Wikipedia tswiki https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlukankulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4850 41778 39668 2026-07-11T14:54:29Z CeeyahD 12470 41778 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:HJ-1-P304.png|right|thumb|Vavasati va le xipilongo, va thlokola leswaku vata sweka swakudya swa namadyambu.<ref name=ph0>Henri Junod - "[https://archive.org/details/lifeofsouthafric01junouoft Life of a south african tribe]". Vol 1, 1922</ref>]] '''Tindlo ta Vatsonga''' a ti akiwa kusuka eka switirhisiwa swa ntumbuluko swo fana na timhandzi, byanyi, maribye, misava na swin’wana. A va aka tindlu ta vona ti va ta xivumbeko xa xirhendzevutana ti rhendzela jarata ra muti.Tindlo leti a ti tlhela ti va na mahlayiselo ya tona loko ti hlakarile malwangu, kumbe makhumbi ya tona hambi ehansi laha a ti tlhela ti kuma ku fuleriwa, ku phamiwa no sindziwa leswaku ti tshama ti languteka ti hlayisekile hi mikarhi hinkwayo. Tindlu a ti kuma mitirho ku ya hi ku hambana ka tona. Laha tin’wana a ku etleriwa eka tona, ku swekela eka tona, ku hlayisela nhundzu ya muti na swin’wana. Kambe tindlu leti ti ya ti ri karhi ti nyamalala hikwalaho ka ku cinca ka swilo ni hi mikucetelo leyi vangiwaka hi vanhu vo huma ematikweni ya lehandle.<ref name=ph1>Malabela NM,[http://ul.netd.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10386/1797/malabela_nm_2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Nkanelo wa maakelo, mahlayiselo ni mintirho ya tindlu ta ndzhavuko ta vatsonga], University of Limpopo - 2015</ref> == Matimu == Junod u hlamusela leswaku khale Vatsonga a va ri na tinxaka timbirhi ta tindlu. Tindlu ta ndhavuko wa Vatsonga a ti fana na tindlu leti Valungu va ti akelaka tinyoxi. Tindlu ta khale ta Vatsonga a ti akiwa hi timhandzi na tinhlanga, ti endla khumbi. Ehenhla ka tona a ku tlhandlekiwa lwangu ra timhandzi ni byanyi. Tindlu to tala ta Vatsonga a tiri ta xirhendzevutana.<ref name=ph2> HA Junod, "[https://archive.org/details/lifeofsouthafric01junouoft Tsonga languages and dialects]" - '''the Internet Archive'''. Retrieved 14 March 2016</ref> Ku ya hi matimu lawa ya nga boxiwa laha henhla hinkwako lomu va nga famba va ya kona Vatsonga lava a va ri na maakelo na matshamelo ya tindlu ku ya hi ndhavuko wa vona. Matsalwa ya Da Sive ira ya kombisa leswi: ''"Vatsonga a va tshama eka tinxaka timbirhi ta tindlu. A va tshama eka tindlu ta ku fana na tindlu ta tinxaka leti Valungu va ti akaka. Tindlu tin’wana a ku ri tindlu to akiwa hi timhandze na tinhlanga ti endla makhumbi. Kutani ehenhla ka tona ku tlhandlekiwa lwangu ra timhandze na byanyi.Tindlu to tala a ku ri ta xirhendzevutani."''<ref name="ph2" /> Khale ku aka tindlu a swi nga va durheli nchumu, a swo lava ntamu wa munhu hikuva hinkwaswo swa switirhisiwa a ku ri swa ntumbuluko. ''“Tindlu ta Vatsonga a ti akiwa hi switirhisiwa swa ntumbuluko. A ti akiwa hi timhandzi, leti a ti ri tona a ti rhanga ti endla rimba (frame) kutani ti phamiwa lomu xikarhi hi misava ya tshuka.”'' - Mhinga<ref name=ph3>Mhinga M.E,''Nkucetelo wa vukreste eka mafambisele ya muti wa ndhavuko wa vatsonga'', University of Limpopo - 2012</ref> Tindlu leti hlamuseriwaka a ta ha talangi exikarhi ka Vatsonga, leswi swi va swi vangiwa hi ku chava ku tekeriwa ehansi na hi mikucetelo leyi vangiweke hi Valungu ehenhla ka Vantima. Ku vile na ku cinca lokukulu, loku vangiweke hi ku landzelela mikhuva