Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 779 57087 57026 2026-11-10T23:21:24Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of South Africa | common_name = South Africa | native_name = {{small|{{name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(in other official languages)''}}<ref>{{Cite act |institution=Parliament of the Republic of South Africa |title=Constitution Eighteenth Amendment Act |date=27 July 2023 |volume=697 |number=47665 |language=en, tn}}</ref> | af = {{lang|af|Republiek van Suid-Afrika}} | zu = {{lang|zu|iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika}} | ss = {{lang|ss|iRiphabhlikhi yoMzantsi Afrika}} | nso = {{lang|nso|Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa}} | st = {{lang|st|Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa}} | tn = {{lang|tn|Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa}} | ts = {{lang|ts|Riphabliki ya Afrika Dzonga}} | xh = {{lang|xh|IRiphablikhi yoMzantsi-Afrika}} | ve = {{lang|ve|Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe}} | nr = {{lang|nr|iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika}} }}}} | image_flag = Flag of South Africa.svg | alt_flag = | flag2_border = | image_coat = Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg | coa_size = 75 | alt_coat = | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = "{{lang|xam|ǃke e꞉ ǀxarra ǁke}}"&nbsp;([[ǀXam language|ǀXam]])<br />"[[Unity in diversity]]" | national_anthem = "[[National anthem of South Africa|National Anthem of South Africa]]" <div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="centre">[[File:South Africa National Anthem.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:South Africa (centered orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe| [[File:South Africa adm location map.svg|frameless]]|Show map of South Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = [[Pretoria]] <small>(executive)</small>{{efn|Pretoria serves as the executive capital of South Africa, hosting the Union Buildings and the offices of the President and Cabinet.<ref name="three capitals1"/>}}<ref name="glance">{{cite web|title=South Africa at a glance |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|website=South African Government |access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=26 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526163527/https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|url-status=live }}</ref><hr />[[Cape Town]] <small>(legislative)</small>{{efn|Cape Town is the legislative capital, home to the Parliament of South Africa, including the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces.<ref name="three capitals1">{{cite web |title=South Africa's Three Capital Cities |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africas-three-capital-cities |website=gov.za |publisher=Government of South Africa |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref>}}<ref name="glance" /><hr />[[Bloemfontein]] <small>(judicial)</small>{{efn|Bloemfontein serves as the judicial capital, hosting the Supreme Court of Appeal, the highest court for non-constitutional matters in South Africa.<ref name="three capitals1" />}}<ref name="glance" /> | largest_city = {{nowrap|[[Johannesburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|title=Principal Agglomerations of the World|publisher=City Population|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225073559/http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|url-status=live }}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} | population_density_km2 = 50.8 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 169th | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 63,015,904<ref name="Census-2022" /> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 62,027,503<ref name="Census-2022" /> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 23rd | population_census_year = [[2022 South African census|2022]] | population_census_rank = 23rd | official_languages = '''[[Languages of South Africa|12 languages]]'''<ref name="constitution.1.6">{{cite book|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|title=The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa|publisher=Constitutional Court of South Africa|year=2013|edition=2013 English version|at=ch.&nbsp;1, s.&nbsp;6|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174423/https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="parliament.gov.za"/>{{idp| * [[Afrikaans]] * [[South African English|English]] * [[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]] * [[Pedi language|Sepedi]] * [[Sotho language|Sesotho]] * [[Tswana language|Setswana]] * [[South African Sign Language]] * [[Swazi language|Swazi]] * [[Venda language|Tshivenda]] * [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] * [[Tsonga language|Xitsonga]] * [[Zulu language|Zulu]] }} {{collapsible list | titlestyle = text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;font-size:100%;<!--size of [show]/[hide] link--> | liststyle = text-align:left;white-space:nowrap; | title=Languages with special status<ref name="constitution.1.6"/>|[[Khoe languages]]| [[Khoekhoe language|Nama]]|[[Khoisan languages]]|[[German language|German]]|[[Greek language|Greek]]|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|[[Hindi]]|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|[[Urdu]]|[[Arabic]]|[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]|[[Sanskrit]] }} | regional_languages = | languages2_type = | languages2 = | ethnic_groups_year = 2022<ref name="Mitchley">{{Cite web |last=Mitchley |first=Alex |title=SA's population swells to 62 million - 2022 census at a glance |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/sas-population-swells-to-62-million-2022-census-at-a-glance-20231010 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=News24 |language=en-US |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011171333/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/sas-population-swells-to-62-million-2022-census-at-a-glance-20231010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | {{nowrap|81.4% [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black]]}} | 8.2% [[Coloureds|Coloured]] | 7.3% [[White South Africans|White]] | 2.7% [[Indian South Africans|Indian]] or [[Asian (South Africa)|Asian]] | 0.4% other }} | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |85.3% [[Christianity in South Africa|Christianity]] |7.8% [[Traditional African religions|Traditional faiths]] |3.1% [[Irreligion in South Africa|No religion]] |1.6% [[Islam in South Africa|Islam]] |1.1% [[Hinduism in South Africa|Hinduism]] |1.1% other}} | religion_year = 2022 | religion_ref = <ref name="Census-2022"/> | demonym = {{hlist|[[Demographics of South Africa|South African]]}} | government_type = Unitary [[Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency|parliamentary republic with an executive presidency]] | leader_title1 = [[President of South Africa|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] | leader_title2 = [[Deputy President of South Africa|Deputy President]] | leader_name2 = [[Paul Mashatile]] | leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa|Speaker of the National Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Thoko Didiza]] | leader_title4 = [[Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces]] | leader_name4 = [[Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of South Africa|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = [[Mandisa Maya]] | legislature = [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[National Council of Provinces]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence | sovereignty_note = {{nowrap|from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]}} | established_event1 = [[Union of South Africa|Union]] | established_date1 = 31 May 1910 | established_event2 = [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] | established_date2 = 11 December 1931 | established_event3 = [[1960 South African republic referendum|Republic]] | established_date3 = 31 May 1961 | established_event4 = [[Constitution of South Africa|Current constitution]] | established_date4 = 4 February 1997 | area_km2 = 1,221,037 | area_footnote = | area_rank = 24th | area_sq_mi = 471,443 | percent_water = 0.380 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.071 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 April 2026 |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 33rd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $16,740<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 107th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $479.964 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 39th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,503<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 107th | Gini = 63.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2023 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite report|title=Human Development Report 2025: A matter of choice: People and possibilities in the age of AI|author=UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2025_HDR/HDR25_Statistical_Annex_I-HDI_Table.pdf |date=6 May 2025|publisher=UNDP|access-date=28 September 2025|archive-date=6 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006062920/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2025_HDR/HDR25_Statistical_Annex_I-HDI_Table.pdf}}</ref> | Gini_rank = <!-- 2nd --><!-- hid rank as source not clear --> | HDI = 0.741 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year.--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 106th | currency = [[South African rand]] | currency_code = ZAR | time_zone = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | DST_note = | time_zone_DST = | antipodes = | date_format = Short formats: * yyyy/mm/dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for en-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816213516/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * yyyy-mm-dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for af-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505092248/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|+27]] | iso3166code = ZA | cctld = [[.za]] | today = }} [[Karolo:Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] == Ethimoloji == Leina "AforikaBorwa " le tswa mo lefelong le naga eno e leng mo go lone kwa ntlheng ya borwa jwa Aforika. Fa e sena go tlhomiwa, naga eno e ne ya bidiwa Union of South Africa ka Seesemane le {{Lang|nl|Unie van Zuid-Afrika}} ka [[Se-dutch|Sedatšhe]], e le bontsha gore e simolotse fa go ne go kopanngwa dikolone tse nne tsa Boritane. Go tloga ka 1961, leina le leleele la semmuso ka Seesemane e ntse e le "Republic of South Africa" le {{Lang|af|Republiek van Suid-Afrika}} ka [[Seburu|Seaforikanse]]. Naga e na le leina la semmuso ka [[Dipuo tsa semmuso tsa Aforikaborwa|dipuo di le 12 tsa semmuso]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The text |url=https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/constitution/the-text |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225080137/https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/constitution/the-text |archive-date=25 December 2023 |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=www.concourt.org.za}}</ref> '''Mzansi''', e tserwe go tswa mo lefokong la [[Sethosa|Sexhosa]] {{Lang|xh|uMzantsi}} le le rayang "borwa", ke leina le le tlwaelegileng la AforikaBorwa, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Livermon |first=Xavier |year=2008 |title=Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-8121-1 |editor-last=Nuttall |editor-first=Sarah |location=Durham |page=283 |chapter=Sounds in the City |quote=''Mzansi'' is another black urban vernacular term popular with the youth and standing for South Africa. |access-date=5 January 2016 |editor-last2=Mbembé |editor-first2=Achille |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502074447/https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C |archive-date=2 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mzansi DiToloki |url=http://www.deafsa.co.za/mzansi_ditoloki/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116135926/http://www.deafsa.co.za/mzansi_ditoloki/ |archive-date=16 January 2014 |access-date=15 January 2014 |publisher=Deaf Federation of South Africa |quote=uMzantsi in Xhosa means 'south', Mzansi means this country, South Africa}}</ref> fa makoko mangwe a sepolotiki [[Bo-Aforika-Jotlhe|a Pan-Africanist]] a rata lefoko " Azania ", le le tswang mo Segerikeng, e seng mo puong ya Aforika. mrp7e41o3884o0oxxo89dwc62cjusa5 0 4472 57096 19919 2026-11-11T10:50:52Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57096 wikitext text/x-wiki Mabelo a Mothuba Lebelo ke matshameko ya mabelo a maleele a tlwaelesegile ka go tshwara dikhilomethara di le masome a mane le bobedi le dimethara dile lekgolo, masome a fera gangwe le bothano,<ref name="IAAF">{{cite web|url = http://www.bcathletics.org/main/rr_iaaf.htm|title = IAAF Competition Rules for Road Races|year = 2009|publisher = International Association of Athletics Federations|accessdate = 1 November 2010|work = International Association of Athletics Federations|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923182842/http://www.bcathletics.org/main/rr_iaaf.htm|archive-date = 23 September 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> a gantsi a tabogiwa mo tseleng. Mabelo a maleele a simolotse go nna metshameko kgotsa dikgaisano ele tsela ya go dira segopotso sa lesole la Mogerika o bidiwang Pheidippides, yo a neng a rongwa go isa molaetsa gotswa mo ntweng e neng ya bediwa Marathon go ya kwa Athens.{{Reflist|group = n}}{{Reflist|colwidth = 30em}} 68w0t82aacbpd51thxhxcg5lvofhe7j 0 4473 57097 19920 2026-11-11T10:50:53Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57097 wikitext text/x-wiki Mabelo a Mothuba Lobelo ke matshameko ya mabelo a maleele a tlwaelesegile ka go tshwara dikhilomethara di le masome a mane le bobedi le dimethara dile lekgolo, masome a fera gangwe le bothano,<ref name="IAAF">{{cite web|url = http://www.bcathletics.org/main/rr_iaaf.htm|title = IAAF Competition Rules for Road Races|year = 2009|publisher = International Association of Athletics Federations|accessdate = 1 November 2010|work = International Association of Athletics Federations|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923182842/http://www.bcathletics.org/main/rr_iaaf.htm|archive-date = 23 September 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> a gantsi a tabogiwa mo tseleng. Mabelo a maleele a simolotse go nna metshameko kgotsa dikgaisano ele tsela ya go dira segopotso sa lesole la Mogerika o bidiwang Pheidippides, yo a neng a rongwa go isa molaetsa gotswa mo ntweng e neng ya bediwa Marathon go ya kwa Athens.{{Reflist|group = n}}{{Reflist|colwidth = 30em}} b1vrnqcauxcjh0n4sa5b21wsqax7ziu 0 11574 57091 44016 2026-11-11T04:39:49Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57091 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Francistown''' e ne e le kgaolo ya botlhophi mo [[Kgaolo ya Bokone-Botlhaba|Kgaolong ya Bokone-Botlhaba]] e e neng e emetswe ke [[Mopalamente]] mo [[Khuduthamageng ya Botswana]] go tloga ka 1974 go fitlha ka 1994. Kgaolo ya botlhophi, e e neng e akaretsa toropo ya [[Francistown]] le karolo e e kwa borwa ya Kgaolo ya Bokone-Botlhaba, e ne ya tlhamelwa [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1974|ditlhopho]] [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1974|tsa kakaretso tsa 1974]] mme ya phatlaladiwa ka nako ya go baakanngwa ga melelwane ga 1992,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://botswanalaws.com/StatutesActpdf/1972Subsidiarypdf/DELIMITATION%20OF%20CONSTITUENCIES,%20S.%20I.%20NO.%2081%20OF%201972.pdf |title=1972 DELIMITATION OF CONSTITUENCIES |access-date=2025-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315163125/https://botswanalaws.com/StatutesActpdf/1972Subsidiarypdf/DELIMITATION%20OF%20CONSTITUENCIES,%20S.%20I.%20NO.%2081%20OF%201972.pdf |archive-date=2025-03-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> e kgaoganngwa go nna dikgaolo tse pedi tse disha: [[Francistown Botlhaba]] le [[Francistown Bophirima]].<ref name=":0">[https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA02562804_688 "Electoral trends in Botswana - A geographical perspective".]</ref> Jaaka kgaolo botlhophi ya toropo, Francistown ka kakaretso e ne e rata go tlhopha makoko a kganetso, fela go kgaogana ga ditlhopho magareng ga [[Botswana People's Party|BPP]] le [[Botswana National Front|BNF]] go dirile gore go nne bonolo gore [[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] e fenye kgaolo ya botlhophi ka bonnye mo ditlhophong tsa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1984|1984]] le [[Ditlhopho tsa 1989|1989]].<ref name=":0" /> == Maloko a Palamente == {| class="wikitable" !Ditlhopho ! colspan="2" |Mofenyi |- |[[Ditlhopho tsa 1974]] | |[[Philip Matante]] |- |[[Ditlhopho tsa 1979]] | | rowspan="3" |Patrick Balopi |- |[[Ditlhopho tsa 1984]] | |- |[[Ditlhopho tsa 1989]] | |} == Maduo a ditlhopho == === Ditlhopho tsa 1989 === {| class="wikitable" |+[[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1989]]: Francistown<ref>[http://www.electionpassport.com/files/BW/BW.xlsx "Results by constituency"].</ref> ! colspan="2" |Lekoko !Ntlhopheng !Ditalama !% !±% |- | |'''[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]]''' !'''Patrick Balopi''' |'''5,258''' |'''44.84''' |'''−0.45''' |- | |[[Botswana People's Party|BPP]] !Michael Modise |3,732 |31.83 |−12.18 |- | |[[Botswana National Front|BNF]] !Raphael Sikwane |2,735 |23.33 | +13.56 |- ! colspan="3" |Mola wa phenyo |1,526 |13.01 | +11.73 |- ! colspan="3" |Ba ba tlhophileng |11,725 |67.79 |−8.95 |- ! colspan="3" |Batlhophi ba ba ikwadisitseng |17,297 | | |- | | colspan="2" |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] '''e tswelela e le mo setilong''' !Swing | +5.87 | |} === Ditlhopho tsa 1984 === {| class="wikitable" |+[[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1984]]: Francistown ! colspan="2" |Lekoko !Ntlhopheng !Ditalama !% !±% |- | |'''[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]]''' !'''Patrick Balopi''' |'''4,613''' |'''45.29''' |'''−7.86''' |- | |[[Botswana People's Party|BPP]] !John Mosojane |4,483 |44.01 |−2.84 |- | |[[Botswana National Front|BNF]] !Nehemiah Modubule |995 |9.77 |N/A |- | |[[Botswana Progressive Union|BPU]] !Aaron Omphile |95 |0.93 |N/A |- ! colspan="3" |Mola wa phenyo |130 |1.28 |−5.02 |- ! colspan="3" |Ba ba tlhophileng |10,186 |76.74 | +20.93 |- ! colspan="3" |Batlhophi ba ba ikwadisitseng |13,274 | | |- | | colspan="2" |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] '''e tswelela e le mo setilong''' !Swing |−2.51 | |} === Ditlhopho tsa 1979 === {| class="wikitable" |+[[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1979]]: Francistown ! colspan="2" |Lekoko !Ntlhopheng !Ditalama !% !