=Curriculum Review |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=11}}</ref> O amogetse setlankana tsa tlotla sa bongaka go tswa kwa Saint Xavier University kwa Chicago ka ngwaga wa 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous honorary degree recipients |url=https://www.sxu.edu/student-life/events/commencement/previous-honorary-degree-recipients.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721195528/https://www.sxu.edu/student-life/events/commencement/previous-honorary-degree-recipients.asp |archive-date=July 21, 2019 |access-date=July 21, 2019 |publisher=Saint Xavier University}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2004 o ne a newa setlankana sa tlotla sa bongaka go tswa kwa lenaneong la bodiragatsi kwa mmadikolong wa gagwe ya Tufts, e le go lemoga boineelo jwa gagwe mo go lweleng loago. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2004 |title=Commencement Speaker Announced |url=http://www.about-tracy-chapman.net/2004-tracy-chapman-doctor-of-fine-arts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721195528/http://www.about-tracy-chapman.net/2004-tracy-chapman-doctor-of-fine-arts/ |archive-date=July 21, 2019 |access-date=July 21, 2019 |website=E-News |publisher=Tufts University}}</ref> Ka Moranang 16, ka ngwaga wa 2023, South African Presidency e ne ya itsise gore Mme Chapman ga mmogo le ba bangwe ba tla abelwa Sekgele sa Bosetšhaba – ''The Order of the Companions of O.R. Tambo'' se se "lemogang batswakwa ba ba filweng boagedi ba bo ba supa botsalano jo ba bo bontshitseng Aforika Borwa. Ka jalo ke Sekgele sa kagiso le tirisanommogo le sesupo se se tseneletseng sa bojammogo le thotloetso." Taelo e ne ya abelwa ene ka selefera "ka ntlha ya seabe sa gagwe mo ntweng ya kgololesego ka go tsaya karolo mo maitekong a go golola Nelson Mandela le go lemosa batho ka dikgatako tsa ditshwanelo tsa batho lefatshe ka bophara." Moletlo wa go beeletsa kabelo e o ne wa tshwarwa ka Moranang a le malatsi a masome a mabedi ke borobabobedi, ka ngwaga wa 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 16, 2023 |title=Announcement of the 2023 National Order Awards nominated names by Director-General of The Presidency, Phindile Baleni |url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/announcement-2023-national-order-awards-nominated-names-director-general-presidency,-phindile-baleni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418064745/https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/announcement-2023-national-order-awards-nominated-names-director-general-presidency%2C-phindile-baleni |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |access-date=April 20, 2023 |publisher=Presidency of South Africa}}</ref> Gantsi Mme Chapman o opela kwa meketeng ya go thusa batho e tshwana le Make Poverty History, amfAR, le AIDS/LifeCycle . Ke mofemedi . <ref name="Fleming" /> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Le fa Mme Chapman a ise a ke a bue phatlalatsa ka tshekamelo ya gagwe ya thobalano, mokwadi Mme Alice Walker o rile ene le Mme Chapman ba ne ba ratana mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1990 . <ref>{{Cite news|archiveurl=Sara Wajid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/dec/15/gender.world|title=No retreat|access-date=July 21, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Brownworth">{{Cite news|title=Tracy Chapman, Valentine's Day and the subversive stories of our lives|url=https://epgn.com/2024/02/15/tracy-chapman-valentines-day-and-the-subversive-stories-of-our-lives/|access-date=July 23, 2025}}</ref> Mme Chapman o tshegeditse kgaogano e e tseneletseng fa gare ga botshelo jwa gagwe le tiro ya gagwe. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=2002-10-15 |title=2002 - Tracy Chapman still introspective? |url=https://www.about-tracy-chapman.net/2002-tracy-chapman-still-introspective/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823000412/http://www.about-tracy-chapman.net/2002-tracy-chapman-still-introspective/ |archive-date=2009-08-23 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=About Tracy Chapman |language=en-US}}</ref> "Ke na le botshelo jwa setšhaba jo e leng botshelo jwa me jwa tiro mme ke na le botshelo jwa me jwa sebele", a bua. "Ka ditsela dingwe, tshweetso ya go kgaoganya dilo tse pedi tse e tsamaisanya le tiro e ke e dirang." <ref name="auto1" /> Mme Chapman o nna kwa San Francisco. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/06/arts/music/tracy-chapman-career.html|title=Where Has Tracy Chapman Been? Her Grammys Triumph Has Fans Wondering|work=The New York Times|date=February 6, 2024|first=Ben|last=Sisario|first2=Heather|last2=Knight|deadurl=Heather Knight (journalist)|access-date=March 25, 2024}}</ref> == Boswa == Mmila o reeletswe ka Mme Tracy Chapman kwa Saint-Jean-d'Heurs, kwa legaeng kwa [[Fora]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2023 |title=Rue Tracy Chapman: Saint-Jean-d'Heurs (63364) |url=https://adresse.data.gouv.fr/carte-base-adresse-nationale?id=63364_jfm4sm#45.809850_3.447200_15.61 |access-date=June 2, 2025 |website=data.gouv.fr}}</ref> == Disikokerafi == === Dialebamo tsa setudio === * ''Tracy Chapman'' (1988) * ''Crossroads'' (1989) * ''Matters of the Heart'' (1992) * ''New Beginning'' (1995) * ''Telling Stories'' (2000) * ''Let It Rain'' (2002) * ''Where You Live'' (2005) * ''Our Bright Future'' (2008) == Dietsele le ditlhopho == === Dietsele tsa Grammy === === Dietsele tse dingwe le ditlhopho === == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hm1i8s2ckldsl5o8km474j4jb2hiwyc 0 15057 57033 56159 2026-11-08T01:28:09Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57033 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''[[:en:Byllye_Avery|Byllye Yvonne Avery]]''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phalane e le masome a mabedi, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le {{Infobox scientist|name=Byllye Avery|image_size=150px|birth_date={{birth date and age|1937|10|20}}|birth_place=[[Waynesville, Georgia]], U.S.|education=[[University of Florida]]<br />[[Talladega College]]|known_for=National Black Women's Health Project}} masome a mararo le bosupa ) ke molweladitshwanelo wa tlhokomelo ya botsogo wa Amerika. Motshegetsi wa tshiamiso ya tsalo, Avery o dirile go tlhama ditirelo tsa tlhokomelo ya botsogo le thuto e e amang boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo le jwa mmele jwa basadi ba bantsho . <ref name="Oxford">{{Cite web |last=Price |first=Kimala |title=Avery, Byllye |url=http://www.oxfordaasc.com/article/opr/t0001/e1263 |access-date=February 18, 2017 |website=Oxford African American Studies Center |publisher=Oxford}}</ref> O itsege thata jaaka mothei wa [[:en:National_Black_Women's_Health_Project|National Black Women's Health Project]] e e leng mokgatlho wa ntlha wa bosechaba go dira tiro e e kgethegileng mo mererong ya boitekanelo jwa tsalo ya basadi ba Bantsho. Ka ntlha ya tiro ya gagwe le NBWHP, o amogetse tshono ya thuto ya [[:en:MacArthur_Foundation|MacArthur Foundation]] ya go Tsenya Seabe mo Loagong le Tlotla ya Gustav O. Lienhard ya go Tsweletsa Pele Tlhokomelo ya botsogo go tswa kwa sekolong sa [[:en:Institute_of_Medicine|Institute of Medicine]] sa [[:en:National_Academy_of_Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] gareng ga ditlotla tse dingwe . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Byllye Y. Avery |url=http://www.blackwomenshealth.org/staff-and-board-members/board-member/byllye-nbsp-y.-nbsp-avery-nbsp/_back_Staff.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626180907/https://blackwomenshealth.org/staff-and-board-members/board-member/byllye-nbsp-y.-nbsp-avery-nbsp/_back_Staff.html |archive-date=June 26, 2022 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=Black Women's Health Imperative |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Lelapa le thuto == Avery o tsholetswe kwa [[Waynesville]] kwa [[Georgia]] mme a golela mo polaseng kwa [[DeLand]] kwa [[Florida]] . Ke morwadia L. Alyce M. Ingram, yo e leng morutabana. <ref name="Oxford" /> Mmaagwe o alogile kwa sekolong sa [[:en:Bethune–Cookman_University|Bethune-Cookman College]]. Rraagwe, e bong Quitman Reddick, o ne a na le lebenkele lo lefelong leo. O ne a bolawa fa Avery a le dingwaga di le lesome le bone. Avery e ne e le ene yo motona mo baneng ba le bararo, mme o ne a rwala maikarabelo a mantsi go tloga fela fa a sa ntse a le monnye. Avery o tsene kwa sekolong sa Talladega College mme a bona dithuto tsa gagwe ya BA mo [[thutong ya tlhaloganyo]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe. <ref name="Oxford" /> O kopane le monna wa gagwe, Wesley Avery, fa a ne a le kwa sekolong sa [[:en:Talladega_College|Talladega College]] mme ba tsena mo nyalong ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro. <ref name="Oxford" /> Byllye le Wesley Avery ba ne ba na le bana ba babedi Wesley le Sonia ba tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bongwe (1961)le ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro ( 1966), ba farologane ka dingwaga di le tlhano. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Byllye Avery |url=https://wams.nyhistory.org/life-story/byllye-avery/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Women & the American Story |language=en}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bosupa (1967), Avery o ne a amogela thuso ya go dira dithutego tsa Masters mo thutong e e kgethegileng kwa [[Sekolong se setona sa Florida]], kwa [[Gainesville]] . Fa a sena go bona dithuto tsa M.Ed. ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borobabongwe (1969) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Byllye Avery - MacArthur Foundation |url=https://www.macfound.org/fellows/357/ |access-date=February 16, 2019 |website=www.macfound.org}}</ref> o ne a nna morutabana wa thuto e e kgethegileng. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970)dikgwedi di le mmalwa fela morago ga go simolola tiro ya gagwe e ntšha, monna wa gagwe o ne a tlhaselwa ke bolwetse jwa pelo jo bo neng bo bolaya. O ne a na le dingwaga di le masome a mararo le boraro fela mme go ne ga lemogiwa morago ga loso lwa gagwe gore o ne a na le kgatelelo e e kwa godimo thata ya madi. Ka nako eo le ene o ne a itsholofetse ngwana wa bone wa boraro. Loso lwa monna wa gagwe le thusitse go tlhotlheletsa maitlamo a ga Avery a go tokafatsa tlhokomelo ya botsogo le thuto ya boitekanelo mo sechabeng sa batho Bantsho. <ref name="Nebbe">{{Cite web |last=Nebbe |first=Charity |title=Byllye Avery: Advocate for African-American Women's Health |url=https://www.iowapublicradio.org/post/byllye-avery-advocate-african-american-womens-health |access-date=February 16, 2019 |website=www.iowapublicradio.org |language=en |archive-date=February 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217030322/https://www.iowapublicradio.org/post/byllye-avery-advocate-african-american-womens-health |url-status=dead }}</ref> Avery o ne a kopana le mosadi wa gagwe e bong Ngina Lythcott ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1989), mme bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba nyalana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano (2005). Lythcott ke ngaka ya boitekanelo jwa sechaba ebile ke molweladitshwanelo. == Bolweladitshwanelo == Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) Avery o ne a simolola go tsaya karolo mo ditlhopheng tse di neng di rotloetsa batho gore ba nne le kitso le mo ditirelong tsa go romela batho go senya mpa ka fa molaong. Go tsibogela go tlhoka phitlhelelo ya go senya mpa le matlhoki a mangwe a botsogo jwa bomme mo basadi ba Bantsho ba ba amogelang lotseno lo lo kwa tlase ba neng ba lebane le tsone mo tikologong ya gaabo, Avery le badirekaene e bong Joan Edelson, Judy Levy, le Margaret Parrish ba ne ba bula mokgatho kana lekalana la Boitekanelo jwa Basadi o bidiwang Women's Health Centre Gainesville (GWHC) ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bone (1974). <ref name="Nebbe" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Price |first=Kimala |title=Byllye Avery |url=http://www.oxfordaasc.com/article/opr/t0001/e1263 |access-date=March 8, 2018 |website=Oxford African American Studies Center |publisher=Oxford}}</ref> E ne e le kokelwana ya ntlha ya go senya mpa le go tlhokomela basadi mo toropong. <ref name="Oxford" /> Ba ne ba bula dikago tseno morago ga gore boikuelo jwa go bula kokelwana ya Botsadi jo bo Rulagantsweng kwa Gainesville bo ganwe. <ref name="Oxford" /> Polelo ya thomo ya GWHC e ne e le go "thusa basadi go rarabolola seemo se se tlhagisang mathata sa boimana jo bo sa rulaganngwang, jo bo sa batlegeng", ka ditshenyegelo tse di kwa tlase. Kokelwana e ne e tlamela ka ditirelo tsa go senya mpa le tsa thibelopelegi, e tlhofofatsa dithuto tsa thobalano, le go tlamela ka katiso e nngwe ya basadi e e amanang le boitekanelo le ditirelo tse di diretsweng basadi ba batho Bantsho, jaaka go dira ditlhatlhobo tsa sickle cell anemia. Go thusa go ruta basadi ka ditirelo tse di gaisang tsa botsogo, badiri ba ne ba tlhama bukana ya kgwedi le kgwedi e e bidiwang ''Sage-Femme'' . Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borobabobedi (1978), Avery o ne a thusa go tlhoma lefelo la pelegi le e neng e le lefelo le lengwe la go belegela bana kwa Gainesville. Baoki-ba ba belegisang kgotsa babelegisi ba ba nang le setlankana ba ne ba thusa basadi ka pelegi mme Avery ka sebele o ne a thusa ka pelegi ya balwetse ba le lekgolo pele a tsamaya. 1] Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bongwe (1981), fa a ne a direla mo lekgotleng la botsamaise la [[:en:National_Women's_Health_Network|National Women's Health Network,]] Avery o ne a simolola tiro e e neng ya tsaya dingwaga di le pedi e e bidiwang Tiro ya Botsogo jwa Basadi ba batho Bantsho. Jaaka karolo ya tiro eno, Avery o ne a rulaganya bokopano jwa Dikgang tsa botsogo jwa Basadi ba batho Bantsho jo bo neng bo tshwarelwa kwa sekolong sa [[:en:Spelman_College|Spelman College]] ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le boraro (1983). <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Our Story |url=http://www.blackwomenshealth.org/about-us/our-story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326135958/http://www.blackwomenshealth.org/about-us/our-story.html |archive-date=March 26, 2017 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=}}</ref> Basadi ba le dikete di le pedi ba ne ba nna teng kwa tiragalong eno ya malatsi a le mararo. Ditlhogo di ne di akaretsa kgokgontsho ya mo lwapeng, bolwetse jwa sukiri, tirisobotlhaswa ya thobalano, mmele o motona , thobalano, pelegi, botsogo jwa tlhaloganyo mmogo le botsogo jo bo faphegileng. Bokopano jo bo ne bo rotloetsa ba ba neng ba le teng go tlhokomela botsogo jwa bone ka go tsibosa batho, go rulaganya sechaba ka ga mathata a botsogo le go itlhatlhoba. <ref name="Oxford" /> Morago ga bokopano jo, Avery o ne a tlhoma kgotsa a simolodisa tiro ya Bosechaba ya Boitekanelo jwa Basadi ba batho Bantsho, e jaanong e bidiwang [[:en:Black_Women's_Health_Imperative|Black Women's Health Imperative,]] semmuso ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bone ( 1984) kwa Atlanta, Georgia. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Sillman |first=Jael |date=2004 |title=Undivided Rights: Women of Color Organize for Reproductive Justice |url=https://archive.org/details/undividedrightsw00jael |last2=Fried |first2=Marlene, Gerber |last3=Ross |first3=Loretta |last4=Gutierrez |first4=Elena R. |publisher=South End Press |isbn=978-0-89608-729-3 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ke one fela mokgatlho wa bosechaba o o ineetseng fela go tokafatsa botsogo le magareng ga basading ba batho Bantsho. NBWHP e ne ya bula ofisi ya bobueledi le ya melawana kwa Washington, DC, ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bongwe (1991). Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bongwe (1991), NBWHP e ne e na le dikgaolo mo mafatsheng a le masome a mabedi le botlhano mme e ne e atolotse phitlhelelo ya yone go dira le basadi kwa Belize, Jamaica, Aforika Borwa, Nigeria, le Brazil. <ref name="Oxford" /> Fa Avery a gakologelwa maikutlo a a sa siamang a a neng a a rutiwa ka tlhakanelodikobo fa a sa ntse a le ngwana, o ne a ruta bomorwadie go keteka mebele ya bone le go bona setswalo. Fa morwadie wa ntlha a nna le dingwaga di le lesome le bongwe, Avery o ne a mo naya kuku e e neng e balega jaana "Letsatsi le le itumedisang la matsalo le setswalo!" <ref>{{Cite book |last=Love |first=Barbara J. |date=September 22, 2006 |title=Feminists Who Changed America, 1963-1975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRouCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09747-8 |language=en}}</ref> Ka bonako morago ga moo, o ne a ruta ka go bona setswalo le go tshola bana kwa sekolong se sebotlana se morwadie a neng a se tlhabolola go nna motshameko o o bidiwang ''go nna Mosadi: Dipusano tsa Bomme le Basetsana'' Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bosupa(1987), motshameko wa nltha o o gatisitsweng o o neng o dirilweng ke basadi ba Maaforika kwa Amerika ba ba abelana dipono tsa bone ka ga go [[Setswalo|bona Setswalo,]] tlhakanelodikobo le lorato <ref>{{Cite book |title=On becoming a woman: mothers & daughters talking together |oclc=30694664}}</ref> <ref name="Oxford" /> Mmogo le baeteledipele ba ba tlhageletseng ba Maaforika kwa Amerika jaaka [[Shirley Chisholm]], [[Maxine Waters]], [[Dorothy Height]], le [[Faye Wattleton]], ba ne ba ntsha le go baa monwana polelo ya phatlalatsa, " Re Gakologelwa: Basadi ba Maaforika kwa Amerika ba Kgololesego ya Tsalo ", ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe <ref>{{Cite web |title=We Remember: African American Women for Reproductive Freedom |url=https://100years.plannedparenthood.org/content/images/era-4/WeRememberBrocure.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326053938/https://100years.plannedparenthood.org/content/images/era-4/WeRememberBrocure.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2019}}</ref> Polelo eno e tshegetsa kgololesego ya go tshola bana (go akaretsa le tshwanelo ya go nna le bana, tshwanelo ya go bona ditirelo tsa thibelo- pelegi le tshedimosetso ya botsogo jwa tsalo, le tshwanelo ya tlhokomelo ya botsogo mmogo le go senya mpa ka tsela e e babalesegileng le e e kafa molaong). Polelo eno e ne ya amanya tlhaolele, lehuma le dikubetsano le mathata a botsogo jwa tsalo mo basading ba Baafrika ba kwa Amerika. Polelo eno e ne ya gatisiwa gape gangwe le gape mme kgabagare ya anamisiwa mo meriting ya dipampiri e le 250 000. Polelo e santse e ka fitlhelwa mo dibukeng tse dintsi tse di buang ka ditshwanelo tsa basadi le go nna balweladitshwanelo. <ref name="Oxford" /> Avery o ne a newa thuso ya Fellowship ya MacArthur mo go one ngwaga ono mo lephateng la melawana ya botsogo. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990) Avery, mmogo le basadi le banna ba bangwe ba le lesome le botlhano ba Maaforika kwa Amerika, ba ne ba tlhama mokgatlho o bidiwang [[:en:African-American_Women_for_Reproductive_Freedom|African-American Women for Reproductive Freedom]] . Mokgatlho o tlhamilwe go fedisa kgobo kgatlhanong le go senya mpa mo setšhabeng sa batho Bantsho le go dira gore go senya mpa go fitlhelesege thata mo basading ba batho Bantsho. <ref name="Cullen-DuPont2000">{{Cite book |last=Kathryn Cullen-DuPont |date=March 2018 |title=Encyclopedia of women's history in America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-4100-8 |page=6 |access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref> Avery o kwadile le go ruta thata ka tsela e lotso, maemo le bong di amang tlhokomelo ya botsogo jwa basadi ka teng. O ne a bitsa dipharologano tsa boitekanelo magareng ga basadi ba Afrika kwa Amerika le basweu a re ke "phitlhelelo ya tidimalo". <ref>{{Cite book |last=While |first=Evelyn C. |year=1994 |title=The Black women's health book: speaking for ourselves |url=https://archive.org/details/blackwomenshealt0000unse_s7o0 |publisher=Seal |isbn=1878067400 |location=Seattle, WA |pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackwomenshealt0000unse_s7o0/page/6 6]}}</ref> O ntse a le moithuti yo o etelang kwa Harvard University School of Public Health; o ne a direla mo Charter Advisory Committee for the Office of Research on Women's Health of the [[:en:National_Institutes_of_Health|National Institutes of Health;]] o ntse a le mogakolodi wa dikgang tsa botsogo wa Kellogg Foundation's International Leadership Program; mme o ne a direla jaaka mogakolodi wa tlhokomelo ya botsogo jwa basadi kwa Latin America, Caribbean le Afrika. 1]. == Dietsele le Dikakgolo == * 1989: [[:en:MacArthur_Foundation|MacArthur Foundation's]] Fellowship for Social Contribution * 1989: Essence Award for Community Service <ref name=":1" /> * 1994: Academy of Science Institute of Medicine's Gustav O. Lienhard Award for the Advancement of Health Care <ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Byllye Avery papers {{!}} Smith College Finding Aids |url=https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/984 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=findingaids.smith.edu}}</ref> * 1994: Grassroots Realist Award by the Georgia Legislative Black Caucus<ref name=":1" /> * 1995: Dorothy I. Height Lifetime Achievement Award <ref>{{Cite web |title=Billye Avery, the first person, after Dr. Height, to receive the Dorothy I. Height Lifetime Achievement Award featured on PBS Special |url=http://stylemagazine.com/news/2013/feb/21/billye-avery-first-person-after-dr-height-receive-/ |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=stylemagazine.com |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703090802/http://stylemagazine.com/news/2013/feb/21/billye-avery-first-person-after-dr-height-receive-/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 1995: President's Citation of the [[:en:American_Public_Health_Association|American Public Health Association]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=APHA Presidential Citation |url=https://www.apha.org/about-apha/apha-awards/presidential-citation/apha-presidential-citation |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=www.apha.org |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030041705/https://www.apha.org/about-apha/apha-awards/presidential-citation/apha-presidential-citation |url-status=dead}}</ref> * 1998: : Business and Professional Women's New Horizons Award <ref name=":1" /> * 2008: Ruth Bader Ginsburg Impact Award from the Chicago Foundation for Women <ref name=":1" /> * 2010: [[:en:Audre_Lorde|Audre Lorde]] Spirit of Fire Award from the Fenway Health Center <ref name=":1" /> == Dibuka tse di tlhophilweng == *Avery, Byllye (Fall 1991). "[http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/yjfem4&div=18&id=&page= Empowerment through wellness][[:en:Yale_Journal_of_Law_and_Feminism|". Yale Journal of Law and Feminism]]. 4 (1). [[:en:Yale_Law_School|Yale Law School]]: 147–154. Pdf. * Avery, Byllye Y. "Breathing life into ourselves." ''Feminism and Community'' (1995): 147. * Avery, B. (1999). ''[[iarchive:altarofwordswisd00aver|An Altar of Words: Wisdom, Comfort and Inspiration]]''. New York: Broadway. ISBN * Avery, Byllye. "Who does the work of public health?." ''American journal of public health'' 92.4 (2002): 570–575. * "Byllye Avery." ''The New York Historical'', 2026. == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 32ndtqfrst968y0v6uaeod03q97qm88 0 15209 57051 55452 2026-11-08T06:46:36Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Lily Banda''' ke modiragatsi, seopedi, mokwadi wa dipina, mminii le mmoki. Ka ngwaga wa 2020 o thagile a le mo palong ya Africa 35:35 e le motlhotlheledi wa thwathwa wa banana mo Aforika <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lily B |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/lily-b |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=Music in Africa}}</ref>ka 2019, Banda o ne tlhagelela mo ''[[The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind]]'',ye e neng e lebisitswe ka botshelo jwa ga [[William Kamkwamba]].O ne a tshameka Annie Kamkwamba.O ne gape a tshameka ele Aicha Konate mo motshamekong wa thelebišene wa ''[[Deep State]]'' ka 2019. Motshameko wa gagwe o ne o akaretsa ele moranodi yo o neng a utsulwe ke batho ebile ba mmolaya . == Difilimi tsa gagwe == * 2019: ''[[The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind]] as Annie Kamkwamba''<ref name="ustv" /> * 2019: ''[[Deep State]]'' (TV series) as Aicha Konate * 2021: ''[[Wheel of Time]]'' (TV series) as Mulaen<ref name="ustv">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-05 |title=Malawi's Lily Banda makes US television debut |url=https://www.capitalradiomalawi.com/2023/10/06/malawis-lily-banda-makes-us-television-debut/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128115123/https://www.capitalradiomalawi.com/2023/10/06/malawis-lily-banda-makes-us-television-debut/ |archive-date=2025-01-28 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Capital Radio Malawi |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2023: ''Supa Team 4 (TV Series) as Leopard'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Supa Team 4|date=2023-07-20|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10241858/?ref_=nm_flmg_job_1_cdt_c_3|access-date=2024-12-16}}</ref><ref name="ustv" /> * 2024: ''The Hunted (Drama) as Wael'' <ref>{{Citation|title=The Hunted|date=2024-01-18|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt22493538/?ref_=nm_flmg_job_1_cdt_c_1|access-date=2024-12-16}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] ryjhgdi10dlyqe62a4ppt2msfet8ats 0 15299 57030 56542 2026-11-08T00:30:35Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 5 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57030 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohammed Ismail Sherif <ref name="Complex">{{Cite web |title=Getting To Know Black Sherif, Ghana's New Street Preacher |url=https://www.complex.com/music/black-sherif-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130012840/https://www.complex.com/music/black-sherif-interview/ |archive-date=30 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Complex |language=en}}</ref>''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong e robabongwe, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi (2002), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Sherif, Biography |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Black-Sherif-6340 |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005220148/https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Black-Sherif-6340 |archive-date=2022-10-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> yo o itsegeng ka leina la '''Black Sherif''' mme pele e ne e '''le Blacko''', <ref name="Fader2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thefader.com/2023/01/13/black-sherif-is-the-message|title=Black Sherif is the message}}</ref> ke seopedi sa Ghana, moopedi wa mmino wa repe le mmabontle wa diaparo. O ne a simolola go tuma ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021) ka pina ya gagwe ya "First Sermon," e a neng a e golola ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021). E e neng ya latelwa ke ya bobedi ya "Second Sermon" ka kgwedi ya Phukwi, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021). <ref name="aud">{{Cite web |date=4 August 2022 |title=Audiomack {{!}} Free Music Sharing and Discovery |url=https://audiomack.com/world/post/black-sherif-upnow-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816181635/https://audiomack.com/world/post/black-sherif-upnow-interview |archive-date=16 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=audiomack.com |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox musical artist|Name=Black Sherif|image=File:Black Sherif in Virginia.jpg|Img_alt=Black Sherif|Img_capt=Sherif ka 2023|native_name_lang=twi|Birth_name=Mohammed Ismail Sherif|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=y|2002|1|9}}|birth_place=[[Konongo, Ghana|Konongo]], [[Ghana]]|Alias=Blacko, Kwaku Frimpong, Kwaku Killa, Iron Boy|Genre={{hlist|[[Highlife]]|[[Afrobeats]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 2023 |title=Black Sherif, Africa's Young Bright Black Star |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/black-sherif-kwaku-the-traveller/ |work=[[Okayafrica]]}}</ref>|[[Hip hop music|hip hop]]|[[reggae]]|[[drill music]]}}|Occupation={{hlist|Singer|rapper|model}}|Years_active=<!-- YYYY–YYYY (or –present) --> 2019–present}} Phunyeletso ya gagwe e ne ya tla ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) ka pina ya gagwe e e tumileng ya " [[:en:Kwaku_the_Traveller|Kwaku the Traveler]] ," e e neng ya fitlha kwa maemong a ntlha ya 1 mo sekaleng sa Mmino wa Apple sa Ghana le Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2021 |title=I didn't know the Sermons will be hits – Black Sherif |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/i-didnt-know-the-sermons-will-be-hits-black-sherif/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801095626/https://www.myjoyonline.com/i-didnt-know-the-sermons-will-be-hits-black-sherif/ |archive-date=1 August 2021 |access-date=1 August 2021 |website=My Joy Online |language=}}</ref> Morago ga moo o ne a golola alebamo ya gagwe ya ntlha ya ''[[:en:The_Villain_I_Never_Was|The Villain I Never Was]]'', ka di kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola ga tlhano, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022). <ref name="Fader">{{Cite web |title=Black Sherif drops debut album The Villain I Never Was |url=https://www.thefader.com/2022/10/06/black-sherif-the-villain-i-never-was |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130012842/https://www.thefader.com/2022/10/06/black-sherif-the-villain-i-never-was |archive-date=30 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref> Alebamo ya gagwe ya ngwaga wa bobedi ya ''[[:en:Iron_Boy_(album)|Iron Boy]]'', e ne ya gololwa ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola gararo, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi, masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Monaheng |first=Tšeliso |date=3 April 2025 |title=Listen to Black Sherif's Highly-Anticipated New Album, 'Iron Boy' {{!}} OkayAfrica |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/black-sherif-iron-boy/ |access-date= |website=OkayAfrica |language=en}}</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025), o ne a tlhophiwa mo Dietseleng tsa BET tsa 2025 . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Black Sherif earns 2025 BET Awards nomination as Ghana's only contender|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/black-sherif-earns-2025-bet-awards-nomination-as-ghanas-only-contender.html|access-date=2025-05-09|language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Sherif earns nomination in 2025 BET Awards - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/black-sherif-earns-nomination-in-2025-bet-awards/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele le thuto == Mohammed Ismail Sherif o tsholetswe le go godisediwa kwa [[:en:Konongo,_Ghana|Konongo-Zongo]], kwa Kgaolong ya Ashanti kwa Ghana . Ka batsadi ba gagwe ka bobedi ba ne ba berekela thata kwa moseja, <ref name="Fader" /> o ne a simolola go nna le rakgadiagwe le maloko a mangwe a lelwapa la gagwe a le dingwaga di le lesome . Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa go tsamaya bo ne jwa dira gore a nne le ditlhotlheletso tse dintsi le ditso tse di farologaneng a sa ntse a le monnye thata. <ref name="aud" /> Sherif o ne a tsena Sekolo sa Motheo sa Boiselamo sa Konongo Zongo mme moragonyana a tsena kwa Sekolong sa Thuto sa Pinamang, kwa a neng a aloga teng kwa sekolong se segolwane. O weditse dithuto tsa gagwe tse di fa gare kwa Sekolong sa Kumasi . E ne e le leloko la Setlhopha sa Dikwalo ka fa tlase ga lekgotla la boemedi jwa baithuti, koo a neng a simolola go kgatlhegela mmino le go bina teng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Falola |first=Ifeoluwa |date=2022-08-15 |title=Black Sherif The Hypnotic Voice Of Freedom |url=https://grmdaily.com/black-sherif-interview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816181637/https://grmdaily.com/black-sherif-interview/ |archive-date=16 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=GRM Daily |language=en-GB}}</ref> Black Sherif gape e dirisane le letshwao la kgwebo la diaparo tsa metshameko la Italy [[:en:Ellesse|la ellesse]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Sherif secures deal with Italy sportswear brand Ellesse for Santoria 2023 Men's collection |url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/74827/black-sherif-secures-deal-with-italy-sportswear.html |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> O ne a kile a nna moithuti wa sekolo se setona sa [[:en:University_of_Professional_Studies|University of Professional Studies,]] mme o ne a ithuta kwa Mmadikolo wa Ghana go tloga ka kgwedi ya Phalane, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Sherif, Biography |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Black-Sherif-6340 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005220148/https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Black-Sherif-6340 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> == Tiro == Black Sherif o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) ka go golola pina ya gagwe ya "Cry for Me" mo maranyaneng a [[:en:YouTube|YouTube]] . Morago ga se, o ne a golola pina e nngwe e e bidiwang "Mariana" ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e robabongwe,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), pele ga pina ya gagwe ya ntlha, "Money" e e neng ya gololwa ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le masome a mabedi le botlhano, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020), ga mmogo le bidio ya mmino. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021), pina ya gagwe e le nngwe ya "First Sermon" e ne ya gololwa, mme seo sa oketsa bareetsi ba gagwe le go feta. Pina e e latelang ya " Secong Sermon ," e ne ya gololwa ka kgwedi ya Phukwi mme ae tlhabolola le motaki-ka-ene wa Moaforika e bong [[:en:Burna_Boy|Burna Boy]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=Kay study |url=https://excellentmusic.miraheze.org/wiki/Kay_study |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Excellent Music Wiki |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207045431/https://excellentmusic.miraheze.org/wiki/Kay_study |archive-date=2025-12-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Phitlhelelo ya ga Black Sherif e tlile ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) ka pina ya gagwe e le nngwe ya "Kwaku the Traveller," e e neng ya fitlha kwamaemong a ntlha mo sesopong sa Mmino wa Apple wa Ghana le Nigeria mme ya nna pina ya gagwe e e ratwang thata. O ne a golola alebamo ya gagwe ya ntlha, [[:en:The_Villain_I_Never_Was|''The Villain I Never Was'',]] ka kgwedi ya Phalane, e e neng e engwe nokeng ke dipina tsa "45" le "Soja". <ref name="Fader" /> Black Sherif o berekile kgotsa o nnile le seabe mo dipina tsa ga [[Sarkodie]], <ref>{{Cite news|last=Mensah|first=Edith|date=16 November 2022|title=The Blacko-collabo hottest picks|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/the-blacko-collabo-hottest-picks.html|location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=17 May 2024|newspaper=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]}}</ref> [[Smallgod]], <ref>{{Cite news|last=Kyekyeku|first=Kofi Oppong|date=30 June 2022|title=New Music: Smallgod Featuring Black Sherif And Tory Lanez – 'Gidi Gidi'|url=https://newshuntermag.com/2022/06/new-music-smallgod-featuring-black-sherif-and-tory-lanez-gidi-gidi.html|newspaper=News Hunter Magazine|access-date=17 May 2024}}</ref> [[Tory Lanez]] , <ref>{{Cite news|last=Adebiyi|first=Adeayo|date=5 June 2022|title=Arrdee: An instant cross-continental success|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/interview-ardee-tells-pulse-about-black-sherif-come-and-go-his-upcoming-projects-and/82x1lrd|access-date=17 May 2022|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> [[Bas]], <ref>{{Cite news|last=Darko|first=Kenneth Awotwe|date=22 February 2023|title=Black Sherif makes it onto Michael B Jordan's 'Creed III' soundtrack with Bas and Kel-P|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/black-sherif-makes-it-onto-michael-b-jordans-creed-iii-soundtrack-with-bas-and-kel-p/|newspaper=MyJoyOnline|access-date=17 May 2024}}</ref> [[Stormzy]], [[Amerado]], [[DJ Breezy]], [[Larry Gaaga]] le ba bangwe. Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022), Black Sherif o ne a bidiwa "Up Now" ke tirelo ya go gasa kgotsa ya go tshameka mmino ya [[:en:Audiomack|Audiomack]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-03 |title=Black Sherif Is #UpNow |url=https://audiomack.com/world/post/black-sherif-is-upnow |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Audiomack World |language=en}}</ref> "Ke ntse ke na le Audiomack go tloga kwa sekolong se setona ," Black Sherif o boleletse Audiomack. "E ne e le tshono ya ntlha e ke neng ka e dirisa gore gore ditsala tsa me di reetse mmino wa me. Go ne go le motlhofo, e bile go ne go lebega e le ga maemo a kwa godimo. E nnile selo sa konokono mo go nna go golagana le balatedi ba me le go abelana mmino."  Black Sherif o ne a diragatsa kwa ipelong ya bo masome a mabedi le botlhano ya Dietsele tsa [[:en:MOBO_Awards|Music of Black Origin]] ( MOBO ), tse di neng di tshwaretswe kwa OVO Arena kwa Wembley, Lontone . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2022 |title=Black Sherif performs at 25th MOBO Awards in the UK |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/black-sherif-performs-at-25th-mobo-awards-in-the-uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111105644/https://www.myjoyonline.com/black-sherif-performs-at-25th-mobo-awards-in-the-uk/ |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022), o ne a tshwara konsarata ya gagwe ya ntlha, e leng " Konsarata ya Zaama Disco ," kwa Accra . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Awotwe Darko |first=Kenneth |date=22 December 2022 |title=Black Sherif: A once homeless 'KK' finds a home in over thousands of hearts at Mozama Disco |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/black-sherif-a-once-homeless-kk-finds-a-home-in-over-thousands-of-hearts-at-mozama-disco/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111110716/https://www.myjoyonline.com/black-sherif-a-once-homeless-kk-finds-a-home-in-over-thousands-of-hearts-at-mozama-disco/ |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref> Ka di kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le masome a mabedi, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), Black Sherif o ne a gapa seetsele sa Hip Hop se se gaisang kwa Dietseleg tsa MVP tsa Soundcity, tse di neng di tshwaretswe kwa [[Eko Hotels and Suites|Lefelong la Bokopano la Eko]] kwa Lagos . <ref name="fwl">{{Cite web |date=12 February 2023 |title=Burnaboy, Black Sherif, Win At The Soundcity MVP Awards 2023 (Full Winners List) |url=https://africanfolder.com/soundcity-mvp-awards-2023-full-winners-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212154054/https://africanfolder.com/burnaboy-black-sherif-win-at-the-soundcity-mvp-awards-2023-full-winners-list/ |archive-date=12 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=[[African Folder]] |language=en}}</ref> O ne a tshameka mo [[:en:Palladium_Times_Square|Palladium Times Square]] kwa New York City ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le masome a mabedi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Palladium Times Square Events Calendar & Schedule 2024 - New York, NY |url=https://www.jambase.com/venue/palladium-times-square |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=JamBase |language=en-US}}</ref> Fa e sale ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), Black Sherif o ntse a diragatsa kwa Moletlong wa Wireless Festival kwa Abu Dhabi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-12 |title=Black Sherif pays tribute to Christian Atsu at Wireless Festival - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/black-sherif-pays-tribute-to-christian-atsu-at-wireless-festival/ |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Moletlong The Something in the Water Festival kwa Virginia Beach <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tollo |first=Nathan |date=2023-03-15 |title=Black Sherif billed to perform at Pharrell Williams' 2023 Something in the Water music Festival |url=https://3news.com/black-sherif-billed-to-perform-at-pharrell-williams-2023-something-in-the-water-music-festival/ |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=3News.com |language=en-US}}</ref> le kwa Afronation Miami. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-30 |title=Black Sherif overwhelmed by Miami; says the city feels like a video game |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/black-sherif-overwhelmed-by-miami-says-the-city-feels-like-a-video-game/m5l1gkp |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Ke Mo-Ghana wa ntlha go diragatsa kwa Moletlong wa Wireless kwa UK. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2023 |title=Black Sherif becomes first Ghanaian to perform at Wireless Festival UK |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/black-sherif-becomes-first-ghanaian-to-perform-at-wireless-festival-uk |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=Black Sherif becomes first Ghanaian act to perform at the Wireless Festival in the UK. |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Black-Sherif-becomes-first-Ghanaian-act-to-perform-at-the-Wireless-Festival-in-the-UK-1801553 |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le masome a mararo le bongwe, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borataro (2026), Black Sherif o ne a tlhagelela mo pineng ya "Amazing Grace," e leng pina ya bobedi mo alebamong ya borataro ya setudio sa seopedi sa Mo-Nigeria e bong Davido, ya [[:en:Oriadé|''Oriadé'']] . <ref>{{Cite news|date=July 29, 2026|title=Davido Unveils Oriadé Tracklist, Features Black Sherif, Aya Nakamura, Leon Thomas|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/music/899094-davido-unveils-oriade-tracklist-featuring-black-sherif-aya-nakamura-leon-thomas.html|access-date=August 6, 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=July 29, 2026|title=Davido Unveils Oriadé Tracklist, Features Black Sherif, Aya Nakamura, Leon Thomas|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/07/29/davido-unveils-oriade-tracklist-features-black-sherif-aya-nakamura-leon-thomas/|access-date=August 6, 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=July 2026|title=Davido Marks 15 Years in Music With Oriadé, an Album Rooted in Royalty & Legacy|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2026/07/davido-oriade-album-tracklist-2026/|access-date=August 6, 2026}}</ref> Black Sherif e ne e le ene fela motaki wa Ghana yo o neng a tlhagelela mo tirong eo ya dipina di le lesome le boraro, e e neng e ngoka badirisanimmogo go tswa kwa Nigeria, United States le Fora; bagasi ba ne ba lemoga gore go kopanya ga gagwe go ne go supa kgatlhego ya go kgabaganya melelwane go kgabaganya mebaraka ya mmino wa Ghana le wa Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite news|date=July 30, 2026|title=Black Sherif Stands Out as Sole Ghanaian Feature on Davido's 'ORIADÉ' Album|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/84029/black-sherif-stands-out-as-sole-ghanaian-feature.amp|access-date=August 6, 2026}}</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borataro (2026), o ne a tshwara konsarata e nngwe e e neng e rekisitswe kwa Hammerstein Ballroom kwa New York, USA. Se ke bontlhabongwe jwa ditshupo tse a tlileng go tshameka mo go tsone mo loetong la gagwe la mmino la kwa Amerika le le begilweng.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Ghana |date=3 August 2026 |title=Black Sherif sells out New York concert with electrifying performance. |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Black-Sherif-sells-out-New-York-concert-with-electrifying-performance-2046151 |url-status=live |access-date=10 August 2026 |website=Ghanaweb.com}}</ref> == Botaki == Mmino wa ga Black Sherif ke motswako wa mmino wa maemo a a kwa godimo, reggae, le [[hip-hop]], segolobogolo [[:en:UK_drill|UK drill]], e leng mofuta wa mmino wa drill le [[:en:Road_rap|road rap]], o o adimilweng mo mefuteng ya US Chicago e e simolotseng kwa Brixton, kwa Lontone, go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012) go ya pele e gantsi e buang ka botshelo jwa bokebekwa jo bo nang le thubakanyo le jo bo itumedisang. Bontsi jwa mafoko a gagwe a kwadilwe ka puo ya Se -Akan, e leng Se-Twi, e leng puo ya gagwe ya gaabo. O boletse gore mmino wa gagwe o o tlhotlheleditsweng ke baopedi ba rap e bong [[Kanye West]], [[Travis Scott]], Saint Jhn, Dave, Stormzy, J Hus, le baopedi ba kwa Ghana e bong Mugeez le Sarkodie . <ref name="Complex" /> == Kgetsi == Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le lesome le bongwe, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022), Shadrach Agyei Owusu ( yo o bidiwang Snap ), e leng leloko la khuduthamaga la Waynes Chavis Consult, o ne a tlhatlhela kgetsi kgatlhanong le Black Sheriff ka ntlha ya go tlola Tumalano . Owusu o supile gore o beeleditse mo tirong ya ga Black Sherif le gore Black Sherif o beile monwana tumalano ya kabo le setlamo se se bidiwang Empire ka go tlola Tumalano ya taolo ya kgwebo la kgwedi ya Phatwe e le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021). Owusu o ne a batla thuso ya taelo e e thibelang Black Sherif go diragatsa ntle le tetla ya gagwe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Sherif sued over alleged breach of contract |url=http://ghananews.hrforum.uk/2022/04/black-sherif-sued-over-alleged-breach-of-contract-388.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412121630/http://ghananews.hrforum.uk/2022/04/black-sherif-sued-over-alleged-breach-of-contract-388.html |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=Ghana News Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=11 April 2022|title=Black Sherif sued over contract termination|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2022/04/black-sherif-sued-over-contract-termination/|access-date=2022-04-12|language=en-gb|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412085106/https://starrfm.com.gh/2022/04/black-sherif-sued-over-contract-termination/|archivedate=2022-04-12}}</ref> Kgetse magareng ga Shadrach Agyei Owusu le Blck Sherif e santse e emen fa pele ga Lephata la Kgwebo la Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Accra (9) ka Nomoro ya CM/0393/2022. == Tsa Mmino == === Dialebamo === ** ''[[:en:The_Villain_I_Never_Was|The Villian I Never Was]] (2022)'' ** ''[[:en:Take_Care_of_Yourself_Blacko|Take Care of Yourself Blacko]] (double single)<ref>{{cite magazine|last=LeJarde|first=Arielle Lana|url=https://www.thefader.com/2023/08/10/black-sherif-take-care-of-yourself-blacko-yaya-simmer-down|title=Black Sherif shares double single Take Care of Yourself Blacko|magazine=[[The Fader]]|date=10 August 2023|accessdate=23 December 2024}}</ref> (2023)'' ** ''[[:en:Iron_Boy_(album)|Iron Boy]] (2025)'' ( 2025 ) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwaokolo |first=Nneamaka |title=Black Sherif Is Honest on “Iron Boy” but Hesitates to Evolve |url=https://unorthodoxreviews.com/black-sherif-is-honest-on-iron-boy |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=Unorthodox Reviews}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-21 |title=Black Sherif's Global Ascent: Redefining the Boundaries of Ghanaian Music |url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/81337/black-sherifs-global-ascent-redefining-the-bound.html |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> === Di-EPs === * ''[[:en:Sun_Sherif|Sun Sherif]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daraloye |first=Emmanuel |author-link=Emmanuel Daraloye |date=7 September 2026 |title=On Sun Sheriff: Black Sherif's Short Songs, Long Feelings |url=https://critreg.com/on-sun-sheriff-black-sherifs-short-songs-long-feelings |access-date=14 September 2026 |website=Critical Registrar}}</ref> === Di-Singles === ** "First Sermon" (2021) ** "Ankonam" (2021) ** "Second