ya Xilungu, ku sukeriwa maendlelo ya ndhavuko wa xikhale, hikuva ematshan’weni ya tindlu to tala ku akiwa yin’we yi hambanyisiwa hi makamara. ku fika ka Maswisa eAfrika ku endlile leswaku maakelo ni mahlayiselo ya tindlu ta ndhavuko swi suka matihlweni ya Wantima, ku langutiwa ntsena eka maakelo ya tindlu ta Xilungu laha eka switirhisiwa hinkwaswo swi ngo xavisiwa ku sukeriwa swa ntumbuluko. <br> {| class="wikitable" style="float: centre; font-style: italic; font-size: 80%; border: none; cellpadding:5;" !rowspan="16" | [[File:HJ-1-P282.png|centre|400x400px]] ! colspan="4" | Tindlu ta Muti wa Xitsonga |- | 1) | Yindlu ya Hosinkati | 2) | [[Xiluvelo]] |- | 3) | Yindlu ya Nsati wa Vumbirhi | 4) | Yindlu ya Nsati wa Vunharhu |- | 5) | Yindlu ya Nsati wa Vunthlanu | 6) | Yindlu ya Nsati wa Vuntsevu |- | 7) | [[Yindlu ya Nsati wa Nzisana]] yo sungula ya | 8) | Yindlu ya Nsati wa Nzisana yo vumbirhi ya Wanuna |- | 9) | Yindlu ya Nsati wa Nzisana yo vunharhu ya Wanuna | 10) | Yindlu ya Nsati wa Nzisana yo vumune ya Wanuna |- | 11) | [[Yindlu ya jaha]] ra Wanuna | 12) | [[Yindlu ya mzala]] wa Wanuna |- | 13) | [[Yindlu ya Muendzi]] | 14) | [[Lawu]] ra Vafana |- | 15) | [[Nhanga]] ya Vanhwanyana | 16) | Nyangwa-nkulu wa Muti |- | 17) | Minyangwa ya swihambukelo | 18) | [[Xivala xa tihomu]] |- | 19) | [[Xivala xa timbuti]] | 20) | [[Xivala xa tinguluve]] |- | 21) | [[Vandla]] ra vavanuna | 22) | [[Huvo]] ra muti |- | 23) | [[Xitendze|Switendze]] swa muti | 24) | xirhapa xa nkuma |- | 25) | [[Gandzelo]] ra muti | 26) | Minsinya ya mindzuti e Huveni |- | 27) | [[Xihahlu|Swihahlu]] swa tihuku | 28) | [[Dulu|Madulu/Switlati]] swa muti |- | 29) | Vukwele | 30) | Nsimu ya fole |} == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|20em}} {{Tindlu ta Vatsonga}} [[Category:Xitsonga]] [[Category:Vatsonga]] [[Category:Tindlu ta Vatsonga]] [[Category:Vuaki]] 7y0c74pydv54aa89715go5m5qnfm44a 0 4902 41777 39051 2026-07-11T14:47:46Z CeeyahD 12470 41777 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Shangaan.jpg|right|thumb|Vavasati va vatsonga, va cina Xibelani]] Madeha(''ndhindhani)'' i x'ambalo xa vasati va Vatsonga, lexi mbariwaka eka minkhuvo, kumbe mincino ya Xitsonga yo fana na Mkhinyavezo, Minchachulo, Makhwaya na Minchongolo. Xibelani loko xi mbariwile, xifika ematsolweni naswona xibohiwa exisutini.<ref name="ph0">{{cite book|author1=Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken|title=Xibelani Dance|date=2010|publisher=VDM Publishing|location=Johannesburg|isbn=9786132112224|url=https://books.google.co.za/books?id=Sdm_bwAACAAJ&dq=Mkhinyavezo&hl=en&ei=95EoTtyBILGz0AG2--TECg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y}}</ref> Xibelani ix'ambalo lexi hlawulekisaka Vatsonga naswona ximbariwa hivona ntsena emisaveni. Masiku lawa, Xibelani xikumeka xixavisiwa nale dorobeni ra Joni.<ref name="ph1">''Ndzavisiso wa Onasi-Mapaluxele ya ndhavuko wa Xitsonga eka tsalwa ra "Masungi mfana ka Maxele"'' - Machimana S.M (2009)</ref> == Matimu == Xibelani a ximbariwa na tinguvu hi vavasati va Vatsonga, eka minkarhi yakhale, kambe manguva lawa, ximbariwa ngopfu eka minkhuvo ya ndhavuko na mincino ya Xitsonga. Vana va vanhwanyana va Vatsonga, vadyondza kumbala no cina Xibelani vahari vatsongo. Xibelani hakanyingi ximbariwa na Xigejo enhenhla kaxona, kasi minkarhi yin'wana xibohiwa na nguvu ntsena.