±% |- | |'''[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]]''' !'''Patrick Balopi''' |'''1,867''' |'''53.15''' |'''+5.7''' |- | |[[Botswana People's Party|BPP]] !Philip Matante |1,646 |46.85 |−5.7 |- ! colspan="3" |Mola wa phenyo |221 |6.29 |''N/A'' |- ! colspan="3" |Ba ba tlhophileng |3,513 |55.81 | +24.43 |- ! colspan="3" |Batlhophi ba ba ikwadisitseng |6,295 | | |- | | colspan="2" |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] '''e tsaya mo go''' [[Botswana People's Party|BPP]] !Swing | +5.7 | |} === Ditlhopho tsa 1974 === {| class="wikitable" |+[[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1974]]: Francistown<ref>''[http://www.electionpassport.com/files/BW-1974GenlRptSelParts.pdf Report to the Minister of State on the general elections, 1974]'' (PDF). Supervisor of Elections. 1974.</ref> ! colspan="2" |Lekoko !Ntlhopheng !Ditalama !% |- | |'''[[Botswana People's Party|BPP]]''' !'''Philip Matante''' |'''1,101''' |'''52.55''' |- | |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] !J. M. Ntuane |994 |47.45 |- ! colspan="3" |Mola wa phenyo |107 |5.1 |- ! colspan="3" |Ba ba tlhophileng |2,195 |31.38 |- ! colspan="3" |Ba ba tlhophileng |6,996 | |- | ! colspan="5" |phenyo ya [[Botswana People's Party|BPP]] (setilo se sesha) |} == Metswedi == 5atl7cfnulkwkh7y5twwnhk8r5peeta 0 12504 57088 46407 2026-11-11T00:17:43Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57088 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bandy Kiki''' (February 20, 1991) ke blogger wa [[Cameroon]], [[:en:LGBTQ|LGBT activist]] le [[:en:Serial_entrepreneur|serial entrepreneur]] yo o nnang kwa U.K.[https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-42007761 <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] [[https://web.archive.org/web/20171008235856/http://earhustle411.com/cameroonian-blogger-bandy-kiki-takes-lgbtq-activism-next-level-despite-threats-community/ <nowiki>2]</nowiki>] Ke ene motlhami wa Kinnaka's Blog, webosaete e e buang Seesimane e e nang le phitlhelelo e e kwa godimo kwa Cameroon ya dikgang le boitlosobodutu. [https://www.artefactmagazine.com/2017/11/09/im-african-and-a-lesbian-get-over-it/ <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>][[https://dcodedtv.com/kinnakas-blog-ceo-bandy-kiki-is-engaged/ <nowiki>4]</nowiki>] Ke motho yo o nang le dikganetsano ka ntlha ya maikutlo a gagwe a sepolotiki le kgaratlho ya LGBT, mme o biditswe "The Most Hated Anglophone On Social Media in Cameroon".[https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232539/https://critiqsite.com/2017/02/09/is-bandy-kiki-of-kinnakas-blog-the-most-hated-anglophone-on-social-media-in-cameroon/ <nowiki>[ 5]</nowiki>] == Tiro ya gagwe == Kiki o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ya go nna blogger kwa UK, mo blog ya letsatsi le letsatsi ya Kinnaka's Blog le Kinnaka's TV, e e simolotseng ka 2015.[https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232539/https://critiqsite.com/2017/02/09/is-bandy-kiki-of-kinnakas-blog-the-most-hated-anglophone-on-social-media-in-cameroon/ <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232539/https://critiqsite.com/2017/02/09/is-bandy-kiki-of-kinnakas-blog-the-most-hated-anglophone-on-social-media-in-cameroon/ <nowiki>[6]</nowiki>] Blog ya gagwe ke e nngwe ya tse di etelwang thata ke batho ba ba buang Seesimane ba Cameroon. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170214043832/http://earhustle411.com/cameroonian-blogger-bandy-kiki-wrongly-labelled-aids-patient-due-to-her-stand-on-ongoing-political-unrest-in-southern-cameroon/ <nowiki>[7]</nowiki>] Ka 2016, o ne a kwalwa mo gare ga ba 50 ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso ba bašwa ba Cameroon ba ba kwa tlase ga dingwaga di le 40 ke Avance Media, CELBMD Africa le balekane ba yone. Kiki o ne a tlhongwa jaaka Best Cameroonian Media CAMEEA ka 2015 mme a fenya "Best 2016 Blogger" go tswa Diaspora Entertainment Awards. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232517/http://www.henrietteslounge.com/2017/05/uk-based-cameroonian-maverick-blogger.html <nowiki>[9]</nowiki>] Kiki ke mmueledi wa Rainbow Equality Hub, NGO e e tshegetsang batho ba LGBT kwa Cameroon.Ka 2017, o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mo-Blogger yo o gaisang wa ngwaga wa Afrika ke AWA. Mo potsolotsong ya Motsheganong 2017, Kiki o ne a itsise gore o tla thusa Irène Major ka Gay in Africa Foundation. O ne gape a fa Humen Online makasine wa basodoma wa kwa Hungary, o o leng teng le ka puo ya Se-Hungary. == Dikganetsano le ditlhaselo == O ne a tshwaiwa diphoso ka ntlha ya molaetsa wa gagwe wa kganetsano mo blog ya gagwe morago ga ditshupetso tse di tsweletseng tsa Cameroon tsa 2016-2017. O ne a sotliwa thata mo inthaneteng, go akaretsa le go anamisiwa ga magatwe a a sa tshegediwang a a reng Kiki o na le mogare wa HIV le gore ke motlhankedi wa puso ya Cameroon yo o lekang go senya mathata a a tsweletseng pele. Kiki o ne a ganetsa ditatofatso tseo.Kiki o ne a tshwaiwa phoso ka go nna mosodoma le go tshegetsa ditshwanelo tsa LGBT kwa Cameroon.[https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-42007761 <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] Mo sekaing se sengwe, motlhami wa difilimi Agbor Gilbert Ebot o boletse gore '... Fa ke go tshwara ka go go isa kwa Cameroon, ke ya go go 'thupa' sentle sentle gore di demon tsa lesbianism di ye go komotlela mmele wa gago...ke ya go rulaganya go go fa belle"... O ne a tshosediwa ka loso[https://web.archive.org/web/20170214043832/http://earhustle411.com/cameroonian-blogger-bandy-kiki-wrongly-labelled-aids-patient-due-to-her-stand-on-ongoing-political-unrest-in-southern-cameroon/ <nowiki>.[ 7]</nowiki>] == Metswedi == [https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-42007761 <nowiki>[1] "Cameroon: Gay blogger no get any regret</nowiki>]". BBC News Pidgin. 18 November 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2018. [2] Cee, Cee (5 October 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20171008235856/http://earhustle411.com/cameroonian-blogger-bandy-kiki-takes-lgbtq-activism-next-level-despite-threats-community/ "Cameroonian Blogger Bandy Kiki Takes LGBTQ Activism To The Next Level Despite Threats From Her Community"]. Ear Hustle 411. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2018. [3] Marchant, Apai-Ketuya (9 November 2017)[https://www.artefactmagazine.com/2017/11/09/im-african-and-a-lesbian-get-over-it/ . "I'm African and a Lesbian: Get over it]". Artefact. Retrieved 6 March 2018. [4] Ngomba, Joan (14 October 2017). [https://dcodedtv.com/kinnakas-blog-ceo-bandy-kiki-is-engaged/ "Kinnaka's Blog CEO Bandy Kiki is engaged: 4 things to know about her girlfriend]". Dcoded TV. Retrieved 7 March 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232539/https://critiqsite.com/2017/02/09/is-bandy-kiki-of-kinnakas-blog-the-most-hated-anglophone-on-social-media-in-cameroon/ <nowiki>[5] "Is Bandy Kiki (of Kinnaka's Blog) The Most Hated Anglophone On Social Media in Cameroon?</nowiki>]". 9 February 2017. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018. [6] Ngomba, Joan (14 October 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180724104839/http://dcodedtv.com/kinnakas-blog-founder-bandy-kiki-comes-out-as-gay/ "Kinnaka's Blog founder, Bandy Kiki comes out as gay]". Dcoded TV. Retrieved 7 March 2018. [7] Cee, Cee (13 February 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170214043832/http://earhustle411.com/cameroonian-blogger-bandy-kiki-wrongly-labelled-aids-patient-due-to-her-stand-on-ongoing-political-unrest-in-southern-cameroon/ "Cameroonian Blogger, Bandy Kiki Wrongly Labelled 'Aids Patient' Due To Her Stand On Ongoing Political Unrest In Southern Cameroon"]. Ear Hustle 411. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2018. 8mtdbeh9olalmnb2jm65j45xo6gmw63 0 13279 57090 52386 2026-11-11T03:41:13Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57090 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Basadi ba ba ratanang ka bong jo bo tshwanang, banna ba ba ratanang ka bong jo bo tshwanang, batho ba ba ratanang le bong ka bobedi, batho ba ba fetotseng bong, le ba ba queer''' ('''LGBTQ''') kwa '''Eswatini''' ba na le ditshwanelo tse di lekanyeditsweng tsa semolao. Go ya ka Rock of Hope, setlhopha sa babueledi ba LGBTQ sa baSwati, "ga go na molao o o amogelang LGBTI kgotsa o o sireletsang tshwanelo ya go nna le tshekamelo e e seng ya bong jo bo farologaneng le boitshupo jwa bong mme ka ntlha ya seo [batho ba LGBTQ] ga ba kgone go bua ka tlhamalalo ka tshekamelo ya bone kgotsa boitshupo jwa bong jwa bone ka ntlha ya go tshaba go ganwa le go tlhaolwa." Go ratana ka bong ga banna ga go kafa molaong kwa [[Eswatini]], le fa molao ono o sa diragadiwe. Go ya ka ''Pego ya 2021 ya Mekgwa ya Ditshwanelo tsa Setho'' go tswa kwa Lephateng la Merero ya Lefatshe la United States, "ga go ise go ke go nne le go tshwarwa kgotsa go sekisiwa ka ntlha ya boitshwaro jwa batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang ka tumalano." Le fa go se na tiragatso ya semolao kgatlhanong le tiro ya thobalano ya bong jo bo tshwanang, batho ba LGBTQ kwa Eswatini ka metlha ba lebana le go tlhaolwa le go tshwenngwa mo setšhabeng, go akaretsa le tirisodikgoka. Ka jalo, bontsi bo tlhopha go nna ba sa itshupe kgotsa go fudugela kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] e e mabapi. Le fa go ntse jalo, Eswatini e na le kgotlelelo e e kwa godimo go feta palogare ya batho ba LGBTQ fa e bapisiwa le bontsi jwa mafatshe a mangwe a Aforika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Donnell |first=Belinda |date=3 March 2016 |title=HERE ARE THE MOST AND LEAST TOLERANT COUNTRIES IN AFRICA |url=https://www.undispatch.com/here-are-the-most-and-least-tolerant-countries-in-africa/ |website=UN Dispatch |access-date=19 May 2026 |archive-date=5 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605004445/https://www.undispatch.com/here-are-the-most-and-least-tolerant-countries-in-africa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mogwanto wa ntlha wa boikgantsho wa Eswatini o ne wa tshwarwa ka Seetebosigo 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2018 |title=LGBT Activists Plan First-Ever Pride March in Swaziland |url=https://lasentinel.net/lgbt-activists-plan-first-ever-pride-march-in-swaziland.html}}</ref> == Melao e e malebang le ditiro tsa thobalano tsa batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang == Go ya ka Karolo 252(1) ya Molaomotheo wa Bogosi jwa Eswatini, melao le melawana ya molao o o tlwaelesegileng wa Roman-Dutch e e ntseng e dira mo Eswatini fa e sale ka Tlhakole a le malatsi a masome a mabedi le bobedi ka 1907 (jaaka melao le melawana eo e ne e le teng ka Lwetse a le garataro ka 1968, Letsatsi la Boipuso) e dirisiwa jaaka molao wa Eswatini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Section 252(1), Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland 2005, page 115 |url=http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SZ/CONSTITUTION%20OF%20THE%20KINGDOM%20OF%20SWAZILAND%202005.pdf |access-date=2026-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930082058/http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SZ/CONSTITUTION%20OF%20THE%20KINGDOM%20OF%20SWAZILAND%202005.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Motswedi o mogolo wa molao wa tlwaelo o ka 1907 e ne e le molao wa tlwaelo jaaka o ne o dirisiwa ka nako eo kwa [[Koloning ya Teransefala]], e kwa bofelong e neng ya nna karolo ya [[Aforika Borwa]] .<ref>{{Citation|title=The Law and Legal Research in Swaziland|url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Swaziland1.html#commonlaw}}</ref> Sodoma, e e tlhalosiwang e le dikamano tsa tlhakanelodikobo tsa bong jo bo tshwanang fa gare ga banna, e ne e le tlolomolao go ya ka molao o o tlwaelesegileng wa 1907, e e neng e ka otlhaiwa ka loso kgotsa ka kotlhao e nnye go ya ka tshwetso ya kgotlatshekelo. Mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi, "sodomy" kwa Aforika Borwa e ne e tlhalositswe ke dikgotlatshekelo tsa yone jaaka "thobalano e e seng ka fa molaong le e e dirwang ka bomo ka marago magareng ga banna ba babedi." Tlhaloso e e lolea e e ne ya tlogela setlhopha sa masalela sa "ditiro tsa thobalano tse di seng tsa tlholego" tse di thibetsweng tse di bidiwang ka kakaretso "tlolomolao e e seng ya tlholego", e e neng e akaretsa bonnye ditiro tseo tsa thobalano magareng ga banna tse di neng di sa akaretse go tsena mo maragong<ref name="Scott" /> mme go lebega di ise di ko di akaretse ditiro tsa thobalano magareng ga basadi.<ref name="Scott" /> Gore a ditiragalo tseno mo Aforikaborwa di nnile le ditlamorago mo molaong wa tlwaelo wa Eswatini ga go tlhomamisege. [[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]] (ILGA) o gatelela gore tlhaloso ya Eswatini ya "sodomy" e tshwana le ya Aforika Borwa le gore ditiro tsa thobalano tsa basadi ba bong jo bo tshwanang di ka fa molaong.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2012.pdf|title=State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults|date=May 2012|last1=Itaborahy|first1=Lucas Paoli|first2=Eddie|last2=Bruce-Jones|publisher=ILGA World}}</ref><ref name="beast">{{Cite news|last1=Teeman|first1=Tim|title=The LGBT Heroes Fighting to Hold the First Ever Pride in Swaziland|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-lgbt-heroes-fighting-to-hold-the-first-ever-pride-in-swaziland|date=4 April 2018}}</ref> Molao wa Eswatini wa sodomy ga o diragadiwe. Tona ya Molao o boletse gangwe le gape gore melao ya bone ga se go sekisa bagolo ba ba dumelaneng.<ref name="2021 US State" /> Ga go na go tshwarwa kgotsa go sekisiwa mo go itsiweng ka ntlha ya tiro ya thobalano ya bong jo bo tshwanang ka tumalano.<ref name="2021 US State" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, ditlhopha tsa LGBTQ di ntse di nyatsa mokgwa ono: "Mo go rona, go utlwala e kete o tshwere tlhobolo o bo o re molao wa gago ga se go thuntsha." Ba ile ba nganga gore tsela e le nosi fela ya go phimola molao wa lefatshe wa sodomy ke go feta ka dikgotlatshekelo.<ref name="beast"/> == Metswedi == {{reflist}} rhyoqnxph1ey8o3wni84hui3m3995ka 0 15247 57092 55576 2026-11-11T05:40:26Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57092 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harriet Elizabeth Byrd''' ( O tshotswe ka kgwediya Moranang e le masome a mabed, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borataro (1926) – Go fitlha kgwedi ya Hirikgong e le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015 ) e ne e le radipolotiki le morutabana wa Moamerika go tswa kwa Wyoming yo e neng e le Moamerika wa ntlha wa Moaforika go tlhophiwa go tsena mo Lekgotleng la Peomolao la Wyoming . {{Infobox officeholder|name=Harriet Elizabeth Byrd|image=Liz Byrd.png|district=[[Laramie County, Wyoming|Laramie County]]|successor=[[Cynthia Lummis]]|term_start=1989|term_end=Hirikgong 14, 1993|district2=[[Laramie County, Wyoming|Laramie County]]|predecessor=Multi-member district|predecessor2=Multi-member district|state_senate=Wyoming|party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]|term_start2=1981|term_end2=1989|successor2=Multi-member district|birth_name=Harriet Elizabeth Rhone|birth_date={{birth date|1926|04|20}}|birth_place=[[Cheyenne, Wyoming]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age |2015|1|27|1926|4|20}}|death_place=Cheyenne, Wyoming, U.S.|spouse={{marriage|James W. Byrd|1947|2005|reason=his death}}|children=3, including [[James W. Byrd]]|education=[[West Virginia State College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) <br/> [[University of Wyoming]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])|state_house=Wyoming}} Harriet Elizabeth Rhone o tsholetswe kwa Cheyenne, kwa Wyoming, ka kgwed ya Moranang e le masome a mabedi, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borataro (1926), kwa go Robert C. Rraagwemogolo, e bong Charles J. Rhone, o ne a tla kwa Wyoming ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le botlhano (1876). O ne a aloga kwa Sekolong se Segolo sa Cheyenne ka ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le bone (1944). O ne a aloga kwa sekolong sa West Virginia ka dikirii ya botaki mo thutong ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabongwe (1949), mme kwa Sekolong sa Wyoming o ne a aloga ka di masters tsa botaki mo thutong ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borataro (1976). <ref name="life2">{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2009 |title=Harriet Elizabeth "Liz" Byrd (1926- ) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/byrd-harriet-elizabeth-liz-1926/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928043633/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/byrd-harriet-elizabeth-liz-1926/ |archive-date=September 28, 2024 |website=[[BlackPast.org]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UW Profiles Harriet Elizabeth "Liz" Byrd |url=http://www.uwyo.edu/profiles/extras/liz-byrd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112073339/http://www.uwyo.edu/profiles/extras/liz-byrd.html |archive-date=January 12, 2019 |website=[[University of Wyoming]]}}</ref><ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/article/casper-star-tribune/156213284/ "Byrd"]. ''[[:en:Casper_Star-Tribune|Casper Star-Tribune]]''. January 29, 2015. p.&#x20;A2. Archived from the original on September 29, 2024 &#x2013; via [[:en:Newspapers.com|Newspapers.com.]]