Sermon" (Remix) (featuring [[:en:Burna_Boy|Burna Boy]]) (2022) ** "[[:en:Kwaku_the_Traveller|Kwaku the Traveller]]" (2022) ** "Money" (2022) ** "Soja" (2022) ** "Oh No" (2023) ** "Wotowoto Season" (featuring [[:en:Odumodublvck|Odumodublvck]]) (2023) ** "Fallen Angel" (featuring [[:en:Smallgod|Smallgod]]) (2024) ** "January 9" (2024) ** "Zero" (2024) ** "Shut Up" (2024) ** "Kilos Milos" (2024) ** "Lomo Lomo" (featuring [[:en:KiDi|KiDi]]) (2024) ** "Jesus Christ" (featuring Arathe Jay) (2024) ** "Rebel Music" (2024) ** "So It Goes" (featuring [[:en:Fireboy_DML|Fireboy DML]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://connectbaze.com.ng/black-sherif-so-it-goes-ft-fireboy-dml/ |title=Fireboy DML |access-date=2026-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514122539/https://connectbaze.com.ng/black-sherif-so-it-goes-ft-fireboy-dml/ |archive-date=2025-05-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>) (2025) ** "PopStar" (2026) * == Dietsele le ditlhopho == {| class="wikitable" !Ngwaga !Seetsele !Mofuta !Mofenyi !Maduo !Ref |- | rowspan="9" |2025 |BET Awards |Best International Act category |Himself | | |- | rowspan="8" |Telecel Ghana Music Awards |Artist of the Year |Himself |{{nom}} | rowspan="8" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amoah |first=Geraldine |date=2025-05-11 |title=TGMA 2025: Full List of Winners As King Promise Wins Artist of the Year |url=https://yen.com.gh/entertainment/music/283165-26th-tgma-full-list-winners-king-promise-wins-artist-year/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=yen.com.gh |language=en}}</ref> |- |Best Hiplife/Hippop Artiste |Himself |{{nom}} |- |Best Hippop Song |Himself |{{nom}} |- |Best Afrobeat Song |"Lomo Lomo" - KiDi ft Himself |{{nom}} |- |Best Hiplife |Himself |{{nom}} |- |Telecel Most Popular Song |Himself |{{nom}} |- |Collaboration of the Year |"Lomo Lomo" - KiDi ft Himself |{{Won}} |- |Best Afropop Song |Himself |{{nom}} |- |2024 | | | | | |- | rowspan="9" |2023 |BET Hip Hop Awards |Best International Flow |Himself |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-04 |title=2023 BET Hip Hop Awards: Black Sherif wins 'Best International Flow' |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2023/10/2023-bet-hip-hop-awards-black-sherif-wins-best-international-flow/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Soundcity MVP Awards |Best Hip Hop |Himself |{{Won}} |<ref name="fwl" /> |- |Ghana Music Awards USA |Hip Hop/Hiplife Artist of the Year |Himself |{{Won}} | |- |The Headies |West African Artiste of the Year |Himself |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agambila |first=Dorcas |date=2023-09-04 |title=Black Sherif wins 'West African Artiste of The Year' at Headies Awards 2023 |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/black-sherif-wins-west-african-artiste-of-the-year-at-headies-awards-2023/v13q8wy |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |Vodafone Ghana Music Awards |Artist of the Year |Himself |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2023 |title=Piesie Esther loses AOTY to Black Sherif |url=https://theaccratimes.com/piesie-esther-loses-artiste-of-the-year-to-black-sherif-plus-full-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=theaccratimes.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225175352/https://theaccratimes.com/piesie-esther-loses-artiste-of-the-year-to-black-sherif-plus-full-list-of-winners/ |archive-date=2024-02-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Best Hiphop Song of the Year |Himself |{{Won}} |- |Best Music Video |"Konongo Zongo" |{{Won}} |- |Most Popular Song of the Year |"Kweku the Traveller" |{{Won}} |- |Best Collaboration of the Year |"Country Side" (with Sarkodie) |{{Won}} |- | rowspan="13" |2022 |Entertainment Achievement Awards |Entertainment Personality of the Year |Himself |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntsie |first=Berlinda |date=2022-02-27 |title=Black Sherif Wins eaas entertainment personality of year |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/celebrities/black-sherif-wins-eaas-entertainment-personality-of-the-year/q7qql9z |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321032333/https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/celebrities/black-sherif-wins-eaas-entertainment-personality-of-the-year/q7qql9z |archive-date=21 March 2022 |access-date=2022-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |3Music Awards |Hip Hop Song of the Year |"Second Sermon" |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-27 |title=Kidi wins big at 2022 3music awards, Black Sherif graps first major award |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/music/202203/463173.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404005232/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/music/202203/463173.php |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=6 April 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotey |first=Nii |date=27 March 2022 |title=3Music News: 3Music Awards '22: Here are all the winners |url=https://3music.tv/section/news/article?nid=nwi7nMUc8EfDQv03wzwIVX6zdP2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401032059/https://3music.tv/section/news/article?nid=nwi7nMUc8EfDQv03wzwIVX6zdP2 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=27 March 2022 |website=3Music TV |language=}}</ref> |- |Breakthrough Act of the Year |Himself |{{Won}} |- |Hip life/Hip hop Artiste of the Year |Himself |{{Won}} |- |Song of the Year |"Second Sermon" |{{Won}} |- |Artiste of the Year |Himself |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="7" |Ghana Music Awards |Artiste of the Year |Himself |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Gabriel Myers |date=21 March 2022 |title=Vodafone Ghana Music Awards 2022: All the nominees |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/vodafone-ghana-music-awards-2022-all-nominees |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602003303/https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/vodafone-ghana-music-awards-2022-all-nominees |archive-date=2 June 2022 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=Music In Africa |language=}}</ref> |- |Vodafone Most Popular Song |"Second Sermon" |{{nom}} |- |Best New Artiste |Himself |{{won}} |- |Best Hip life/Hip pop Artiste |Himself |{{nom}} |- |Best Hip Pop Song |"Second Sermon" |{{Won}} |- |International Collaboration of the Year |"Second Sermon Remix" (ft. Burna Boy) |{{nom}} |- |Male Vocal Performance of the Year |"Gold Digga" |{{nom}} |- |2022 |Ghana Music Awards UK |Artiste of the Year |Himself |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2022 |title=Black Sherif wins Artiste of the Year Award at GMA UK 2022 |url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2022/10/30/black-sherif-wins-artiste-of-the-year-award-at-gma-uk-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111104942/https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2022/10/30/black-sherif-wins-artiste-of-the-year-award-at-gma-uk-2022/ |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=Ghanabusinessnews.com |language=}}</ref> |} == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Black Sheriff ke Momoseleme . <ref name="Complex" /> Go na le tshedimosetso e nnye e e itsiweng ka botshelo jwa gagwe ka namana. == Disiko ya Zaama == Zaama Disco ke konsarata ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya Black Sherif, e e tshwarwang ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole mongwe le mongwe fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Music |first=Kojo Dondo, Ghana |date=2024-12-20 |title=Experience the Magic of Black Sherif at Zaama Disco 2024 {{!}} Ghana Music |url=https://ghanamusic.com/news/2024/12/20/experience-the-magic-of-black-sherif-at-zaama-disco-2024/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107034232/https://ghanamusic.com/news/2024/12/20/experience-the-magic-of-black-sherif-at-zaama-disco-2024/ |archive-date=2025-11-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] prn3m8qnyw4hni0kywhuocnlp7dv0um 0 15320 57041 55856 2026-11-08T04:17:00Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57041 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Gyakie Ghanaian Singer.jpg|thumb]] '''Jackline Acheampong''' <ref name=":1" /> (yo o tshotsweng ka la bo 16 Sedimonthole 1999), yo o itsiweng ka seporofešenale jaaka '''Gyakie''', kana '''song bird,''' ke seopedi sa R&amp;amp;B kwa Ghana . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Ekow |author-link=Ekow Barnes |date=19 March 2021 |title=Ghanaian Singer Gyakie Is Making African R&B While In College |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/ghanaian-singer-gyakie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321141033/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/ghanaian-singer-gyakie |archive-date=21 March 2021 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=Teen Vogue |language=en-us}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sam |first=Derrick Ekow |date=27 February 2021 |title='I want to fill the biggest auditorium' - Gyakie shares her dreams |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/i-want-to-fill-the-biggest-auditorium-gyakie-shares-her-dreams/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227152751/https://www.myjoyonline.com/i-want-to-fill-the-biggest-auditorium-gyakie-shares-her-dreams/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=My Joy Online |language=}}</ref> .Ka Seetebosigo 2022, Gyakie o ne a tlhagelela mo puisanong ya "Herbal tea and white sofas" ya Grammy, e leng motseletsele o mosha o mo go one bataki ba senolang dilo tse ba tshwanetseng go nna le tsone kwa morago ga serala. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Okirike |first=Nnamdi |date=25 August 2020 |title=Interview: Introducing Gyakie, A Highlife Legend's Daughter |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/gyakie-ghana-music-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317180343/https://www.okayafrica.com/gyakie-ghana-music-interview/ |archive-date=17 March 2021 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=OkayAfrica |language=}}</ref> == Botshelo le dithutego == Gyakie o godiseditswe kwa Kumasi mo Kgaolong ya Ashanti ya Ghana<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-28 |title=The Story Of Gyakie: Africa's Songbird |url=https://unorthodoxreviews.com/the-story-of-gyakie-africas-songbird |access-date=2025-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> O ne a aloga kwa T.I. Ahmadiyya Senior High School, Kumasi mme a fetsa dithuto tsa gagwe tsa undergraduate kwa Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), koo a ithutileng International Business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> == Tiro ya gagwe == Gyakie o tsholetswe mo lelapeng la baopedi, mme fa a le dingwaga di le robedi, o ne a setse a simolotse go bereka le rraagwe mo studio. <ref name=":5" /> Gape o ne a tlhotlhelediwa ke Aṣa le moopedi wa kwa Ghana Omar Sterling wa R2Bees<ref name=":0" /> Gyakie o ne a lebana le kgatelelo fa a ne a simolola go dira kopelo . O ne a bolelela DJ Edu mo potsolotsong ya BBC Africa gore o ne a le mo dikeledi fa a ne a simolola bodiragatsi ka gore batsamaisi ba gagwe ba ne ba batla maduo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghana |first=Classic |date=2024-11-25 |title=I cried every three days at the beginning of my career – Gyakie |url=https://www.classicghana.com/i-cried-every-three-days-at-the-beginning-of-my-career-gyakie/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Classic Ghana |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207025830/https://www.classicghana.com/i-cried-every-three-days-at-the-beginning-of-my-career-gyakie/ |archive-date=2024-12-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Gyakie o ne a golola pina ya gagwe ya ntlha, "Love Is Pretty", ka Tlhakole 2019, mme morago a golola "Never Like This". O ne a golola EP ya dipina tse tlhano, e e bidiwang Seed, ka Phatwe 2020.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> The "Forever" track on the Seed EP e ne ya tshameka kwa Ghana, Kenya, le Nigeria. E ne ya nna kwa godimo mo matshwaong a kopelo jaaka Billboard's Top Triller Global le Shazam's Top 200 charts.<ref name=":0" /> Gyakie o ne a golola remix ya "Forever" le moopedi wa Nigeria [[Omah Lay]] ka Mopitlo 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2021 |title=Gyakie features Mah Lay on remix of 'Forever' |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Gyakie-features-Mah-Lay-on-remix-of-Forever-1208977 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019223741/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Gyakie-features-Mah-Lay-on-remix-of-Forever-1208977 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}</ref> Ka yona kgwedi eo, o ne a bidiwa mosadi yo o tlhagelelang wa ngwaga kwa 2021 3Music Women's Brunch ya [[3Music Awards]] 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Gabriel Myers |date=9 March 2021 |title=3Music Women's Brunch held in Accra |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/3music-womens-brunch-held-accra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310100010/https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/3music-womens-brunch-held-accra |archive-date=10 March 2021 |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=Music In Africa |language=}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=9 March 2021 |title=Gyakie, Adina among first batch of 3Music Awards winners - |url=https://museafrica.com/2021/03/09/gyakie-adina-among-first-batch-of-3music-awards-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601195729/https://museafrica.com/2021/03/09/gyakie-adina-among-first-batch-of-3music-awards-winners/ |archive-date=1 June 2022 |access-date=27 March 2022 |website=Muse Africa |language=}}</ref> O nnile le tumalano le rekoto ya boditšhabatšhaba ya Sony Music Entertainment, RCA Records UK, le Sony Music Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=Gyakie inks worldwide label deal with Sony Music, RCA Records UK |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/gyakie-inks-worldwide-label-deal-with-sony-music-rca-records-uk/5lr9zet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324150701/https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/gyakie-inks-worldwide-label-deal-with-sony-music-rca-records-uk/5lr9zet |archive-date=24 March 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka Mopitlo 2022, Gyakie o ne a bidiwa Mosadi wa Ngwaga wa [[3Music Awards 2022]] ka nako ya 3Music Women's brunch.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Kotey |first=Nii |date=27 March 2022 |title=3Music News: 3Music Awards '22: Here are all the winners |url=https://3music.tv/section/news/article?nid=nwi7nMUc8EfDQv03wzwIVX6zdP2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401032059/https://3music.tv/section/news/article?nid=nwi7nMUc8EfDQv03wzwIVX6zdP2 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=27 March 2022 |website=3Music TV |language=}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2022, Gyakie o ne a tlhagelela mo puisanong ya "Herbal tea and white sofas" ya [[Grammy]], e leng motseletsele o mosha o mo go one bataki ba senolang dilo tse ba tshwanetseng go nna le tsone kwa morago ga serala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Osafo |date=2022-06-28 |title=Gyakie gets featured on Grammy 'Herbal Tea & White Sofas' |url=https://ghana-plug.com/gyakie-opens-grammy-debut-with-herbal-tea-and-white-sofas-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628122121/https://ghana-plug.com/gyakie-opens-grammy-debut-with-herbal-tea-and-white-sofas-interview/ |archive-date=28 June 2022 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Ghana Plug |language=en-US}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] ppvy9abw7rdnnxv167ks2uh9cjr3g8o 0 15321 57055 55881 2026-11-08T07:38:54Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57055 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Mercy Aigbe at the 2026 Toronto International Film Festival.jpg|thumb]] '''Mercy Aigbe''' (o tshotswe ka 1 Ferikgong 1978) ke modiragatsi wa Nigeria, mokaedi, le mosadi wa kgwebo. O itsege thata ka difilimi tsa gagwe tsa puo ya se Yoruba . <ref name="pulse">{{Cite web |last=Ayomide O. Tayo |date=3 June 2015 |title=Mercy Aigbe-Gentry, pretty passionate actress |url=http://pulse.ng/celebrities/womancrushwednesday-mercy-aigbe-gentry-pretty-passionate-actress-id3824320.