<ref name="ph0"/> == Ncino wa Xibelani == Xibelani xicinisiwa hi ku cinisa xisuti, leswaku xibelani naxona xi jika-jika, naswona mucini a nga thlela a cinisa nenge, kuya hi vuswikoti bya yena. == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|30em}} {{Sw'ambalo swa Vatsonga}} [[Category:Sw'ambalo]] [[Category:Mpahla]] [[Category:Sw'ambalo swa Vatsonga]] b2tmj23o2v0j2cvx32hterm8snt7rz9 0 4965 41776 38903 2026-07-11T14:39:14Z CeeyahD 12470 41776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ethnic group | Rixaka = Vatsonga |Xifaniso = [[File:Tsonga_languages_and_dialects.jpg|250px]] |Matsalwa = Tindzhawo leti Vatsonga a va tshama eka tona na minkombiso ya tindzin'wana ta vona loko ku nga se va na tibhodara to avanyisa Afrika Dzonga, Swaziland, Mozambhiki na Zimbabwe. |Ntsengo = 5,370,000 <ref name="Joshua Project">{{cite web|title=Tsonga joshuaproject.net|url=http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15596|accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref> |Matiko = [[Mozambique]] (3,100,000){{·}}[[Afrika-Dzonga]] (2,100,000){{·}}[[ESwatini]] (27,000){{·}}[[Zimbabwe]] (5,000) |Tiphrovinci = |Tindzimi =[[Xitsonga]], [[Portuguese]], [[English]] |Vukhongeri = [[Ndzhavuko]], [[Vukreste]] |Vuxaka = }} '''Vatsonga''' i rixaka ra vanhu va swivongo swo hambana-hambana lava va kumekaka etikweni ra Afrika. Vatsonga va kumeka ngopfu e[[Afrika Dzonga|Afrika Dzonga,]]<nowiki/>hi laha rixaka ra Vatsonga ri nga hetelela ri tshama kona hi ku rhula tanihi rixaka leri ri tivekaka ri ri Vatsonga. Vatsonga i vanhu lava va vulavulaka ririmi ra [[Xitsonga]]. Mutsonga namuntlha wa swi kota ku hlawula ku dyondza ririmi ra Xitsonga exikolweni; ririmi ra manana ra yelana hambi kuri exikolweni kumbe mavulavulelo ya le kaya, kambe van'wani va tsakela ku antswisa vutivi hi ndlela ya vudyondzisi bya matimu ya Xitsonga ni ku ti antswisela hi ririmi ro hlantsweka. == Ku Hluka ka Rixaka == Vatsonga lava va nga tala hi xidzi i Vatonga (Thonga), Varhonga (Ronga) na Vatswa (Tswa) lava a va vulavula ririmi leri ri tivekaka tani hi [[Xitonga]], [[Xirhonga]], na [[Xitswa]]. Vatsonga vo sungula ku ta tiveka hi vito ra Vatsonga kumbe Vatonga va fikile laha evuxeni bya tiko-nkulu ra Africa etindzhawini to fana na va Zambia, [[Malawi]], Zimbabwe na Mozambique kwalomu ka va 500AD. Ku fikela kwalamu ka 1200 wa Vatonga na Vacopi se a va fume tiko ra le Vudzonga bya Mozambique, va hlota tindlopfu va tlhela va xavisa timhondzo na switirhisiwa swa risinda.<ref>Junod, Henry (1977), Matimu Ya Vatsonga: 1498-1650, Braamfontein: Sasavona Publishers.</ref> Va akile kona eNyembani na le Xai-Xai, laha va nga tekana na Vatswa, Valozyi, Valambya na Vashona, kutani va fuma rixaka ra Vatsonga. Eka vatukulu va vona ku fikile laha va nga ntumbuluxa tinxaka to fana na va Nondwani na Mpfumo ku sukela kwalomu ka lembe ra 1350 lava a va tiveka va ri Varhonga tanihi leswi a va tshama eVudzonga-vuxa (Vurhonga) na kuva va katsa ririmi ra Xitonga na Xikalanga. Vatsonga va hlanganile na Maputukezi hi lembe ra 1554 eDelagoa Bay, endzhaku ka loko Maputukezi ya kongomise xikepe xa vona etikweni ra Vatsonga.<ref>De Mesquita Perestrelo, M (1564), ''Naufragio da Não São Bento'', Coimbra.</ref> Perestrelo u tsarile hi minkarhi liya leswaku Vatsonga a va ri kona hi lembe ra 1554 etikweni ra le Mozambique laha a kuri na mimfumo ya swivongo swa va Tonga na va Rhonga. [[Henri-Alexandre Junod|Henri Junod]] u tsarile swo tala hi minkarhi ya khale ka rixaka ra Vatsonga ku suka kwalamu ka malembe ya 1600 ku fikela 1900. Hi minkarhi ya xikhale, Vatsonga a va tsakela ku ti vitana tanihi "va Tonga", "Vadzonga", kumbe "va Rhonga", kambe hinkwaswo swi vula rixaka rin'we.