</ref> Byrd o ne a dira kopo ya go ruta kwa sekolong sa Laramie County School District mme a ganwa ka ntlha ya go bo e le motho montsho. O ne a bereka e le morutabana kwa [[:en:Francis_E._Warren_Air_Force_Base|Francis E. Warren Air Force Base]] dingwaga di le lesome. O ne a thapiwa ke Laramie County School Districtka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe (1959), mme a ruta dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le bosupa. <ref name="life2" /> E ne e le morutabana wa ntlha wa motho montsho wa nako e e tletseng yo o nang le setlankana kwa Wyoming. <ref name="history">{{Cite web |last=Van Pelt |first=Lori |date=May 24, 2015 |title=Liz Byrd, First Black Woman in Wyoming's Legislature |url=https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/liz-byrd-first-black-woman-wyoming-legislature |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928045206/https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/liz-byrd-first-black-woman-wyoming-legislature |archive-date=September 28, 2024 |website=Wyoming Historical Society}}</ref> Byrd e ne e le leloko la Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la lefatshe la Wyoming la Setlhogo sa III ka dingwaga di le supa ebile e le modulasetilo wa khuduthamaga ya Bogakolodi ya Cheyenne Civic Center. <ref>{{Cite news|date=June 18, 1980|title=Cheyenne teacher will seek House post|work=[[Casper Star-Tribune]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/casper-star-tribune/156223410/}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borataro (1946), Byrd o ne a kopana le James Byrd kwa Francis E. Warren Air Force Base fa a ne a leka go reka dino. <ref name="history" /> O ne a nyala James Byrd, yo a neng a nna le bana ba le bararo le ene. James e ne e le Marshal wa United States le mookamedi wa mapodise kwa Cheyenne, motho wa ntlha wa motho montsho go nna le maemo ao, ka fa tlase ga boratoropo ba le batlhano. Morwawe, James W. Byrd, o ne a direla kwa Ntlong ya Baemedi ba Wyoming go tswa kwa kgaolong e a neng a direla mo go yone go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009) go ya kwa ngwageng wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019). <ref name="life2" /> == Tiro == Byrd o ne a tlhophiwa mo ntlong ya puso go emela Laramie County ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi (1980), a nna mosadi wa ntlha wa motho montsho go direla mo lekgotleng la semolao la puso ya Wyoming. O ne a direla kwa ntlong ya puso dingwaga di le robedi pele ga a tlhophiwa go nna leloko la Senate ya Wyoming . <ref name="life2" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi (1988), Byrd le James Applegate ba ne ba fenya tlhopho ya Democratic ka ditilo lo di le pedi tsa senate go tswa kwa Laramie fa yo o neng a le mo maemong Alvin Wiederspahn a ne a latlhegelwa. <ref>{{Cite news|date=August 17, 1988|title=Applegate's credibility campaign edges Wiederspahn|page=A1|work=[[Casper Star-Tribune]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/casper-star-tribune/156156146/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=August 17, 1988|title=Wiederspahn defeated in Laramie|page=B1|work=[[Casper Star-Tribune]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/casper-star-tribune/156156155/}}</ref> O ne a dirisa madi a ka na kang $1,094 ka nako ya letsholo la ntlha. <ref>{{Cite news|date=November 2, 1988|title=State House candidates race to prime time|page=A8|work=[[Casper Star-Tribune]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/casper-star-tribune/156156193/}}</ref> O ne a kgaoganngwa gape kwa kgaolong ya bo botlhano mme <ref>{{Cite news|date=February 27, 1992|title=Senate Terms|page=A5|work=[[Casper Star-Tribune]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/casper-star-tribune/156212288/}}</ref> a latlhegelwa ke go tlhophiwa gape ke motlhophiwa wa Repaboliki Cynthia Lummis mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi (1992). <ref name="election 1992">{{Cite news|date=November 5, 1992|title=1992 election results|page=13|work=[[Casper Star-Tribune]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/81352447/casper-star-tribune/}}</ref> Byrd o ne a kgobokanya le go dirisa $1,691 mo ditlhophong tsa motheo le $8,187 mo ditlhophong tsa kakaretso kgatlhanong le $10,662 a a dirisitsweng ke Lummis. <ref>{{Cite news|date=January 12, 1993|title=Senate District 5|page=D5|work=[[Casper Star-Tribune]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/casper-star-tribune/156212773/}}</ref> Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo ntlong ya puso e ne e le leloko la Dipalamo le Ditsela tse ditona, le dikomiti tsa Thuto, Botsogo le Boitekanelo. <ref>{{Cite news|date=December 9, 1980|title=State House Committees give legislators assignments|page=A10|work=[[Casper Star-Tribune]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/casper-star-tribune/156154455/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=November 18, 1984|title=Democrats select new leadership|page=B1|work=[[Casper Star-Tribune]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/casper-star-tribune/156154741/}}</ref> Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo senateng ya puso o ne a direla mo komiting ya Thuto. <ref>{{Cite news|date=December 11, 1990|title=Senate Democrats pick Prevedel, Fanos as new legislative leaders|page=B1|work=[[Casper Star-Tribune]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/casper-star-tribune/156212655/}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabingwe le masome a robabobedi le bosupa (1987), o ne a golagana le Lauris Tysdal mme a bewa ka fa morago ga Dan S. Budd go nna moemedi yo o maswe go gaisa wa puso mo kopanong ya bo masome a mane le borobabongwe . <ref>{{Cite news|date=March 8, 1987|title=The 10 worst legislators|page=A1|work=[[Casper Star-Tribune]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/casper-star-tribune/156155152/}}</ref> O ne a ema Jesse Jackson nokeng ka nako ya ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa bo Tautona tsa Democratic tsa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi (1988) <ref>{{Cite news|date=May 8, 1988|title=Dukakis enjoys delegate edge|page=3C|work=[[Billings Gazette]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-billings-gazette/156223930/}}</ref> mme a tsenelela Bokoopano jwa Bosetšhaba jwa Democratic ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi (1992) jaaka moemedi yo o sa ineelang. <ref>{{Cite news|date=May 4, 1992|title=Wyoming Democrats conclude convention with short platform|page=B1|work=[[Casper Star-Tribune]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/casper-star-tribune/156212855/}}</ref> Chuck Graves, modulasetilo wa Lekoko la Temokerasi la Wyoming, o ne a bua le Byrd ka ga go tsenelela kgotsa emela ditlhopho tsa Senateng ya United States mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990) kgatlhanong le Mosenatoro wa gompieni wa Repaboliki Alan Simpson . <ref>{{Cite news|date=April 25, 1990|title=Bebout considering challenge to Simpson|page=1|work=[[Casper Star-Tribune]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/81294554/casper-star-tribune/}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele == Byrd o ne a tlogela go ruta ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1997). Monna wa gagwe o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa dikete te pedi le botlhano (2005), mme ene a tlhokafala kwa Cheyenne ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong e le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015).<ref name="life2" /><ref name="history" /> == Maemo a sepolotiki == Byrd o ne a tshegediwa ke AFL-CIO mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi (1980), 1984 le 1988. <ref>{{Cite news|date=October 23, 1980|title=Union backs candidate|page=B1|work=[[Casper Star-Tribune]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/casper-star-tribune/156154216/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=September 23, 1984|title=AFL-CIO endorses McFadden, ignores Senate|page=B1|work=[[Casper Star-Tribune]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/casper-star-tribune/156154625/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=August 30, 1988|title=State union endorses candidates|page=4D|work=[[Billings Gazette]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-billings-gazette/156223952/}}</ref> O ne a kopa gore go tlhomiwe letsatsi la boikhutso go tlotla Martin Luther King Jr. mo maemong a puso. <ref>{{Cite news|date=January 14, 1986|title=Byrd urges Wyoming to honor the Rev. King|page=B1|work=[[Casper Star-Tribune]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/casper-star-tribune/156154931/}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1987, Byrd le mosenatoro wa lefatshe Dick Schmidt ba ne ba tshikinya molao wa gore go dirwe tumalano ya go tlhama thulaganyo ya lotho ya lefatshe lotlhe mo pampiring ya go tlhopha. <ref>{{Cite news|date=November 4, 1987|title=Legislators seek statewide lottery|page=35|work=[[Jackson Hole News&Guide]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/jackson-hole-news/156155323/}}</ref> == Ditso tsa ditlhopho == {{Election box begin|title=1986 Wyoming House of Representatives Laramie County election<ref name="election 1986" />}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Harriet Elizabeth Byrd (incumbent)|votes=14,985|percentage=8.39%|change=}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[Lynn Birleffi]]|votes=13,849|percentage=7.75%|change=}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=[[Cynthia Lummis]] (incumbent)|votes=12,519|percentage=7.01%|change=}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[Guy Cameron]]|votes=12,416|percentage=6.95%|change=}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[Steve Freudenthal]]|votes=12,103|percentage=6.78%|change=}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[Shirley Humphrey]]|votes=11,817|percentage=6.62%|change=}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[Mary Kay Schwope]]|votes=11,243|percentage=6.29%|change=}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=[[Bill McIlvain]] (incumbent)|votes=10,874|percentage=6.09%|change=}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=[[Ellen Crowley]]|votes=10,710|percentage=6.00%|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Gary Yordy|votes=10,619|percentage=5.95%|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=April Brimmer Kunz|votes=10,604|percentage=5.94%|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Robert Larson|votes=8,386|percentage=4.70%|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Carolyn G. Johnson|votes=7,959|percentage=4.46%|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Charles A. Hunter|votes=6,806|percentage=3.81%|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Ben Zavorka|votes=6,522|percentage=3.65%|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Lou Mandis|votes=5,969|percentage=3.34%|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Ron G. Pretty|votes=5,752|percentage=3.22%|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Mary Jean McDowell Baker|votes=5,475|percentage=3.07%|change=}} {{Election box total||votes=178,608|percentage=100.00%|change=}} {{Election box end}}{{Election box begin|title=1992 Wyoming Senate 5th district election<ref name="election 1992" />}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=[[Cynthia Lummis]]|votes=3,434|percentage=52.86%|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Harriet Elizabeth Byrd (incumbent)|votes=3,062|percentage=47.14%|change=}} {{Election box total||votes=6,496|percentage=100.00%|change=}} {{Election box end}} == Ditshupiso == kn12x40dd8rp3ykn7ot5cgoykbl08sr 0 15277 57089 55657 2026-11-11T03:09:49Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57089 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chickens_feeding.jpg|right|thumb|Dikoko tse di jang mabele]] [[File:The_Girl_Guides_Association_in_Britain,_1914-1918_Q27912.jpg|thumb|Mosetsana yo o neng a tsamaya le batho a fepa dikoko kwa United Kingdom ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe I]] '''Dijo tsa dikoko''', tse gape di itsegeng jaaka dijo tsa dikoko, ke dijo tsa dinonyane tsa mo polaseng, go akaretsa dikoko, matata, digwagwa le dinonyane tse dingwe tsa mo gae.<ref>https://www.foodformzansi.co.za/how-africas-poultry-feed-crisis-could-hatch-youth-enterprises/</ref> Pele ga lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga, dinonyane di ne di tsholwa mo dipolasing tse di tlwaelegileng, mme di ne di ja ditshenekegi, dijo tse di tsholotsweng ke dikgomo le dipitse, le dimela tse di dikologileng polasi.<ref>https://www.foodformzansi.co.za/bold-policy-can-turn-poultry-feed-cost-crisis-into-youth-agribusiness/</ref> Gantsi seno se ne se okediwa ka dijo tsa dithoro, masalela a dijo tsa mo gae, dikotla tsa calcium tse di jaaka dikgapetla tsa dioyster le matlakala a mo tshingwaneng.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/m0031vls |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260925200009/https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/m0031vls |archive-date=2026-09-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Fa temothuo e ntse e nna e e kgethegileng thata, dipolasi di le dintsi di ne tsa nna le metlhape e megolo thata gore e ka fepiwa ka tsela eno, mme go ne ga dirwa dijo tsa dikoko tse di nang le dikotla tse di feletseng. Dijo tsa segompieno tse di fepiwang dikoko di na le dijo tsa dithoro, diporoteine tse di oketsegileng tse di jaaka dijo tsa soya, diminerale tse di oketsegileng le dibithamine tse di oketsegileng. <ref>https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/rising-costs-falling-prices-push-poultry-farmers-the-brink-4282301</ref>Selekanyo sa dijo le dikotla tse di tlhokegang di ikaegile ka boima le dingwaga tsa dikoko, selekanyo sa go gola ga tsone, selekanyo sa go ntsha mae, maemo a bosa (go tsidifala kgotsa go nna bongola go dira gore go dirisiwe maatla a mantsi), le selekanyo sa dikoko tse di jang dijo tse di di tlhokang.<ref>https://avinews.com/en/fruit-processing-waste-finds-new-value-in-broiler-feed/</ref> Seno se dira gore go nne le mefuta e e farologaneng ya dijo. Go tsenngwa ga dilo tsa selegae tse di tlhwatlhwa e e kwa tlase go tlisa dipharologano tse dingwe.<ref>https://www.foodformzansi.co.za/maize-surplus-eases-feed-costs-but-fuel-and-drought-threaten-gains/</ref> Dinonyane tse di itekanetseng di tlhoka selekanyo se se lekaneng sa poroteine le dikhabohaetereite, mmogo le dibitamine tse di tlhokegang, dimenerale tsa dijo, le metsi a a lekaneng. Go bedisa dijo ka lactose go ka thusa mo go tlameleng dikoko ka dibitamine le diminerale. Dikoko tse di beelang mae di tlhoka dikilogerama di le 4 tsa calcium ka letsatsi, tse dikilogerama di le 2 tsa tsone di dirisediwang go dira mae. Dikgapetla tsa oyster gantsi di dirisiwa jaaka motswedi wa khalsiamo mo dijong. Dijo dingwe gape di tlhoka gore go dirisiwe maje a mannye a a jaaka dikarolwana tsa granite mo dijong. Grit e thusa go sila dijo ka go di sila fa di ntse di feta mo mpeng. Grit ga e tlhokege fa dijo tsa kgwebo di dirisiwa. Calcium iodate e dirisiwa go oketsa iodine.<ref>https://news.nwu.ac.za/mushroom-product-neutralises-toxins-chicken-feed</ref> Dijo di tshwanetse go nna di le phepa e bile di omile; dijo tse di kgotletsweng di ka tshwaetsa dinonyane. Dijo tse di bongola di dira gore mouta o gole. Go tshwaediwa ke mycotoxin, jaaka sekai, ke "sengwe sa dilo tse di tlwaelegileng thata le tse di sa begiweng thata tse di bakang toxicosis mo dikgomong". <ref>https://news.nwu.ac.za/graduate-publishes-groundbreaking-research-sustainable-feed-indigenous-chickens</ref>Malwetse a ka tilwa ka go tlhokomela dijo tsa diphologolo sentle. Sediriswa sa go fepa ke sediriswa se se tlamelang dikgogo ka dijo. Fa e le ka dikoko tse di godisitsweng ke batho, kgotsa dikoko e le diruiwa tsa mo gae, dijo di ka romelwa ka jeke, ka mogopo kgotsa ka metšhini ya go di fepa ka tšhupu.<ref>https://internationalcbc.com/study-finds-cannabis-seed-has-potential-as-poultry-feed/</ref> Tiriso ya dijo tsa dinonyane gape e ka okediwa ka dijo tse di bonwang ka go batla dijo. Mo temothuong ya madirelo, metšhini e dirisiwa go dira gore thulaganyo ya go fepa e dirwe ka tsela e e itirisang, go fokotsa ditshenyegelo le go oketsa bogolo jwa temothuo. Mo temothuong ya dikgogo tsa kgwebo, dijo ke tsona tse di dirang ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo tsa tirego.<ref>https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/animal-products/poultry-eggs/sector-at-a-glance</ref> == Mafoko a a dirisediwang dijo tsa dikoko == * Mash e raya nama ya koko e e feletseng e e nang le dikotla. Eno ke dijo tsa bogologolo tse di feletseng tsa dikoko. *  Di-pellets di dirwa ka mash a a dirilweng ka di-pellets; ke gore, a a gatelelwang a bo a bopiwa gore e nne di-pellets mo motšhineng o o silang di-pellet. Go farologana le mash, e mo go yone ditswammung di ka kgaoganngwang fa di romelwa mme dikgogo di ka tlhopha mo gare ga ditswammung (mo makgetlong a le mantsi ba tlhopha mmidi fela ba bo ba tlogela tse dingwe), ditswammung tse di mo pellet e le nngwe di nna mmogo, mme dikgogo di ja dipellet di feletse. Di-pellets gantsi di kgolo thata mo dinonyaneng tse di sa tswang go thuthuga. * Dithuthuntshwane ke dikgolokwe tse di ileng tsa romelwa ka di-roller go di thuba gore di nne dikgolokwe. Seno gantsi se dirisediwa go fepa dikokwana.<ref>https://avinews.com/en/soybean-supplies-stabilize-easing-cost-pressure-on-asias-poultry-feed-industry/</ref> * Dithoro tsa mabele (kgotsa dijo tsa mabele) di na le mofuta o le mongwe kgotsa go feta wa dithoro tse di feletseng, tse di phatlogileng kgotsa tse di thetsweng. Go farologana le dijo tse dingwe, tse di fepiwang ka megotswana, ka di-hopper kgotsa ka di-tube feeder, gantsi dithoro tsa scratch di gasagasama mo mmung. Ka jalo, go batlega dikarolwana tse dikgolo. Ka gonne di na le dithoro fela, dithoro tsa scratch ga se dijo tse di feletseng, mme di dirisiwa go tlaleletsa dijo tse di lekalekaneng.<ref>https://www.feedstrategy.com/animal-feed-additives-ingredients/article/15819913/2026-poultry-feed-survey-rising-costs-hpai-challenges</ref> == Bona gape == * Cattle feeding * Insects as feed == Metswedi == fcaefbjwrlvf6on6nvrs4csw407w6pq 0 15306 57094 55861 2026-11-11T06:57:14Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57094 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kemi Adetiba''' listen k ( yo o tshotsweng ka kgwedi ya HIrikgong e robabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi (1980 ) ke modiri wa difilimi wa kwa Nigeria, mokaedi wa Setshwantsho sa Motshikinyego le mokaedi wa ditshwantsho tsa mmino, yo ditiro tsa gagwe di tlhageletseng mo letshwaong la O, [[:en:MTV_Base_(African_TV_channel)|MTV Base,]] [[:en:Soundcity_TV|Sound City TV,]] [[:en:BET|BET]] le [[:en:Netflix|Netflix]] . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/05/being-only-female-director-no-big-deal/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Being only female director? No big deal|date=28 May 2010|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://leadership.ng/entertainment/378943/kemi-adetiba-sworn-defend-visual-images|title=Kemi Adetiba: Sworn To Defend All Visual Images - Nigerian News from Leadership Newspapers|date=29 May 2022|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421000725/http://leadership.ng/entertainment/378943/kemi-adetiba-sworn-defend-visual-images|archivedate=21 April 2017|access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele == Kemi Adetiba o tsholetswe kwa [[Lagos]], kwa Nigeria, ke Dele le [[Mayen Adetiba]] . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Kemi Adetiba Gets Really Naughty For Her 34th Birthday [PHOTOS]|date=12 January 2014|journal=[[The Netng|The NET]]}}</ref> O ne a tlhagelela mo papatsong ya Setshwantsho sa Motshikinyego ya letshwao la kgwebo la Molora wa [[:en:Omo_(detergent)|OMO]] fa a ne a sa ntse a le ngwana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okafor |first=Onnaedo |title=Kemi Adetiba: 6 Things You Didn't Know About Nigeria's 'Bruce Lee of Visuals' |url=http://pulse.ng/celebrities/kemi-adetiba-6-things-you-didnt-know-about-nigerias-bruce-lee-of-visuals-id3280814.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811032541/http://www.pulse.ng/celebrities/kemi-adetiba-6-things-you-didnt-know-about-nigerias-bruce-lee-of-visuals-id3280814.html |archive-date=11 August 2017 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=pulse.ng}}</ref> == Thuto == Adetiba o na le dithuto tsa dikirii ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Molao go tswa kwa Sekolong se setona sa Lagos . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Spymaster |date=17 September 2019 |title=Kemi Adetiba Biography, Net Worth, Husband, Family, Education, and Career |url=https://www.webbspy.com/kemi-adetiba-biography/ |access-date=17 March 2021 |website=Webbspy |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206100803/https://webbspy.com/kemi-adetiba-biography/ |archive-date=6 February 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele == Adetiba o ne a beelediwa ke Oscar Heman-Ackah ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022), mme ba ne ba nyalana ka Moranang wa one ngwaga oo. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Kemi Adetiba, Oscar Heman-Ackah wedding photos and how Nigerians celebrate di King of Boys filmmaker|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-61209621|access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=PHOTOS: Kemi Adetiba weds Oscar Heman-Ackah|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/photos-kemi-adetiba-oscar-heman-ackah-wed-in-court/|access-date=21 November 2022|work=[[TheCable]]}}</ref> == Tiro == Adetiba o simolotse ka tiro ya gagwe e le mogasi wa Seromamowa mo letshwaong la Rhythm 93.7 FM, koo a neng a nna lentswe la mo mananeong a mabedi a tumileng a lefatshe lotlhe a tshwana la ''Soul'd Out'' le ''Sunday at the Seaside'' . O ne a simolola go kwala mo maranyaneg a farologaneng ka tiro ya gagwe , maranyane a tshwana [[:en:Spotify|Spotify]] le [[:en:SoundCloud|SoundCloud]], ka fa tlase ga leina la modirisi le letshwao la 'hule'. O simolotse go dira phetogo go tswa mo go nneng lentswe mo Seromamoweng, go nna sefatlhego mo Setshwantshong sa motshikinyego ka go tlhagisa le go tlhagisa mananeo a le mmalwa mo [[:en:M-Net|Mnet]], a a akaretsang Studio 53, Temptation Nigeria, e a e tlhagisitseng mmogo le [[:en:Ikponmwosa_Osakioduwa|Ikponmwosa Osakioduwa.]] Adetiba gape e ne e le moanedi mo [[:en:Soundcity_TV|Soundcity TV]] mme o ne a tsamaisa Maltina Dance All ka dipaka di le tharo tse di latelanang. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pulse |date=11 April 2012 |title=Media Personality, Kemi Adetiba- "'I Have Been Blessed!!!' |url=http://pulse.ng/people_and_places/media-personality-kemi-adetiba-i-have-been-blessed-id2504609.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012222137/http://pulse.ng/people_and_places/media-personality-kemi-adetiba-i-have-been-blessed-id2504609.html |archive-date=12 October 2014 |access-date=7 October 2014 |publisher=}}</ref> Morago ga go atlega dingwaga di le dintsi fa pele ga Sekapa ditshwatsho, o ne a ikwadisa kwa lekalaneng la ithutontsho la [[:en:New_York_Film_Academy|New York Film Academy]] go ithuta go nna ka fa morago ga Sekapa ditshwanthso, mme gompieno, tiro ya gagwe jaaka mokaedi e aname mo kontinenteng ya Afrika le kwa ntle ga melelwane ya yone. Filimi e khutshwane ya ga Adetiba ya Across a Bloodied Ocean e ne ya bontshiwa kwa moletlong wa [[:en:Pan_African_Film_Festival|Pan African Film Festival]] ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009) le [[:en:National_Black_Arts_Festival|National Black Arts Festival]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Happenings - CELEB OF THE WEEK: Kemi Adetiba, Taking The Media By Storm |url=http://www.happenings9ja.com/happenings/posts/entertainment-lifestyle/music-movies/CELEB-OF-THE-WEEK-Kemi-Adetiba-Taking-The-Media-By-Storm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012005655/http://www.happenings9ja.com/happenings/posts/entertainment-lifestyle/music-movies/CELEB-OF-THE-WEEK-Kemi-Adetiba-Taking-The-Media-By-Storm |archive-date=12 October 2014 |access-date=7 October 2014 |publisher=}}</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e robabobedi, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016), filimi ya ntlha ya ga Adetiba ''[[:en:The_Wedding_Party_(2016_film)|ya The Wedding Party]]'' (filimi ya Nigeria ya Rom-com), e ne ya bontshiwa lekgetlo la ntlha mo bosigong, kwa Moletlong wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Difilimi wa Toronto ( [[:en:Toronto_International_Film_Festival|Toronto International Film Festival)]] (TIFF), jaaka filimi ya go simolola lenaneo la City-to-City Spotlight Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa (2017), o ne a tlhagisa pontsho ya ''King Women,'' kwa a neng a botsolotsa mmaagwe Mayen Adetiba. ''Basadi ba'' bangwe ba nako e e fetileng ba ne ba akaretsa [[Chigul]], Taiwo Ajai-Lycett, TY Bello le Tara Durotoye . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2017 |title=Mayen Adetiba speaks on how she dealt with patriarchy at work on the latest episode of King Women |url=https://idafrica.ng/mayen-adetiba-king-women/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307001545/https://idafrica.ng/mayen-adetiba-king-women/ |archive-date=7 March 2022 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=ID Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dietsele le ditlhopho == Ditiro tsa gagwe di mo neetse dietsele di le mmalwa, <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Adebayo|first1=Segun|title=I asked God for Oscar, he gave me Oscar —Kemi Adetiba|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/i-asked-god-for-oscar-he-gave-me-oscar-kemi-adetiba/|access-date=5 November 2024|date=13 February 2022|newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref> go akaretsa le Vidio e e Gaisang Tsotlhe ya Basadi ya pina ya "Ekundayo" ka TY Bello kwa Dietseleng tsa Video ya Mmino ya Soundcity TV le Vidio e e Gaisang Tsotlhe ya Basadi ya pina ya "Today by Today" ka Omawumi kwa Dietseleng tsa itlosobodutu tsa Nigeria tsa 2010 . Ditiro tsa bošeng tsa ga Adetiba ke tsa video ya mmino ya "Onye" ya ga Waje, e e nang le Tiwa Savage, "Anifowose" ya ga Olamide, "Sitting on the Throne," le pina ya [[:en:R&B|R&B]] ya ga Bez ya "Say". Adetiba o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokaedi yo o Gaisang wa Dibidio tsa Mmino wa Ngwaga kwa [[:en:The_Headies_2014|The Headies 2014]] . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenet.ng/kemi-adetiba-honoured-by-headies-and-bentv-nominations/|title=Kemi Adetiba honoured by Headies and BenTv Nominations|date=1 October 2014|access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> O fentse seetsele sa [[:en:City_People_Entertainment_Awards|City People Entertainment Award]] sa Mokaedi yo o Gaisang wa Dibidio tsa Mmino wa Ngwaga (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2015 |title=Kemi Adetiba bags best music video director City People Entertainment Awards |url=http://eafrique.tv/kemi-adetiba-bags-best-music-video-director-city-people-entertainment-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305010425/http://eafrique.tv/kemi-adetiba-bags-best-music-video-director-city-people-entertainment-awards/ |archive-date=5 March 2017 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=Entertainment afrique |language=en-US}}</ref> le Seetsele sa HNWOTY sa Mosadi wa Ngwaga mo Difiliming le Thelebišeneng (2017). <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2017 |title=Kemi Adetiba Remains Thankful As She Bags Her Latest Achievement |url=https://fabwoman.ng/kemi-adetiba-wins-2017-her-network-woman-of-the-year-award/ |access-date=11 December 2017 |website=Fab Woman Ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Difilimi == ** ''Across a Bloodied Ocean (2008)'' ** ''[[:en:The_Wedding_Party_(2016_film)|The Wedding Party]] (2016)'' ** ''[[:en:King_of_Boys|King of Boys]] (2018)<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 April 2022|title=Filmmaker Kemi Adetiba ties the knot with her Ghanaian lover|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/filmmaker-kemi-adetiba-ties-the-knot-with-her-ghanaian-lover/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=17 July 2022|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|first=Joy|last=Mazoje|language=en-GB}}</ref>'' ** ''[[:en:King_of_Boys:_The_Return_of_the_King|King of Boys: The Return of the King]] (2021)'' ** ''[[:en:To_Kill_a_Monkey|To Kill a Monkey]] (2025)'' == Setshwantsho sa dibidio == ** 2017: King Women<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenet.ng/nigerians-react-to-kemi-adetibas-new-project-king-woman/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Nigerians react to Kemi adetibas new project KING WOMAN|date=14 March 2016|newspaper=[[The Netng|The NET]]}}</ref> ** 2015: "Last Bus-Stop" by [[:en:Niyola|Niyola]] ** 2015: "[[:en:Dance_Go_(Eau_de_Vie)|Dance Go (Eau de Vie)]]" for Hennessy Artistry '15 <small>(feat. [[:en:Wizkid_(musician)|Wizkid]] and [[:en:2face_Idibia|2face Idibia]])</small> ** 2015: "Out the Magazine" by [[:en:Lindsey_Abudei|Lindsey Abudei]] ** 2014: "[[:en:My_Darlin|My Darlin]]" by [[:en:Tiwa_Savage|Tiwa Savage]] ** 2014: "My Place" by Lynxxx<ref>{{cite web |date=14 July 2014 |title=New Video: Lynxxx & Stephanie Coker In 'My Place' |url=http://www.channelstv.com/2014/07/14/lynxxx-stephanie-coker-place/ |work=Channels Television}}</ref> ** 2014: "Love to Love You" by Niyola <small>(featuring [[:en:Banky_W.|Banky W.]])</small><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/niyola-goes-topless-new-video/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Niyola goes topless for new video|date=4 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> ** 2014: "Sitting on the Throne" by [[:en:Olamide|Olamide]]<ref>{{cite web |date=19 March 2014 |title=Olamide 'Baddo' Drops Hot New Videos - Channels Television |url=http://www.channelstv.com/2014/03/19/olamide-baddo-drops-hot-new-videos/ |work=Channels Television}}</ref> ** 2014: "Anifowose" by Olamide ** 2014: "Onye" by [[:en:Waje|Waje]]<ref>{{cite web |date=22 July 2014 |title=Waje Release 'Onye' Video Featuring Tiwa Savage |url=http://www.channelstv.com/2014/07/22/waje-release-onye-video-featuring-tiwa-savage/ |work=Channels Television}}</ref> ** 2013: "Toh Bad" by Niyola<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/niyola-releases-new-video/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Niyola releases new video|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=August 14, 2014}}</ref> ** 2013: "Say" by [[:en:Bez_(musician)|Bez]]<ref>{{cite web |date=July 24, 2013 |title=Bez Drops New Video, Say |url=http://www.channelstv.com/2013/07/24/bez-drops-new-video-say/ |work=Channels Television}}</ref> ** 2012: "If I Die" by [[:en:Da_Grin|Da Grin]] ** 2012: "[[:en:Tease_Me/Bad_Guys|Tease Me/Bad Guys]]" by [[:en:Wizkid_(musician)|Wizkid]] ** 2011: "I Believe" by Ego ** 2011: "Follow You Go" by Banky W. ** 2011: "The Future" by [[:en:TY_Bello|TY Bello]] ** 2010: "Fall in Love" by Ego ** 2010: "Lagos Party" by Banky W. ** 2010: "More You" by Banky W. ** 2011: "Today Na Today" by [[:en:Omawumi|Omawumi]] ** 2008: "Ekundayo" by TY Bello == Bona gape == * [[:en:List_of_Nigerian_cinematographers|Lenaane la batshwantshi ba difilimi ba kwa Nigeria]] == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 3vvi5z75ri6s68zto8qrff69my9bdf6 0 15469 57093 56174 2026-11-11T06:20:00Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57093 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vanessa Mahi''' (o belegwe ka 17 Sedimonthole 1997), o itsege jaaka Doll wa Ivory Coast, ke rapper wa British-German le motho wa inthanete wa kwa Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On The Radar: Ivorian Doll |url=http://www.musicweek.com/radar/read/on-the-radar-ivorian-doll/081623 |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=www.musicweek.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2020 |title=YouTube Star Turned Rapper Ivorian Doll Is Making Drill 'Fun and Sexy' |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/youtube-star-turned-rapper-ivorian-doll-is-making-drill-fun-and-sexy/ |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=Vice.com |language=en}}</ref> O ne a simolola go dira mmogo le Abigail Asante, a golola dipina ka leina la Abigail x Ivorian Doll. Fa e sale ka nako eo o ne a tswelela go golola dipina di le mmalwa e le moopedi a le nosi. == Botshelo jwa pele == Mahi o belegetswe kwa [[Flensburg]], kwa Jeremane ke batsadi ba ba tswang kwa [[Ivory Coast]] mme a fudugela kwa East London fa a ne a na le dingwaga di le tharo le rraagwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bio |url=https://www.ivoriandoll.com/full-bio |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=Ivorian Doll}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Itseli |first=Minou |date=31 July 2020 |title="I'm Just Trying To Compete With The Boys": An Interview With Ivorian Doll |url=https://www.complex.com/music/2020/07/ivorian-doll-interview |journal=Complex |access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> Mmaagwe o ne a nna kwa Jeremane kwa tshimologong, mme moragonyana a ikopanya le lelapa fa Mahi a ne a le mo dingwageng tsa bolesome mme batsadi ba gagwe ba kopana gap.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Baah |first=Nana |date=25 January 2021 |title=Everybody's Talking About Ivorian Doll |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/ivorian-doll-noisey-cover-january-2021/ |journal=Vice |access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref> Leina la gagwe la sephiri le kaya gore o tswa kwa Ivory Coast. Rraagwe Mahi ke moruti.<ref name=":1" /> O ne a mo tsentse dithutego tsa gotsameka difilimi a le dingwaga tse lesome le bongwe.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Cover story: The gospel according to Ivorian Doll |url=https://crackmagazine.net/article/profiles/ivorian-doll/ |access-date=2021-06-29 |website=Crack Magazine}}</ref> O tsene kwa [[Haggerston School]].<ref name=":3" /> == Tiro ya gagwe == Pele ga simolola tiro ya gagwe ya kopelo , Mahi e ne e le modiragatsi wa YouTube.<ref name=":0" /> Mahi o tlhalosa fa a tsene mo tirong ya kopelo ya rap ka phoso.<ref name=":2" /> Fa a sena go dira tshimologo ya gagwe ya mmino a dira mmogo le Abigail Asante, Mahi o ne a simolola go ntsha mmino jaaka moopedi wa solo kwa bokhutlong jwa 2019.<ref name=":2" /> Pina ya gawe e ne ele"Queen of Drill".<ref name=":2" /> O ne a golola pina ya gagwe ya ntlha, "Rumours", ka Moranang 2020.<ref name=":1" /> Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego sa pina ya gwagwe e e mo YouTube e fitlhile dimilione tsa batho mo kgweding e le nngwe fela.<ref name=":3" /> Mahi o ne a tlhophiwa e le mongwe wa batho ba basha mo kopelong ka 2020 MOBO Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-24 |title=Lianne La Havas, Aitch and Nines lead 2020 MOBO Awards nominations |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/nines-lianne-la-havas-and-aitch-lead-2020-mobo-awards-nominations-2823990 |access-date=2021-06-29 |website=NME |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ka Sedimonthole 2020, rapper wa kwa Birmingham Lady Leshurr o ne a golola pina e e buang ka Mahi, "DIV".<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2020 |title=Lady Leshurr Smacks Down Ivorian Doll |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/lady-leshurr-smacks-down-ivorian-doll |access-date=2021-06-27 |website=Clash Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Mahi o ne a itsisiwe jaaka karolo ya Wireless Festival 2021 lineup ka Moranang 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-28 |title=Skepta, Future and Migos to Headline London's Wireless Festival 2021 |url=https://hypebeast.com/2021/4/wireless-festival-2021-lineup-announcement-future-skepta-migos |access-date=2021-06-29 |website=HYPEBEAST}}</ref> O ne gape a diragatsa kwa Reading Festival 2021..<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-28 |title=Ivorian Doll at Reading Festival 2021: "I want to be a big international artist" |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/ivorian-doll-interview-reading-festival-2021-nicki-minaj-drill-courtney-love-tiffany-calver-3031654 |access-date=2021-11-08 |website=NME |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ka 2021, o ne a dira mmogo le Birmingham's [[Duran Duran]] mo pina "Hammerhead" mo alebamo ya bone ya [[Future Past]], e e golotsweng ka Diphalane 2021. == Bodiragatsi == Mahi o tlhalositse fa [[Nicki Minaj]],<ref name=":2" /> [[Lil' Kim]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Meet Ivorian Doll, the Reigning Queen of Drill |url=https://www.hungertv.com/editorial/bow-down-meet-ivorian-doll-the-queen-of-drill/ |access-date=2021-06-29 |website=www.hungertv.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629041739/https://www.hungertv.com/editorial/bow-down-meet-ivorian-doll-the-queen-of-drill/ |archive-date=2021-06-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> le [[Foxy Brown]]<ref name=":4" /> le batlhotlheledi ba gagwe . == Dipina tsa gawe == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+List of singles as lead artist, with selected details ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Title ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="row" |"Queen of Drill (QOD)" |2019 | rowspan="17" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" |"Rumours" | rowspan="4" |2020 |- ! scope="row" |"Body Bag" |- ! scope="row" |"Daily Duppy" |- ! scope="row" |"Clout" |- ! scope="row" |"Boss" | rowspan="5" |2022 |- ! scope="row" |"Bow Down" |- ! scope="row" |"Big Booty" |- ! scope="row" |"Messy" |- ! scope="row" |"Petty" |- ! scope="row" |"Big Bad IVD" | rowspan="2" |2023 |- ! scope="row" |"Diss to Dillon" |- ! scope="row" |"3AM (From The Block Freestyle)" | rowspan="5" |2024 |- ! scope="row" |"Bulletproof" |- ! scope="row" |"HB Freestyle (Season 6)" |- ! scope="row" |"9JA FREESTYLE" |- ! scope="row" |"In The Booth" |- |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+List of singles as featured artist, with selected details ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Title ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="row" |"The Situation" <br /><br />(Abigail Asante with Ivorian Doll) | rowspan="2" |2019 | rowspan="15" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" |"Bouji" <br /><br />(AB feat. Ivorian Doll) |- ! scope="row" |"Bezerk" <br /><br />(Br3nya with Ivorian Doll) |2020 |- ! scope="row" |"Dumb Flex (Remix)" <br /><br />(Miss Lafamilia featuring Ivorian Doll, A9bdo Fundz, Offica, and Poundz) | rowspan="6" |2021 |- ! scope="row" |"WTF" <br /><br />(Tanya with Ivorian Doll) |- ! scope="row" |"Sad Party" <br /><br />(solo or acoustic by KAMILLE featuring Haile and Ivorian Doll) |- ! scope="row" |"Victory (My Destiny)" <br /><br />(Tokio Myers featuring Ivorian Doll) |- ! scope="row" |"Faded [Remix]" <br /><br />(B1 featuring 22Gz, Ivorian Doll, and Dezzie) |- ! scope="row" |"Holy F4k" <br /><br />(Smallgod featuring Ivorian Doll, Vic Mensa, Black Sherif, Kwaku DMC) |- ! scope="row" |"Hot" <br /><br />(Stepz with Ivorian Doll) | rowspan="3" |2023 |- ! scope="row" |"Plenty Plenty" <br /><br />(Steel Banglez featuring S1mba, Midas the Jagaban, and Ivorian Doll) |- ! scope="row" |"Money Come (Remix)" <br /><br />(Iggy Azelea featuring Ivorian Doll and Big Boss Vette) |- |} == Metswedi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] swiaeb1kuo9f523tu56e0qpfiqijkf9 0 15685 57081 2026-11-10T14:29:27Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457216|Sexually transmitted infection]] to:tn #mdwikicx 57081 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Megare e e tshelanwang ka tlhakanelo dikobo''' ( '''di-STI''' ), e gape e bidiwang '''malwetse a tlhakanelo dikobo'''( '''di-STD''' ), ke [[infection|megare]] e gantsi e [[Transmission (medicine)|anamisiwang]] ka go tlhakanela dikobo, segolobogolo [[Sexual intercourse|thobalano ya bosadi]], [[anal sex|kamano ya marago]] le [[oral sex|kamano ya molomo]].<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Fact sheet N°110|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs110/en/|website=who.int|access-date=30 November 2014|date=November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125133056/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs110/en/|archive-date=25 November 2014|df=}}</ref><ref name="Women2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/sexually-transmitted-infections|title=Sexually transmitted infections|website=womenshealth.