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625023508/http://pulse.ng/celebrities/womancrushwednesday-mercy-aigbe-gentry-pretty-passionate-actress-id3824320.html |archive-date=25 June 2016 |access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.naij.com/463296-6-hottest-asoebi-styles-of-mercy-aigbe.html|title=6 Hottest Asoebi Styles Of Mercy Aigbe|author=Ajomole Helen|accessdate=9 August 2015}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele == Mercy Aigbe o belegwe ka 1 Ferikgong 1978 kwa [[Edo State]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mercy Aigbe looks more beautiful without makeup |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/style/122-beauty/50709-mercy-aigbe-looks-more-beautiful-without-makeup-photos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122125509/https://www.nigeriafilms.com/style/122-beauty/50709-mercy-aigbe-looks-more-beautiful-without-makeup-photos |archive-date=22 November 2022 |access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> ke Pa Aigbe le Mme. Abisola Grace Owodunni.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 January 2017|title=My mum and I : I bought car in school and lied to mum I won beauty pageant –Mercy Aigbe-Gentry|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/my-mum-and-i-i-bought-car-in-school-and-lied-to-mum-i-won-beauty-pageant-mercy-aigbe-gentry/|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref> O tswa kwa [[Benin City]] e leng motse mogolo wa [[Edo State]]. Ke ngwana wa bobedi mo lelapeng la bana ba le batlhano.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Okundia|date=1 January 2021|title=Pictures: Nollywood actress, Mercy Aigbe hits 43|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/01/01/pictures-nollywood-actress-mercy-aigbe-hits-43/|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref> O ne a dira dithuto tsa gagwe tse di potlana kwa St. Francis , a tswelela ko go se segolwane sa Maryland Comprehensive Secondary School [[Ikeja]], Lagos State<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2020 |title=Who is Mercy Aigbe? Biography, Age, Career, Net worth, Awards, other Facts ⋆ NaijaHomeBased |url=https://www.naijahomebased.com/who-is-mercy-aigbe-biography-age-career-net-worth-awards-other-facts/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414212748/https://www.naijahomebased.com/who-is-mercy-aigbe-biography-age-career-net-worth-awards-other-facts/ |archive-date=14 April 2021 |access-date=14 April 2021 |website=NaijaHomeBased}}</ref> Gape ke moithuti wa kwa [[The Polytechnic]], Ibadan, [[Oyo State]], koo a amogetseng OND ya gagwe ya dithuto tsa madi. Ka 2001, Mercy Aigbe o ne a aloga kwa Yunibesithing ya Lagos ka dikirii ya bodiragatsi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mercy Aigbe children |url=https://www.naija.ng/1163683-mercy-aigbe-children.html#1163683 |website=naija.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=21 August 2010|title=True, some of my colleagues are wayward, says Mercy Aigbe|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/08/ture-some-of-my-colleagues-are-wayward-says-mercy-aigbe/|accessdate=14 April 2021}}</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe == Mercy Aigbe o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ya go tshameka ka go tshameka mo dithelebisheneng tse di tumileng tsa thelebišene "[[Papa Ajasco"]]."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mercy Aigbe, beautiful, talented actress|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/womancrushwednesday-mercy-aigbe-beautiful-talented-actress/he22cr2|access-date=14 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302210836/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/womancrushwednesday-mercy-aigbe-beautiful-talented-actress/he22cr2|archivedate=2 March 2021}}</ref> Ka 2006, Mercy o ne a tsenela indaseteri ya Nollywood ka botlalo mme a tshameka mo filiming e e mo tlisitseng mo leseding 'Ara,' e e dirilweng ke Remi Olupo kwa [[Ibadan,]] Oyo State.<ref>{{Cite web |title='I'll never do anything to jeopardize my marriage' -Mercy Aigbe {{!}} Encomium Magazine |url=https://encomium.ng/ill-never-do-anything-to-jeopardize-my-marriage-mercy-aigbe/ |access-date=14 April 2021}}</ref> O tlhamile sekolo sa "Mercy Aigbe Gentry School of Drama" ka 2026 .<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2016 |title=Mercy Aigbe's drama school graduates first set of trained students |url=https://www.tvcontinental.tv/2016/08/04/mercy-aigbes-drama-school-graduates-first-set-trained-students/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018155132/https://www.tvcontinental.tv/2016/08/04/mercy-aigbes-drama-school-graduates-first-set-trained-students/ |archive-date=18 October 2019 |access-date=18 October 2018 |website=Television Continental}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Braimoh |first=Tobi |date=17 July 2016 |title=Mercy Aigbe Starts Her Own Film School |url=https://www.36ng.ng/2016/07/17/mercy-aigbe-starts-film-school/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122124929/https://www.36ng.ng/2016/07/17/mercy-aigbe-starts-film-school/ |archive-date=22 November 2022 |access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref> In 2026, Mercy Aigbe starred in the romantic drama ''Everything Is New Again'', which premiered worldwide on 28 January and began screening in Nigerian and West African cinemas, drawing attention for its bold storytelling and Aigbe's compelling lead performance.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mercy Aigbe stars in romantic new drama|url=https://thesun.ng/mercy-aigbe-stars-in-romantic-new-drama/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|date=1 February 2026|access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] lidlmrn0hd5npjsctbxfgqxfdk8rtk5 0 15324 57048 55772 2026-11-08T05:36:56Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57048 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sindisiwe Mabogo''' (o belegwe ka di 4 Phatwe 1998),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndlovu |first=Romeo |date=2021-09-27 |title=La Sauce: What She Is Known For |url=https://buzzsouthafrica.com/la-sauce-biography-and-famous-songs-she-is-known-for-at-her-age/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319203603/https://buzzsouthafrica.com/la-sauce-biography-and-famous-songs-she-is-known-for-at-her-age/ |archive-date=19 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=BuzzSouthAfrica.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tabalia |first=Jedidah |date=2019-08-27 |title=La sauce biography: age, Amanda Black, songs, album and Instagram |url=https://briefly.co.za/35756-la-sauce-biography-age-amanda-black-songs-album-instagram.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319200557/https://briefly.co.za/35756-la-sauce-biography-age-amanda-black-songs-album-instagram.html |archive-date=19 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=Briefly |language=en}}</ref> ke moopedi wa [[Afrika Borwa]] yo o itsegeng ka leina la '''LaSauce'''. O ne a itsege morago ga go gololwa ga pina ya "Phumelela" ya ga [[Miss Pru DJ]]..<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ntsinde |first=Mandisa |date=2017-01-25 |title=MEET LaSauce Ambitiouz Entertainment newest SEXY member |url=https://www.zkhiphani.co.za/meet-lasauce-ambitiouz-entertainment-newest-sexy-member/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319200559/https://www.zkhiphani.co.za/meet-lasauce-ambitiouz-entertainment-newest-sexy-member/ |archive-date=19 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=Zkhiphani |language=en-US}}</ref> Mabogo o goletse kwa Durban, [[KwaZulu-Natal]] kwa a simolotseng go kgatlhegela mmino a sa le monnye mme a kgatlhwa ke [[Hip-hop|hip hop]], R&B le [[jazz]]..  Ka 2017 fa a ne a le dingwaga di le 18, o ne a nna le konteraka ya go rekota le [[Ambitiouz Entertainment]] mme a golola pina ya gagwe ya ntlha "I Do" [[le Amanda Black]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathobela |first=Phuti |title=My relationship with Amanda Black is everything: La Sauce |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/my-relationship-with-amanda-black-is-everything-la-sauce-20170830 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319200558/https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/my-relationship-with-amanda-black-is-everything-la-sauce-20170830 |archive-date=19 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=La Sauce's music video gets a whopping 4-million views |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2017-12-14-la-sauces-music-video-gets-a-whopping-4-million-views/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319200555/https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2017-12-14-la-sauces-music-video-gets-a-whopping-4-million-views/ |archive-date=19 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Conversation with Amanda Black: 'I've grown incredibly from the girl who wrote 'Amazulu<nowiki>''</nowiki> - OkayAfrica |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/amanda-black-speaks-amazulu-and-new-album-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319200557/https://www.okayafrica.com/amanda-black-speaks-amazulu-and-new-album-interview/ |archive-date=19 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref> e e neng ya feta dimilione tsa batho ba ba e lebileng mo go YouTube morago ga malatsi a le 13 a go gololwa ga bidio ya yone ya mmino,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=La Sauce raises local R&B bar |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sundayworld/lifestyle/2017-12-14-la-sauce--raises-local--rb-bar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319200558/https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sundayworld/lifestyle/2017-12-14-la-sauce--raises-local--rb-bar/ |archive-date=19 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=SowetanLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> mme e ne ya nna ya ntlha mo alebamong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya studio e e bidiwang Broken Lipstick.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-06 |title=LaSauce takes it slow on Broken Lipstick |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/lasauce-takes-it-slow-broken-lipstick |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319200608/https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/lasauce-takes-it-slow-broken-lipstick |archive-date=19 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Dipina tsa gawe == * ''Broken Lipstick'' (2017)<ref name=":2" /> * ''Sindisiwe'' (2020)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dayile |first=Qhama |title=Here's the full list of #SAMA27 nominees |url=https://www.snl24.com/drum/celebs/news/heres-the-full-list-of-sama27-nominees-20210520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319201156/https://www.snl24.com/drum/celebs/news/heres-the-full-list-of-sama27-nominees-20210520 |archive-date=19 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] b20vmesrw2512py6i6qqm84gib1193k 0 15470 57025 56176 2026-11-07T23:11:35Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57025 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Abigail Asante.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox}} {{Infobox person | birth_date = 11 September 1997 | birth_place = Britain | nationality = Britain | occupation = Moopedi | known_for = kopelo | years_active = 2018-le gompieno }} '''Abigail Burland''' (o belegwe ka 11 Lwetse 1997), yo o itsegeng ka leina la '''Abigail Asante''', ke rapper wa kwa Boritane, motantshi, le motho wa inthanete.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Felicity |date=2020-04-04 |title=Premiere: Abigail Asante shares explosive debut single 'Stupid' |url=https://www.dummymag.com/new-music/premiere-abigail-asante-shares-explosive-debut-single-stupid/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126011017/https://www.dummymag.com/new-music/premiere-abigail-asante-shares-explosive-debut-single-stupid/ |archive-date=2020-11-26 |access-date=2020-12-17 |website=DummyMag |language=en-US}}</ref> O ne a simolola go tuma ka go tshameka dibidio tsa go bina tse a neng a di tsenya mo Instagram le go thiba ditsela tse dikgolo gore a tle a kgone go tshameka dibidio tsa mmino. O ne a simolola mmino wa gagwe ka go dirisana mmogo le Ivorian Doll, a ntsha dipina ka leina la '''Abigail''' × '''Ivorian Doll'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rockson |first=Annie |date=2019-04-16 |title=Abigail x Ivorian Doll Release Visuals for 'Spare Me' |url=https://amormagazine.co.uk/abigail-x-ivorian-doll-release-visuals-for-spare-me/ |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=Amor Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ga jaana Asante o tshameka a le esi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sotire |first=Timi |date=2021-02-09 |title=Abigail Asante: Carving Out Her Own Space In The UK Drill Scene |url=https://www.reformthefunk.com/features/abigail-asante-carving-out-her-own-space-in-the-uk-drill-scene |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210215927/https://www.reformthefunk.com/features/abigail-asante-carving-out-her-own-space-in-the-uk-drill-scene |archive-date=2021-02-10 |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=REFORM THE FUNK |language=en-US}}</ref> O sale a golola dipina tsa gagwe tsa solo, go akaretsa "Stupid" le "Liar",<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Robin |date=2020-07-27 |title=Abigail Asante's 'Liar' Is A Statement Of Empowerment |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/abigail-asantes-liar-is-a-statement-of-empowerment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802233202/https://www.clashmusic.com/news/abigail-asantes-liar-is-a-statement-of-empowerment |archive-date=2020-08-02 |access-date=2020-12-17 |website=Clash Magazine |language=en}}</ref> le "Bad Gyal Bounce", e leng tirisanommogo le Brixx..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archibald-Powell |first=Naimah |date=2020-11-01 |title=Brixx & Abigail Asante link up for "Bad Gyal Bounce" |url=https://grmdaily.com/brixx-abigail-asante-bad-gyal-bounce/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129221300/https://grmdaily.com/brixx-abigail-asante-bad-gyal-bounce/ |archive-date=2020-11-29 |access-date=2020-12-17 |website=GRM Daily |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] rksgowaasy2zj978v1o870fky1uanpa 0 15482 57029 56220 2026-11-08T00:29:37Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57029 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kenneth Binyavanga Wainaina''' (O tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong e le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le bongwe(1971) – Go fitlha a tlhokafala ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le masome a mabede le bongwe, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) e ne e le mokwadi wa kwa Kenya, mmegadikgang le mofenyi wa seetsele sa bakwadi ba Aforika sa [[:en:Caine_Prize_for_African_Writing|Caine Prize for African Writting.]] Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro (2003), o ne a nna morulaganyi yo o simolotseng ''[[:en:Kwani?|Kwani?]]'' koranta ya dikwalo, e e neng ya simololwa kwa Kenya, kwa botlhaba jwa Afrika Bo. Ka kgwedi ya Moranang, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014), korata ya ''Time'' e ne ya akaretsa Wainaina mo [[:en:Time_100|Time 100]] e le nngwe ya batho ba ba rotloetsang mo Lefatsheng".<ref>Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi (23 April 2014). [https://time.com/collections/2014-time-100/70795/binyavanga-wainaina-time-100/ "The 100 Most Influential People | Binyavanga Wainaina]". ''Time''. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2026.</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele le Thuto == Binyavanga Wainaina o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Hiikgong e le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bongwe (1971) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/feb/16/binyavanga-wainaina-gay-rights-kenya-africa|title=Binyavanga Wainaina: coming out in Kenya|last=Adams|first=Tim|date=16 February 2014|newspaper=The Observer|access-date=23 May 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0029-7712}}</ref> kwa Nakuru kwa Porofenseng ya Rift Valley, kwa Kenya . <ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/world/02/voices_from_kenya/html/wainaina.stm "Voices of Kenya's Voters"], BBC News</ref> O tsene Sekolo se se Potlana sa Moi kwa Nakuru, Sekolo se Segolo sa Mangu kwa Thika, le Sekolo sa Lenana kwa Nairobi . Moragonyana o ne a ithutela kgwebo kwa University of Transkei mo Aforikaborwa, kwa a neng a ya go nna teng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bongwe (1991). <ref name="BBC" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200529215428/http://kwani.org/publication/kwanini-series/4/how_to_write_about_africa.htm Biographical note] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529215428/http://kwani.org/publication/kwanini-series/4/how_to_write_about_africa.htm|date=29 May 2020}}, "How To Write About Africa", ''Kwani?''.</ref> == Tiro ya dikwalo == Morago ga thuto ya gagwe, Wainaina o ne a bereka kwa [[Cape Town]] dingwaga di le mmalwa jaaka mokwadi yo o ikemetseng wa dijo le maeto. <ref name="PostObit">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/binyavanga-wainaina-barrier-shattering-presence-in-african-literature-dies-at-48/2019/05/22/4fddb096-7c9c-11e9-8bb7-0fc796cf2ec0_story.html|title=Binyavanga Wainaina, barrier-shattering presence in African literature, dies at 48|first=Harrison|last=Smith|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=22 May 2019|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi (2002), o ne a gapa seetsele sa Caine ka polelo ya gagwe ya "Discovering Home" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Micheni |first=Mwenda |date=3 May 2010 |title=Caine Prize sways African writing |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/caine-prize-sways-african-writing-1298522 |access-date=7 May 2026 |website=The East African}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Stephen |date=1 September 2002 |title=Caine Prize 2002: Top award goes to Kenya's Wainaina |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Caine+Prize+2002%3A+top+award+goes+to+Kenya's+Wainaina.+(Events).-a091568303 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706062511/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Caine+Prize+2002%3A+top+award+goes+to+Kenya%27s+Wainaina.+%28Events%29.-a091568303 |archive-date=6 July 2017 |access-date=20 September 2017 |website=African Business |publisher=Reprinted at The Free Library}}</ref> ( baatlhodi e ne e le [[Ahdaf Soueif,]] [[Margaret Busby]], [[Jason Cowley]] le [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]] ) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caine Prize judges since 2000 |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/565c3d39e4b027c789ba5b70/t/56a93116ab2810988519b820/1453928731099/CainePrize+Judges+Archive+2000-12.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104102058/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/565c3d39e4b027c789ba5b70/t/56a93116ab2810988519b820/1453928731099/CainePrize+Judges+Archive+2000-12.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2017 |access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2002 |title=Kenyan wins African writing prize |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2129351.stm |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Wainaina e ne e le morulaganyi yo o simolotseng ''Kwani?'' , <ref name="okayafrica">{{Cite web |title=Binyavanga Wainaina |url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/binyavanga-wainaina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508095149/https://www.theguardian.com/profile/binyavanga-wainaina |archive-date=8 May 2024 |access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref><ref>Busby, Margaret (2 June 2019). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jun/02/binyavanga-wainaina-obituary "Binyavanga Wainaina obituary – Kenyan writer and LGBT activist who made a revolutionary impact on literature from and about the African continent"]. ''The Guardian''. ISSN&#x20;0261-3077. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2019.</ref> koranta ya dikwalo e e neng ya tlhamelwa bakwadi ba ba sa ntseng ba tlhagelela kwa Kenya, o o neng o tlhotlhelediwa ke phetogo ya botaki e e neng ya simolola ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi (2002). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Madenga |first=Tadiwa |date=27 June 2018 |title=5 Literary Magazines That Have Transformed African Literature |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/5-literary-magazines-that-have-shaped-contemporary-african-literature/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828010916/https://www.okayafrica.com/5-literary-magazines-that-have-shaped-contemporary-african-literature/ |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=23 May 2019 |publisher=okayafrica.}}</ref> E tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro (2003), ''Kwani?'' fa e sa le ka nako eo e nnile motswedi o o botlhokwa wa mokwalo o mosha go tswa kwa Aforika; <ref name="okayafrica" /> [[Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor|Yvonne Owuor]], mofenyi wa seetsele sa Caine sa ngwaga wa 2003, le ene o ne a kwalela koranta eo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Winners |url=http://caineprize.com/previous-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412113259/http://caineprize.com/previous-winners/ |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=23 May 2019 |publisher=The 2003 Caine Prize for African Writing}}</ref> Tlhamo ya ga Wainaina ya tshotlo ya "How to Write About Africa", e e gatisitsweng mo koranteng ya ''Granta'' ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano (2005), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wainaina |first=Binyavanga |date=2 May 2019 |title=How to Write About Africa |url=https://granta.com/how-to-write-about-africa/ |url-status=live |journal=Granta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523062112/https://granta.com/how-to-write-about-africa/ |archive-date=23 May 2019 |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> e ne ya ngoka tlhokomelo e ntsi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2019 |title=Binyavanga Wainaina Tells Us 'How To Write About Africa' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/05/22/725808622/binyavanga-wainaina-tells-us-how-to-write-about-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524141147/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/05/22/725808622/binyavanga-wainaina-tells-us-how-to-write-about-africa |archive-date=24 May 2019 |access-date=25 May 2019 |website=Goats and Soda}}</ref> <ref>[https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/05/22/725808622/binyavanga-wainaina-tells-us-how-to-write-about-africa Binyavanga Wainaina Tells Us 'How To Write About Africa'".] ''Goats and Soda''. 22 May 2019. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.</ref>Wainaina o ne a soboka ka fa bobegakgang jwa Bophirima bo nonotshitseng dikakanyo tse di sa siamang le dikakanyo tse di neng di le teng pele ga Aforika ka go re: "Motho o tshwanetse go tshwara Aforika jaaka e kete ke lefatshe le le lengwe... [ya] batho ba le dimilione di le makgolo a robabongwe ba ba bolawang ke tlala le go swa le go lwa le go fuduga go bala buka ya gago." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sickmueller |first=Megan |date=17 October 2021 |title=Binyavanga Wainaina's 'How To Write About Africa' and the Dangers of the Single Story |url=https://retrospectjournal.com/2021/10/17/binyavanga-wainainas-how-to-write-about-africa-and-the-dangers-of-the-single-story/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523135028/https://retrospectjournal.com/2021/10/17/binyavanga-wainainas-how-to-write-about-africa-and-the-dangers-of-the-single-story/ |archive-date=23 May 2022 |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=Retrospect Journal}}</ref> Padi e ne ya nna le tlhotlheletso e e nnelang ruri, e e neng ya tlhalosiwa ke ''[[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]'' jaaka "mokwalo wa puo ya Seesemane o o buisiwang thata mo kontinenteng ya Aforika", <ref name="Guardian Malik">{{Cite news|archiveurl=Nesrine Malik}}</ref> mme ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010) Wainaina o ne a tla rotloediwa go kwala "Kafa o ka Kwalang ka Aforika II: The Revenge". <ref name="Bidoun" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro (2003), o ne a neelwa seetsele ke Mokgatlho wa Bagatisi ba Kenya ka ntlha ya ditiro tse a di dirileng mo dibukeng tsa Kenya. <ref name="Kamau">{{Cite web |last=Kamau |first=Stephen |date=16 May 2018 |title=Binyavanga Wainaina: 7 things you need to know about this controversial author |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/273666-binyavanga-wainaina-7-controversial-author.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523123726/https://www.tuko.co.ke/273666-binyavanga-wainaina-7-controversial-author.html |archive-date=23 May 2019 |access-date=23 May 2019 |publisher=Tuko}}</ref> O kwaletse ''[[:en:The_EastAfrican|The EastAfrican]]'', ''[[:en:National_Geographic_(magazine)|National Geographic]]'', [[:en:The_Sunday_Times_(South_Africa)|The Sunday Times]] (Aforika Borwa), ''Granta'', ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]'', ''[[:en:Chimurenga_(magazine)|Chimurenga]]'' le ''[[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]'' (UK). <ref name="Kamau" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Malec |first=Jennifer |date=7 August 2017 |title='How to write about everything'—Binyavanga Wainaina on the problems faced by African writers, and how to overcome them |url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2017/08/07/how-to-write-about-everything-binyavanga-wainaina-on-the-problems-faced-by-african-writers-and-how-to-overcome-them/ |access-date=23 May 2019 |website=[[The Johannesburg Review of Books]] |quote=The piece was styled as a 'lost chapter' from his memoir, ''One Day I Will Write About This Place'', and was published simultaneously on Chimurenga...}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rausing |first=Sigrid |author-link=Sigrid Rausing |date=22 May 2019 |title=Binyavanga Wainaina |url=https://granta.com/binyavanga-wainaina/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606132349/https://granta.com/binyavanga-wainaina/ |archive-date=6 June 2019 |access-date=23 May 2019 |website=Granta |quote=We had already published his memoir... and, among others, a satirical piece...}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Binyavanga Wainaina Archive |url=https://planetbinya.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831091818/https://planetbinya.org/ |archive-date=31 August 2018 |access-date=24 August 2017 |quote=He wrote several essays for the ''Sunday Times'', South Africa, commissioned by Andrew Unsworth, which are unavailable on their online archive.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vidija |first=Patrick |last2=Muchangi |first2=John |date=1 December 2016 |title=I am HIV positive, Binyavanga tweets |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016-12-01-i-am-hiv-positive-binyavanga-tweets/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523153823/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016-12-01-i-am-hiv-positive-binyavanga-tweets/ |archive-date=23 May 2019 |access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007), Wainaina e ne e le mokwadi yo o nnang kwa sekolong sa Union kwa Schenectady, kwa New York (U.S.A.). Ka letlhafula la ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008), o ne a le kwa Sekolong sa Williams, kwa Williamstown, kwa Massachusetts, kwa a neng a ruta, a tlhatlhelela le go dira padi teng. E ne e le Bard Fellow le mokaedi wa lefelo la Chinua Achebe ya Dikwalo le Dipuo tsa Aforika kwa sekolong sa Bard . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- No author credited --> |title=Fellows of the Bard Center |url=http://www.bard.edu/institutes/bardcenter/fellows/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218183600/http://www.bard.edu/institutes/bardcenter/fellows/ |archive-date=18 February 2015 |access-date=18 February 2015 |website=bard.edu |publisher=[[Bard College]]}}</ref> Wainaina collected more than 13,000 recipes from around Africa and was an expert on traditional and modern African cuisine. Ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong e le dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007), Wainaina o ne a tlhophiwa ke lekalana la World Economic Forum go nna" Moeteledipele wa banana wa Lefatshe Lotlhe " – seetsele se se fiwang batho ka ntlha ya "bokgoni jwa bone jwa go nna le seabe mo go bopeng isagwe ya lefatshe." Morago ga moo o ne a gana go neelwa seetsele seo. Mo lekwalong le le neng le kwaletswe Klaus Schwab le Kgosigadi Rania wa Jordan, o ne a kwala jaana:   Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010), Wainaina o weditse MPhil ya Bokwadi jwa Boitlhamedi kwa sekolong sa University of East Anglia . Buka ya gagwe ya ntlha, e leng memoir e e bidiwang [[:en:One_Day_I_Will_Write_About_This_Place|''One Day I Will Write About This Place'',]] e ne ya gatisiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe (2011). Ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014), fa a tsibogela lekhubu la melao e e kgatlhanong le basodoma e e neng ya fetisiwa mo Aforika, Wainaina o ne a itsise phatlalatsa gore ke sodoma, a kwala pele tlhamo e e bidiwang "I Am a Homosexual ", e a neng a e tlhalosa e le "kgaolo e e latlhegileng" ya memoir ya gagwe ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe (2011), mme morago ga moo a kwala mo Twitter, a re: "Ke Sodoma. Gay, e bile ke itumetse tota." <ref name="Lost chapter">{{Cite web |last=Wainaina |first=Binyavanga |date=19 January 2014 |title=I Am a Homosexual, Mum {{!}} (A lost chapter from One Day I Will Write About This Place) |url=https://africasacountry.com/2014/01/i-am-a-homosexual-mum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133956/http://africasacountry.com/2014/01/i-am-a-homosexual-mum/ |archive-date=7 March 2016 |website=Africa is a Country}}</ref><ref>Howden, Daniel (21 January 2014), [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/21/kenyan-writer-binyavanga-wainaina-declares-homosexuality/print "Kenyan writer Binyavanga Wainaina declares: 'I am homosexual{{'"}}]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508095119/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/21/kenyan-writer-binyavanga-wainaina-declares-homosexuality|date=8 May 2024}}, ''The Guardian''.</ref><ref>@BinyavangaW (20 January 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190523030056/https://twitter.com/BinyavangaW/status/425397812826611712 "I am, for anybody confused or in doubt, a homsexual. Gay, and quite happy"] (Tweet). Archived from the original on 23 May 2019 &#x2013; via Twitter.