<ref>Junod, Henri (1927), ''Life of a South African Tribe: The Social Life'', London: Macmillan & Co.</ref> Hi vutsalwa bya xi Nguni, "Tonga" yi tsariwa yi ri na "h" tanihi leswi eka ririmi ra Vanguni marito yo sungula hi "T" ya fanekele ku landzela hi "h", hikokwalaho Vanguni va ri tsala tanihi "Thonga", loko va vula Tonga. Vito leri ra Tonga i ra khale ngopfu, i ra khale ku tlula mintlawa ya swivongo na tinxaka to tala ta laha eAfrika Dzonga. == Mimfumo Swivongo == [[Vanhu]] va rixaka ra Vatsonga va tele ngopfu, nkarhi wun'wana swi tsandza na lava va tsarisaka tinhlayo ta vanhu ku hlayela Vatsonga hi ku helela. Minkarhi yo tala tinhlayo leti ti paluxiwaka i ta Vatsonga va le Afrika Dzonga na le Mozambique ntsena. Eka Vatsonga ku na mimfumo ya swivongo swo tala, vo tala i vatukulu va Vatonga na Varhonga, van'wani i vatukulu va Vatswa, van'wani i vatukulu va Valozyi, van'wani i vatukulu va Vambayi kasi van'wani i vatukulu va Valambya. Exikarhi ka Vatsonga ku na lava va nga nghena eVutsonga hi lembe ra 1820, va nga vatukulu va ka Ndwandwe, va ka Soshangane, kambe nkarhi wun'wana va ti hlaya va ri Vanguni se hikokwalaho nkarhi wun'wana swi nga tiveki leswaku va fanele ku hlayiwa eka rixaka ra Vatsonga kumbe eka rixaka ra Vanguni. Hi ku twisisa ka Vatsonga vo tala, vatukulu va Soshangane hi vona ntsena va nga ti vitanaka vaShangane, Machangana kumbe Amashangane. <ref>Mathebula, Mandla (2002), ''800 Years of Tsonga History: 1200-2000'', Burgersfort: Sasavona Publishers and Booksellers Pty Ltd.</ref> Vatsonga va kumeka etindzhawini to hambana-hambana eAfrika Dzonga. Va kumeka hi xitalo e[[Limpopo]], kambe na le Gauteng, Mpumalanga na Swaziland va kumeka. Mintlawa ya marhavi ya Vatsonga hi kuya hi matirhiselo ya ririmi ra Xitsonga na vuendli bya mintolovelo ya Xitsonga, ku hlayiwa vanhu lava phatlukaka eka swiyenge leswi landzelaka: - VaBila - VaDzonga - VaHlanganu - VaHlave - VaHlengwe - VaKhosa - VaLambya - VaLozyi - VaN’wanati - VaNdzawu - VaNkomati - VaNkuna - VaRhonga - VaShangane - VaTembe - VaTswa - VaXika - VaXingwedzi Swiyenge leswi, mavito ya swona ya huma eka vakokwani wa vona kumbe vito ra mfumo xivongo xa rixaka ra vona, kambe hinkwavo va hlanganisiwa hi ririmi ra Xitsonga na ndhavuko wa Xitsonga, swo fana na mambalelo, vunanga, macinelo, tingoma, na swin'wana. == Minkombo == {{Reflist}} t1nh5br73vv15leabke2zrsljphh0lc 0 7929 41775 2026-07-11T12:10:20Z CeeyahD 12470 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363220227|Dating]]" 41775 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ku jola''' i gingiriko wo heta nkarhi swin'we, hi ntolovelo hi ku hlangana loku kunguhatiweke ka ntshamisano, hi xikongomelo xo tivana, hakanyingi hi xikongomelo xa rirhandzu kumbe vuxaka bya le kusuhi . Hambileswi mbuyelo wa ku jola wu nga ha vangaka vunghana nkarhi wihi na wihi, mpimo wihi na wihi wa vuxaka bya le kusuhi, [[vukati]], kumbe ku pfumala vuxaka, nkoka wa byona wu tlula xiyimo xa vuxaka. Vulavisisi bya ntivo-miehleketo byi ringanyeta leswaku ku jola ku nga tlhela ku tirha tanihi xivumbeko xa ku kula ka munhu hi xiyexe, tanihi leswi vanhu va ndlandlamuxaka ku twisisa ka vona hi vona vinyi na van’wana hi ku tirhisa mintokoto