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-12-08|date=2017-02-22|archive-date=22 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522193206/https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/sexually-transmitted-infections|url-status=live}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> Gantsi di-STI ga di bake dikai kwa tshimologong,<ref name="WHO2014" /> mme seo se felela se baka gore go nne le bodiphatsa jwa go fetisetsa bolwetse jo kwa go ba bangwe.<ref>{{Cite book|vauthors=Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA|title=Medical microbiology|date=2013|publisher=Mosby|location=St. Louis, MO|isbn=978-0-323-08692-9|page=418|edition=7th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBEVsFmR2yQC&pg=PA418 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201070705/https://books.google.com/books?id=RBEVsFmR2yQC&pg=PA418|archive-date=2015-12-01|df=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Mims' medical microbiology |date=2012 |publisher=Saunders |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-7234-3601-0 |page=245 |edition=5th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzQayLEQ5mQC&pg=PA245 |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819200455/https://books.google.com/books?id=pzQayLEQ5mQC&pg=PA245 |url-status=live |last=Goering|first=Richard V.}}</ref> Dikai le ditshupo tsa di-STI di akaretsa [[vaginal discharge|go tswa ga bosadi]], [[penile discharge|go tswa ga setho sa bonna]], [[genital ulcers|diso mo dirweng tsa bong kgotsa go dikologa tsone]], le [[pelvic pain|setlhabi mo sehubeng]].<ref name="WHO2014" /> Di-STI di ka [[vertically transmitted infection|fetisediwa mo leseeng]] pele kgotsa ka nako ya [[childbirth|pelegi]], mme seo se ka felela ka ditlamorago tse di maswe tsa botsogo.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-prevention/reducing-mother-to-child-risk/preventing-mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv|title=Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV|website=HIV.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-12-08|date=2017-05-15|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044313/https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-prevention/reducing-mother-to-child-risk/preventing-mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv|url-status=live}}</ref> Malwetse mangwe a tlhakanelo dikobo a ka felela ka go ngotla kgotsa go fokotsa bokgoni jwa pelegi.<ref name="WHO2014" /> [[bacteria|Dibaketeria]], [[virus|dibaerase]] le [[parasite|dipharasaete]] tse di farologaneng di feta masome a mararo di ka tshelanwa ka tlhakanelodikobo.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Di-STI tse di bakiwang ke dibakateria di akaretsa [[Chlamydia|chlamydia]], [[gonorrhea|thosola]], le [[syphilis|rasiphiphi]].<ref name="WHO2014" /> Di-STI tsa megare di akaretsa [[genital herpes|dikakata tsa bong]], [[HIV/AIDS]], le [[genital warts|diboko tsa bong]].<ref name="WHO2014" /> Di-STI tsa dipharasaete di akaretsa [[trichomoniasis]].<ref name="WHO2014" /> Le fa gantsi di anamisiwa ka tlhakanelodikobo, malwetsi mangwe a tlhakanelo dikobo a ka anamisiwa ka go amana ka tsela e e seng ya tlhakanelodikobo le ditshika tse di neelang , madi, [[breastfeeding|go amusa ka lebele]], kgotsa ka nako ya pelegi.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Ditlhatlhobo tsa STI gantsi di bonwa motlhofo mo [[developed world|mafatsheng a tlhabologileng]], mme gantsi ga di bonwe mo mafatsheng a tlhabologang.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Tsela e e nonofileng thata ya go thibela di-STI ke go [[Sexual abstinence|se tlhakanele dikobo]].<ref name="CDC2013P" /> [[vaccinations|Mekento]] e mengwe gape e ka fokotsa bodiphatsa jwa megare e e rileng go akaretsa [[Hepatitis B vaccine|hepatitis B]] le mefuta mengwe ya mogare wa [[HPV vaccine|HPV]].<ref name="CDC2013P" /> Mekgwa e [[Safe sex|e babalesegileng ya tlhakanelodikobo]], e tshwana go dirisa [[condom|sekausu]], go nna le mokapelo a le mongwe, go nna le botsalano jwa tlhakanelo dikobo le motho a le mongwe kgotsa go amana le motho a le mongwe le yone e ka fokotsa bodiphatsa jwa go tsenwa ke malwetse a tlhakanelo dikobo.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="CDC2013P">{{Cite web|title=How You Can Prevent Sexually Transmitted Diseases|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/prevention/default.htm|website=cdc.gov|access-date=13 December 2017|date=31 May 2016|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209015403/http://www.cdc.gov/std/prevention/default.htm|archive-date=9 December 2014|df=}}{{CDC}}</ref> [[Circumcision|Go rupa]] mo banneng ba batonago ka nna le mosola mo go thibeleng megare mengwe.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Ka nako ya sekolo, [[comprehensive sex education|thuto e e tseneletseng ya tlhakanelodikobo]] le yone e ka nna mosola.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002607/260770e.pdf|title=International technical guidance on sexuality education: An evidence-informed approach|publisher=UNESCO|year=2018|isbn=978-92-3-100259-5|location=Paris|pages=28|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=13 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113072101/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002607/260770e.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Bontsi jwa di-STI di a alafega kgotsa di a alafiwa; megare e e tlwaelegileng thata, thosola, chlamydia le trichomoniasis di a alafega, fa herpes, hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS le HPV tsone di ka alafega mme di sa fodisiwe.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Go gana [[antibiotics|dibolayamegare]] dingwe go a gola mo ditsheding dingwe tse di tshwana gonorrhea.<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Update to CDC's Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010: oral cephalosporins no longer a recommended treatment for gonococcal infections | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 61 | issue = 31 | pages = 590–4 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22874837 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6131a3.htm | access-date = 31 July 2020 | archive-date = 6 October 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151006070610/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6131a3.htm | url-status = live |last=Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC)}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano,batho ba ka tshwarang 1.1&nbsp; dibilione ba ne ba na le malwetse a a tlhakanelang dikobo kwantle ga HIV/AIDS.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref> Ba ka nna dimilione di le makgolo a matlhono ba ne ba tshwaeditswe ke mogare wa rasiphiphi, thosola, chlamydia kgotsa trichomoniasis.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Palonyana ya batho ba bangwe ba le dimilione di le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo ba na le herpes ya bong, mme ba le dimilione di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a robabongwe ba na le [[human papillomavirus|mogare wa human papilomavirus]].<ref name="WHO2014" /> Di-STI tse dingwe kwantle ga HIV di bakile dintsho di le 108 000 ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, etal | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 }}</ref> Kwa United States, go ne ga nna le dikgetsi tse dišha di le dimilione di le lesome le borobabongwe tsa malwetse a tlhakanelang dikobo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome.<ref name="CDC2012Cases">{{Cite web|title=STD Trends in the United States: 2010 National Data for Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and Syphilis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats10/trends.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=15 September 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909055432/http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats10/trends.htm|archive-date=9 September 2012|df=}}</ref> Dikgatiso tsa ditso tsa malwetse a tlhakanelo dikobo di simolotse ka nako ya [[Ebers papyrus]] ka 1550 BC le [[Old Testament|Testamenteng e Kgologolo]].<ref>{{Cite book| first2 = Stephen K. | last2 = Tyring |title=Sexually transmitted infections and sexually transmitted diseases|date=2011|publisher=Springer Verlag|location=Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-14663-3|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AnoGccgd7yQC&pg=PR20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924235232/https://books.google.com/books?id=AnoGccgd7yQC&pg=PR20|archive-date=2015-09-24|df=|first=Gerd|last=Gross}}</ref> Gantsi go na le ditlhong le [[Social stigma|kgobo]] e e amanang le malwetse a tlhakanelang dikobo.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Leina la mogare wa ''tlhakanelo dikobo'' ka kakaretso le dirisiwa go na le la ''bolwetse jwa tlhakanelo dikobo'' kgotsa ''bolwetse jo bo tshelenwang ka tlhakanelodikobo'', ka gonne le akaretsa ba ba senang dikai tsa bolwetse.<ref name="WHO2003Term">{{Cite book|title=Guidelines for the management of sexually transmitted infections|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154626-3|page=vi|url=http://applications.emro.who.int/aiecf/web79.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208104249/http://applications.emro.who.int/aiecf/web79.pdf|archive-date=2014-12-08|df=}}</ref> ==Ditshupiso== <references /> 7p9lakusoztmeiptmptumc1oin4s17e 0 15686 57082 2026-11-10T15:13:44Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513842|Tetanus]] to:tn #mdwikicx 57082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Tetanus | synonym = Lockjaw | image = Opisthotonus in a patient suffering from tetanus - Painting by Sir Charles Bell - 1809.jpg | image size = | image thumbtime = | alt = | caption = [[Muscle spasm]]s in severe tetanus (specifically [[opisthotonos]]). Painting by [[Sir Charles Bell]], 1809. | pronounce = | symptoms = [[Muscle spasm]]s, fever, headache<ref name=CDC2012Pink/> | complications = | onset = 3–21 days following exposure<ref name=CDC2012Pink/> | duration = Months<ref name=CDC2012Pink/> | types = | causes = ''[[Clostridium tetani]]''<ref name=Kumar2020/> | risks = Break in the skin<ref name=CDC2013C/> | diagnosis = Based on symptoms<ref name=CDC2012Pink/> | differential = | prevention = [[Tetanus vaccine]]<ref name=CDC2012Pink/> | treatment = [[Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin|Tetanus immune globulin]], [[muscle relaxant]]s, [[mechanical ventilation]]<ref name=CDC2012Pink/><ref name=CDC2013Doc/> | medication = | prognosis = 10% risk of death<ref name=CDC2012Pink /> | frequency = 209,000 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/> | deaths = 56,700 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/> | named after = |specialty =[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] }} '''Tetanus''', e gape e bidiwang '''go kitlana ga ditlhaga/Meno''', ke [[bacterial infection|mogare o o bakiwang ke dibakateria]] o o itshupang ka [[muscle spasm|go ruruga ga mesifa]].<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Mo mofuteng o o tlwaelegileng thata, motlhoko jwa mesifa bo simolola mo ditlhageng mme di bo di tswelela go ya kwa mmeleng otlhe.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Botlhoko bongwe le bongwe gantsi bo tsaya metsotso e le mmalwa.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Di-spasm di diragala kgapetsakgapetsa mo dibekeng tse tharo go ya go tse nne.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Go ruruga go gongwe go ka nna maswe thata go [[bone fracture|ka roba marapo]].<ref name="CDC2013S" /> Matshwao a mangwe a tetanase a ka akaretsa [[fever|letshoroma]], [[sweating|go fufula]], [[headache|go opiwa ke tlhogo]], [[dysphagia|mathata a go metsa]], [[hypertension|kgatelelo e kgolo ya madi]], le [[tachycardia|go itaya ga pelo ka bonako]].<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /><ref name="CDC2013S">{{Cite web|title=Tetanus Symptoms and Complications|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/symptoms-complications.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=12 February 2015|date=January 9, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212225108/http://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/symptoms-complications.html|archive-date=12 February 2015}}</ref> Go simolola ga matshwao gantsi ke malatsi a le mararo go ya go a le masome a mabedi le bongwe morago ga tshwaetsego.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Go fola go ka tsaya dikgwedi.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Diphesente di ka nna lesome tsa dikgetse di itshupa [[death|di bolaya]].<ref name="CDC2012Pink">{{Cite book|title=Tetanus Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases|date=May 2012|publisher=Public Health Foundation|isbn=9780983263135|pages=291–300|edition=12|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/tetanus.html|access-date=12 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213010501/http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/tetanus.html|archive-date=February 13, 2015|last=Atkinson|first=William}} {{CDC}}</ref> Tetanase e bakwa ke tshwaetsego ya [[bacterium|baketeria]] ya ''[[Clostridium tetani]]''.<ref name="Kumar2020">{{Cite book|last2=Irving |first2=William L. |last3=Moss |first3=Peter J. |title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5 |pages=546-547 |edition=10th |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA546 |language=en |chapter=20. Infectious disease |access-date=2023-01-14 |archive-date=2023-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114074937/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA546 |url-status=live |last=Barlow|first=Gavin|editor-last=Feather|editor-first=Adam|editor-last2=Randall|editor-first2=David|editor-last3=Waterhouse|editor-first3=Mona}}</ref> Setshedi seno gantsi se fitlhelwa mo mmung, mo matheng, mo leroleng le mo motshotelong.<ref name="CDC2013C">{{Cite web|title=Tetanus Causes and Transmission|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/causes-transmission.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=12 February 2015|date=January 9, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212223308/http://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/causes-transmission.html|archive-date=12 February 2015}}</ref> Bolwetse ka kakaretso bo diragala ka go thubega ga letlalo jaaka ntho e e segilweng kgotsa e e phuntsweng ke selo se se kgotletsweng.<ref name="CDC2013C" /> [[Toxin|Botlhole jo]] bo ntshiwang ke ''C. tetani'' bo kgoreletsa go ngotlega ga mesifa go go tlwaelegileng.<ref name="CDC2013Doc">{{Cite web|title=Tetanus For Clinicians|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/clinicians.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=12 February 2015|date=January 9, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212224705/http://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/clinicians.html|archive-date=12 February 2015}}</ref> Temogo e ikaegile ka matshwao le ditshupo tse di tlhagisang.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Bolwetse jo ga bo aname fa gare ga batho.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Tetanase e ka thibelwa ka [[immunization|go entiwa]] ka [[tetanus vaccine|moento wa tetanase]].<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Mo go ba ba nang le lebadi le le bonalang mme ba nnile le ditekanyetso tse di kwa tlase ga tse tharo tsa moento, go kgothalediwa go enta le [[tetanus immune globulin]] ka bobedi.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Lebadi le tshwanetse go phepafadiwa mme thishu nngwe le nngwe e e suleng e tshwanetse go ntshiwa.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Mo go ba ba tshwaeditsweng, go dirisiwa globulin ya masole a mmele a tetanus kgotsa, fa e seyo, go dirisiwa [[intravenous immunoglobulin|immunoglobulin e e tsenngwang mo ditshikaneng]] (IVIG).<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> [[Muscle relaxant|Diokobatsi tsa mesifa]] e ka dirisiwa go laola di-spasm.<ref name="CDC2013Doc" /> [[Mechanical ventilation|Go tsenya phefo ka semotšhini]] e ka nna ya tlhokega fa go hema ga motho go amega.<ref name="CDC2013Doc" /> Tetanus e tlhagelela mo dikarolong tsotlhe tsa lefatshe fela e bonwa kgapetsakgapetsa mo tlelaemeteng e e mogote le e e metsi fa mmu o nang le diteng tse di kwa godimo tsa ditshedi.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Ka 2015 go ne ga nna le ditshwaetsego di ka nna 209 000 le dintsho di ka nna 59 000 lefatshe ka bophara.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref><ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 }}</ref> Se se kwa tlase go tswa go dintsho di le 356 000 ka 1990.<ref name="GBD2014">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal | title = Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = Lancet | volume = 385 | issue = 9963 | pages = 117–71 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25530442 | pmc = 4340604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 }}</ref> Kwa US go na le dikgetse di ka nna 30 ka ngwaga, mo e ka nnang tsotlhe ga di ise di kentiwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Tetanus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |publisher=United States Government |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=11 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111113214/http://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tlhaloso ya ntlha ya bolwetse jono e ne ya dirwa ke [[Hippocrates]] mo lekgolong la bo5 la dingwaga BC.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Se se bakang bolwetse jono se ne sa tlhomamisiwa ka 1884 ke Antonio Carle le Giorgio Rattone kwa [[University of Turin|Yunibesithing ya Turin]], mme go ne ga tlhamiwa moento ka 1924.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> ==Ditshupiso== <references /> 2dxdkj51uazbmhimo37c9s4sshxvk05 0 15687 57083 2026-11-10T15:37:23Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1459107|Vitamin C]] to:tn #mdwikicx 57083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug |Watchedfields =changed |verifiedrevid =477315393 |drug name =Vitamin C |image =L-Ascorbic acid.svg |width = |alt =Natta projection of structural formula for L-ascorbic acid |image2 =Ascorbic-acid-from-xtal-1997-3D-balls.png |width2 = |alt2 =Ball-and-stick model of L-ascorbic acid |caption =<!-- | type = mab / vaccine / combo --> <!-- | type = mab / vaccine / combo --> |type = <!-- Names --> |pronounce = |tradename = |synonyms ={{sm|l}}-ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid, ascorbate |IUPAC name ={{sm|l}}-''threo''-Hex-2-enono-1,4-lactone<br />''or''<br />(''R'')-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((''S'')- 1,2-dihydroxyethyl)furan-2(5''H'')-one <!-- Clinical data --> |class =[[Vitamin]] |uses =[[Scurvy]]<ref name=MSF2020>{{cite web |title=ASCORBIC acid = VITAMIN C oral - Essential drugs |url=https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/ascorbic-acid-vitamin-c-oral-16685261.html |website=medicalguidelines.msf.org |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827183337/https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/ascorbic-acid-vitamin-c-oral-16685261.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |side effects =Gastrointestinal discomfort, headache, trouble sleeping, flushing of the skin<ref name=AHFS2016 /><ref name=WHO2008 /> |interactions =<!