</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele == Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola gangwe, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016), [[Letsatsi la Lefatshe la AIDS|Letsatsi la Lefatshe Lotlhe la AIDS]], Wainaina o ne a dira kitsiso mo tsebeng ya gagwe ya Twitter gore o na [[HIV|le mogare wa HIV]], "e bile o itumetse". <ref name="guardianobit" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018), o ne a itsise gore o tla bo a nyala molekane wa gagwe wa nako e telele ngwaga o o latelang. <ref name="guardianobit" /> == Leso == Wainaina o tlhokafetse, a le dingwaga di le masome a mane le borobabobedi, morago ga go [[Go Swa Mohama|tsenwa ke seterouku]] mo tshokologong ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le masome a mabedi le bongwe, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), kwa sepateleng sa Aga Khan kwa Nairobi, go ya ka dikgang le metswedi ya lelwapa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Malec |first=Jennifer |date=22 May 2019 |title=Binyavanga Wainaina, 1971–2019, RIP |url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2019/05/22/binyavanga-wainaina-1971-2019-rip/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524184132/https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2019/05/22/binyavanga-wainaina-1971-2019-rip/ |archive-date=24 May 2019 |access-date=22 May 2019 |website=The Johannesburg Review of Books |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/05/22/world/africa/ap-af-obit-binyavanga-wainaina.html|title=Kenyan Author, LGBT Activist Binyavanga Wainaina Dies at 48|date=22 May 2019|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=22 May 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> O ne a tshwarwa ke seterouku makgetlo a le mmalwa fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016). <ref name="PostObit" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/22/binyavanga-wainaina-kenyan-author-and-gay-rights-activist-dies-aged-48|title=Binyavanga Wainaina, Kenyan author and gay rights activist, dies aged 48|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Alison|last=Flood|date=22 May 2019|access-date=6 December 2020}}</ref> Kokoanyo ya ditlhamo tsa ga Wainaina, e e bidiwang How to Write About Africa, e ne ya gatisiwa morago ga loso lwa gagwe ka 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2025 |title=How To Write About Africa: Celebrating the Legacy of Binyavanga Wainaina |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hS44Hs8av9c |access-date=4 December 2025 |publisher=American Library in Paris |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Dikgatiso tse di tlhophilweng == === Dibuka === * ''[[:en:One_Day_I_Will_Write_About_This_Place|One Day I Will Write About This Place: A Memoir]]'' (autobiography); [[:en:Graywolf_Press|Graywolf Press]], 2011, ISBN. * ''How To Write About Africa'' (collected essays), [[:en:Penguin_Books|Penguin Books]], 2022; paperback 2024, ISBN<ref name="Guardian Malik2" /> === Dikwalo tse dikhutshwane === * "Discovering Home" (short story), ''g21net'', 2001. Reprinted in ''Discovering Home: A selection of writings from the 2002 Caine Prize for African Writing''. Jacana (South Africa), ISBN. "Discovering Home" [https://web.archive.org/web/20070210072714/http://www.g21.net/africa29.html Part One]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070108175808/http://www.g21.net/africa30.html Part Two]. ''G21 Africa''. * "An Affair to Dismember" (short story), [[:en:Wasafiri|''Wasafiri'',]] Volume 17, Issue 37, 2002. * "Beyond the River Yei: Life in the Land Where [[:en:Bidoun|Sleeping]] is a Disease" (photographic essay; with Sven Torfinn), Kwani Trust, 2004. * "How To Write About Africa" (article, satire), ''Granta'' 92, 2005. As ''How to Write About Africa'', Kwani Trust, 2008, ISBN. Reproduced in full in the 40th birthday edition of ''[[:en:Granta|Granta]]'', 2 May 2019. * "In Gikuyu, for Gikuyu, of Gikuyu" (article, satire), ''Granta'' 103, 2008.<ref name="InGikuyu" /> * "How to Write About Africa II: The Revenge", [[:en:Bidoun|''Bidoun'',]] No. 21, Bazaar II, 2010.<ref name="Bidoun2" /> * "Viewpoint: Binyavanga on why Africa's international image is unfair", [[:en:BBC_News|BBC News]] | Africa, 24 April 2012. * "I am a homosexual, mum" (essay). ''Africa is a Country'', 19 January 2014.<ref name="Lost chapter2" /> Reprinted in ''The Guardian'', 21 January 2014. * "A Letter to All Kenyans from Binyavanga Wainaina or Binyavanga wa Muigai" (essay), ''[[:en:Brittle_Paper|Brittle Paper]]'', 25 October 2017. == Dietsele le ditlotla == * 2002: [[:en:Caine_Prize_for_African_Writing|Caine Prize for African Writing]] for his short story "Discovering Home". * 2004: Kenyan Publishers Association Award. * 2014: ''Time'' Magazine's "100 Most Influential People.<ref name="time" /> == Bona gape == * Ditshwanelo tsa LGBT kwa Kenya == Dintlha == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] em361oimgct6mcmq32yzfjizvcuoymf 0 15546 57027 56404 2026-11-07T23:41:46Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57027 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Maurice Hemingway''' (o tshotswe ka 1977) ke motsamaisi wa thelebišene le wa difilimi wa kwa Amerika. O berekile thata mo thelebišeneng, a tsamaisa mananeo a le mantsi a [[CSI: NY]], [[Treme]], [[True Blood]] le [[Shameless]], gareng ga a mangwe. O ne gape a tsamaisa filimi e le nngwe, [[Red Tail]]<nowiki/>s (2012). Pele a nna mokaedi o ne a dira jaaka mothusa mokaedi mo thelebišeneng le mo difiliming.. == Tiro ya gagwe == Hemingway o simolotse go dira mo intasetering ya motshameko wa kgolegelo wa HBO Oz wa ga [[Tom Fontana]] e le mothusa motsamaisi. Moragonyana o ne a bereka le Fontana mo go The Jury. E ne e le mothusi wa motsamaisi wa ntlha mo filiming ya [[Freedomland]] ka 2006 e e neng e kwadilwe ke mokwadi wa The Wire [[Richard Price]] mme e ne e na le maloko a le mmalwa a motshameko oo mmogo le [[Samuel L. Jackson]]. O ne a dira le Jackson la ntlha jaaka mothusa motsamaisi mo filiming ya 2002 ya Changing Lanes. O simolotse go dira le motsamaisi/motlhagisi [[Joe Chappelle]] mo filiming ya 2000 ya [[Takedown]] mme fa e sale a dira le ene mo The Wire le [[CSI: NY]]. Mo [[The Wire]] Hemingway o ne a direla jaaka mothusa motsamaisi wa ntlha mo dikgaolong di le mmalwa mo setlheng sa ntlha<ref name="The Wire season 1 crew">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=''The Wire'' season 1 crew |url=http://www.hbo.com/thewire/cast/crew/season_1.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012024115/http://www.hbo.com/thewire/cast/crew/season_1.shtml |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=2007-10-14 |publisher=HBO}}</ref> ga mmogo le ya bobedi le ya boraro .<ref name="The Wire season 2 crew">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=''The Wire'' season 2 crew |url=http://www.hbo.com/thewire/cast/crew/season_2.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012034646/http://www.hbo.com/thewire/cast/crew/season_2.shtml |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=2007-10-14 |publisher=HBO}}</ref><ref name="The Wire season 3 crew">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=''The Wire'' season 3 crew |url=http://www.hbo.com/thewire/cast/crew/season_3.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012034651/http://www.hbo.com/thewire/cast/crew/season_3.shtml |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=2007-10-14 |publisher=HBO}}</ref> O ne a boa ka 2006 jaaka motsamaisi wa karolo ya bosupa ya setlha sa bone [["Unto Others"]].<ref name="EG44">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Episode guide - episode 44 Unto Others |url=http://www.hbo.com/thewire/episode/season4/episode07.shtml |access-date=2006-11-01 |publisher=HBO}}</ref><ref name="The Wire season 4 crew">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=''The Wire'' season 4 crew |url=http://www.hbo.com/thewire/cast/crew/season_4.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012034656/http://www.hbo.com/thewire/cast/crew/season_4.shtml |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=2007-10-14 |publisher=HBO}}</ref> [[Showrunner David Simon]] o ne a bolela gore Hemingway's directing debut e ne ya supa se ba neng ba setse ba se itse, "gore e ne e le nako". Maitemogelo ano a ne a dira gore a kgone go rulaganya motseletsele o mongwe wa dibuka tsa ga Hemingway..<ref name="Jim King David Simon interview 3">{{Cite web |last=Jim King |year=2003 |title=3rd Exclusive David Simon interview |url=http://members.aol.com/TheWireHBO/exclusive4-5.html |access-date=2007-11-05 |publisher=The Wire at AOL}} Page 5</ref> Ka 2012, filimi ya ntlha ya ga Hemingway e e bidiwang [[Red Tails]] e ne ya gololwa. E ne e dirilwe ke [[George Lucas]], yo o simolotseng porojeke eno. E ne ya dirwa ke [[Rick McCallum]] le Chas. [[Floyd Johnson]]. [[HBO]] gape e dira Bros, motshameko wa metlae o o tla bo o tsamaisiwa ke Hemingway mme o kwadilwe ke Ben Cory Jones, o o buang ka bakaulengwe ba le bararo ba Maaforika-Amerika - ba le babedi ba ba sa tsalanang le ba bangwe le mongwe yo o ratanang le ba bangwe - yo mongwe le mongwe wa bone a lebaneng le go ratana le go intsha le mongwe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=2014-11-03 |title=HBO Developing 'Bros' Black Brothers Comedy From 'Red Tails' Director & 'Dear White People' Producer |url=https://deadline.com/2014/11/bros-comedy-anthony-hemingway-hbo-1201272095/ |access-date=2019-10-17 |website=Deadline |language=en}}</ref> Ka 2020, Anthony Hemingway o ne a saena tumalano le [[20th Television]] go tlhagisa le go tsamaisa diporojeke tsa yone.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thorne |first=Will |date=2020-07-27 |title=Anthony Hemingway Inks Overall Deal With 20th Century Fox TV |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/anthony-hemingway-20th-century-fox-tv-overall-deal-1234717349/ |access-date=2020-08-18 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Hemingway ke setlhabana, o tlhalositse fa a ne a itse botshelo jwa gagwe jotlhe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANTHONY HEMINGWAY |url=https://www.iconmann.com/home/2018/12/14/anthony-hemingway |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805101239/https://www.iconmann.com/home/2018/12/14/anthony-hemingway |archive-date=August 5, 2019 |access-date=2019-10-17 |website=ANTHONY HEMINGWAY - IN CONVERSATION |language=en-US}}</ref> Ene le [[Steven G. Norfleet]] ba simolotse go ratana ka 2014, morago ga go itsane ka tsala ya bone. Ba ne ba baana letlhokwa ka Seetebosigo 2018<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Jessica |date=2018-06-12 |title=Director Anthony Hemingway Engaged to Actor Steven Norfleet |url=https://www.ebony.com/entertainment/anthony-hemingway-engaged-steven-norfleet/ |access-date=2019-10-17 |website=EBONY |language=en-US}}</ref> ba nyalane ka Lwetse married 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/27/fashion/weddings/anthony-hemingway-and-steven-norfleet-say-their-love-is-built-to-last.html|title='Our Love Is Built to Last'|access-date=2019-10-17|language=en-US}}</ref> == Difilimi == === Botsamaisi === '''Filimi''' * ''Red Tails'' (2012) '''Baesekopo''' {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Episodes |- | rowspan="6" |2025 |''Boston Blue'' |"Pilot"<br /><br />"Faith and Family" |- | rowspan="4" |''Forever'' |"Ghosted" |- |"Fourth Quarter" |- |"Deep End" |- |"Forever..." |- |''Power Book IV: Force'' |"A Seat at the Table" |- |2023 |''True Lies'' |"Pilot" |- | rowspan="5" |2021 | rowspan="5" |''Genius'' |"Aretha: Respect" |- |"Aretha: Young, Gifted and Black" |- |"Aretha: Amazing Grace" |- |"Aretha: Chain of Fools" |- |"Aretha: No One Sleeps" |- |2020 |''Power Book II: Ghost'' |"The Stranger" |- |2019 |''All Rise'' |"Sweet Bird of Truth" |- | rowspan="7" |2018 | rowspan="2" |''The Purge'' |"What Is America?" |- |"Take What's Yours" |- | rowspan="5" |''Unsolved: The Murders of Tupac and the Notorious B.I.G.'' |"Wherever It Leads" |- |"Nobody Talks" |- |"Take Your Best Shot" |- |"Tupac Amaru Shakur" |- |"Unsolved?" |- |2017 |''Shots Fired'' |"Hour Three: Someone's Son" |- | rowspan="6" |2016 |''Goliath'' |"Cover Your Ass" |- | rowspan="5" |''American Crime Story'' |"The Dream Team" |- |"100% Not Guilty" |- |"Conspiracy Theories" |- |"A Jury in Jail" |- |"Manna from Heaven" |- | rowspan="4" |2015 |''Glee'' |"The Rise and Fall of Sue Sylvester" |- |''Empire'' |"Unto the Breach" |- |''Shameless'' |"Crazy Love" |- |''Major Crimes'' |"Internal Affairs" |- | rowspan="4" |2014 | rowspan="2" |''The Newsroom'' |"Boston" |- |"Contempt" |- |''American Horror Story: Freak Show'' |"Test of Strength" |- |''Shameless'' |"Emily" |- | rowspan="3" |2014–2020 | rowspan="3" |''Power'' |"Whoever He Is" |- |"Exactly How We Planned" |- |"Not Exactly How We Planned" |- | rowspan="9" |2013 |''Major Crimes'' |"All In" |- | rowspan="2" |''Treme'' |"This City" |- |"Yes We Can Can" |- |''Low Winter Sun'' |"Ann Arbor" |- |''The Newsroom'' |"Red Team III" |- |''Major Crimes'' |"Boys Will Be Boys" |- |''True Blood'' |"At Last" |- | rowspan="2" |''Shameless'' |"Cascading Failures" |- |"The American Dream" |- | rowspan="6" |2012 |''Vegas'' |"Estinto" |- |''Treme'' |"Tipitina" |- |''Once Upon a Time'' |"Child of the Moon" |- | rowspan="2" |''Treme'' |"Careless Love" |- |"Knock with Me - Rock with Me" |- |''Shameless'' |"Father's Day" |- | rowspan="5" |2011 |''CSI: NY'' |"Air Apparent" |- |''The Closer'' |"A Family Affair" |- |''Fringe'' |"Wallflower" |- |''Falling Skies'' |"What Hides Beneath" |- | rowspan="3" |''Treme'' |"Accentuate the Positive"<ref>{{Cite web |last=HBO |author-link=HBO |title=''Treme'' episode "Accentuate the Positive" synopsis |url=http://www.hbo.com/treme#/treme/episodes/2/11-ep-11-accentuate-the-positive/synopsis.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423004152/http://www.hbo.com/treme |archive-date=April 23, 2011 |access-date=April 28, 2011}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |2010 |"All on a Mardi Gras Day" |- |"At the Foot of Canal Street"<ref>{{Cite web |last=HBO |author-link=HBO |title=''Treme'' episode "At the Foot of Canal Street" synopsis |url=http://www.hbo.com/treme/episodes/1/04-at-the-foot-of-canal-street/synopsis/synopsis.html |access-date=May 10, 2010}}</ref> |- |''True Blood'' |"Evil Is Going On" |- |''Undercovers'' |"Jailbreak" |- |''Community'' |"Epidemiology" |- | rowspan="9" |2008 |''The Closer'' |"Tijuana Brass" |- |''True Blood'' |"Plaisir d'Amour" |- |''Heroes'' |"Angels and Monsters" |- |''Criminal Minds'' |"3rd Life" |- |''The Wire'' |"Clarifications" |- | rowspan="2" |''CSI: NY'' |"Personal Foul" |- |"Like Water for Murder" |- |''Battlestar Galactica'' |"Six of One" |- | rowspan="2" |''ER'' |"Tandem Repeats" |- | rowspan="7" |2007 |"Under the Influence" |- |''The Black Donnellys'' |"The Only Thing Sure" |- |''CSI: Miami'' |"Burned" |- |''Shark'' |"Backfire" |- | rowspan="2" |''CSI: NY'' |"The Thing About Heroes" |- |"The Lying Game" |- |''Tell Me You Love Me'' | |- | rowspan="5" |2006 |''Close to Home'' |"Prodigal Son" |- |''Justice'' |"Wrongful Death" |- | rowspan="2" |''CSI: NY'' |"Hung Out to Dry" |- |"Heroes" |- |''The Wire'' |"Unto Others"<ref name="EG44" /> |- |} === Mothusa motsamaisi === '''First Assistant''' * ''[[Freedomland]]'' (2006) Second Unit * ''[[The Manchurian Candidate]]'' (2004) Washington, D.C./New York unit * ''The Jury'' (2004) * ''[[The Wire]]'' (2002–2006) 23 episodes * ''The Extreme Team'' (2003) * ''Oz'' (2002) 4 episodes * ''[[Juwanna Mann]]'' (2002) * ''[[Changing Lanes]]'' (2002) Second Unit * ''[[Law & Order Criminal Intent]]'' (2001) * ''The Corner'' (2000) 4 episodes == Metswedi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] 6pnmu3pdx8y7lc5bw5ukweetm0yyang 0 15566 57037 56443 2026-11-08T02:23:41Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Demi Singleton | image = | caption = | birth_date = 27 Tlhakole 2007 | birth_place = [[Baton Rouge]], [[Louisiana]], U.S | nationality = | occupation = Motshameki wa filimi, Seopedi, Mmini | known_for = Godfather of Harlem,King Richard | years_active = 2017-le jaana }}'''Demi Patricia Singleton''' (o tshotswe ka 27 Tlhakole 2007) ke motshameki wa mo Amerika, moopedi, le motantshi. O itsege thata ka ditiro tsa gagwe mo MGM + tlolomolao thelebišene ya motseletsele [[Godfather of Harlem]], jaaka [[Serena Williams]] e monnye mo baesekopong ya botshelo Kgosi Richard, le jaaka Sally Reeves mo Paramount + bophirima motseletsele [[Lawmen: Bass Reeves]]. == Early life == O tsholetswe kwa [[Baton Rouge]], lelapa la ga Singleton le tswa kwa nageng ya [[Honduras]] kwa Amerika Bogare le kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa Caribbean sa [[Dominica]]. Kwa tshimologong o ne a nna kwa [[New Orleans]], mme a fudugela kwa New York City a le dingwaga di le tharo. O ne a