leyi avelaniwa na ku cincana ka mintlhaveko. == Nhlamuselo ya rito == Ku tirhisiwa ko sungula loku rhekhodiweke ka riviti "date" hi Xinghezi ku humelele hi 1896 eka matsalwa ya George Ade, mutsari wa tikholomu eka ''Chicago Record'' . Eka xiyimo lexi rito "ku jola" ri kombetela eka xivumbeko xa ku gangisana ka le rivaleni, loko wansati a hlangana na wanuna ehandle ka xiyenge xa le xihundleni xa le kaya kumbe khoto. Eka nhlengeleto wa Ade wa 1899 "Fabels in Slang", u tirhise rito "Date Book" ku hlamusela ledger leyi hlayisiwaka hi mutirhi wa le xitolo ku landzelela masiku ya yena na lava a va lava ku tekana ku fikela loko va tekana. Hi nguva ya Victoria (exikarhi ka malembe ya 1800 ku fikela eka Nyimpi yo Sungula ya Misava), mikhuva ya ku gangisana a yi hambanile swinene hi ku ya hi swiyimo swa vanhu: exikarhi ka vanhu va xiyimo xa le xikarhi ni va xiyimo xa le henhla, ku rhandzana a ku humelela ehansi ka vulawuri bya vatswari ekaya, kasi varhandzani lava tirhaka, lava tindhawu ta vona letitsongo to tshama eka tona a ti nga ri ta xihundla, a va hlangana etindhawini ta mani na mani to tanihi switolo swa swakudya, ku cina, ni tindhawu ta mintlangu. Ku valanga loku ka mani na mani ku funghe ku cinca ka ndhavuko ku suka eka ku gangisana loku lawuriwaka ku ya eka ku hlangana loku nga lawuriwiki ka vuhungasi, leswi vangeke mianakanyo ya manguva lawa ya "ku jola", leyi twisisiwaka tanihi ku hlangana loku kunguhatiweke exikarhi ka vanghana lava nga ha vaka vanghana va rirhandzu.<ref name=":4" /> Rito na mukhuva wa ku gangisana ri hangalake emisaveni hinkwayo hi ku cincana ka mindhavuko, ku endliwa ka tikoloni, na vuhaxi bya mahungu, kambe a ri na ririmi leri fanaka na rona hi ku kongoma eka tindzimi to tala ta le Vuxeni.<ref>{{Cite book|first1=111–133}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|first=1123–1146}}</ref> Le Chayina, rito ra manguva lawa "ku thoriwa" kumbe "ku hlangana" ri tekelele nhlamuselo ya rirhandzu eku sunguleni ka lembe-xidzana ra vu-20 ehansi ka nkucetelo wa le Vupela-dyambu.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite journal|first=709}}</ref> EJapani, rito "deeto" ri lombiwile eka Xinghezi hi nkarhi wa Taishō (1912-1926), ku kombisa ku cinca ka mikhuva ya vukati ''ku vula'' eka nhlangano wa ximfumo wa ku tekana ku ya eka ya manguva lawa, ya le Vupeladyambu lawa ya kuceteriweke eka nhlawulo wa munhu un'we na rirhandzu ra rirhandzu.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=42–69}}</ref> Eka vanhu vo tala lava vulavulaka Xiarabu, ku rhandzana emahlweni ka vukati hi ntolovelo a ku humelela endzeni ka swiyenge leswi lawuriwaka swinene swo tanihi(ku tiboha) kumbe minhlangano leyi hleriweke hi ndyangu, naswona ku kombisa rirhandzu erivaleni a ku tala ku siveriwa hi milawu ya ntshamisano ni ya vukhongeri. Ku hangalasiwa ka vuhaxi bya misava hinkwayo na ku rhurha swi tise tinkulumo letintshwa ta rirhandzu na vunghana, ngopfu-ngopfu exikarhi ka vantshwa va le madorobeni na vahlapfa. Hikwalaho ka sweswo, rito leri lombiweke leri nge daiting xikan'we na maendlelo yo fana na diting na ''Dāyteng,'' ri sungule ku tirhisiwa hi ndlela ya ntolovelo, hi ntolovelo ri kombetela eka ku tirhisana ka rimbewu leri nga tolovelekangiki leri kombisaka timhaka ta ku gangisana ka le Vupela-dyambu loko ra ha tama ri hambanile ni mikhuva ya ndhavuko, ya ku gangisana loku nga exikarhi ka ndyangu. 1bw92n4ei2ln06mg4z6dlv0fjet3o4q