-- notable interactions --> |pregnancy AU =<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --> |pregnancy US =<!-- A / B / C / D / X --> |pregnancy category=A (to [[Dietary Reference Intake|Recommended Dietary Allowance]] (RDA)), C (above RDA)<ref name="Drugscom pregnancy" /> |breastfeeding = |routes of administration=By mouth, [[Intramuscular injection|IM]], [[Intravenous therapy|IV]], [[Subcutaneous injection|subQ]] |onset = |duration of action= |defined daily dose=200 mg (by mouth or injection)<ref name="who">{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc ddd index/?code=A11GA01 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728132548/https://www.whocc.no/atc ddd index/?code=A11GA01 |url-status=live }}</ref> |typical dose = <!-- External links --> |Drugs.com ={{drugs.com |monograph |ascorbic-acid}} |MedlinePlus =a682583 <!-- Legal data --> |legal status =OTC (when used by mouth); prescription (for injectable form) |DailyMedID =Ascorbic acid |licence US =<!-- FDA may use generic name --> |licence EU =<!-- EMEA requires brand name --> <!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> |bioavailability =Rapid and complete |protein bound =Negligible |elimination half-life=Varies according to plasma concentration <!-- can be 30 min to weeks, depending on body stores --> |excretion =Kidney <!-- Chemical and physical data --> |C =6 |H =8 |O =6 |chemical formula = |SMILES =OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O |StdInChI =1S/C6H8O6/c7-1-2(8)5-3(9)4(10)6(11)12-5/h2,5,7-10H,1H2/t2-,5+/m0/s1 |StdInChI Ref ={{stdinchicite |correct |chemspider}} |StdInChIKey =CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N |StdInChIKey Ref ={{stdinchicite |correct |chemspider}} |molecular weight =176.12 |density =1.694 |melting point =190–192 |melting notes =(some decomposition)<ref>[[Merck Index]], 14th ed.</ref> |boiling point =552.7 |boiling notes =<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Vitamin C|url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.10189562.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724030511/http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.10189562.html|archive-date=July 24, 2020|access-date=2020-07-25|website=ChemSpider|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry}}</ref> }} '''Kota ya Vitamin C''', e e itsegeng gape jaaka '''ascorbic acid''' le '''ascorbate''', ke [[vitamin]] e e fitlhelwang mo dijong tse di farologaneng mme e bapadiwa jaaka [[dietary supplement|tlaleletso ya dijo]]/dikotla.<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web |title=Ascorbic Acid |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ascorbic-acid.html |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=December 8, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230161611/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ascorbic-acid.html |archive-date=December 30, 2016 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> E dirisediwa go thibela le go alafa [[scurvy|bolwetsi jwa scurvy]].<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Kotla ya Vitamin C ke [[Nutrient|kotla e e botlhokwa]] e e amegang mo paakanyong ya [[Tissue (biology)|ditshikana tsa mmele]] le mo tlhagisong [[Enzyme|ya enzyme]] ya [[neurotransmitter|diphetisetso]] dingwe tsa methapo.<ref name="AHFS2016" /><ref name="DRItext">{{Cite book|title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids |chapter=Vitamin C |publisher=The National Academies Press |year=2000 |location=Washington, DC |pages=95–185 |chapter-url=https://www.nap.edu/read/9810/chapter/7 |access-date=September 1, 2017 |isbn=978-0-309-06935-9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902180153/https://www.nap.edu/read/9810/chapter/7 |archive-date=September 2, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> E tlhokega go dira ga di-enzyme di le mmalwa mme e botlhokwa mo go direng ga [[immune system|thulaganyo ya masole a mmele]].<ref name="DRItext" /><ref name="lpi2018">{{Cite web|title=Vitamin C |url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-C |publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR |access-date=19 June 2019 |date=1 July 2018 |archive-date=July 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712000113/https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-C |url-status=live }}</ref> Gape e bereka jaaka [[antioxidant|selwantshamegare]].<ref name="NIH2016">{{Cite web|title=Fact Sheet for Health Professionals – Vitamin C |url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/ |publisher=Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health |date=February 11, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730052126/https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/ |archive-date=July 30, 2017 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Go na le bosupi jwa gore tiriso ya ditlaleletsi tsa dijo e ka gale e ka fokotsa nako e sewang ke [[common cold|mohikela]] mo mmeleng, fela ga go bonale e ka thibela mogare.<ref name="NIH2016" /><ref name="WHO2008">{{Cite book| title = WHO Model Formulary 2008 | year = 2009 | isbn = 9789241547659 | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | veditors = Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR | hdl = 10665/44053 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization }}</ref><ref name="Hem2013">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Hemilä H, Chalker E | title = Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 1 | pages = CD000980 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23440782 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4 | pmc = 1160577 }}</ref> Ga go itsiwe sentle gore a tlaleletso e amana le bodiphatsa jwa [[cancer|kankere]], [[cardiovascular disease|bolwetse jwa pelo le ditshika]], kgotsa [[dementia|go latlhegelwa ke tlhaloganyo]].<ref name="Ye2013">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Ye Y, Li J, Yuan Z | title = Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = e56803 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23437244 | pmc = 3577664 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0056803 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...856803Y }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Duerbeck NB, Dowling DD, Duerbeck JM | title = Vitamin C: Promises Not Kept | journal = Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey | volume = 71 | issue = 3 | pages = 187–93 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26987583 | doi = 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000289|quote=Antioxidant vitamin supplementation has no effect on the incidence of major cardiovascular events, myocardial infarction, stroke, total death, and cardiac death.}}</ref> E ka nowa ka molomo kgotsa ya tsewa e le mokento.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Kotla ya Vitamin C ka kakaretso e tsaya batho sentle.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Go e tsaya ka selekanyo se se kwa godimo go ka baka go sa phuthologa mo mpeng, go opiwa ke tlhogo, mathata a go robala le go tlhotlhorega ga letlalo.<ref name="AHFS2016" /><ref name="WHO2008" /> Selekanyo se se tlwaelegileng se babalesegile ka nako ya [[pregnancy|boimana]].<ref name="Drugscom pregnancy">{{Cite web|title=Ascorbic acid Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ascorbic-acid.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=December 30, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231075819/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ascorbic-acid.html |archive-date=December 31, 2016 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[National Academy of Medicine|Lefelo la Kalafi]] la United States le rotloetsa gore motho a se ka a nwa selekanyo se se kwa godimo kgotsa se sentsi.<ref name="DRItext" /> Vitamin C e ribolotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bobedi, ya tlhaolwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, mme ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le boraro, e ne e le kotla ya ntlha ya Vitamin go [[Chemical synthesis|dirwa ka melemo]].<ref name="Squires">{{Cite book|title=The Role of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Human Nutrition - Volume IV |date=2011 |publisher=EOLSS Publications |isbn=9781848261952 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJWoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 |access-date=August 8, 2020 |archive-date=December 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225062523/https://books.google.com/books?id=VJWoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 |url-status=live |last=Squires|first=Victor R.}}</ref> E mo [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|Lenaaneng la Melemo ya Botlhokwa la Lekgotla la bodichaba la Botsogo (WHO)]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book| vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref> VitAMIN C e teng E LE melemo e e sa tureng [[Generic drug|ya generic]] le [[over-the-counter drug|e e rekwang kwa khaontareng]].<ref name="AHFS2016" /><ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76 |date=2018 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |isbn=9780857113382 |page=1049 |edition=76}}</ref><ref name="ERC2015">{{Cite web|title=International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Vitamin C: Supplier Prices |url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=830&searchYear=2015 |publisher=Management Sciences for Health, Arlington, VA |date=2016 |access-date=March 22, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323233108/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=830&searchYear=2015 |archive-date=March 23, 2017 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya go ribololwa ga yone, [[Albert Szent-Györgyi]] le [[Norman Haworth|Walter Norman Haworth]] ba ne ba neelwa dimpho tsa [[Nobel Prizes|Noble Prizes]] tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bosupa tsa [[Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine|Fisioloji le tsa Kalafi]] le [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Khemeseteri]], ka go latelana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel prizes/medicine/laureates/1937 |publisher=Nobel Media AB |access-date=November 20, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105153327/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel prizes/medicine/laureates/1937/ |archive-date=November 5, 2014 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="Zet2009">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Zetterström R | title = Nobel Prize 1937 to Albert von Szent-Györgyi: identification of vitamin C as the anti-scorbutic factor | journal = Acta Paediatrica | volume = 98 | issue = 5 | pages = 915–9 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19239412 | doi = 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01239.x }}</ref> Dijo tse di nang le kotla ya Vitamin C di akaretsa [[Citrus|maungo a dinamune]], [[kiwifruit|kiwi]], [[guava]], [[broccoli|borokoli]], [[Brussels sprout|matlhogela a Brussel]]s, [[bell pepper|dipepere]] le [[strawberry|diseteroberi]].<ref name="NIH2016" /> Go boloka nako e telele kgotsa go apaya go ka fokotsa matute a Vitamin C mo dijong.<ref name="NIH2016" /> ==Ditshupiso== <references /> 1f0rqpb0jk23kfuecq5eypybz0mk58u 57095 57083 2026-11-11T07:39:09Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 57095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug |Watchedfields =changed |verifiedrevid =477315393 |drug name =Vitamin C |image =L-Ascorbic acid.svg |width = |alt =Natta projection of structural formula for L-ascorbic acid |image2 =Ascorbic-acid-from-xtal-1997-3D-balls.png |width2 = |alt2 =Ball-and-stick model of L-ascorbic acid |caption =<!-- | type = mab / vaccine / combo --> <!-- | type = mab / vaccine / combo --> |type = <!-- Names --> |pronounce = |tradename = |synonyms ={{sm|l}}-ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid, ascorbate |IUPAC name ={{sm|l}}-''threo''-Hex-2-enono-1,4-lactone<br />''or''<br />(''R'')-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((''S'')- 1,2-dihydroxyethyl)furan-2(5''H'')-one <!-- Clinical data --> |class =[[Vitamin]] |uses =[[Scurvy]]<ref name=MSF2020>{{cite web |title=ASCORBIC acid = VITAMIN C oral - Essential drugs |url=https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/ascorbic-acid-vitamin-c-oral-16685261.html |website=medicalguidelines.msf.org |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827183337/https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/ascorbic-acid-vitamin-c-oral-16685261.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |side effects =Gastrointestinal discomfort, headache, trouble sleeping, flushing of the skin<ref name=AHFS2016 /><ref name=WHO2008 /> |interactions =<!-- notable interactions --> |pregnancy AU =<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --> |pregnancy US =<!-- A / B / C / D / X --> |pregnancy category=A (to [[Dietary Reference Intake|Recommended Dietary Allowance]] (RDA)), C (above RDA)<ref name="Drugscom pregnancy" /> |breastfeeding = |routes of administration=By mouth, [[Intramuscular injection|IM]], [[Intravenous therapy|IV]], [[Subcutaneous injection|subQ]] |onset = |duration of action= |defined daily dose=200 mg (by mouth or injection)<ref name="who">{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc ddd index/?code=A11GA01 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728132548/https://www.whocc.no/atc ddd index/?code=A11GA01 |url-status=live }}</ref> |typical dose = <!-- External links --> |Drugs.com ={{drugs.com |monograph |ascorbic-acid}} |MedlinePlus =a682583 <!-- Legal data --> |legal status =OTC (when used by mouth); prescription (for injectable form) |DailyMedID =Ascorbic acid |licence US =<!-- FDA may use generic name --> |licence EU =<!-- EMEA requires brand name --> <!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> |bioavailability =Rapid and complete |protein bound =Negligible |elimination half-life=Varies according to plasma concentration <!-- can be 30 min to weeks, depending on body stores --> |excretion =Kidney <!-- Chemical and physical data --> |C =6 |H =8 |O =6 |chemical formula = |SMILES =OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O |StdInChI =1S/C6H8O6/c7-1-2(8)5-3(9)4(10)6(11)12-5/h2,5,7-10H,1H2/t2-,5+/m0/s1 |StdInChI Ref ={{stdinchicite |correct |chemspider}} |StdInChIKey =CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N |StdInChIKey Ref ={{stdinchicite |correct |chemspider}} |molecular weight =176.12 |density =1.694 |melting point =190–192 |melting notes =(some decomposition)<ref>[[Merck Index]], 14th ed.</ref> |boiling point =552.7 |boiling notes =<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Vitamin C|url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.10189562.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724030511/http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.10189562.html|archive-date=July 24, 2020|access-date=2020-07-25|website=ChemSpider|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry}}</ref> }} '''Kota ya Vitamin C''', e e itsegeng gape jaaka '''ascorbic acid''' le '''ascorbate''', ke [[vitamin]] e e fitlhelwang mo dijong tse di farologaneng mme e bapadiwa jaaka [[dietary supplement|tlaleletso ya dijo]]/dikotla.<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web |title=Ascorbic Acid |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ascorbic-acid.html |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=December 8, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230161611/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ascorbic-acid.html |archive-date=December 30, 2016 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> E dirisediwa go thibela le go alafa [[scurvy|bolwetsi jwa scurvy]].<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Kotla ya Vitamin C ke [[Nutrient|kotla e e botlhokwa]] e e amegang mo paakanyong ya [[Tissue (biology)|ditshikana tsa mmele]] le mo tlhagisong [[Enzyme|ya enzyme]] ya [[neurotransmitter|diphetisetso]] dingwe tsa methapo.<ref name="AHFS2016" /><ref name="DRItext">{{Cite book|title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids |chapter=Vitamin C |publisher=The National Academies Press |year=2000 |location=Washington, DC |pages=95–185 |chapter-url=https://www.nap.edu/read/9810/chapter/7 |access-date=September 1, 2017 |isbn=978-0-309-06935-9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902180153/https://www.nap.edu/read/9810/chapter/7 |archive-date=September 2, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> E tlhokega go dira ga di-enzyme di le mmalwa mme e botlhokwa mo go direng ga [[immune system|thulaganyo ya masole a mmele]].<ref name="DRItext" /><ref name="lpi2018">{{Cite web|title=Vitamin C |url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-C |publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR |access-date=19 June 2019 |date=1 July 2018 |archive-date=July 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712000113/https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-C |url-status=live }}</ref> Gape e bereka jaaka [[antioxidant|selwantshamegare]].<ref name="NIH2016">{{Cite web|title=Fact Sheet for Health Professionals – Vitamin C |url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/ |publisher=Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health |date=February 11, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730052126/https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/ |archive-date=July 30, 2017 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Go na le bosupi jwa gore tiriso ya ditlaleletsi tsa dijo e ka gale e ka fokotsa nako e sewang ke [[common cold|mohikela]] mo mmeleng, fela ga go bonale e ka thibela mogare.<ref name="NIH2016" /><ref name="WHO2008">{{Cite book| title = WHO Model Formulary 2008 | year = 2009 | isbn = 9789241547659 | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | veditors = Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR | hdl = 10665/44053 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization }}</ref><ref name="Hem2013">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Hemilä H, Chalker E | title = Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 1 | pages = CD000980 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23440782 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4 | pmc = 1160577 }}</ref> Ga go itsiwe sentle gore a tlaleletso e amana le bodiphatsa jwa [[cancer|kankere]], [[cardiovascular disease|bolwetse jwa pelo le ditshika]], kgotsa [[dementia|go latlhegelwa ke tlhaloganyo]].<ref name="Ye2013">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Ye Y, Li J, Yuan Z | title = Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = e56803 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23437244 | pmc = 3577664 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0056803 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...856803Y }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Duerbeck NB, Dowling DD, Duerbeck JM | title = Vitamin C: Promises Not Kept | journal = Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey | volume = 71 | issue = 3 | pages = 187–93 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26987583 | doi = 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000289|quote=Antioxidant vitamin supplementation has no effect on the incidence of major cardiovascular events, myocardial infarction, stroke, total death, and cardiac death.