simolola go thapisiwa mo go tsa botaki ke barutabana ba ba gaisang ba New York ba mmino, go bina le go tshameka. O ne a ithuta mmino wa ballet go tloga a le dingwaga di le tharo mme a simolola go tshameka cello a le dingwaga di le nnè. O ne a ithuta kwa sekolong sa mmino sa bana kwa [[Brooklyn]] ka dingwaga di le 6 koo a neng a ithuta go tshameka diletswa ka tsebe ka mokgwa wa [[Suzuki]]. Fa a ne a na le dingwaga di le robongwe, o ne a ya go bona mmino wa Broadway o o neng o na le bana ba ba neng ba o tshameka mme a swetsa ka gore le ene o batla go nna motshameki wa mo seraleng. In May 2025, Singleton graduated from [[Marlborough School (Los Angeles)]], an independent girls’ school. That fall, she enrolled at [[Yale University]], where she began her undergraduate studies. == Tiro ya gawe == Singleton o simolotse go tshameka ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme a simolola go tshameka kwa Broadway kwa Andrew Lloyd Webber's School of Rock<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2017 |title=THEY'RE IN THE BAND! SCHOOL OF ROCK GETS TWO NEW DEWEY FINNS |url=https://tjbdaily.medium.com/theyre-in-the-band-school-of-rock-gets-two-new-dewey-finns-829db584ad90 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201214855/https://tjbdaily.medium.com/theyre-in-the-band-school-of-rock-gets-two-new-dewey-finns-829db584ad90 |archive-date=2020-12-01 |website=Medium}}</ref> a le dingwaga di le lesome a diragatsa ngwaga<ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Rock to Welcome a New Batch of Young Stars |url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/190883/school-of-rock-to-welcome-a-new-batch-of-young-stars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324073945/https://www.broadway.com/buzz/190883/school-of-rock-to-welcome-a-new-batch-of-young-stars/ |archive-date=2020-03-24 |website=Broadway.com}}</ref> pele ga tsenelela motshameko wa Disney' wa ''The Lion King'' a tshameka e le Nala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2018 |title=Demi Singleton and Mikee Castillo Join THE LION KING, Eleanor Koski on "Alex, Inc." Tonight, and more! |url=http://youngbway.org/2018/03/demi-singleton-mikee-castillo-join-lion-king-eleanor-koski-alex-inc-tonight/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324073944/http://youngbway.org/2018/03/demi-singleton-mikee-castillo-join-lion-king-eleanor-koski-alex-inc-tonight/ |archive-date=2020-03-24 |website=Young Broadway Actor News}}</ref> Ka Lwetse 2018, Singleton o ne a tshameka mo terameng ya [[Epix]], Godfather of Harlem,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title='Godfather of Harlem': TV Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-reviews/godfather-harlem-review-1244099/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611174107/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-reviews/godfather-harlem-review-1244099/ |archive-date=2021-06-11 |website=Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> e e neng e eteletswe pele ke mofenyi wa Academy Award, Forest Whitaker, jaaka setlogolo sa gagwe sa Margaret Johnson Ka ngwaga wa 2020, Singleton o ne a tlhophiwa go tshameka karolo ya [[Serena Williams]] mo terameng ya metshameko ya [[Warner Bros]]. ya ga [[Will Smith]] e e bidiwang [[King Richard]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2020 |title='King Richard' Finds Its Young Venus & Serena, Adds Aunjanue Ellis To Will Smith-Starring Warner Bros. Pic |url=https://deadline.com/2020/01/king-richard-cast-venus-serena-aunjanue-ellis-will-smith-warner-bros-biopic-1202827114/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110223552/https://deadline.com/2020/01/king-richard-cast-venus-serena-aunjanue-ellis-will-smith-warner-bros-biopic-1202827114/ |archive-date=2020-01-10 |website=Deadline}}</ref> e e tlhalosang kgang ya gore Serena le [[Venus Williams]] ba ne ba atlega jang ka ntlha ya go rulaganngwa le go katisiwa ke rraabone, [[Richard Williams]]. Kwa bofelong filimi e ne ya gololwa ka Ngwanatsele 2021. Gape o ne a tshameka Serena Williams yo monnye mo papatsong ya 2019 ya Bumble Super Bowl.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SERENA, VENUS ROLES CAST FOR WILL SMITH MOVIE, KING RICHARD |url=https://www.tennis.com/baseline/articles/serena-venus-roles-cast-for-will-smith-movie-king-richard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126000752/https://www.tennis.com/baseline/articles/serena-venus-roles-cast-for-will-smith-movie-king-richard |archive-date=2021-11-26 |website=tennis.com}}</ref> == Difilimi == === Filimi === {| class="wikitable" !Ngwaga !Setlhogo !Karolo !Dinopolo |- |2017 |''Goldie'' |Demi (Janet's daughter) | |- |2021 |''King Richard'' |Serena Williams | |- |2024 |<nowiki><i id="mwaA">The Deliverance</i></nowiki> |Shante Jackson | |} === Baesekopo === {| class="wikitable" !Ngwaga !Setlhogo !Karolo !Dinopolo |- |2019 |''Godfather of Harlem'' |Margaret Johnson |Main role, 20 episodes |- |2023 |''Lawmen: Bass Reeves'' |Sally Reeves |Main role |} == Dietsele == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+Dietsele tsa ga Demi Singleton a le esi !Ngwaga !Seetsele !Karolo !Tiro !Maduo !Metswedi |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |Black Reel Awards |Breakthrough Performance – Female | rowspan="2" |''King Richard'' | {{nom}} |<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Press Releases |url=https://www.blackreelawards.com/press-release |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216172908/https://www.blackreelawards.com/press-release |archive-date=16 December 2021 |access-date=24 December 2021}}</ref> |- |San Diego Film Critics Society |Best Youth Performance | {{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2022 |title=2021 San Diego Film Critics Society Nominations |url=http://www.sdfcs.org/2021-nominations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109213715/http://www.sdfcs.org/2021-nominations/ |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=9 January 2022 |website=[[San Diego Film Critics Society]]}}</ref> |} == Metswedi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] m80f048knytvx51ybvve39uptp65dah 0 15650 57042 56723 2026-11-08T05:05:56Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57042 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Kabo dietsele tsa mmino tsa bo lesome le botlhano tsa Metro FM ke moletlo wa ngwaga le ngwaga''' wa badiragatsi ba mmino mo [[Aforika Borwa|Aforikaborwa. Moletlo o wa kabo dietsele]] o lemoga mo go kgetlhegileng diopedi tse di dirileng sentle thata mogo tsa kopelo le mmino mo ngwageng otlhe wa 2015. Kgaso ya moletlo e, e dirilwe ele la ntlha mo ditsong SABC 1 ka Tlhakole 27, 2016. Mofenyi mo setlhopheng sengwe le sengwe sa mmino o tla amogela madi a selekanyo sa R100,000.. Metro FM e dira go tlala ka diatla mo maitekong a go ema nokeng le go beeletsa mo diopeding, e lemoga thata dipoelo tsa theko le thekiso ya tsa mohama wa bodiragatsi mo godimo ga kamogelo ya dietsele tse di ratwang e bile di elediwa bobe tsa mmini tsa Metro Awards. Moletlo wa gompieno o pharologanyo ka jaana e tlaa bo ele lantlha go nna le seetsele se se akaretsang Aforika Yotlhe. [[Nathi]] le Sphectacular & DJ Naves ba ne ba digoga kwa pele mo go tlhophiweng ke balatedi ka jaana ba ne ba tlhophilwe ke balated ga tlhano mongwe le mongwe wa bone. Ba latelwa ke Riky Rick le Emtee ka ditlhopho di le nne mongwe le mongwe go bo gore [[AKA (rapper)|AKA]], Fifi Cooper le [[Black Coffee (DJ)|Black Coffee]] ka ditlhopho di le tharo mongwe le mongwe. Emtee e nnile ene mofenyi yo mogolo wa dietsele, ka a tlhophilwe gane. O latelwa ke [[AKA (rapper)|AKA]] ka dikabelo di le tharo. Nngwe ya tsone, e leng ya moopedi yoo magorogo masha mo go tsa kopelo o ne a e pataganetse le mosha Emtee. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pantsi |first=Nandipha |title=Emtee, Fifi Cooper and Nathi win big at Metro FM Awards {{!}} The Citizen |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/entertainment/emtee-fifi-cooper-and-nathi-win-big-at-metro-fm-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=The Citizen}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-01 |title=15th Metro FM Music Awards: The Complete Winners List - BLQ Magazine |url=https://blaque.co.za/15th-metro-fm-music-awards-complete-winners-list/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=BLQ Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164059/https://blaque.co.za/15th-metro-fm-music-awards-complete-winners-list/ |archive-date=2023-03-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ba ba neng ba tlhophilwe ke balatedi le ba ba fentseng == Moalo oo fa tlase o supa ba ba neng ba tlhophilwe ke balatedi go ka fenya. Bafenyi ke ba ba takilweng ka mmala o motala. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title=All the winners of the 15th MetroFM Music Awards |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2016-02-28-all-the-winners-of-the-15th-metrofm-music-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=TimesLIVE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nemakonde |first=Vhahangwele |date=2016-02-25 |title=Bonang to host the Metro FM awards |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/entertainment/bonang-to-host-the-metro-fm-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=The Citizen}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Category !Nominee !Work nominated !Result |- ! rowspan="5" |Best African Pop Album |[[Nathi]] |''Buyelekhaya'' |- |Zahara |''Country Girl'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Zonke |''Work of Heart'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Maleh |''You Make My Heart Go'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Kabomo |''Sekusile'' |{{Nominated}} |- | colspan="4" | |- ! rowspan="4" |Best Compilation Album |DJ Fresh |''Fresh House Flava 8'' |{{Nominated}} |- |DJ Kanunu |''Soul Meditation 2'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Various Artists |''It's Not a Party Without Us'' |{{Nominated}} |- |999 music |''Summer Ya Di Summer'' |{{Won}} |- | colspan="4" | |- ! rowspan="5" |Best Dance Album |DJ Sphectacula & DJ Naves |''Kings of the Weekend'' |{{Nominated}} |- |[[Black Coffee (DJ)|Black Coffee]] |''Pieces of Me'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Prince Kaybee |''Better Days'' |{{Won}} |- |Mobi Dixon |''Tribal Soul Special Edition'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Heavy K |''Respect The Drumboss 2015'' |{{Nominated}} |- | colspan="4" | |- ! rowspan="5" |Best Female Album |Maleh |''You Make My Heart Go'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Zonke |''Work of Heart'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Zahara |''Country Girl'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Thiwe |''Soul Therapy'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Fifi Cooper |''20FIFI'' |{{Won}} |- | colspan="4" | |- ! rowspan="5" |Best Duo or Group Album |Durban Nyts |''Believe'' |{{Won}} |- |Deep Xcape |''Pandora's Box'' |{{Nominated}} |- |DJ Sphectacula & DJ Naves |''Kings of the Weekend'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Junior Taurus & Lady Zamar |''Cotton Candy'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Mi Casa |''Home Sweet Home'' |{{Nominated}} |- | colspan="4" | |- ! rowspan="5" |Best Hit Single |[[AKA (rapper)|AKA]] featuring Burna Boy, Khuli Chana and Yanga |Baddest |{{Won}} |- |L-Tido |Dlala Ka Yona |{{Nominated}} |- |[[Kwesta]] |Nomayini |{{Nominated}} |- |WTF |Nomusa |{{Nominated}} |- |Shekinah & Kyle Deutshmann |Back to the Beach |{{Nominated}} |- | colspan="4" | |- ! rowspan="5" |Best Music Video |Da L.E.S featuring [[AKA (rapper)|AKA]] and Burna Boy |P.A.I.D |{{Nominated}} |- |Donald |What Goes Around |{{Nominated}} |- |Emtee |Roll Up |{{Won}} |- |DJ Sphectacula & DJ Naves |Kings of the Weekend Anthem |{{Nominated}} |- |Tumi featuring Busiswa |Visa |{{Nominated}} |- | colspan="4" | |- ! rowspan="5" |Best Hip Hop Album |[[Cassper Nyovest]] |''Refiloe'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Riky Rick |''Family Values'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Emtee |''Avery'' |{{Won}} |- |Fifi Cooper |''20Fifi'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Zakwe |''Impande'' |{{Nominated}} |- | colspan="4" | |- ! rowspan="5" |Best Urban Jazz Album |Benjamin Jephta |''Homecoming'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Judith Sephuma |''One World'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Mpumi Dlamini |''Mpumi Dlamini'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Nduduzo Makhathini |''Listening to the Ground'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Nomfundo Xaluva |''From Now On'' |{{Won}} |- | colspan="4" | |- ! rowspan="4" |Best Kwaito Album |Big Nuz |''For The Fans'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Durban Nyts |''Believe'' |{{Nominated}} |- |DJ Bongz |''Game Changer'' |{{Won}} |- |Kabelo Mabalane |''Immortal Vol 3'' |{{Nominated}} |- | colspan="4" | |- ! rowspan="5" |Best Male Album |[[Nathi]] |''Buyelekhaya'' |{{Nominated}} |- |[[Black Coffee (DJ)|Black Coffee]] |''Pieces of Me'' |{{Nominated}} |- |[[Cassper Nyovest]] |''Refiloe'' |{{Won}} |- |Prince Kaybee |''Better Days'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Riky Rick |''Family Values'' |{{Nominated}} |- | colspan="4" | |- ! rowspan="5" |Best New Artist |[[Nathi]] |''Buyelekhaya'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Emtee |''Avery'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Riky Rick |''Family Values'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Prince Kaybee |''Better Days'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Fifi Cooper |''20Fifi'' |{{Won}} |- | colspan="4" | |- ! rowspan="5" |Best R&B Single |Zonke |Reach It |{{Nominated}} |- |[[Nathi]] |Nomvula |{{Nominated}} |- |Maleh |Feels So Good |{{Nominated}} |- |Cici |Runaway |{{Won}} |- |Vincent Bones |My Lady |{{Nominated}} |- | colspan="4" | |- ! rowspan="5" |Best Remix |[[Kelly Khumalo]] |Asine (Afrikan Soul Remix) |{{Nominated}} |- |DJ Sliqe featuring Riky Rick, Reason, L-Tido, Nadia Nakai, [[Kwesta]] and Flabba |Do Like I Do (Remix) |{{Nominated}} |- |Emtee featuring Wizkid and [[AKA (rapper)|AKA]] |Roll Up Re-Up |{{Won}} |- |Tresor |Never Let Me Go (Mobi Dixon Remix) |{{Nominated}} |- |[[AKA (rapper)|AKA]] featuring Fifi Cooper, Rouge, Moozlie and GiGi Lamayne |Baddest (Remix) |{{Nominated}} |- | colspan="4" | |- ! rowspan="5" |Best Urban Gospel Album |Ntokozo Mbambo |''Spirit and Life'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Andile ka Majola |''Chapter 7'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Malusi Mbokazi |''Ngisize Nkosi'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Ayanda Ntazi |''Udumo'' |{{Nominated}} |- |Worship House |''True Worship 2015 (Live)'' |{{Won}} |- | colspan="4" | |- ! rowspan="10" |Song of the Year |[[Black Coffee (DJ)|Black Coffee]] |We Dance Again |{{Nominated}} |- |Nathi |Nomvula |{{Won}} |- |DJ Sphectacula & DJ Naves |Kings of the Weekend Anthem |{{Nominated}} |- |Durban Nyts |Shumaya |{{Nominated}} |- |Heavy K |Umoya |{{Nominated}} |- |DJ Ganyani |Talk to Me |{{Nominated}} |- |Prince Kaybee |Wajelwa |{{Nominated}} |- |Riky Rick |Boss Zonke |{{Nominated}} |- |DJ Shimza |Akulalwa |{{Nominated}} |- |Prince Kaybee |Better Days |{{Nominated}} |- | colspan="4" | |- ! rowspan="5" |Best Collaboration |DJ Sphectacula & DJ Naves * featuring Professor |Kings of the Weekend Anthem |{{Nominated}} |- |Heavy K * featuring Professor & Mpumi |Umoya |{{Nominated}} |- |Major League DJs * featuring [[Cassper Nyovest]], Riky Rick and OkMalumKoolKat |Slyza Tsotsi |{{Nominated}} |- |[[AKA (rapper)|AKA]] * featuring Burna Boy, Khuli Chana and Yanga |Baddest |{{Won}} |- |DJ Sliqe * featuring JR, OkMalumKoolKat and WTF |iLife |{{Nominated}} |- | colspan="4" | |- !Listeners Choice |Emtee | |{{Won}} |- | colspan="4" | |- !Best Produced Album |Fifi Cooper |20Fifi |{{Won}} |- | colspan="4" | |- !Best Styled Video |Cici | |{{Won}} |- | colspan="4" | |- !Lifetime Achiever |Arthur Mafokate | |} == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} 8qa8rpfzevmbw5f4jvq947gb6d78d8f