}}</ref> E ka nowa ka molomo kgotsa ya tsewa e le mokento.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Kotla ya Vitamin C ka kakaretso e tsaya batho sentle.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Go e tsaya ka selekanyo se se kwa godimo go ka baka go sa phuthologa mo mpeng, go opiwa ke tlhogo, mathata a go robala le go tlhotlhorega ga letlalo.<ref name="AHFS2016" /><ref name="WHO2008" /> Selekanyo se se tlwaelegileng se babalesegile ka nako ya [[pregnancy|boimana]].<ref name="Drugscom pregnancy">{{Cite web|title=Ascorbic acid Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ascorbic-acid.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=December 30, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231075819/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ascorbic-acid.html |archive-date=December 31, 2016 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[National Academy of Medicine|Lefelo la Kalafi]] la United States le rotloetsa gore motho a se ka a nwa selekanyo se se kwa godimo kgotsa se sentsi.<ref name="DRItext" /> Vitamin C e ribolotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bobedi, ya tlhaolwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, mme ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le boraro, e ne e le kotla ya ntlha ya Vitamin go [[Chemical synthesis|dirwa ka melemo]].<ref name="Squires">{{Cite book|title=The Role of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Human Nutrition - Volume IV |date=2011 |publisher=EOLSS Publications |isbn=9781848261952 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJWoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 |access-date=August 8, 2020 |archive-date=December 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225062523/https://books.google.com/books?id=VJWoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 |url-status=live |last=Squires|first=Victor R.}}</ref> E mo [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|Lenaaneng la Melemo ya Botlhokwa la Lekgotla la bodichaba la Botsogo (WHO)]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book| vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref> VitAMIN C e teng E LE melemo e e sa tureng [[Generic drug|ya generic]] le [[over-the-counter drug|e e rekwang kwa khaontareng]].<ref name="AHFS2016" /><ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76 |date=2018 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |isbn=9780857113382 |page=1049 |edition=76}}</ref><ref name="ERC2015">{{Cite web |title=International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Vitamin C: Supplier Prices |url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=830&searchYear=2015 |publisher=Management Sciences for Health, Arlington, VA |date=2016 |access-date=March 22, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323233108/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=830&searchYear=2015 |archive-date=March 23, 2017 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya go ribololwa ga yone, [[Albert Szent-Györgyi]] le [[Norman Haworth|Walter Norman Haworth]] ba ne ba neelwa dimpho tsa [[Nobel Prizes|Noble Prizes]] tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bosupa tsa [[Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine|Fisioloji le tsa Kalafi]] le [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Khemeseteri]], ka go latelana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel prizes/medicine/laureates/1937 |publisher=Nobel Media AB |access-date=November 20, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105153327/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel prizes/medicine/laureates/1937/ |archive-date=November 5, 2014 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="Zet2009">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Zetterström R | title = Nobel Prize 1937 to Albert von Szent-Györgyi: identification of vitamin C as the anti-scorbutic factor | journal = Acta Paediatrica | volume = 98 | issue = 5 | pages = 915–9 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19239412 | doi = 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01239.x }}</ref> Dijo tse di nang le kotla ya Vitamin C di akaretsa [[Citrus|maungo a dinamune]], [[kiwifruit|kiwi]], [[guava]], [[broccoli|borokoli]], [[Brussels sprout|matlhogela a Brussel]]s, [[bell pepper|dipepere]] le [[strawberry|diseteroberi]].<ref name="NIH2016" /> Go boloka nako e telele kgotsa go apaya go ka fokotsa matute a Vitamin C mo dijong.<ref name="NIH2016" /> ==Ditshupiso== <references /> qy9netgshbh0pp3teizpo3x2wdghl27 0 15688 57084 2026-11-10T15:56:54Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513874|Migraine]] to:tn #mdwikicx 57084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Migraine |synonym = |image =Migraine.jpg |image size = |image thumbtime = |alt = |caption =Woman with migraine headache |pronounce = |specialty =[[Neurology]] |symptoms =[[Headache|Headaches]], [[nausea]], [[photophobia|sensitivity to light]], [[hyperacusis|sensitivity to sound]], [[Osmophobia|sensitivity to smell]]<ref name=WHO2012/><ref name=Amin2009/> |complications = |onset =Around [[puberty]]<ref name=WHO2012/> |duration =Recurrent, long term<ref name=WHO2012/> |types = |causes =Environmental and genetic<ref name=Lulli2007/> |risks =[[Family history (medicine)|Family history]], female<ref name=Broner2009/><ref name=Bart10/> |diagnosis = |differential =[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]], [[venous thrombosis]], [[idiopathic intracranial hypertension]], [[brain tumor]], [[tension headache]], [[sinusitis]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Olesen|first1=Jes |title=The Headaches|date=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781754002|page=424|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5VMlANd9iYC&pg=PA424|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908011547/https://books.google.com/books?id=F5VMlANd9iYC&pg=PA424|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> [[cluster headache]]<ref name=AMA2017Clu>{{cite web | title=Cluster Headache | website=American Migraine Foundation | date=2017-02-15 | url=https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/understanding-migraine/cluster-headache/ | access-date=2017-10-23 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509181104/https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/understanding-migraine/cluster-headache/ | archive-date=2018-05-09 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509181104/https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/understanding-migraine/cluster-headache/ |date=2018-05-09 }}</ref> |prevention =[[Metoprolol]], [[valproate]], [[topiramate]]<ref name=Arm2013/><ref name=Coch2013Val/> |treatment = |medication =[[Ibuprofen]], [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen), [[triptan]]s, [[ergotamine]]s<ref name=Bart10/><ref name=Gilmore2011/> |prognosis = |frequency =~15%<ref name=LancetEpi2012/> |deaths = |named after = }} '''Tlhogo e tona''' ke bolwetse jo botona jwa go opiwa ke tlhogo jo bo itshupang ka go opiwa ke tlhogo gangwe le mo go fa gare kana mo go feteletseng.<ref name="WHO2012">{{Cite web|title=Headache disorders Fact sheet N°277|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs277/en/|access-date=15 February 2016|date=October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216184228/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs277/en/|archive-date=16 February 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216184228/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs277/en/|date=16 February 2016}}</ref> Ka tlwaelo, go opiwa ke tlhogo go ama sepatlo se le sengwe sa tlhogo, go thunya ka tlhago, mme go tsaya diura di le mmalwa go ya kwa malatsing a le mararo.<ref name="WHO2012" /> Dikai tse di tsamaelanang le seo di akaretsa go feroga sebete, go kgwa, le go sa tsewa sentle ke lesedi, modumo, kgotsa monko.<ref name="Amin2009">{{Cite book|first=Roger P|last=Simon|first2=Michael J|last2=Aminoff|first3=David A|last3=Greenberg|title=Clinical neurology|year=2009|publisher=Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=9780071664332|pages=85–88|edition=7}}</ref> Gantsi botlhoko bo gakadiwa ke go itshidila mmele.<ref name="ICHD2004">{{Cite journal|last=Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society|title=The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition|journal=Cephalalgia|volume=24|issue=Suppl 1|pages=9–160|year=2004|pmid=14979299|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00653.x|doi-access=free}} [http://www.i-h-s.org/upload/ct clas/ihc II main no print.pdf as PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331095113/http://www.i-h-s.org/upload/ct clas/ihc II main no print.pdf|date=2010-03-31}}</ref> Go fitlha go nngwetharong ya batho ba ba amegang ba na le aura : ka tlwaelo paka e khutshwane ya go kgoreletsega ga pono e e supang gore go opiwa ke tlhogo go tla tloga go diragala.<ref name="ICHD2004" /> Gangwe le gape, aura e ka diragala ka tlhogo e nnye kgotsa e e sa openg gotlhelele morago ga yone.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pryse-Phillips|first=William|title=Companion to clinical neurology|date=2003|publisher=Oxford university press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780195159387|page=587|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMbhu-vXVtAC&pg=PA587|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313014619/https://books.google.com/books?id=pMbhu-vXVtAC&pg=PA587|archive-date=2017-03-13}}</ref> Go dumelwa gore bolwetse jwa tlhogo e tona bo bakwa ke dilo tse di farologaneng tse di amanang le tikologo le dijini.<ref name="Lulli2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Piane M, Lulli P, Farinelli I, Simeoni S, De Filippis S, Patacchioli FR, Martelletti P|title=Genetics of migraine and pharmacogenomics: some considerations|journal=The Journal of Headache and Pain|volume=8|issue=6|pages=334–9|date=December 2007|pmid=18058067|pmc=2779399|doi=10.1007/s10194-007-0427-2}}</ref> Mo e ka nnang peditharong ya dikgetse di mo malapeng.<ref name="Bart10">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bartleson JD, Cutrer FM|title=Migraine update. Diagnosis and treatment|journal=Minnesota Medicine|volume=93|issue=5|pages=36–41|date=May 2010|pmid=20572569}}</ref> Go fetoga ga selekanyo sa dihoromone le gone go ka nna ga nna le seabe, ka gonne tlhogo e tona e ama basimane ba le bantsi go sekae go feta basetsana pele ga ba [[Bokgarebe|tsena mo dingwageng tsa bosha]] le basadi ba le bantsi go menagane gabedi go ya borarong go feta banna.<ref name="Broner2009" /><ref name="Stovner2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stovner LJ, Zwart JA, Hagen K, Terwindt GM, Pascual J|title=Epidemiology of headache in Europe|journal=European Journal of Neurology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=333–45|date=April 2006|pmid=16643310|doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01184.x}}</ref> Bodiphatsa jwa tlhogo e tona gantsi bo fokotsega ka nako ya boimana le morago ga go kgaotsa go bona setswalo.<ref name="Broner2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lay CL, Broner SW|title=Migraine in women|journal=Neurologic Clinics|volume=27|issue=2|pages=503–11|date=May 2009|pmid=19289228|doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2009.01.002}}</ref><ref name="NIH2015" /> Mekgwa e e dirang gore go nne le seo ga e itsiwe ka botlalo.<ref name="NIH2015">{{Cite web|title=NINDS Migraine Information Page|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/migraine/migraine.htm|website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|access-date=15 February 2016|date=November 3, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216194445/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/migraine/migraine.htm|archive-date=16 February 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216194445/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/migraine/migraine.htm|date=16 February 2016}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go dumelwa gore go akaretsa ditshika le ditshika tsa madi tsa boboko.<ref name="Bart10" /> Kalafi ya ntlha e e rotloediwang ke melemo e e fokotsang botlhoko jwa go opiwa ke tlhogo e tshwana le ibuprofen le paracetamol (acetaminophen) , melemo ya go feroga sebete, le go ikgapha mo dilong tse di bakang botlhoko.<ref name="Gilmore2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gilmore B, Michael M|title=Treatment of acute migraine headache|journal=American Family Physician|volume=83|issue=3|pages=271–80|date=February 2011|pmid=21302868}}</ref> Melemo e e rileng e e tshwanang le triptans kgotsa ergotamines e ka dirisiwa mo go ba melemo e e bonolo ya ditlhabi e sa ba berekeleng.<ref name="Bart10" /> Caffeine e ka tlalaletsa mo go tse di fa godimo.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Diener HC, Charles A, Goadsby PJ, Holle D|title=New therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of migraine|journal=The Lancet. Neurology|volume=14|issue=10|pages=1010–22|date=October 2015|pmid=26376968|doi=10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00198-2}}</ref> Diboloko tse dikgolo tsa ditshika tsa occipital le tsone di tshegediwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robblee|first=J|last2=Minen|first2=MT|last3=Friedman|first3=BW|last4=Cortel-LeBlanc|first4=MA|last5=Cortel-LeBlanc|first5=A|last6=Orr|first6=SL|title=2025 guideline update to acute treatment of migraine for adults in the emergency department: The American Headache Society evidence assessment of parenteral pharmacotherapies.|journal=Headache|date=January 2026|volume=66|issue=1|pages=53-76|doi=10.1111/head.70016|pmid=41321235}}</ref> Ditlhare di le mmalwa di mosola go thibela ditlhaselo tse di akaretsang metoprolol, valproate, topiramate, le dilwantsha-CGRP tsa monoklonale.<ref name="Mark2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Markham A|s2cid=49559342|title=Erenumab: First Global Approval|journal=Drugs|volume=78|issue=11|pages=1157–1161|date=July 2018|pmid=29968151|doi=10.1007/s40265-018-0944-0}}</ref><ref name="Arm2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Armstrong C|title=AAN/AHS update recommendations for migraine prevention in adults|journal=American Family Physician|volume=87|issue=8|pages=584–5|date=April 2013|pmid=23668450}}</ref><ref name="Coch2013Val">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, McCrory DC|title=Valproate (valproic acid or sodium valproate or a combination of the two) for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=|issue=6|pages=CD010611|date=June 2013|pmid=23797677|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010611}}</ref> Lefatshe ka bophara, mo e ka nnang 15% ya batho ba amiwa ke bolwetsi jwa tlhogo e tona.<ref name="LancetEpi2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, etal|title=Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2163–96|date=December 2012|pmid=23245607|pmc=6350784|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2}}</ref> Gantsi e simolola ka nako ya fa motho a tsena mo dingwageng tsa bosha mme e nna maswe thata fa motho a le mo dingwageng tse di fa gare.<ref name="WHO2012" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro, ke nngwe ya dilo tse di tlwaelegileng thata tse di bakang bogole.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016|journal=Lancet|volume=390|issue=10100|pages=1211–1259|date=September 2017|pmid=28919117|pmc=5605509|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2}}</ref> Tlhaloso ya bogologolo e e dumalanang le bolwetsi jwa tlhogo e tona e mo Ebers papyrus, e e kwadilweng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1500 .&nbsp;BC kwa Egepeto wa bogologolo.<ref name="Zehentbauer2025">{{Cite book|last=Zehentbauer|first=Janice|editor-last=Montieth|editor-first=Teshamae S.|editor-last2=Riggins|editor-first2=Nina|editor-last3=Goadsby|editor-first3=Peter J.|title=Comprehensive Migraine Management|date=2025|publisher=Springer|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-031-86922-8|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0ySEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|language=en|chapter=1. History of migraine in medicine and society|pages=3-10doi=10.1007/978-3-031-86923-5 1}}</ref> Lefoko ''migraine'' le tswa mo puong ya Segerika ἡμικρανία ( ''hemikrania'' ), ‘botlhoko mo sephatlong sa tlhogo’,<ref>{{Cite web|first=Henry George|last=Liddell|first2=Robert|last2=Scott|title=ἡμικρανία|website=A Greek-English Lexicon|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dh%28mikrani%2Fa|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108145951/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dh%28mikrani%2Fa|archive-date=2013-11-08}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108145951/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dh%28mikrani%2Fa|date=2013-11-08}} on Perseus</ref> go tswa mo go ἡμι- ( ''hemi-'' ), ‘sephatlo’, le κρανίον ( ''kranion'' ), ‘legata’.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Kenneth|last=Anderson|first2=Lois E.|last2=Anderson|first3=Walter D.|last3=Glanze|title=Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary|year=1994|publisher=Mosby|isbn=978-0-8151-6111-0|page=998|edition=4|title-link=Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == <references /> 2wbp9w7n0v9fv4bug9v31qb9ozkgisj 0 15689 57085 2026-11-10T16:17:23Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1506223|Vomiting]] to:tn #mdwikicx 57085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Vomiting |synonym =Emesis, puking, barfing, heaving, throwing up, blowing chunks, upchucking, technicolor yawn, spewing, tossing your cookies |image =3205 - Milano, Duomo - Giorgio Bonola - Miracolo di Marco Spagnolo (1681) - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 6-Dec-2007-cropped.jpg |image size = |image thumbtime = |alt = |caption =''Miracle of Marco Spagnolo'' by Giorgio Bonola ([[Quadroni of St. Charles]]) |pronounce = |specialty =[[Gastroenterology]] |symptoms =[[Nausea]]<ref name=Mer2020Pro/> |complications =[[Dehydration]], [[aspiration]], [[electrolyte abnormalities]], damage to teeth, [[esophageal tear]]<ref name=Mer2020Pro/><ref name=Ant2016/> |onset = |duration =1 to 2 days<ref name=NHS2020/> |types = |causes ='''Common''': [[Gastroenteritis]], certain medications or toxins<ref name=Mer2020Pro/><br>'''Other''': [[Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome|Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome]], [[cyclic vomiting syndrome]], [[bowel obstruction]], [[hepatitis]], increased [[intracranial pressure]], [[migraine]], [[eating disorders]], [[diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[motion sickness]], [[nausea and vomiting or pregnancy]], [[appendicitis]], [[labyrinthitis]]<ref name=Mer2020Pro/><br>'''Babies''': [[Reflux]], [[volvulus]], [[pyloric stenosis]] [[urinary tract infection]], [[intussusception]]<ref name=Infants2008/> |risks = |diagnosis = |differential = |prevention = |treatment =Drinking fluids, [[antiemetic]]s, [[intravenous fluids]]<ref name=Mer2020Pro/><ref name=Plus2020/> |medication = |prognosis = |frequency = |deaths = |named after = }} '''Go kgwa''', mo go itsegeng gape jaaka '''go tlhatsa''', ke go kgwa ga diteng tsa mala ka molomo kgotsa ka nko e se ka maikaelelo.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /> Go amana le go feroga sebete mme gantsi go tsaya letsatsi kgotsa malatsi a mabedi.<ref name="Mer2020Pro">{{Cite web|title=Nausea and Vomiting - Gastrointestinal Disorders|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/symptoms-of-gastrointestinal-disorders/nausea-and-vomiting|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125080105/https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/symptoms-of-gastrointestinal-disorders/nausea-and-vomiting|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NHS2020">{{Cite web|title=Vomiting in adults {{!}} NHS inform|url=https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/vomiting-in-adults|website=www.nhsinform.scot|access-date=20 October 2020|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027014444/https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/vomiting-in-adults|url-status=live}}</ref> Bodiphatsa jwa bolwetsi bo akaretsa go felelwa ke metsi mo mmeleng, go hema, go sa tlwaelega ga eleketerolaete, go senyega ga meno, le go kgagoga ga mometso.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /><ref name="Ant2016">{{Cite journal|last=Antonelli|first=JR|last2=Seltzer|first2=R|title=Oral and Physical Manifestations of Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa.|journal=Texas dental journal|date=September 2016|volume=133|issue=9|pages=528–535|pmid=30549518}}</ref> Go kgwa go farologana le go tlhatsa, ka gore go kgwa ga go akaretse go ngotlega ga mala kgotsa go feroga sebete.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /> Dilo tse di tlwaelegileng tse di bakang go selelega(gastroenteritis) le melemo mengwe kgotsa botlhole.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /> Dintlha tse dingwe tse di bakang go kgwa di akaretsa bolwetse jwa go kgwa thata, bolwetse jwa go kgwa ka modikologo, go thibana ga mala, hepatitis, kgatelelo e e oketsegileng ya mo teng ga tlhogo, bolwetsi jwa tlhogo e tona, mathata a go ja, ketoacidosis ya bolwetse jwa sukiri, bolwetse jwa go tshikhinyega, go feroga sebete le go kgwa kgotsa boima, appendicitis le labyrinthitis.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /><ref name="NHS2020" /> Mo maseeng go ka baka go boela morago ga motlhapo, volvulus, tshwaetsego ya mosele wa motlhapo wa pyloric stenosis, le go tsenelela ga motlhapo.<ref name="Infants2008">{{Cite book|last=Baren|first=Jill M.|title=Pediatric Emergency Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4160-0087-7|page=568|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Pediatric Emergency Medicine/wpvux6RS-jsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Vomiting%20infants%20differential&pg=PA568|language=en|access-date=2020-10-20|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829100705/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Pediatric Emergency Medicine/wpvux6RS-jsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Vomiting+infants+differential&pg=PA568|url-status=live}}</ref> Kalafi e akaretsa go leka go nwa metsi kana sepe se se nang le metsi a mantsi.<ref name="Plus2020">{{Cite web|title=Nausea and Vomiting|url=https://medlineplus.gov/nauseaandvomiting.html|website=medlineplus.gov|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018051823/https://medlineplus.gov/nauseaandvomiting.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Dithibela-go kgwa go dirisediwa go fokotsa dikai.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /> Gape go na le bosupi jwa go hema isopropyl alcohol.<ref name="Lind2018">{{Cite journal|last=Lindblad|first=AJ|last2=Ting|first2=R|last3=Harris|first3=K|title=Inhaled isopropyl alcohol for nausea and vomiting in the emergency department.|journal=Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien|date=August 2018|volume=64|issue=8|pages=580|pmid=30108075}}</ref> Fa go na le go tlhoka metsi, seeledi se se tsenngwang mo ditshikaneng se ka nna mosola.<ref name="Mer2020Pro" /> Dikai tse di tshwenyang di a akaretsa [[Setlhabi mo mpeng|botlhoko jo bo tseneletseng mo mpeng]], madi mo matlhatseng, go opiwa ke tlhogo thata, dikai tsa go felelwa ke metsi mo mmeleng, le matlhatsa a matala.<ref name="NHS2020" /> Go kgwa ke lone lebaka la gore batho ba ka nna 1.6% ba etele dingaka tsa malwapa kwa Australia.<ref name="AFP2007">{{Cite journal|last=Helena Britt|last2=Fahridin|first2=S|title=Presentations of nausea and vomiting|journal=Australian Family Physician|volume=36|issue=9|pages=673–784|date=September 2007|pmid=17885697|doi=|url=http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200709/200709beach.pdf|access-date=2010-02-15|archive-date=2019-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326113722/https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200709/200709beach.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == <references /> 67jhv9o2xg0uh96l4te8ydgtghx7zwc 0 15690 57086 2026-11-10T16:41:44Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501149|Childbirth]] to:tn #mdwikicx 57086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Childbirth | synonym = Labour and delivery, labor and delivery, partus, giving birth, parturition, birth, confinement<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/confinement|title=confinement - Definition of confinement in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries - English|access-date=2020-07-26|archive-date=2018-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123154402/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/confinement|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/confinement|title=CONFINEMENT - meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|access-date=2020-07-26|archive-date=2021-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506125625/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/confinement|url-status=live}}</ref> | image = Postpartum baby2.jpg | image size = | image thumbtime = | alt = | caption = Newborn baby and mother | pronounce = | symptoms = | complications = [[Obstructed labour]], [[postpartum bleeding]], [[eclampsia]], [[postpartum infection]], [[birth asphyxia]], [[Kangaroo care|neonatal hypothermia]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lunze K, Bloom DE, Jamison DT, Hamer DH | title = The global burden of neonatal hypothermia: systematic review of a major challenge for newborn survival | journal = BMC Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 24 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23369256 | pmc = 3606398 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7015-11-24 }}</ref><ref name=Mar2014/><ref name=WHO2008Ed/> | onset = | duration = | types = [[Vaginal delivery]], [[Caesarean section|C-section]]<ref name=Mem2013/><ref name=Mart2015/> | causes = [[Pregnancy]] | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = [[Birth control]], [[abortion]] | treatment = | medication = [[Azithromycin]]<ref name=NEJM2023/> | prognosis = | frequency = 135 million (2015)<ref name=CIA2015/> | deaths = 500,000 [[maternal deaths]] a year<ref name=WHO2008Ed/> | named after = |specialty =[[Obstetrics]], [[midwifery]] }} '''Pelegi''', e e itsegeng gape jaaka go tshola le go belega, ke bokhutlo jwa [[pregnancy|boimana]] mo [[babies|lesea]] le le lengwe kgotsa go feta le tswang mo [[uterus|popelong]] ka go feta ka [[vagina|bosadi]] kgotsa ka [[Caesarean section|loaro]].<ref name="Mart2015">{{Cite book|title=Concise Colour Medical l.p.Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-968799-2|page=375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2 EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=2 EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375|archive-date=2017-09-11|year=2015|last=Martin|first=Elizabeth}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano, go ne ga [[birth|tsholwa bana]] ba ka nna dimilione di le lekgolo le masome a mararo le botlhano lefatshe ka bophara.<ref name="CIA2015">{{Cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=30 July 2016|date=July 11, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116011033/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|archive-date=16 November 2016}}</ref> Ba ka nna dimilione di le lesome le botlhano ba tshotswe [[preterm|pele ga dibeke di le masome a mararo le bosupa tsa boimana]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Preterm birth Fact sheet N°363|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/|website=WHO|access-date=30 July 2016|date=November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307050438/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/|archive-date=7 March 2015}}</ref> fa diperesente tse di fa gare ga boraro le lesome le bobedi di tshotswe [[postterm pregnancy|morago ga dibeke di le masome a mane le bobedi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last2=Platt|first2=Robert W. |title=Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-985774-6|page=163|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=by1lwSpfruQC&pg=PA163|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=by1lwSpfruQC&pg=PA163|archive-date=2017-09-11|last=Buck|first=Germaine M.}}</ref> Mo [[developed world|mafatsheng a tlhabologileng]] bontsi jwa pelegi e diragala kwa dikokelong,<ref>{{Cite book|last2=Development|title=Doing better for children|date=2009|publisher=OECD|location=Paris|isbn=978-92-64-05934-4|page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105|archive-date=2017-09-11|last=Co-Operation|first=Organisation for Economic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Olsen O, Clausen JA | title = Planned hospital birth versus planned home birth | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 9 | pages = CD000352 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22972043 | pmc = 4238062 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000352.pub2 }}</ref> fa mo [[developing world|mafatsheng a tlhabologang]] bontsi jwa pelegi e diragala kwa gae ka tshuso ya [[traditional birth attendant|motlhokomedi wa pelegi wa setso]].<ref>{{Cite book|last2=Bailey|first2=Michael |title=Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education|date=2016|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-93-5150-758-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138|access-date=31 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138|archive-date=11 September 2017|last=Fossard|first=Esta de}}</ref> Tsela e e tlwaelegileng thata ya go belega ke [[vaginal delivery|go belega ka bosadi]].<ref name="Mem2013">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Memon HU, Handa VL | title = Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders | journal = Women's Health | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 265–77; quiz 276–77 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23638782 | pmc = 3877300 | doi = 10.2217/whe.13.17 }}</ref> E akaretsa dikgato di le tharo tsa pelegi : [[cervical effacement|go khutshwafatsa]] le [[Cervical dilation|go bulega ga molomo wa popelo]], go fologa le go tsholwa ga lesea, le go belegwa ga lesea le le mo [[placenta|popelong]].<ref name="Col2016" /> Kgato ya ntlha gantsi e tsaya diura di le lesome le bobedi go ya go di le lesome le borobabongwe, ya bobedi e tsaya metsotso e le masome a mabedi go ya go diura di le pedi, mme ya boraro e tsaya metsotso e le metlhano go ya go e le masome a mararo.<ref name="NIH2010" /> Kgato ya ntlha e simolola ka setlhabi se se tlhotlhoregang mo mpeng kgotsa mo mokwatleng se se tsayang mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa motsotso mme se diragala metsotso mengwe le mengwe e le lesome go ya go e le masome a mararo.<ref name="Col2016">{{cite encyclopedia |title= Birth |url= http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/birth.aspx#5 |encyclopedia= [[Columbia Encyclopedia|The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia]] |edition= 6 |publisher= [[Columbia University Press]] |year= 2016 |access-date= 2016-07-30 |via= Encyclopedia.com |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160306205819/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/birth.aspx#5 |archive-date= 2016-03-06 }}</ref> Botlhoko bo nna bontsi le go nna gaufi fa nako e ntse e tsamaya.<ref name="NIH2010">{{Cite web|title=Pregnancy Labor and Birth|url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|website=Women's Health|access-date=31 July 2016|date=September 27, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728000124/http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy//childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|archive-date=28 July 2016|quote=The first stage begins with the onset of labor and ends when the cervix is fully opened. It is the longest stage of labor, usually lasting about 12 to 19 hours<br>..<br>The second stage involves pushing and delivery of your baby. It usually lasts 20 minutes to two hours.}}</ref> Mo kgatong ya bobedi, go gagamala ga dinama kgotsa ditshika go ka diragala.<ref name="NIH2010" /> Mo kgatong ya boraro, [[delayed cord clamping|go diega go tshwara thapo ya mohubu]] go a rotloediwa.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = McDonald SJ, Middleton P, Dowswell T, Morris PS | title = Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | pages = CD004074 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23843134 | pmc = 6544813 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004074.pub3 }}</ref> Mekgwa e le mmalwa e ka thusa ka botlhoko, jaaka [[relaxation techniques|mekgwa ya go iketla]], [[opioids|di-opioid]], le [[spinal block|diboloko tsa lerapo la mokwatla]].<ref name="NIH2010" /> Masea a le mantsi a tsholwa [[cephalic presentation|ka tlhogo pele]]; le fa go ntse jalo 4% e tsholwa ka maoto kgotsa marago pele, e e bidiwang [[breech birth|breech]].<ref name="NIH2010" /><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Hofmeyr GJ, Hannah M, Lawrie TA | title = Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 7 | pages = CD000166 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 26196961 | pmc = 6505736 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000166.pub2 }}</ref> Ka tlwaelo tlhogo e tsena mo lethekeng e lebile kwa letlhakoreng le lengwe, mme morago e bo e dikologa go leba kwa tlase.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Ka nako ya pelegi, mosadi o ka ja le go tsamaya ka fa a ratang ka teng.<ref name="NBK2016" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, go kgarametsa ga go kgothalediwe ka nako ya kgato ya ntlha kgotsa ka nako ya go belega ga tlhogo, mme ga go rotloediwe go dira [[enema|di-enema]]s.<ref name="NBK2016">{{Cite book|title=Childbirth: Labour, Delivery and Immediate Postpartum Care|date=2015|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154935-6|page=Chapter D|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326674/|access-date=31 July 2016|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326674/|archive-date=11 September 2017}}</ref> Le fa go sega lefelo le le bulegileng la bosadi, le le bidiwang [[episiotomy]], go tlwaelegile, mme ga go tlhokege.<ref name="NIH2010" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi, go ne ga belegwa bana ba ka nna dimilione di le masome a mabedi le boraro ka loaro la Caesarean, le e leng loaro le le dirwang mo mpeng.<ref name="Mol2015">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Molina G, Weiser TG, Lipsitz SR, Esquivel MM, Uribe-Leitz T, Azad T, Shah N, Semrau K, Berry WR, Gawande AA, Haynes AB | title = Relationship Between Cesarean Delivery Rate and Maternal and Neonatal Mortality | journal = JAMA | volume = 314 | issue = 21 | pages = 2263–70 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26624825 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2015.15553 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Loaro la C-section le a rotloediwa mo [[twin|mafatlheng]], [[fetal distress|dikai tse di tshwenyega mo leseeng]], kgotsa mo maemong a sehuba.<ref name="NIH2010" /> Mokgwa o wa go belega o ka tsaya lobaka lo loleele go fola mo go one.<ref name="NIH2010" /> Selekanyo se le sengwe sa sebolayamegare, [[azithromycin]], se ka dirisiwa go thibela mogare mo [[Developing country|di-LMIC]].<ref name="NEJM2023">{{Cite journal|last2=Carlo |first2=Waldemar A. |last3=McClure |first3=Elizabeth M. |last4=Mwenechanya |first4=Musaku |last5=Chomba |first5=Elwyn |last6=Hemingway-Foday |first6=Jennifer J. |last7=Kavi |first7=Avinash |last8=Metgud |first8=Mrityunjay C. |last9=Goudar |first9=Shivaprasad S. |last10=Derman |first10=Richard |last11=Lokangaka |first11=Adrien |last12=Tshefu |first12=Antoinette |last13=Bauserman |first13=Melissa |last14=Bose |first14=Carl |last15=Shivkumar |first15=Poonam |title=Azithromycin to Prevent Sepsis or Death in Women Planning a Vaginal Birth |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=30 March 2023 |volume=388 |issue=13 |pages=1161–1170 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2212111|last=Tita|first=Alan T.N.}}</ref> Ngwaga le ngwaga, mathata a a bakwang ke boimana le pelegi a felela ka [[maternal deaths|dintsho tsa baimana]] ba ka nna 500 000, basadi ba le dimilione di le supa ba na le mathata a matona a tsayang lebaka, mme basadi ba le dimilione di le masome a matlhano ba nna le diphelelo tse di sa siamang tsa botsogo morago ga go belega.<ref name="WHO2008Ed" /> Bontsi jwa dilo tse di diragala mo [[developing world|mafatsheng a tlhabologang]].<ref name="WHO2008Ed" /> Diphatsa tse di rileng di akaretsa [[obstructed labour|go kgoreletsega ga pelegi]], [[postpartum bleeding|go tshloga madi morago ga pelegi]], [[eclampsia|eklampsia]], le [[postpartum infection|tshwaetsego morago ga pelegi]].<ref name="WHO2008Ed">{{Cite book|title=Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organisation|location=Geneva [Switzerland]|isbn=978-92-4-154666-9|edition=2nd|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669 4 eng.pdf?ua=1|page=3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221002801/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669 4 eng.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=2015-02-21}}</ref> Diphatsa mo leseeng di akaretsa [[birth asphyxia|go tlhoka phefo fa a tsholwa]], [[Birth trauma (physical)|go utlwa botlhoko fa a tsholwa]], [[Preterm birth|go tsholwa pele ga nako]], le ditshwaetsego.<ref name="Mar2014">{{Cite book|last2=Fanaroff |first2=Avroy A. |last3=Walsh |first3=Michele C. |title=Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-29537-6|page=116|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AnVYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=AnVYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|archive-date=2017-09-11|date=2014-08-20|last=Martin|first=Richard J.}}</ref><ref name="WHO2018New">{{Cite web| url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs333/en/ | title=Newborns: reducing mortality | publisher=World Health Organization | access-date=1 February 2017 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403211834/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs333/en/ | archive-date=3 April 2017 |last=World Health Organization}}</ref> ==Ditshupiso== <references /> t4nmtnwdqwv1qxx5vsthftwkio0nblq